science warm-up 3/5/2012 have your take home test out on your desk and complete the following...

Science Warm-up 3/5/2012

• Have your take home test out on your desk and complete the following prompt. What are some potential uses for technology that allow a gene for a protein to be inserted into an organism?

• Work on your 5 sentences individually and quietly

Chapter 13:Genetics and Biotechnology

Wood

Chapter Overview

• Big Idea: Genetic technology improves human health and quality of life. • Section 1: Applied Genetics• Section 2: DNA Technology• Section 3: The Human Genome

Section 1: Applied Genetics

• Selective Breeding p.360• Hybridization p. 361• Inbreeding p. 361• Test Crosses p. 362

I. Selective Breeding• The process by which desired traits

of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding.

II. Hybridization

• Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster.• A disadvantage of hybridization is

that it is time consuming and expensive.

• Example of hybridization:• Santa Gertrudis cattle were developed by mating

shorthorn beef cattle, who produce high quality beef, with heat- and insect-resistant Brahman cattle from India. The result of this cross are cattle that are resistant to heat and insects and also produce high-quality beef.

III. Inbreeding

• The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations• Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.• A disadvantage of inbreeding is that

harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations.

• Example of inbreeding• Clydesdale horses were first bred

because of their strong build, agility, and obedient nature. They were only bred with other Clydesdales to continue these characteristics.

IV. Test Cross

• A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.

• This is to determine the genotype of the unknown organism.

1. A2. B3. C4. D

A. It is relatively inexpensive to perform.B. It produces offspring with specific

traits.C. It crosses a parent organism with

different forms of a trait.D. It can take a long time to be

successful.

Which statement is not true of hybridization?

Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. genetic engineeringB. gel electrophoresisC. cleavingD. selective breeding

Name the process that scientists use to separate DNA fragments according to size.

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. cloningB. sequencingC. transformationD. manipulation

Select the process in which one type of bacterium takes up the DNA from another type of bacterium.

1. A2. B3. C4. D


A. homogenizationB. inbreedingC. selective breedingD. test crossing

Which term explains how humans have been able to produce a wide variety of domestic cats?

13.1 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle?

A. cross breedB. hybridC. outbredD. purebred

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. hybridizationB. inbreedingC. line breedingD. out crossing

Harmful recessive traits can be passed through generations of purebred animals as a result of _______.

1. A2. B3. C4. D



Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross?

A. to determine if the trait is dominant or recessive

B. to determine the phenotype of the plantsC. to determine if the plants carry beneficial

recessive allelesD. to determine if the plants are homozygous

dominant or heterozygous

13.2 DNA Technology

• Genetic engineering p. 363• DNA tools p. 364• Recombinant DNA technology p. 366• Biotechnology p. 370

Genetic Engineering

Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA.

Genetics and Biotechnology

13.2 DNA Technology

Chapter 13

Genetically engineered organisms are used


to study the expression of a particular gene.

to investigate cellular processes.

to study the development of a certain disease.

to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.

13.2 DNA Technology

Genetically engineered bollworm

Chapter 13

DNA Tools


An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.

DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome.

13.2 DNA Technology

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Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful tools for isolating specific genes or regions of the genome.

Also known as “DNA Scissors”.

13.2 DNA Technology

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Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence.


The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends, contain single-stranded DNA that is complementary.

13.2 DNA Technology

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EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.


An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis.

When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.

The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

13.2 DNA Technology

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The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.

13.2 DNA Technology

Gel electrophoresis

Chapter 13


The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.

13.2 DNA Technology

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To make a large quantity of recombinant plasmid DNA, bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid DNA.

Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

13.2 DNA Technology

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Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning.

13.2 DNA Technology

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To understand how DNA is sequenced, scientists mix an unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four nucleotides—A, C, G, T in a tube.

13.2 DNA Technology

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Each nucleotide is tagged with a different color of fluorescent dye.

Every time a modified fluorescent-tagged nucleotide is

incorporated into the newly synthesized strand, the reaction stops.

13.2 DNA Technology

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The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.

13.2 DNA Technology

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13.2 DNA Technology

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A technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.


13.2 DNA Technology

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Biotechnology

Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

13.2 DNA Technology

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Transgenic Animals

Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.

Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

13.2 DNA Technology

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Transgenic Plants

Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.

Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.

Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.

13.2 DNA Technology

Chapter 13

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. bioengineeringB. cloningC. genetic engineeringD. transgenics

What is the name for the technology that involves inserting the genes of one organism into the DNA of another organism?


1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. DNA ligaseB. polymeraseC. restriction enzymeD. transcriptase

Which type of protein can recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. DNA fragmentationB. gel electrophoresisC. transgenic cloningD. polymerase chain reaction

Which process separates DNA fragments according to size and has many applications in genetic engineering and biotechnology?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. complementary DNAB. exogenous DNAC. genomic DNAD. recombinant DNA

A DNA molecule that has had genes from another organism inserted into it is called _______.



Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the most powerful tools used by scientists?A. It can be used to identify errors

in DNA sequences and predict the function of genes.

B. It can detect a single DNA molecule in a sample and make millions of copies of it.

C. It creates large amounts of recombinant DNA in genetically engineered organisms.

D. It creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that can join with other DNA fragments.

The Human Genome Project

The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.


13.3 The Human Genome

Chapter 13

Sequencing the Genome

Each of the 46 human chromosomes was cleaved.


These fragments were combined with vectors to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make many copies, and sequenced using automated sequencing machines.

Computers analyzed the overlapping regions to generate one continuous sequence.


Chapter 13


Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to

reading a book that was printed in code.


Chapter 13

Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all the proteins in the body.


The genome is filled with long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function.

These regions are called noncoding sequences.


Chapter 13

DNA Fingerprinting


Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals.

The long stretches of noncoding regions of DNA are unique to each individual.

DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual.


Chapter 13

Identifying Genes


Researchers have identified genes by scanning the sequence for Open Reading Frames (ORFs).

ORFs contain at least 100 codons that begin with a start codon and end with a stop codon.


Chapter 13

Bioinformatics


Creating and maintaining databases of biological information

Finding genes in DNA sequences of various organisms and developing methods to predict the structure and function of newly discovered proteins


Chapter 13

DNA Microarrays


Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments

Help researchers determine whether the expression of certain genes is caused by genetic factors or environmental factors.


Chapter 13

Regions of linked variations in the human genome are known as haplotypes.


Assembling the HapMap involves identifying groups of SNPs in a specific region of DNA.


Chapter 13

The HapMap will enable geneticists to take advantage of how SNPs and other genetic variations are organized on chromosomes.



Chapter 13

Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

A technique aimed at correcting mutated genesthat cause human diseases is called gene therapy.


Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.


Chapter 13

Genes are the primary information storage units, whereas proteins are the machines of a cell.



Chapter 13

The large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body is called proteomics.



1. A2. B


The task of sequencing the entire DNA in human cells has been completed.

A. TrueB. False


0%0%

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. the noncoding sequences

B. the regions that code for proteins

C. the sections that contain genes

D. the genes that code for fingerprints

Which sections of human DNA are unique to every individual?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. algorithmsB. bioanalysisC. bioinformaticsD. microarray analysis

Which field of study involves the careful storage, organization and indexing of data on DNA sequences?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. haplotypeB. chromosomeC. DNAD. proteome

If the genome represents the words in a dictionary, then the definition and usage of those words is represented by the _______.

Look at the following image. These are the results of what process?

Answer: a test cross


Chapter Assessment Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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What is the role of the molecule shown in DNA cloning?

A. to carry the foreign DNA into the host cell

B. to identify the source of DNA as foreign

C. to identify the host cell that has taken up the gene of interest

D. to make the foreign DNA susceptible to digestion with enzymes


1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. 1:2:1B. 1:1C. All are homozygous recessive.D. All are heterozygous.

What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in the cross to the right?

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