science ch 3 heat

7/25/2019 Science Ch 3 Heat

1/15

oLrq

vkbl he

pk; dsdi esaMkyhx; hpEep

i wjhryusdsl e; rosdhMkV

BaMk xeZ

mi ; qZDr rkfydkdksvkSj yEchdjusdk; kl dhft ,Abu oLrqvksadksxeZ; kBaMhds: i esafpfr dhft ,

l ko/kkuh%&vf/kd xeZoLrqdksu Nq,saAvki dhxyh@Ropkt y l drhgSA

"ekv/; k; 3

rkfydk3-1

ge t kM+sesauhrFkkjaxhu di M+si guuki l an djrsgSarFkkxfeZ; ksaesal wrhrFkkgYdsjax dsdi M+s] ,sl kD; ksa\ ; sdi M+sfdl dkj gekjs'kjhj dksvkjke i gqpkrsgS\ fdl dkjxehZrFkkl nhZl sgesacpkrsgSa\ D; kvki ust kuusdk;klfd; kgSfd fofHkUu _ rqvksaesage fofHkUu dkj dsoL=ksadkmi ; ksx D; ksadjrsgS\

t kM+sdsfnuksaesa/kwi vPNhyxrhgSvkSj xehZdsfnuksaesaNkaoesajgukvPNkyxrkgSAge fdl dkj fdl hoLrqdsBaMhvFkokxeZgksusdkvuqHko djrsgSa\ ge fdl dkj t ku i krsgSafd dksbZoLrqfdruhxeZvFkokfdruhBaMhgS\

bl v; k; esage bl hdkj dsdqN 'uksadkmkj t kuusdk; kl djsaxsA

37


2/15

vki ; g Hkht kursgSfd dqN oLrq,nwl jhoLrqvksadhvi s{kkvf/kd xje gksrhgSat cfd dqNoLrq,nwl jksadhvi s{kkvf/kd BaMhgksrhgSaAk; %ge Nwdj i rkyxkrsgSafd ,d oLrqnwl jh

dhvis{kkvf/kd xeZgSt cfd nwl jhl svf/kd BaMhA i jUrqD; kgekjhLi 'kZ&bUnzh;fo'ol uh; gSa\ vkb, i rkyxk,A

ge rhu cMs+dVkjs sA BrFkkC yrs sg SdVkjskAe asFkkMsk+xe Z(xuqxuqk)i kuhBe asl kekU; i hu s;kXs;ikuhrFkkC vk/kkxe ZrFkkvk/kkihu s;kXs; i kuhfeykdj yhft ,Avki viu snkfgu sgkFkdksxe Zikuhoky sdVkjs s(A)e asMkfy, rFkkck;hagkFkdksihu s;kXs; BMa si kuhoky sdVkjs sCe asMkfy,AFkkMsh+

njs d sckn nkuskasgkFkkasdks,d l kFkdVkjs sB

e asMkfy,AD;knkuskasgkFkkasdks,d l kvuHqko gksjgkg\S fuf'pr : i l sughadVkjs sBdki kuhvkid snkfgu sgkFkdksBMahrFkkck;hagkFkdksxe Zyx jghgAS vr%dkbs ZoLr qfdruhxe Zg Sek=Ndwj i rkughayxkl drAs

rc ge fdl dkj i rkdjsafd dksbZoLrqfdruhxeZgS\

fdl hoLrqdhxehZ(m".krk)dhfo'ol uh; eki ml dsrki l sdht krhgSArki eki usdsfy,mi ; ksx dht kusokyh;qfDr ; a=dksrki eki h(FkekZehVj )dgrsgSaA

t c ?kj esafdl hdkscq[kkj vkrkgSrc vki uscq[kkj eki rsns[kkgksxkAcq[kkj fdl pht l seki rsgS\ fdl dkj eki rsgSa\

gekjs'kjhj dkrki eku MkWDVjhFkekZehVj l seki kt krkgSA

?kjksaesaHkhcq[kkj eki usdsfy, FkekZehVj rki eki hj[kst krsgSaA; g MkWDVjhFkekZehVj gSAbl dk; ku i woZd s{k.kdhft ,A

ikuhdsrki dkvuqHko

3-1 rki ekiuk

A B C A B C

fp= & 3-1

f;kdyki&1

38


3/15

vksj QSy t krkgSA; g ,d i ryh/kkjhds: i esafn[kk; hnsrkgSA; fn /kkjhBhd l sfn[kk; hunsrhgksrksFkksM+k?kqekusl sfn[kusyxsxhAFkekZehVj i j vki dksrki eki usdk,d@nkseki e LdsyHkhfn[kk; hnsxkAmi ; ksx fd, t kusokyk; g Ldsy l sfYl ; l rFkkQkjsugkbV FesagksrkgSAMkWDVjhFkekZehVj esage 35C l s42C rd 94F l s108Frdgheki l drsgSaA

C

f;kdyki&2vkb, ge l h[ksfd FkekZehVj dksdSl si Vfd,A>Vdusl si kjkuhpscYc esapykt krkgSAl qfuf'pr dhft ,fd ; g 35C 94Fl suhpsvkx; kgSAvc FkekZehVj dksvi uht hHkdsuhpsjf[k,A,dfeuV ckn fudky dj bl dki kB~; kad uksV dhft ,A; g vki ds'kjhj dkrki gSAbl sges'kkek=d C ; kFdsl kFkfy[kkt kukpkfg,A

FkekZehVj dsmi;ksx dhvko';d l ko/kkfu;k

mi ; ksx djusl si woZvPNhrjg /kksyhft ,Afuf'pr dj yhft , fd i kjk37C ; k94F l suhpsgSAFkekZehVj i


4/15

ekuo 'kjhj dkl kekU; rki 37C; k98.6FgSA

FkekeZhVj dhl gk; rkl sde l sde 10 fe=kasd s'kjhj dkrki ekidj rkfydk3-2 e asukVs dhft ,A

D; kR; sd cPpsds'kjhj dkrki cjkcj 37C ; k98.6FgSAfdl hds'kjhj dkrkivf/kd fdl hdkde gksl drkgSAokLrc esaft l sge l kekU; rki ukWeZy VsEi sjspjdgrsgSa] og LoLFkO; fDr; ksadsfo'kky l ewg ds'kjhj dkvkSl r rki gSA

uke rki ;kFC .

l ko/kkuhMkWDVjhFkekZehVj ekuo 'kjhj dkrki eki usdsfy, mi ; ksx esayk; kt krkgSAbl l sfdl hvU; oLrqdkrki eki usdk;kl djusvFkok/kwi ; kvkx dsl ehi yst kusl s; g VwV l drkgSA

D; kvki t kuukpkgrsgSafd vU; oLrqvksadkrki ge fdl FkekZehVj l seki saxs\fofHkUu oLrqvksadkrki eki usdsfy, fofHkUu dkj ds(FkekZehVj )rki eki hdk; ksx fd; kt krkgSA; ksx'kkykesarki eki usdsdke esayk, t kusokysrki eki hdks; ksx'kkykFkekZehVj (Lab Thermometer)dgrsgSaAviusv; ki d l s; g rki eki hfn[kkusdksdfg,Abl FkekZehVj dhU; wure eki rFkkvf/kdre

eki dksuksV dhft ,Abl FkekZehVj dki fj l j 10Cl s110CgksrkgSA

ft l dkj vki usMkWDVjhFkekZehVj dsNksVsHkkx dsrki dksKkrfd; kFkkml hdkj bl dsHkhNksVsHkkx dkeku Kkr dhft ,ABhd&Bhd rki eki u dsfy, vki dksbl dhvko'; drkgksxhA

; ksx'kkykrki eki h

rkfydk3-2

i z;ksx'kkykrkiekihfp= 3-4

40


5/15

vkb, ge ns[ksafd ; ksx'kkykrki eki hdk;ksx fdl dkj fd; kt krkgSa

f;kdyki&3,d ex vFkokchdj esaFkksM+ki kuhyhft ,Abl esaFkekZehVj dksbl dkj Mqcksb, fd bl dkcYc rkst y esaMwckjgsi jUrqnhokj ; kcrZu dhryhl suVdjk,At y esamokZ/kj j[krsgq, i kjsdsry dhxfr dksns[krsjfg,Abl src rd Mqck, jf[k, t crd i kjsdk ry fLFkj u gkst k; A rki eki h

FkekZehVjdki kB~; kad uksV dhft ,A; g bl l e;t y dkrki gSAd{kkdsfofHkUu cPpksa}kjkeki sx,t y dsrki dhrqyukdhft ,AD; kbu eki ksaesadksbZfHkUurk gS\ ; fn gSrksl aHko dkj.kksai j fopkjdhft ,A

;ksx'kkykrkiekihdsmi;ksx esal ko/kkfu;krki eki hdksmokZ/kj j[kukpkfg, frjNkughaA

rki eki hdkcYc ml rjy vFkokt y l si wjhrjg l sf?kjkgksft l dkrki eki ukgSAcYccrZu dhnhokjksadksughaNwukpkfg,A

;ksx'kkykrkiekihds; ksx dhfof/k

fp= 3-5

rki eki hdscYc dksxeZt y esaMqckb, i kjsdsry dsfLFkj gkst kusrd rh{kkdhft ,Ary

fLFkj gkst kusi j i kB~; kad uksV dhft ,Arki eki hdkst y l s/khjs&/khjsckgj fudkfy,A; kuiwoZd ns[krsjfg,Avki ns[ksaxsfd rki eki hdkst c t y l sckgj fudky ysrsgSarksi kjsdkry /khjs&/khjsuhpsvkusyxrkgSA

bl dkvFkZgSfd ; ksx'kkykrki eki hdki kB~; kad rHkhuksV fd; kt kukpkfg, t c og mloLrqesaj[kkgqvkgSft l dkrki eki ukgSA

41


6/15

vki usvi us?kjksaesarosi j jksVhcurs] djkghesal Ct hcursl e; crZu dkst yrspqYgsdsi jxeZgksrsns[kkgksxkAvki usl kspkgSfd ; scrZu fdl dkj xeZgkst krsgSa\ pqYgsl sgVknsusdsdqN nsj ckn BaMsgkst krsgSaD; ksa\ D; kpqYgsdhykSl s"eki kdj crZu xeZgkst krkgSa\ i qu%crZu l s"ekok; qeaMy vFkoki fjos'kdhvksj dSl sLFkkukUrfjr gkst krhgS\

bl dkj vki l e> l drsgSafd nskuksafLFkfr; ksaesa"ekxeZoLrql sBaMhoLrqdhvksjokfgr gksrhgSAokLro esa"ekl nSo xeZoLrql sBaMhoLrqdhvksj okfgr gksrhgSAdksbZ

oLrqvi s{kkr BaMhgS; kxeZ] ; g ge ml oLrqdsrki dhrqyukl st ku l drsgSaAvr%dg l drsgSfd "ekmPp rki okyhoLrql sfuEu rki okyhoLrqesat krhgSArksD; kl eku rki okyhnksoLrqvksaesa"ekLFkkukUrfjr ughagksxh\ "ekdkLFkkukUrj.kfdl dkjgksrkgS\ vkb, bl dh[kkst djsaA

3.2 "ekdkLFkkukUrj.k

Lej.kdhft , fd MkWDVjhFkekZehVj dkrki eqg l sckgj fudky dj ns[krsgSaAD; krc vki; ksx'kkykrki eki hdk;ksx 'kjhj dkrki eki usdsfy, dj l drsgSa\Li "V gSfd

; ksx'kkykrki eki hdk; ksx bl ; kst u dsfy, mfpr ughagSAMkWDVjhFkekZehVj dkseqg l sckgj fudkyusi j bl dkry rqjar uhpsD; ksaughapykt krk\MkWDVjhFkekZehVj esacYc dsvkxsi j foHkax fdaddksnsf[k,A; g ikjsdksvi usvki uhpsfxjusl sjksdrkgSA

fp= & 3-6fMft Vy FkekZehVj

fpfdRl dksa}kjkvkt dy fMft Vy FkekZehVj dk; ksx fd; kt krkgSft l esai Bu vadksaesafn[kk; hnsrkgSAbl l srki t kuukvkl ku gksrkgSA

fofHkUu ; kst uksadsfy, fofHkUu rki eki hdk; ksx djrsgSaAekSl e foHkkx }kjkU; wure rFkkvf/kdre rki eki usokysrki eki hdk;ksx fd; kt krkgSA

42


7/15

Bksl ksaesa"ekdkLFkkukUrj.kk; %pkyu e}kjkghgksrkgSA

D; kl Hkhi nkFkksZesa"ekdkpkyu vkl kuhl sgkst krkgS\ vki usns[kkgksxkfd [kkuki dkusdscrZu&s'kj dqdj] l Li su vkfn esaIykfLVd vFkokydM+hdhgRFkhp


8/15

oLrq inkFkZoLrqft l l scuhgS D;knwl jkfl jkxeZgqvk gk@ugha

f;kdyki&6 ,d chdj vFkokxksy i sanhokyhykLdyhft , bl st y l snksfrgkbZHkj nhft ,Abl sbl dkj j[kusdkcU/kdhft , fdbl dsuhps,d ekseckht yk; ht kl dsAt c ykLd dkt y fLFkj gkst k; rksLVkWdhl gk; rkl si ksVSf'k; e i jesaxusV dk,d fLVy jokYkkLd dhi sanhij

jf[k,Avc fLVy dsBhd uhpsekseckht yk dj t y dksxeZdhft ,A viuss{k.kksadksuksV cqd i j fyf[k, rFkkfp=Hkhcukb,A

t c ge t y dksxeZdjrsgSa] rksykSdsi kl dkt y xeZgkst krkgSAxeZt y mi j mBrkgS]bl xeZt y dsvkl &i kl dkBaMkt y bl dkLFkku ysusdsfy, vkt krkgSAfQj ; g t y

fp= 3-9l aogu l s"ekdkLFkkukUrj.k

Ldsy fMokMj] i sfl y] yksgsdhNksVhNM+,Y; wfefu;e dkeksVkrkj vkfn ds,d fl jsdksxeZi kuhesaMqcksdj dqN nsj dsckn nwl jsfl jsdksNwdj nsf[k, rFkkvi uss{k.kksadksfuEu l kj.khesa

fyf[k,A

t ksinkFkZvi usl sgksdj m"ekdks,d fl jsl snwl jsfl jsrd t kusnsrsgSmUgsa"ekdkpkyd dgrsgaSAbudsmnkgj.kgSayksgk] rkEck] ,Y; wfefu;e vkfnAt ksi nkFkZ"ekdks,dfl jsl snwl jsfl jsrd vi usl sgksdj vkl kuhl sughat kusnsrsmUgsa"ekdkdqpkyd dgrsgSat Sl sIykfLVd rFkkydM+hA"ekdsdqpkyd dks"ekjks/khHkhdgrsgSaA

t y rFkkok; q"ekjks/khgS; k"ekdsdqpkyd gSa] rc bu i nkFkksZesa"ekdkLFkkukUrj.kfdl dkj gksrkgS\ vkb, bl dki rkyxk,A

44


9/15

HkhxeZgksdj i j mBrkgS] rFkkvkl &i kl l st y fQj bl dsLFkku i j vkt krkgSA; gf; krc rd pyrhgSt c rd ykLd dkl kjkt y xeZu gkst k; A"ekLFkkukUrj.kdh

bl fof/kdksl aogudgrsgSA

ok; qesa"ekdkLFkkukUrj.kfdl dkj gksrkgS\ /kqvkfdl fn'kkesat krkgSa\

ok; qHkht y dhrjg l cl si gysykSdsi kl xeZgksdj mi j mBrhgSvkSj vkl &i kl dhgokfQj ml LFkku i j vkt krhgSAvkSj ; gl aogu dhf; kpyrhjgrhgSAvi usfopkj dhi qf"V dsfy,

f; kdyki dj l drsgSaA

,d ekseckht ykb, ml dsmi j ,d 'kh'ksdhuyhfrjNhyVdkb, ft l dknksuksaf'kjk[kqykgksvcekseckhdhykSdksuyhdsyxHkx chp dsfgLl dksl keusjf[k,Auyhdsnksuksafl jksadsl keusvi uk

gkFkjf[k,AvuqHko dhft , fd mi j okyh[kqysHkkxi j vf/kd xeZgokfudyrhgSa] D; ksa\

f;kdyki&7

,d ekseckht ykb,Avi us,d gkFkdksykSdsmi jrFkknwl jsgkFkdksykSdhcxy esajf[k,AD; kvki dsnksuksagkFkl eku xjehdkvuqHko djrsgSa\ ; fn ugharksdkSu l kgkFkvf/kd xjehdkvuqHko djrkgS\ , sl kD; ksa\

ok;qesa"ekdkl aogu }kjkLFkkukUrj.k

f;kdyki&8

fp= & 3-10

fp= & 3-11

45


10/15

; ku nhft , mi j dhvksj dhok; ql aogu }kjkxeZgksrhgSAbl fy, uyhdsmi jhfl jsdsl keusokykgkFk; kekseckhdhykSdsmi j okykgkFkvf/kd xehZdkvuqHko djrkgS] t cfdykSdsvxy&cxy dhgokxeZgokdsi j mBusi j LFkku ysrhgSog l aogu }kjkxeZughagksrhgSbl fy, uyhdsfupysfl jsdsl keusokysgkFk; kekseckhdhykSdscxy okysgkFkdksvf/kd xehZdkvuqHko ughagksrkA

l ko/kkuhekseckhl sgkFkdhnwjhcuk, j f[k, ft l l sfd t ysughaA

rVh; {ks=ksal eqnzdsfdukjs dsyksx ,d euksjat d i fj?kVukdkvuqHkodjrsgSaAfnu dsl e; LFky /kjrh t y dhvi s{kk'kh?kzxeZgkst krhgS

rksLFky dsi j dhok; qxeZgksdj i j mBusyxrhgSbl dkLFkku ysusdsfy, l eqnzdhvksj l sBaMhgokLFky dhvksj cgrhgSAbl fy, 'kke dksl eqnzdhvksj l st ksj dhgok,pyrhgSaA p dksi wjkdjusdsfy, LFkydhvksj l sxeZgokmi j l sl eqnzdhvksj cg t krhgSAl eqnzdhvksj l svkusokyhgokdksl eqnzhl ehjdgrsgSaAl eqnzhl ehj dhBaMhok; qdkykHkmBkusdsfy, rVh; {ks=ksadsHkouksaesaf[kM+fd; kl eqnzdhvksj cukbZ

Fky l ehj vkSj l eqnzhl ehj

fp= 3-12

46


11/15

t krhgSAjkf=esa; g e Bhd foi jhr gkst krkgSAl eqnzdkt yLFky dhvi s{kk/khehxfr l sBaMkgksrkgSAbl fy, l qcg rd LFky dh

vksj l sBaMhok; ql eqnzdhvksj cgrhgSA; gFky l ehjdgykrhgSAbu nksuksadkj dhl ehj dkdkj.kl aogu ghgSA

ge t kM+sdsfnuksaesa/kwi esacSBuki l Un djrsgSa] D; ksa\ l w; Zl sge rd m"ekfdl dkj i gqprhgS\ ; g pkyu vFkokl aogu }kjkughagksrkAD; ksafd bu nksuksaeksal sm"ekkIr djusdsfy, ek; e dhvko'; drkgksrhgSAD; kl w; ZvkSj i Fohdschp dksbZek; e gSa\ vf/kdka'kHkkxfuokZr gSAok; qm"ekjks/khgSAvr%l w; Zl si Fohrd m"ekvkusdk,d vU; e fofdj.kgSAfofdj.k}kjkm"ekLFkkukUrj.kdsfy, fdl hek; e dhvko'; drkughagksrhAek; e gks; ku gksfofdj.k}kjkm"ekkIr gksrhgSmnkgj.kdsfy, vaxhBh] ghVj] pqYgsdsi kl ; fn gecSBrsgSarksxehZdkvuqHko djrsgSa; g m"ekgesafofdj.k}kjkfeyrhgSA

pqYgsdhykSl sgVkusdsckn dksbZxeZcrZu BaMkgksusdse esavi usi fjos'kesafofdj.k}kjkm"ekLFkkukUrfj r dj nsrkgSA

l HkhxeZoLrq,fofdj.k}kjkm"ekNksM+rhfodfjr djrsgSaA; g fofdj.kfdj.kksads: i esagksrkgSft Ugsage ns[kughal drsA; g fofdj.kt c fdl hoLrql sVdjkrhgSrksdqN Hkkx oLrq}kjkvo'kksf"kr dj fy; kt krkgSvkSj dqN Hkkx i jkofrZr gkst krkgSrFkkdqN Hkkx i kji jkxrgkst krkgSAf[kM+dhesayxkdkap bl dkmnkgj.kgSAfdl hdkp yxhf[kM+dhds

fp=&3-13

47


12/15

i kl vi ukgkFkjf[k,Aft l l sgksdj /kwi vUnj vkrhgSAD; kvki xehZdkvuqHko djrsgS\; g "ekdkp dksi kj dj vki dsgkFkdksxehZnsjghgSA"ekdsvo'kks"k.kdsdkj.koLrq

dkrki c


13/15

vo'kksf"kr djrsgSaAbl fy, l fnZ; ksaesaxgjsjax dsoL=i guukgesal q[kn yxrkgSAl QsnrFkkgYdsjax dsoL=vf/kdka'k"eh; fofdj.kdksi jkofrZr dj nsrsgSAbl fy, xfeZ; ksaesa

l Qsn rFkkgYdsjax dsoL=vf/kd vkjkensg yxrsgSaAl fnZ; ksaesauhoL=gesam".kxeZ/m"ekcuk, j[krsgSa A

l fnZ; ksaesage uhoL=i gursgSaAu "ekjks/khgSAbl dsvfrfjDr u dsjs'kksadschp ok; qjgrhgSaAt ksgekjs'kjhj l s"ekdksi fjos'kesafodfjr gksusl sjksdrhgSAvr%gesam".krkdkvuqHko gksrkgSA

vf/kd l nhZesage ,d eksVsdEcy dht xg nksvi s{kkr i rysdEcyksadks,d dsmi j nwl jsdksMkydj vks


14/15

ge Nwdj fdl hoLrqdsrki eku dhi Ddht kudkjhi zkIr ughadjl drsA

rki eku t kuusdsfy, FkekZehVj dkmi ; ksx djrsgSaA

"ekdkLFkkukUrj.kxeZl sBaMhoLrqdhvksj gksrkgSA

ekuo 'kjhj dkrki eku MkWDVjhfDyhdyFkekZehVj l seki kt krkgSA

oLrqvksadkrki eku iz; ksx'kkykFkekZehVj l seki kt krkgSA

m"ekLFkkukUrj.kpkyu l aogu ,oafofdj.k}kjkgksrkgSA

geusl h[kk

1

2 MkWDVjhFkekZehVj ,oa; ksx'kkykFkekZehVj dsdk; Z,oacukoV dkscrkb,A

3 l fnZ; ksaesa,d eksVsdi M+sdhvis{kkml heksVkbZdsdbZi jrksaokykoL=vf/kdxehZnku djrkgSA

4 xeZt yok; qokyst xgksai j ?kjksadksmt ysjax l sjaxusdhl ykg D; ksanht krhgS\dkWye d*l sdkWye [k*ds'kCnksadkfeyku dhft ,&

dkWye d* dkWye [k*(1 xgjsjax dsdi M+i l an djrsgSa v fnu esa(2 l eqnzl ehj cgusdkl e; vk l nhZesa(3 gYdsjax dsdi M+si guusdkl e; b jkr esa(4 Fky l ehj pykusdkl e; bZ xfeZ; ksaesaA

(5 (I) ,d yhVj t y ft l dkrki eku 0CgksrFkk,d yhVj t y ft l dkrki eku 40cgks] dksvki l esafeyknsrksiwjst y dkrki eku gksxkAd 10C l sde [k 40C l svf/kdx 10Cl s40Cdschp ?k buesal sdksbZughaA

"ekpkyd vkSj "ekjks/khesavUrj Li "V dhft ,A

vH;kl

50


15/15

(II) oQZesaydM+hdkpEep Mkykt k; rksd pkyu dsdkj.knwl jkfl jkBaMkgkst k; xkA

[k pkyu dsdkj.kxeZgkst k; xkAx dqpkyd gksusdkj.kdksbZHkko ughaiM+sxk?k l qpkyd gksusdsdkj.kBaMkgkst k; xkA

(III) 20Crki i j xeZt y esa20Crki i j xeZyksgsdhNM+dksMkyusl sdNM+dkrki eku c

science ch 3 heat

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