science pmr - nota pendek

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FORM 1

CHAPTER 1Mass

• Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.

• SI unit : Kilogram (kg)

• Lever balance

Weight

• Weight is the pull of gravity on an object

• SI unit : Newton (N)

• Spring balance

Basic physical quantities & S.I.

Physical quantities SI Unit

Length Metre (m)

Mass Kilogram (kg)

Time Second (s)

Temperature Kelvin (K)

Electric current Ampere (A)

Measuring tools

Length :

• Measuring tape

• Metre rule

• Calipers

Measure area of irregular shape:

• Graph paper

Measure volume of liquid:

• Measuring cylinder

• Burette

• Pipette

CHAPTER 2

Structure of cell and its function

Unicellular organism

Plant :

• Chlamydomonas

• Yeast

• Euglena

Animal :

• Amoeba

• Paramecium

• Plasmodium

Multicellular organisms:

Plant :

• Spirogyra

• Sea weed

• Grass

Animal :

• Eagle

• Squirrel

• Ant

Cell organisationCell → Tissue→ Organ→ System → Organism

System and function

Skeleton system:• Protects internal organs and gives support to

the body

Blood circulation system:

• Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste

materials

Nervous system:

•

Conveys nerve impulses and reacts tostimuli

Reproductive system:

• Produces reproductive cells

Respiratory system:

• Enables the exchange of gases with the

surroundings

Excretory system:• Removes wastes materials from the body

Digestive system:• Breaks up food into simples form to be

absorbed and used by the body

Muscular system:

• Moves the parts of the body

1

NucleusCell control centre

Cell membraneControls the entry and exit

of materials from thecell

CytoplasmStores dissolved materials

ChloroplastProduces chlorophyll

VacuoleContains water and

solute

Cell wallMaintains the shape

of the cell



CHAPTER 3

What is matter?

• Matter is everything that has mass and

occupies space• Matter is made up of tiny particles

Matter exist in either:

Solid: Liquid : Gas :

Particles vibrate

in their position

Particles move

gliding among

each other

Particles move

fast and randomly

Density:

• Density is the mass per unit volume of asubstance.

• Unit : g/cm3

Density formula:

CHAPTER 4Basic resources of earth :

• Water

• Air

• Soil

• Living things• Minerals

• Fossil fuels

Classification of matter:

Matter is classified into:

1. Element

• Substance which is made up of one type of

particle only

2. Compound

• Substance that is made up of two or moretypes of elements.

• Chemically combined

• Separation method : electrolysis

3. Mixture

• Substance that consist of two or more

substance

• Joined physically

• Separation method :

o Distillation

o Filtration

CHAPTER 5

Contents of air:

• Nitrogen : 78%• Oxygen : 21%

• Carbon dioxide : 0.03%

• Inert gases : 0.9%

• Microorganisms

• Water vapour

• Dust

Properties of oxygen:

• Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas

• slightly on water

• no effect on litmus paper

• supports combustion and respiration

Confirmation test for Oxygen:

Glowing wooden splinter:• Presence of oxygen causes the glowing

wooden splinter to ignites.

Properties of carbon dioxide:

• Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas

• Slightly soluble in water

• Very soluble in sodium hydroxide

• Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue

to red

Confirmation test for carbon dioxide:Limewater test:

• Carbon dioxide turns the limewater cloudy

Respiration

Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air:Inhaled Exhaled

Nitrogen – 78% Nitrogen – 78%

Inert gases – 0.9% Inert gases – 0.9%

Oxygen – 21% Oxygen – 16%

Carbon dioxide – 0.03% Carbon dioxide – 0.03%

Combustion:

2

Density = ____mass of substance (g)___ Volume of substance (cm3)

Metal

Non - Metal

Oxygen

Glucose

Carbon dioxide

Energy

water

Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy

Carbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide

Hydrocarbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water



CHAPTER 6

FORMS of energy:• Potential energy

• Kinetic energy

• Heat energy

• Light energy

• Chemical energy

• Sound energy

• Electrical energy

• Nuclear energy

Potential energy:• Energy stored in an object due to its position

or condition

Kinetic energy:

• Energy stored in any moving object

Heat energy:

• Is a type of energy that rises the temperature

of an object.

Light energy:

• Energy that enables us to see

Chemical energy:• Energy stored in chemical substances

• Eq: Food, battery, fuel

Sound energy:• Energy that is produced in vibrating object

Electrical energy:

• Is produced by an electric charge or current

Nuclear energy:

• Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

SOURCES of Energy:

• Fossil fuels• Biomass fuels

• Wind

• Water

• Sun

• Radioactive substances

• Geothermal energy

Renewable & Non-renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources:

• Solar

• Water

• Wind

• Biomass

•

Geothermal• Wave/tidal

Non-renewable:

• fossil fuels

• radioactive substances

CHAPTER 7• heat is a form of energy

• heat can be produced by the following ways:

o rubbing two objects together

o burning objects

o electricity that runs through acoiled wire

• heat causes solids, liquids and gases to

expand and contract

• differences between heat and temperature

Heat Temperature

A form of energy The degree of hotnessor coldness of a

substance

Unit = Joule (J) Unit = Kelvins (K)

Heat flows in three different ways:

1. Conduction

• is the flow of heat through solid

2. Convection

• is the flow of heat through fluids such as in

gases and in liquids

3. Radiation• is the transfer of heat through vacuum

(Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)

Land breeze:

Sea breeze:

3

• At night

• Sea is warmer than land

• Cool air from land flows to the

sea as land breeze

• During day

• Land is warmer than the sea

• Less dense hot air on land rises

• Cool air from the sea flows towards

the land as sea breeze



Physical process that involved in the change of states of matter.

Absorption of heat:

• Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better

than shiny objects

Gives out heat:

• A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better

than white shiny surface.

FORM 2

CHAPTER 1

Sensory organs:

Skin:• sense of touch

• Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch

Nose:

• sense of smell

• Stimuli : Chemical substance in the air

Tongue:

• Sense of taste

• Stimuli:Chemical substance in the food

Ear:

• sense of hearing• Stimuli: sound

Eye:

• sense of sight

• Stimuli: light

Properties of light:

• light can be reflected and refracted

Defects of vision:

1. long sighted

• Can see far objects clearly

• Image formed behind retina

• Causes:

- eyeball too

small/short- lens too thin

• correction – Use convex lens

2. short sighted• can see near objects clearly

• image formed infront of retina

• causes:

- eye ball too big/long

- Lens too thick

• correction – use concave lens

Properties of sound:• is a form of energy

• produced by vibrating objects

• travels in the form of waves

• can be reflected (echo)

• can be absorbed

• can only travel through medium

• cannot travel through vacuum

Stimuli and responses in plants:

Phototropism:

• Stimuli – Light

•

Response to obtain sunlight

Geotropism:

• Stimuli – gravity

• Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to

obtain mineral salts and water

Hydrotropism:• stimuli – water

• Response to obtain water and mineral salts

Thigmotropism:• Stimuli – touch

•

Response to obtain support and light

CHAPTER 2Classes of food:

Carbohydrate:• supply energy

Protein:

4

solid

Liquid Gas



• needed for growth

• produce new cells

fats:

• insulator of heat for the body

• supply energy

water:

• helps transport excretory products from cells

to excretory organs• helps the digestion of food

vitamins:

• maintain good health

Minerals:

• maintain good health

Fibre:•

helps in peristalsis• prevents constipation

FOOD TESTS

Starch:

• a few drops of iodine solution is added to

food sample

• +ve result = It turns Dark Blue

Glucose:

• Benedict’s Solution is added to the food

sample and heated•

+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed

Protein:• Millon’s reagent is added to the food

sample and heated

• +ve result = Brick red precipitate formed

Fats:

• A little food sample is placed on a piece of

filter paper

• +ve result = A translucent spot is detected.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

END PRODUCT OF DIGESTION

Starch glucose

Protein amino acids

Fat Fatty acid + glycerol

CHAPTER 3

Animal kingdom:

Plant Kingdom

5

Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum

Small intestineLarge intestineRectum

Anus

Vertebrates:

Have backbones

Inverertebrates:

No backbones

Mammals

Body covered with hair/fur

Breath through lungs

Give birth to young alive

BirdsBody covered with feathers

Breath through lungs

Lay eggs

Have wings

Reptiles

Body covered with dry scales

Lay eggs

Amphibians

Live on both land and water Breath through lungs & moist

skin

Have moist skin

Fish

Live in water

Breath through gills

Body covered with slimy scales

Have fins

Lay eggs

Breath

Through

lungs

Warm

Blooded

Flowering plant Non-Flowering p

Monocotyledons( Plants with only one cotyledon)

Leaves with parallel veinsHave fibrous rootsEq: Paddy,oil palm, maize

Dicotyledons

( Plants with two cotyledon)

Have net veined leaves

Have tap rootsEq: beans, hibiscus, rubber trees

Ferns

Mosse

Fung

Algae

Conife



CHAPTER 4

Species :

• A group of the same kind of organisms

with common characteristics

Population :

• a group of organisms of the same

species living and reproducing in a

defined area

Community :• is made up of different populations of

organisms living together in a habitat

Ecosystem :

• consists of plants, animals and the non-

living environment interacting with

each other for living

Habitat :

• a place where an organism lives

Interaction between living organism:

1. Prey-predator

• Predator : animal that hunts other

animals for food

• Prey : The animal being hunted

(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa)

2. Symbiosisa) Commensalism

• satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak

yang satu lagi tidak ada kesan –ve atau

+ve

b) Mutualism

• Kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah

c) Parasitism

• Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah

dan satu pihak rugi

3. Competition

• interaksi antara organisma untuk

keperluan yang sama

Biological control

• is a control of pests by the introduction

of their natural enemy

Food web

• Producer (Selalunya tumbuhan)• Primary consumer (Yang memakan

tumbuhan-Producer)

• Secondary consumer (Yang memakan

Primary consumer)

• Tertiary consumer (Yang memakan

Secondary consumer)

• Decomposers (pengurai bahan atau

organisma yang sudah mati)

Photosynthesis

• merupakan process membuat makanan

oleh tumbuhan hijau

Conservation

• means proper management on the use of

natural resources to maintain future

accessibility

Preservation

• Measures taken to maintain living

organisms and the natural environmentin their natural balance state

CHAPTER 5

Physical characteristics of water

• water can exist in 3 states : Solid,

liquid, gas

• Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room

temperature

• Freezing point of pure water : 0oC

• Boiling point of pure water : 100 oC

• Density of pure water : 1 g/cm3

Test for presence of water:

• Cobalt chloride paper changes from

blue to pink

Composition of water

6

Carbon

dioxide Water glucose Oxygen+ +sunlight

chlorophyll



• Water is a compound, made up of 2

atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of

oxygen

• H2O

Evaporation

• is a process by which liquid changesinto water vapour at any temperature

• Factors affecting evaporation:

o Surface area

o Humidity

o Movement of air

o Temperature of surroundings

Solution & Solubility

a) Solution

• a mixture of solute and solvent

b) Solvent

• Liquid that dissolves a substance

c) Solute

• A substance that is dissolved)

1. Dilute solution

• a solution that contains very little solute

2. Concentrated solution

• Solution that contain a lot of solute

3. Saturated solution

• Solution that contains the maximum

amount of solute and cannot dissolve

any more solute

Factors affecting solubility

• Nature of the solute

• Nature of the solvent

• Temperature of the solvent

ACID

• Taste sour

• Corrosive

• pH less than 7

• Change wet blue litmus paper to red

ALKALIS• Taste bitter and soapy

• Corrosive

• pH more than 7

• Change wet blue litmus paper to red

PURIFICATION

1. Filtration

• strength – Remove large insoluble solids

• Can’t remove dissolve substance &

microorganism

2. Boiling• Strengh – kills microorganisms

• Can’t remove insoluble particles & dissolve

substance

3. Distillation

• Strengh – removes insoluble and dissolve

substance/ removes microorganisms• Tasteless

4. Chlorination

• Strengh – kills microorganism

• Can’t remove insoluble particles &

dissolved substance

CHAPTER 6

Kinetic theory of gas

• gas particles move freely in all direction

• Gas particles collide with the wall of the

container and bounce back

• A force is exerted by the particles onto the

wall• This force produces a pressure on the walls

of the container

Factors affecting Air pressure (AP)

Volume Temperature

Volume ↑ = AP ↓ Temperature ↑ = AP ↑Volume ↓ = AP ↑ Temperature ↓ = AP ↓

CHAPTER 7

FORCE• Is an act of push and pull

• Cannot be seen

• EFFECT can be seen or felt

• Has magnitude and direction

TYPE OF FORCE• Frictional force

o Occurs when two surface in contact

o Always opposes the motion of the

object

o Acts in the opposite direction to

movement

o Can slow down or stop moving object

7



• Gravitational force

o Force that pull objects to the earth

o Causes all objects to have weight

• Electrostatic force

o Force of attraction or repulsion

between charged substanceo Enables charge substance to attract

neutral substance such as small pieces

of paper

o Same charges repel each other

o Different charges attract each other

• Magnetic force

o Enables a magnet to attract magnetic

substances like iron, nickel and cobalt

WORK

• Work is said to be done when a force moves

an object over a distance in the direction of

the force• Equation for calculating work done:

POWER

• Power is the rate of doing work, which

means the amount of work done per unit

time.

• Power can be calculated using the equation:

CHAPTER 8

Vertebrates have

1. Endoskeleton

• also known as internal skeleton

• Made up of bones and cartilage

Invertebrates have

1. Exoskeleton

• Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate

• Examples animals: centipede, ant, crab

2. Hydrostatic skeleton

• Consist of a muscular wall which encloses a

body cavity that is filled with fluid

• This body fluid pressure gives support and

shape to the animal

• Examples animals: earthworm, leech,

jellyfish

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Buttress Root

• thick and wide roots that grow from the stem

above the ground• e.q: Angsana tree, durian tree

Prop roots• Roots which grow from the stem or

branches

• E.q.: pandan plant, maize plant

Prickles

• An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be

easily removed from the stem.

• E.q: Rose

Tendrils

• Curly string-like structures modified from

stems and leaves• Curl and twine round parts of other plants or

objects to help the plant to climb

• E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, pumpkin

Stilt roots

• Roots that develop from the main stem and

grow into the ground for support.

• E.q: Mangrove tree (Bakau)

Clasping roots

• Roots that grip onto other plants or structure

to get support

•

E.q: betel vine (sirih), orchid

Thorns (duri)

• Sharp modified branches that cannot be

easily removed• Act as hooks to hold on to supports.

• E.q: Bouganvillea (Bunga Kertas)

CHAPTER 9

The point of equilibrium

• is the point where the whole weight of an

object appears to act on.• It is also the point which an object can be

balanced on and it is present in all objects.• It is also known as the centre of gravity of

the object

FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF

AN OBJECT

1. The position of the centre of gravity.

8

Work (joule) = Force (Newton) x distance (metre)

Power (watts)Work done (joules)

Time taken (seconds)=



• the lower the centre of gravity, the more

stable the object

2. The base area• The wider the base area, the more stable the

object

CHAPTER 10

LEVER

• is a simple machine

• makes work easier

• have 3 parts :

o F = Fulcrum

o E = Effort

o L = Load

CLASSES OF LEVER

Notice the middle part of the lever

L F E = 1st class

F L E = 2nd class

F E L = 3rd class

THE MOMENT OF FORCE

• The SI unit for moment of force

= Newton-metre (Nm)

• Formula for moment of force:

LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM

• when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of

the anticlockwise moments is equal to the

sum of the clockwise moments.

• The principle of moments can be

represented by the following formula:

9

Moment of force

(Nm)

Force

(N)X=

Perpendicular distance from the

pivot to the force

(m)

Load

(L)

Effort

(E)X =

Distance of load

from the fulcrumX

Distance of effort

from the fulcrum

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