science form 3 chapter 6.5

8/17/2019 SCIENCE FORM 3 CHAPTER 6.5

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CHAPTER 6.5 :

NATURAL FUEL

RESOUCES AND THEIR

IMPORTANCE


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NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES

TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS:

PETROLEUM

NATURAL GAS

COAL

TYPES OF BIOMASS:

oORGANIC WASTESoWOOD FUEL


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WHAT IS FOSSIL FUEL?

Fossil fuel are non-renewable energy.Provide most of the energy that we

depend on every day.Consist mainly of hydrocarbons, whichare compounds made up of hydrogen andcarbon.

Formed from the remains of organismsthat were buried under layers ofsediment millions of years ago.


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FORMATION OF PETROLEUM AND

NATURAL GAS

•Petroleum and gas are formed from plants and animals that lived in the

sea, in a similar way.

Stage 1 - All of the oil and gas we use today began as microscopic plants and animals living in the

ocean millions of years ago. As these microscopic plants and animals lived, they absorbed energy

from the sun, which was stored as carbon molecules in their bodies. When they died, they sank to

the bottom of the sea. Over millions of years, layer after layer of sediment and other plants and

bacteria were formed.Stage 2 - As they became buried ever deeper, heat and pressure began to rise. The amount of

pressure and the degree of heat, along with the type of biomass, determined if the material became

oil or natural gas. More heat produced lighter oil. Even higher heat or biomass made predominantlyof plant material produced natural gas.

Stage 3 - After oil and natural gas were formed, they tended to migrate through tiny pores in the

surrounding rock. Some oil and natural gas migrated all the way to the surface and escaped. Other

oil and natural gas deposits migrated until they were caught under impermeable layers of rock or

clay where they were trapped. These trapped deposits are where we find oil and natural gas today.


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FORMATION OF COAL

HOW COAL IS FORMED?Coal is anon-renewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form. That

means what is in the ground now is all there is and we can’t realistically make more.

The energy in coal comes from energy that was stored in giant plants that lived hundreds of

millions of years ago in swamp forests, even before the dinosaurs! When these giant plants and

ferns died, they formed layers at the bottom of the swamps.

Water and dirt began to pile up on top of the dead plant remains. Over thousands of years

pressure and heat would build up on top of the plant remains, undergoing chemical and

physical changes and pushing out the oxygen, turning these remains into what we call coal.

•Coal is formed from trees, ferns and moss that grew in swamps millions of years

ago.


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CHARACTERISTICS AND USES OF

PETROLEUM FRACTIONS

Crude petroleum contains many types of hydrocarbons mixed together.

They must be separated before we can make use of them. As different

hydrocarbons have different boiling points, they can be separated into

various components called fractions by a process called fractional

distillation.

In the oil and gas industry, fractional distillation is carried out by heatingunprocessed petroleum in a furnace at !! C in an oil refinery.

The vapour produced in channelled into a fractionating column to collect

the various fractions at different temperatures.

The characteristics of the fraction or distillate is related to its boiling point.

The higher the boiling point of the distillate, the darker its colour

and the more viscous it becomes.


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Aim: to study the fractional distillation process of petroleum.

Experiment:

1.Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram above.

2.Pour 20ml of petroleum(crude oil) into a boiling tube containing some glass wood.

3.Heat the petroleum slowly and at the same time collect four fractions of

petroleum at four different range of boiling temperatures:

(30-80 C),(81-120 C),(120-160 C),(160-200 C)

4.Observation:

(a)colour of fractions

(b)viscosity of fraction

5.Burn each fraction in a crucible using a burning wooden splinter. Observe the

flammability and the colour if the flame. Put filter paper over the flame and observe

the quantity of soot produced.6.Record all observations and characteristics of fractions in a table.


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OBSERVATION:

FRACTION COLOUR VISCOSITY COLOUR

OF

FLAME

FLAMMAB

ILITY

QUANTITY

OF SOOT

(30-80 C)

(81-120 C)

(120-160 C)

(160-200 C)

1.What is the function of glass wool?

_______________________________________________________________________

2.What is the function of water in this experiment?

_______________________________________________________________________


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4.(a)State the relationship between the boiling point and the colour of petroleum fraction.

______________________________________________________________________

(b)State the relationship between the boiling point and the viscosity of petroleum

fraction.

______________________________________________________________________

(c)State the relationship between the flammability of the petroleum fraction and the

quantity of the soot produced.

______________________________________________________________________

5.The first fraction and the fourth fraction are used as fuels for motor vehicles. Which

fraction is a better fuel for vehicles and to the evironment? Explain your answer.[KBAT]

______________________________________________________________________

CONCLUTIONPetroleum can be separated into its fraction by___________process beacause each fractionof petroleum has different _________________.The higher the boiling point,

(a)the____________the colour of the fraction

(b)the______________the fraction

(c)the______________for the fraction to burn

(d)the_______________is produced when burst


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FRACTIONS:


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THE CONTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM

TO MALAYSIAN ECONOMY:


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FUELS:


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science form 3 chapter 6.5

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