science- pdhe study notes year 9

8/10/2019 Science- PDHE Study Notes Year 9

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Family NutritionHow can the food we eat affect our health?

What is a lifestyle disease?

A lifestyle disease is a disease that can be developed from choices made in ones food intake,exercise, smoking or alcohol consumption. The main diseases are cancer (mostly lung),

diabetes type 2, and the most common is cardiovascular disease.

CVD

What is it:Cardiovascular Disease affects the circulatory system, it is the buildup of plaque in

the arteries, this constricts the blood flow and could lead to blood clots.

Where does it occur:CVD mostly occurs in the heart but, can also appear in any other part of

the body.

Prevention: Get more exercise and eat foods rich in omega 3 fatty acids, quercetin, folate,

coenzyme Q10, monounsaturated fats, L-carnitine, lycopene, magnesium, polyphenols,

resveratrol. Stop or never smoke tobacco and limit alcohol intake.

Lung Cancer

What is it: Cancer is a defective cell that divides and kill healthy cells which can badly affect

organs the root of these unhealthy cells are called tumors. This is a lifestyle disease as a large

majority of the people who have lung cancer are smokers.

Where is it:Lung cancer is a tumor that originates from the lung.

Contributing factors:Smoking or chewing tobacco, greatly increases the likelihood of getting lung

cancer as a cigarette contains over 400 chemical, 40 of which are cancer causing.

Symptoms: deep, chesty cough that doesnt go away, coughing blood, shortness of breath,chest pains, wheezing, extreme weight loss without any change to regular routines.

Prevention: stop/ never be affiliated with the use of tobacco, if their is a history of cancer in your

family see a doctor regularly for chest x-rays, early detection could save a life

Diabetes Type 2

what is it: it is a disease that affects the pancreas and prevents it from creating insulin (a

chemical that helps break down carbohydrates in the body)

who does it affect: diabetes affects people who are usually 55 years or older but an alarming

rate of young adults and teenagers are developing the disease. people who are aboriginal,

torres strait islander, indian or chinese have a higher rate of getting diabetes because of

genetics. obese and overweight people over the age of 45 have an in increased chance of

getting diabetes.

Symptoms: constant thirst, passing urine more frequently, feeling tired, always feeling hungry,

slow healing wounds

Key terms


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Glycemic Index: ranking of carbohydrates according to their effect on blood glucose.

Calories:energy consumption and usage.

KiloJoules:a measure of how much energy there is in a food in 1000s.

Nutrition:supplements of food you have that supports growth.

Nutrient:obtaining or providing food for a good nutrition.

Carbohydrate: broken down so that it may be converted into glucose.

Vitamin:organic compounds that assist with natural growth and nutrition.

Mineral:a natural inorganic substance.

Water:(h2o) forms lakes, seas, oceans etc. and is a transparent and odourless substance.

Protein:required for function, regulation and structure.

Fats: fatty acids stored at room temperature.

Fibre:helps digest food properly by passing through the bowels.

Energy:The ability to do work.

Body Mass Index (BMI):an approximate measure of telling whether someone is overweight or

underweight. Calculated by dividing the weight (kg) by the height squared (m x m).

Hereditary-passing, or capable of passing through the genes.

Balance: even distribution of weight

Determinant:determining an element or factor.

Family:two parents and a child/children.

Environment:surrounding of a which an organism lives.

Communicable Disease:diseases you can catch like HIV/AIDs

Stimulus:Something that stirs up action etc.


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Response:behaviour resulting from stimuli or a reply (which one is scientific related).

Neuron:a nerve cell (transmits nerves).

Hormone: internally secreted compounds formed in the endocrine gland which are carried by

body fluids.

Homeostasis: the tendency of a system owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any

situation or stimulus which would disturb its natural condition.

Non-infectious:Cannot be transmitted to anybody.

Coordinate:to harmonise a bunch of things into one group

A Stimulus Response Pathway might come up in the exam so here :


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Are you a smart TravellerWhere is the most dangerous place overseas,

for an Australian to visit?

Layers of the Earth:Crust: The outermost layer of the earth, it

ranges from 35-70km in depth, and is mainly

composed of aluminium silicates.

Mantle: The layer that lies in-between the

core and the crust, it is roughly 2900 km

thick (84% of the Earths volume), and is

predominantly made of ferromagnesian-

silicates. In the mantle is where most of the Earths internal heat is located. there are

two main layers in the upper mantle

Upper: also known as the lithosphere is made of, rigid rock , 50-120 km deep

Lower :alternatively called the asthenosphere is made up of flowing plastic rock, 200 km

thick

Outer Core: the second innermost layer of the Earth, it is over 2300 km deep, is mostly

made of a nickel-iron alloy, and its 10% than the inner core

Inner Core: this is the final layer of the earth, it is nearly 1200 km deep, it is entirely

composed of iron, temperatures average at around 5500 degrees celsius.

Plate Tectonics:

What is it: it is the theory of large scale motion of the lithosphere that was developed in the 20th

century on the concept of continental drift.

Tectonic Plates: also known as a lithospheric plate. an irregular shaped piece of flat rock. These

rocks are about 15-200km thick and are made of quartz and feldspar. When two plates are

close together they create a fault line, this is where earthquakes occur.

Convection Currents: convection currents is the theory of tectonic plate movement. the mantleproduces heat which raises magma to the crust layer, where it is then cooled and it falls back

down, the cycle is repeated. Convection currents work like a conveyor belt, either they pull

plates closer together, or push them further apart.

Plate Boundaries:

convergent: when two plates, hit each other and a subduction zone is made, this makes one

plate sink under another, this can deform regions.


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divergent: this is when two plates move away from each other causing magma to reach the

surface, and form new land masses

transforming: when two plates rub against each other these boundaries neither create nor

destroy

What countries are on a fault line? Japan

USA (California)

Ecuador

New Zealand

How are earthquakes measured?

A device called a Richter Magnitude Scale is used to measure the intensity of the earthquake. It

was built by Charles Francis Richter and measures in magnitude, and eg. an earthquake of

magnitude 2 is 10 times stronger than an earthquake of magnitude 1 etc.

science- pdhe study notes year 9

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