science n a process through which nature is studied, discovered, and understood. n all areas of...
DESCRIPTION
Terms and Definitions n Theory -- The most probable EXPLANATION based on the best available EVIDENCE. –Example:TRANSCRIPT
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Science
A process through which nature is studied, discovered, and understood.
All areas of science involve posing INQUIRIES (questions) about nature.
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Processes of Science Observing Hypothesizing Experimenting Drawing a conclusion Communicating
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Terms and Definitions
Theory -- The most probable EXPLANATION based on the best available EVIDENCE.–Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Facts -- Data or EVIDENCE that can be OBSERVED repeatedly
Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Inference -- A CONCLUSION drawn on the basis of FACTS–Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Hypothesis -- An EDUCATED guess – a TESTABLE statement–Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Law -- A general statement that DESCRIBES or explains a wide variety of PHENOMENON–Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Superstition -- A BELIEF that is NOT based on evidence–Example:
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Scientific Method
1. Stating a problem - something is considered a problem if its solution is not obvious. Some crucial information is missing. Solving the problem involves finding this missing information.
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Scientific Method
2. Collecting information on the problem -- the more you know about the problem the more precisely you can state the problem and the less time you will waste looking for solutions.
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Scientific Method
3. Making a hypothesis-–a. Use what you know about the
problem to predict a solution and try it.
–b. Look for patterns that will help you make predictions about the problem.
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Scientific Method
3. Making a hypothesis-– c. Make a model, or a
representation, of what you’re working with.
–d. Break the problem down into smaller, simpler problems.
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Scientific Method
4. Performing an experiment - design an experiment that will provide a means for you to make a solid conclusion about your hypothesis
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Scientific Method
5. Make a conclusion - a solid conclusion is related to the hypothesis and based on the results of a well designed experiment.
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Experimental Design Concepts
A science experiment is designed so that only ONE variable is being tested at a time.
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Experimental Design Concepts
A VARIABLE is something that is changed to study how this change effects the time being studied.
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Experimental Design Concepts
By changing only one variable, when you make your conclusion you can be assured that it is only that one variable that is causing the EFFECT.
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Experimental Design Concepts
Independent variable (IV) - the variable that is purposely CHANGED be the experimenter.
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Experimental Design Concepts
Dependent variable (DV) - the variable that responds and is the variable MEASURED.
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Experimental Design Concepts
Constant (C) - all factors that are kept the SAME during the experiment.
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Experimental Design Concepts
CONTROL - the standard to compare the experimental effect against.
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Experimental Design Concepts
Repeated trials - the NUMBER of objects/organisms undergoing treatment for each value of the independent variable, or the number of TIMES the experiment is repeated.
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Scenario #1
IV: Type of FertilizerTreatment:Trials:
DV: Constants:
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Scenario #1
IV: Type of FertilizerTreatment: Comm. Fert Compost NoneTrials:
DV: Constants:
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Scenario #1
IV: Type of FertilizerTreatment: Comm. Fert Compost NoneTrials: 25 plants 25 plants 25 plants
DV: Constants:
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Scenario #1
IV: Type of FertilizerTreatment: Comm. Fert Compost NoneTrials: 25 plants 25 plants 25 plants
DV: Height of plants in cmConstants:
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Scenario #1
IV: Type of FertilizerTreatment: Comm. Fert Compost NoneTrials: 25 plants 25 plants 25 plants
DV: Height of plants in cmConstants: Soil, type of plants, sunlight, water,
amount of fertilizer, number of days
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal Treatment:Trials:
DV: Constants:
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal Treatment: Iron Aluminum Magnesium LeadTrials:
DV: Constants:
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal Treatment: Iron Aluminum Magnesium LeadTrials: 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail
DV: Constants:
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal Treatment: Iron Aluminum Magnesium LeadTrials: 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail
DV: Amount of Rust (small, med., large) color of waterConstants:
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal Treatment: Iron Aluminum Magnesium LeadTrials: 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail
DV: Amount of Rust (small, med., large) color of waterConstants: same water, same type of nail, equal amounts of
metal, 5 days
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of PerfumeTreatment:Trials:
DV: Constants:
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of PerfumeTreatment: A B C DTrials:
DV: Constants:
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of PerfumeTreatment: A B C DTrials: 1 test 1 test 1 test 1 test
DV: Constants:
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of PerfumeTreatment: A B C DTrials: 1 test 1 test 1 test 1 test
DV: Number of bees emerging, behavior observationsConstants:
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of PerfumeTreatment: A B C DTrials: 1 test 1 test 1 test 1 test
DV: Number of bees emerging, behavior observationsConstants: Same day, weather conditions, same bees, 30 min.
interval, amnt. of perfume, distance from hive
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MICROSCOPE UNIT
FUNCTIONS OF MICROSCOPE PARTS
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Types of Microscopes
http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/mbi-ws/microscopes/types.html
http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/
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Parts of a Compound Microscope
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Arm
The basic frame, used to CARRY the microscope.
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BASE
The bottom stand, which houses the LIGHT.
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Body
Contains MIRRORS to reflect light to the eyepiece.
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COARSE Adjustment
Roughly focuses the image by bringing the specimen and objective lenses closer together or farther apart.
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Diaphragm
A disc-shaped device, located beneath the stage, used to control the AMOUNT of LIGHT passing through the specimen.
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Eyepiece
The UPPER lens, nearest your eye, which magnifies the image already magnified by the objective and brings the light rays to a focus at the eye.
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FINE ADJUSTMENT
SHARPENS the image of the specimen, by moving the specimen and objective lenses very small distances closer together or farther apart.
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Light
The SOURCE of the light which passes through the specimen.
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Nosepiece
The REVOLVING part that supports three objectives with different magnifications.
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Objective
The lenses closest to the specimen, that MAGNIFIES the image of the specimen.
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STAGE
The flat table-like AREA where the slide or specimen is placed.
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Stage Clips
HOLDS the slide on the stage, to prevent it from slipping around.
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Microscope Unit
Microscopic Terms
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SlideA piece of GLASS upon which the specimen is placed for viewing.
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Cover SlipA thin SQUARE piece of glass or plastic used to COVER the specimen.
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High powerThe high power objective on the nosepiece (usually 40x).
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Medium powerThe middle power objective on the nosepiece (usually 10x).
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Low powerThe lowest power objective on the nosepiece (usually 4x).
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Magnification The number of TIMES an objects
apparent size is INCREASED by the lens system.
The total magnification of the lens system is determined by MULTIPLYING the power of the objective times the power of the eyepiece (usually 10x).
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ResolutionThe ability of the lens system to distinguish and SEPARATE fine details in a specimen.
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Field of viewThe AREA of the specimen
which is seen through the lens system. The bright circle you see when looking into a microscope.
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Depth of field The ability of a lens system
to furnish a distinct image ABOVE and BELOW the focal plane. Depth of focus decreases with the increase of magnification.
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Parfocal When the objective is in
focus, it can be SWITCHED from one power to another, with only small fine focus adjustments being necessary.