science, matter, and energy. what is science? science is not the body of knowledge that you will...
TRANSCRIPT
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Science, Matter, and Energy
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What is Science?
• Science is not the body of knowledge that you will learn in science classes, nor is it technology or engineering or even medicine.
• Science is an organized way of looking at the world and asking questions; it’s a way of finding out information.
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Scientific Method
The actual approach is hypothesis testing.
A hypothesis is an educated guess formulated as a statement that can be disproved.
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Three Types of Scientific Methods
• Experimental method involves control and experimental groups and short time spans.
• Comparative method involves looking for natural experiments and testing hypotheses using them.
• Modeling is a simulation of complex processes and systems.
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Two Examples of Comparative Method at Work
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Examples of ModelingBanana peel model of Titanic sinking
Test of model with computer simulation
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Theories and ParadigmsA theory is well-
supported and widely accepted hypothesis that explains a set of interconnected phenomena.
A theory can become a paradigm, an idea or concept so strong that it guides scientists as to what questions they ask.
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• Kuhn used the duck-rabbit optical illusion to demonstrate the way in which a paradigm shift could cause one to see the same information in an entirely different way
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Scientific Laws
A scientific or natural law is a description of what scientists find happening in nature without exception; a statement of fact about the universe that illustrates something that is always true.
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Data
• Scientific data are facts obtained by making observations and measurements.
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Things that are science
• Frontier science is that which involves preliminary results; not yet widely accepted by scientists. (life on mars)
• Consensus science involves well-tested, well-supported, and widely accepted results and ideas; mainstream science. (fermentation by yeast, Chlorophyll and photosynthesis )
• Consensus science also reliable science; fringe science might get there (continental
drift).
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Things that are not science
• Junk science are ideas that are presented as science, but are not tested and peer reviewed (research on second-hand
smoking).
• Pseudoscience consists of ideas that are presented as science, but are either untestable or completely disproven and are not science (Bermuda Triangle, Bigfoot).
• Both are “unreliable science.”
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Chemistry Definitions
• Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.
• An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. (an element can have different isotopes)
• Atoms are the smallest particles of an element; they cannot be broken down into smaller particles and still compose that element.
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More Definitions• Compounds are substances composed
of two or more elements.• Inorganic compounds do not contain
carbon combined with hydrogen; characteristic of non-living things. (ammonia NH3)
• Organic compounds contain both carbons(at least two) and hydrogen, along with other elements; characteristic of living things. (glucose C6H12O6)
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Matter Quality
• Matter quality is a measure of how orderly, concentrated, and useful a material is for humans.
• High-quality matter is very pure and concentrated; very useful.
• Low-quality matter is impure, disordered, and dilute; not useful at all.
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Matter Quality at Work (sorting and
recycling)
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Physical Changes• physical change alters the state of matter of
a material without changing the composition of a material.
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Chemical Changes
• Chemical changes alter the composition; i.e., burning wood gives off water and carbon dioxide, which is not the same as the cellulose and oxygen that was there before. (chemical formula)
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Laws of Matter and Energy
• Matter can neither be created nor destroyed; it can merely change form (physical or chemical changes); there is no “away.”
• First law of thermodynamics—energy cannot be created or destroyed, only conserved; you can’t get ahead.
• Second law of thermodynamics--energy is always converted from a higher-quality form into a lower-quality form; entropy—you can’t break even, either.
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Matter and PollutionA pollutant is a substance (or energy) in food,
air, water, or soil that impairs the life, health, safety, or even enjoyment of living things, including humans.
Persistence is a measure of how long a pollutant lasts in the environment.-- degradable or non-persistent.-- biodegradable—require the action of living things.-- slowly degradable or persistent—DDT and CFCs as examples.-- nondegradable—plastics, lead, mercury, arsenic.
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Energy
• Energy is the ability to do work and transfer heat.
• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
• Heat is very low-quality energy and consists of the random motion of molecules.
• Potential energy is energy stored in a system.
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Energy Quality
High-quality energy has a high capacity for work.
Low-quality energy has a low capacity for work.
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Connection between Laws of Matter and Ecology
• 1. Everything is Connected to Everything Else. There is one ecosphere for all living organisms and what affects one, affects all.
• 2. Everything Must Go Somewhere. There is no "waste" in nature and there is no “away” to which things can be thrown.
• 3. Nature Knows Best. Humankind has fashioned technology to improve upon nature, but such change in a natural system is, says Commoner, “likely to be detrimental to that system.”
• 4. There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. In nature, both sides of the equation must balance, for every gain there is a cost, and all debts are eventually paid.
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High Throughput Economy
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Recycling Economies
• Matter-recycling and reuse economies still have high throughput, but reduce waste by re-using and recycling high-quality matter and energy.
• Low-throughput economies not only reduce waste, but reduce the inputs as well—much more recycling and reuse of low-quality as well as high-quality materials.
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The choice is up to you.
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An Example of Modeling