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The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology

The Frontiers of Society,

Science and Technology

Volume 02

Issue 01

2019

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Journal Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Dr. J. M. García： University of Murcia, Spain

Email: [email protected]

Editors

• Prof. Dr. M. Beldjehem:Sainte-Anne's University, Canada

• Prof. Dr. S. Ganesan:Oakland University, USA

• Prof. Dr. J. Johnson:Laurentian University, Canada

• Dr. S. Kotsiantis:University of Patras, Greece

• Prof. Dr. S. Y. Lee:Auburn University, USA

• Dr. A. Mahanti:University of Auckland, New Zealand

• Prof. Dr. J. Savir:University Heights Newark, USA

• Dr J. M. Zain:University of Malaysia ,Malaysia

• A Prof. Dr. Zhao Yibing:Dalian University of Technology, China

• A Prof. Dr. Ye Qingwei:Ningbo University, China

• A Prof. Dr. Liu Desheng:Jiamusi University, China

• A Prof. Dr. Zhao Yongman:Shihezi University, China

• A Prof. Dr. Li Fang:Chongqing City Management College, China

• Dr. Fan Liya:Nanchang University, China

• Dr. Zhao Jianguang:Hebei Institute of Architectural and Civil Engineering, China

• Dr. Yang Jingjing:Hebei North University, China

• A Prof. Shi Jianpeng:Xian Jiaotong University, China

• A Prof. LIN Haibo:Taizhou Vocational & Technical College, China

• Dr. Ding Xilong:Weifang University of Science and Technology, China

Content

Parameter Setting of Load Forecasting Model for Adjacent Base Stations of Mobile

Communication Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

Saman Yaghmaei-SabeghParinaz Panjehbashi-Aghdam P1

Handling Complicated Matters with Ease: The Meaning and Value of The Rabbit

and The Cat

Fengyan Zhang P10

A Review of the Literature on the internationalization of RMB

Chen Xiao Rong , Chen Xinxuan P16

Distributed Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithm Based on

Mohamed Elhoseny, Arup Roy, Soumya Banerjee P19

Electrical Design of CATIA

Li Zhenze P31

Managerial long-term compensation incentives schemes and incentive effects

Hongyan Liu, Ying Zhang P38


Parameter Setting of Load Forecasting Model

for Adjacent Base Stations of Mobile

Communication Based on Particle Swarm

Optimization

Saman Yaghmaei-Sabegh1,*, Parinaz Panjehbashi-Aghdam1

1Department of Civil Engineering University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

*E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract: In order to study the parameter setting of

load forecasting model of mobile communication

adjacent base station, the particle swarm optimization

(PSO) algorithm is used to make intelligent

optimization of the parameter values in the support

vector regression model, so as to obtain a prediction

model with better parameters. Through the

verification of base station load prediction scheme

assisted by the nearest neighbor base station, we

establish the support vector regression model only

using the base station itself historical information that

introducing adjacent base station historical

information, and compare the performance of the two

parts. It is proved that the base station assisted load

prediction scheme with assisted adjacent base stations

can achieve better performance.

Keywords: Adjacent base station; particle swarm

algorithm; prediction model; parameter

1. INTRODUCTION

In mobile communication network, there are many

kinds of data that are structured and unstructured,

including the signaling data of interaction and

message transmission among the interfaces, the

single data of the operators calculating the user and

the KPI index of the network performance. With the

vigorous development of mobile communication

market, these data in mobile communication network

are also generated and accumulated at a faster rate.

However, the excavation and utilization of these data

are relatively few and superficial. Along with the

importance of data analysis and data mining

technology, it is gradually recognized. Big data

technology began to rise, and the related research

scholars began to re-examine the massive data in the

mobile communication network with precipitation,

and to think about how to use the great value

contained in these rich and multi-level data [1,2].

In recent years, some related work on data analysis of

mobile communication networks pointed out that the

adjacent base stations are not isolated, but there is a

connection. Using the historical information of

adjacent base stations can reduce the load forecasting

uncertainty of base stations. Based on this conclusion,

this paper, in the base station load forecasting

improvement technology scheme study, proposed a

scheme to improve the base station load prediction

performance by introducing the historical information

of neighboring base station. In the choice of the basic

prediction model, for the relevant parameters that are

difficult to determine in the prediction model, the

particle swarm optimization is applied to set the

corresponding parameters. 2. METHODOLOGY

(1) Support vector regression

In the pattern recognition with small number of samples, a

higher feature dimension and characteristics and categories

meeting nonlinear relationship, compared with other

methods, support vector machine showed good

performance. As a result, it has been widely concerned by

research scholars and has been extended to many fields [3].

Subsequently, Vapnik extended the idea of support vector

machine to solve the regression fitting problem, and

produced the support vector regression method. Figure 1

was the support vector regression model schematic

diagram. A

B

C

D

Figure 1. The support vector regression model schematic

diagram

Support vector regression and neural network have similar

topological structure, and can also be expressed as the form

of input layer - hidden layer - output layer in neural

network. Unlike neural networks, neural network topology


is usually uncertain, that is, the number of nodes of hidden

layer and each layer in neural network are uncertain [4].

while for the support vector machine, the hidden layer node

corresponds to a kernel function operator, completely

determined by support vectors. Consequently, the topology

structure is determined, and the support vector regression

model extension structure is shown in figure 2:

x1

x2

K(x1,x)

K(x2,x)

xn K(x2,x)

f(x)

………

………

Figure 2. Extension structure of support vector regression

model

In the process of solving SVR model, there are parameters

that need to be set in advance, and the determination of

these preset parameter values will affect the performance of

the model:

The setting of penalty factor determines whether it is more

concerned about the flatness of the model or to reduce the

experience risk of forecast model in the model training

process. The excessive pursuit of the flatness of prediction

model will lead to too simple model and cannot be well

fitting the known data. The excessive pursuit of empirical

risk minimization may lead to over-fitting phenomenon.

The setting of the width of the pipe affects the

measurement of the empirical risk. To set too small pipe

width value will lead to the increase of the number of

support vector. To set too large pipe width value amplifies

the error allowed boundary in the process of modeling and

thus makes the prediction performance of model decline.

Compared with other machine learning methods, support

vector regression has the following advantages:

The support vector regression method comes from

statistical learning, and the theoretical basis is the structural

risk minimization criterion. Therefore, in the objective

function design, the generalization ability of the model to

the unknown sample and the empirical risk of the known

sample are taken into account, and the problems of over

learning and under learning are avoided in the balance of

two parts.

The support vector regression method transforms the

solution of the regression function into the optimization of

two programming problems. In theory, the global optimal

solution can be obtained and the problem of falling into

local optimum can be avoided.

Because the parameters ω and b in the support vector regression function expression are only determined by a

few support vectors, the complexity of the algorithm

depends on the number of support vectors, and has little

relation with the dimension of the sample.

(2) Particle swarm optimization

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is one of the commonly

used bionic intelligent computing methods. The algorithm

was proposed by American psychologist Kennedy and

electrical engineer Eberhart in 1995. As a global

optimization algorithm for shoulder hair, the algorithm

simulates behavior of birds foraging in nature. Between

individual in birds, collaboration and information sharing

are made to make the entire group get a better search result

[5, 6].

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a kind of

optimization algorithm for simulation of swarm intelligence.

Its form is mainly carried out in iterative recursion. The

algorithm considers the relationship (global) between the

particles in the iteration and the relationship between each

dimension (function value), so the iterative trajectory of

particle is a complex system change.

(3) Principle of particle swarm optimization

The particle swarm algorithm abstracts the group foraging

behavior and transforms the flight space into the d

dimension target search space (that is the solution space of

the optimized target), and abstracts the bird individuals into

particles with no mass or volume [7]. Each particle i has

two properties: position Xi and velocity Vi. The position

attribute of the particle corresponds to a potential feasible

solution for the optimization problem. The velocity

property of the particle is used to indicate the direction and

magnitude of the next movement. The combination of

position attribute and velocity attribute of the particle can

determine the position where the particle appears in the

next time. In order to determine the potential feasible extent

or reflect the distance from the current position to the

optimal solution, it is necessary to define an objective

function f(X) in allusion to the problems to be optimized,

so as to calculate each potential feasible solution for and

get an evaluation result, namely the fitness [8, 9].

In each iteration, particles need to adjust the current

velocity and position dynamically according to

historical search experience of particle itself and the

shared historical search experience of other particles

in the group. Therefore, each particle has saved two

historical information: in the iterative search process,

the optimal solution obtained by the particle itself so

far, which is the best individual historical value,

expressed as ))t(p,),t(p),t(p()t(P idiii L21= :

++

+=+

))t(P(f))t(X(f),t(X

))t(P(f))t(X(f),t(P)t(Pi

iii

fii

＜11

11

≥(1)

And the best solution that the whole particle swarm

searches up to now, that is, the best value of the group

history, which is expressed as:

{ })t(P),t(P),t(P))t(p),t(p),t(p()t(P mgdggg LL 2121 ∈= (2)

}{ ))t(P(f)),t(P(f)),t(P(fmin))t(P(f mg L21= (3)

In the t times iteration, the position of the

particle i in space is ))t(x,),t(x),t(x()t(X idiii L21= , and its

corresponding velocity is ))t(v,),t(v),t(v()t(V idiii L21= . In order to make the

particle i can move to the optimal area in the t+1

times iteration, the particle i, according to the optimal

value of individual history and the optimal value of

population history, corrects the direction and size of

the velocity attribute and determines the position

where the next iteration appears. The upgrading

principle for the velocity and position attribute of

particle i is shown as follows:

))t(X)t(P()t(γc))t(X)t(P()t(γc)t(Vω)t(V igiiii 22111 ++=+ (4)

)t(V)t(X)t(X iii 11 ++=+ (5)

In the above formulas, ω is called inertia weight,


and the value of ω determines the memory degree of the current upgrading velocity for the velocity in

the last iteration process. The parameter ω determines whether the particle swarm tends more to

global search capability or local search capability.

Parameters c1 and c2 are acceleration coefficients. It

reflects the influence of the best value of individual

history and the best value of population history on the

speed update, namely degree of dependence on self

cognition and information sharing [10]. γ1(t) and γ2(t)

are two mutually independent random numbers.

Figure 3 and Figure 4 are the simulation of the

particle running process, so as to make it easy to

understand intuitively.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Pa

rtic

le tra

jecto

ry x

(t)

Iterative step number t

Figure. 3. The iterative change of particle trajectory

x(t) of parameter group 1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Pa

rtic

le v

elo

city v

(t)

Iterative step number t

Figure. 4. The iterative change of particle trajectory

v(t) of parameter group 1

(4) Particle swarm optimization flow

The steps of the standard particle swarm algorithm

are as follows. The flow chart is shown in figure 5:

First of all, determine the number m of particles in

the group, and for each particle i, randomly initialize

its two attributes: the position Xi(0) and the velocity

Vi(0). And take the initial position as the initial

individual history optimal value and population

history optimal value;

Secondly, calculate and get the fitness of each

particle according to the objective function;

Thirdly, for each particle, compare the fitness of

current position with that of the recorded individual

historical optimal value and the group historical

optimal value. If the current fitness is better, it is

necessary to replace the current position of the

particle for the individual historical optimal value and

the group historical optimal value;

Fourth, update the two attributes of the particle

according to the rules:

Fifth, judge whether the algorithm is convergent. If

the convergence conditions are satisfied or the

number of iterations exceeds the maximum number

of iterations set in advance, then end the search and

output the corresponding group historical optimal

value; otherwise, go to the second step;

Start

Initialization

Evaluation of particles

Update the best location

Update particle position

Stop condition

End

YES

NO

Figure 5. The basic framework of particle

swarm optimization

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

(1) Improved prediction scheme for base station load

As many researchers begin to use mobile

communication network data analysis and mining to

get the cognition of the real situation of mobile

communication network and the characterization of

related characteristics, in recent years, the related

work of data analysis for mobile communication


network is increasing day by day. Among them, some

researchers have analyzed the load correlation

between the base stations based on the actual

measurement data, and pointed out that the load

between neighboring base stations is not isolated, and

there is a connection between them. Some scholars

used the statistical analysis method of Granger

causality test to study the flow on the adjacent base

station, and pointed out that the flow between

adjacent base stations has a causal relationship.

Therefore, the historical traffic information can be

used to improve the prediction of its future of its own

base stations.

Nearest neighbor base station set selection. For the

base station x that will establish the prediction model,

how to determine the adjacent base stations that will

be used in the improved prediction model, this paper

uses the following nearest neighbor priority criteria.

According to Tobler's first law, the closer the base

station of the prediction model is, the higher the

"influence" of the base station should be. This is also

in line with the intuitive feeling, the closer the base

station, the higher the possibility for it in the same

environment, and the "behavior" that the base station

show is closely related to the surrounding

environment. At the same time, the mobile device

also flows directly between adjacent base stations, so

the relation between the base station with closer

distance is closer. Therefore, considering the

establishment of the base station x of the prediction

model, the adjacent base stations are given different

priorities according to the distance. For instance, it is

possible to choose the reciprocal of the distance

between them as the measure of priority.

The base stations are sorted according to the priority

level, and the first k base stations are selected as the

nearest neighbor base stations. In practice, the

number of directly adjacent base stations is usually

less, so the collection of alternative nearest neighbor

base stations does not need to be set very large. In

this paper, k is set to 10. Then, the grid search way is

used to search for alternative test: to select the base

stations with the highest priority from the

neighboring base station set to be selected, to remove

it from the alternative sets of adjacent base stations,

and add to the neighbor base station to be used.

What’s more, based on the current set of nearest

neighbor base stations, prediction model and

prediction performance test are established. Finally,

the nearest neighbor base station set with the best

prediction performance is selected from the test

results.

The length determination of historical information

backtracking. The determination of time series

forecasting model is a classical research problem, and

some related results have been obtained. When the

prediction model is relatively simple, such as the

most commonly used ARMA model in time series

forecasting, a variety of methods can be used to

determine the backtracking length of the prediction

model, including the use of Box-Jenkins method, etc..

When the prediction model is complex or the

statistical characteristics of the data are unknown, the

above method is difficult to determine the best

backtracking length of historical information.

Therefore, there is a more general and robust method

for determining the order in the relevant work, and

the intelligent optimization algorithm is used to

determine the order of the prediction model. To

determine the length of order of base station load

history information, this paper chooses the way based

on test optimization: to choose the historical

information backtracking length test range, establish

the corresponding prediction model for different

backtracking length values in the range, test the

prediction performance, and select the best order

from the test results.

The prediction process of the improved scheme. In

order to find the better parameters of the prediction

model, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to

optimize the parameters of the prediction model. In

the case of ensuring that the ideal model parameters

can be found, we reduce the time and resources

consumed by the search. In the particle swarm

algorithm, the preset parameters of support vector

regression model are taken as the solution space of

the problem. The particle location attribute

corresponds to the different preset parameter values.

The prediction performance of support vector

regression model established based on the preset

parameters in the position is regarded as the objective

function. The fitness refers to the normalized mean

square error of the prediction model. Combined with

the nearest neighbor base station set selection scheme

and the historical information backtracking length

determination standard, the specific prediction

process of the base station load improved prediction

scheme can be expressed as figure 6.


Training set data to

determine

Different priorities are

given to neighboring

base stations according

to the distance

Choose backtracking

length to extract

eigenvectors

Take a grid search to

determine the set of

adjacent base stations

Optimize the

Backward Length of

Information Based on

Test Optimization

Particle Swarm

Optimization to

Determine Predictive

Model Parameter Values

Support Vector

Regression Prediction

Model

Figure 6. Improved structure flow chart of

prediction scheme

(2) Predictive performance test scheme

To clearly understand the gain of base station load

prediction model performance in the case of

introduction of historical information of the

neighboring base station, we use the actual data sets

to test the improved base station load prediction

scheme, and choose the base station using only its

historical information load prediction model for the

comparison. The test plan is shown as follows:

The actual data set is divided into two parts: the

training data set and the test data set. The data of the

first 17 days are used as the training set, and the last

day's data is used as the test set;

For each base station i, two prediction models are

built based on the ensemble data set: the improved

prediction model (PSO-SVR introducing the

historical information of adjacent base stations) and

the original prediction model (PSO-SVR without

introducing the historical information of adjacent

base stations);

For the two prediction models, the prediction

performance is evaluated on the test data set;

The evaluation results of two prediction models on all

752 base stations are summarized and compared.

(3) PSO-SVR parameter validity verification

In order to verify the validity of particle swarm

optimization (PSO) in parameter optimization of

support vector regression prediction model, a base

station is selected randomly from the data set and the

support vector regression method is used to establish

the prediction model. In the process of modeling

establishment, the model parameters are determined

by particle swarm optimization and the exhaustive

search method. Compare the advantages and

disadvantages of the forecasting models determined

by different parameters. The normalized mean square

error of the prediction performance is adopted, which

is also the objective function for the calculation of

fitness chosen in the particle swarm optimization

algorithm.

The normalized square error is mainly used to

measure the degree of deviation from the predicted

value of two prediction models to the true value,

focusing on the comparison of the absolute

performance. The choice of normalized mean square

error is due to the difference of the absolute load of

different base stations at different times. As a result,

the same absolute error has different influences on

different situations. In order to eliminate the

difference of the self load between different base

stations at different moments, the normalized mean

square error is chosen to facilitate the better

understanding of the prediction ability of the model.

Based on particle swarm optimization and parameter

determination based on exhaustive search method, it

can be seen that the prediction model based on the set

of penalty factor C and γ parameter determined by

particle swarm optimization algorithm has good

prediction performance. According to the error of the

prediction model, the difference is very small

between the parameter value determined based on

particle swarm optimization and the normalized mean

square error of the prediction model of the optimal

parameter value. Thus, it proves the effectiveness of

the particle swarm optimization algorithm to set the

parameters of the support vector regression.

(4) Prediction performance result analysis

Figure 7 is the results obtained in the actual data set

using the normalized mean square error of the index

to evaluate the two kinds of forecast schemes. For the

normalized mean squared error of each base station

obtained by taking two different prediction schemes

for the prediction, we draw and get the corresponding


cumulative distribution function curves, respectively.

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.250.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

The original method

Ways to improve

CD

F

NMSE

Figure 7. CDF curves for normalized mean square error of two prediction schemes

It can be seen from Figure 7 that, the CDF curve of

improved prediction scheme is above the CDF curve

of the original prediction scheme. It suggests that,

compared with the original prediction scheme for

isolated base station, the faster speed of the

normalized mean square error of neighbor assisted

base station is close to 1. It reflected that, after the

introduction of the adjacent base station historical

information, the small prediction error in the

prediction error of prediction model occupies a larger

proportion. In particular, if the normalized mean

square error is controlled within 0.05, only 45% of

the base stations can be reached in the original

prediction scheme. And after introducing the

historical information of the adjacent base stations,

the improved prediction scheme will increase the

proportion to 65%. after the introduction of historical

information of neighboring base stations, more base

stations will have have small prediction error. It also

proves the improvement effect of the neighboring

base station history information for the prediction

performance of the prediction model. The neighbor

base station assisted prediction scheme, compared to

the isolated base prediction scheme, has better

performance.

The cumulative distribution function curve of the

error reduction ratio of the nearest neighbor base

station auxiliary prediction scheme relative to the

isolated base station prediction scheme is shown in

figure 8:


0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.500.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

CD

F

Error reduction ratio

Figure 8. CDF curve with small error ratio

It can be seen from figure 8 that, after the

introduction of the neighboring base station history

information this additional information, for most of

the base stations, the prediction error of prediction

model has been significantly reduced. For example,

for nearly 50% of the base stations, to increase the

neighboring base station history information in the

prediction can reduce the prediction error by more

than 15%. while for 20% of the base stations,

adjacent base station assisted prediction scheme,

compared to the original prediction scheme, the

prediction error is reduced more than 25%. Therefore,

in general, for each base station, the adjacent base

stations on the prediction model of historical

information has significantly reduced the possibility

of a larger prediction error, and bring the significantly

improved prediction performance.

(5) Comparison of information results required by

prediction

In the original prediction scheme, the information

required for the prediction all come from the

historical data of base itself. As a result, the amount

of information required for the original PSO-SVR

prediction scheme only depends on its history length.

In the improved prediction scheme, the information

required for the prediction not only comes from the

historical data of base itself, it also requires the

historical data of neighboring base stations. Therefore,

the amount of information required for the improved

PSO-SVR prediction scheme relies on its history

length, the number of base stations in the neighbor

sets, and the neighbor base stations history length.

Figure 8 is the cumulative distribution function curve

of information used by the two prediction models for

the prediction performance testing for all 752 base

stations. In the grid search of neighboring base

station set, this paper sets the maximum number of

adjacent grid search of 10. Thus, in Figure 9, CDF

curve of the number of adjacent base stations has a

turning point after 10.


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

CD

F

Number of base stations (backtracking length)

Adjacent base station backtracking length

The number of adjacent base stations

Self-back length (improved original)

Self-back length (improvement)

Figure 9. The number of adjacent base stations and the CDF curve of backtracking length

It can be seen from Figure 9 that, the itself

backtracking length CDF curve of improved

prediction scheme is consistent with that of original

prediction scheme. That is to say, the historical

information required for the improved prediction

scheme and original prediction scheme is basically

the same. From the number of neighboring base

stations in the improved prediction scheme, for 50%

of the base stations, they only need to use 3 or less

than 3 history information to complete the forecast.

For 80% of the base stations, they only require the

use of less than or equal to 7 nearest base station’s

history information. From the backtracking length of

neighboring base station in the improved prediction

scheme, for 60% of the base stations, they only need

less than or equal to 2 neighboring base station

average back length. And when the average length of

the adjacent base stations back expands to 4, it has

covered 80% of the base stations. Therefore, to sum

up, the additional information needed to improve the

prediction performance in the improved prediction

scheme is not enough. In the introduction of

historical information in adjacent base stations, we

can set the grid search number of the neighbor base

stations and adjacent base station history length test

range smaller, so as to reduce the search cost.

4. CONCLUSION

In this paper, in terms of the prediction model, we

select the method of support vector regression based

on statistical learning theory. The particle swarm

optimization algorithm is used for intelligent

optimization of parameter value in the support vector

regression model, to get a prediction model with

better parameters. In the use of adjacent base station

historical information for the assist prediction, this

paper uses grid search to complete the determination

of neighbor base stations set, and the search test

chooses optimal history information back length

order. Finally, based on the existing data set, we

verify the base station load prediction scheme of

neighboring base station assisted. The support vector

regression model only using the base station itself

historical information and the support vector

regression model with the introduction of adjacent

base station historical information are established,

respectively. And the performance of the two is

compared, which confirmed that the base station load

prediction scheme of the neighboring base station

assisted can get better performance.

REFERENCES

[1] Wang G G, Hossein Gandomi A, Yang X S, et al. A novel improved accelerated particle swarm

optimization algorithm for global numerical


optimization[J]. Engineering Computations, 2014,

31(7): 1198-1220.

[2] Ishaque K, Salam Z. A deterministic particle swarm optimization maximum power point tracker

for photovoltaic system under partial shading

condition[J]. IEEE transactions on industrial

electronics, 2013, 60(8): 3195-3206.

[3] Gandomi A H, Yun G J, Yang X S, et al. Chaos-enhanced accelerated particle swarm

optimization[J]. Communications in Nonlinear

Science and Numerical Simulation, 2013, 18(2):

327-340.

[4] Regulski P, Vilchis-Rodriguez D S, Djurović S, et al. Estimation of composite load model parameters

using an improved particle swarm optimization

method[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,

2015, 30(2): 553-560.

[5] Faria P, Vale Z, Soares J, et al. Demand response management in power systems using particle swarm

optimization[J]. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2013,

28(4): 43-51.

[6] Delice Y, Aydoğan E K, Özcan U, et al. A

modified particle swarm optimization algorithm to

mixed-model two-sided assembly line balancing[J].

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23-36.

[7] Nanchian S, Majumdar A, Pal B C. Three-phase state estimation using hybrid particle swarm

optimization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,

2017, 8(3): 1035-1045.

[8] Kavousi-Fard A, Samet H, Marzbani F. A new hybrid modified firefly algorithm and support vector

regression model for accurate short term load

forecasting[J]. Expert systems with applications,

2014, 41(13): 6047-6056.

[9] Esmin A A A, Coelho R A, Matwin S. A review on particle swarm optimization algorithm and its

variants to clustering high-dimensional data[J].

Artificial Intelligence Review, 2015, 44(1): 23-45.

[10] Biswas S, Das S, Debchoudhury S, et al. Co-evolving bee colonies by forager migration: A

multi-swarm based Artificial Bee Colony algorithm

for global search space[J]. Applied Mathematics and

Computation, 2014, 232: 216-234.


Handling Complicated Matters with Ease: The

Meaning and Value of The Rabbit and The Cat Fengyan Zhang

(College of Literature, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei, 061001)

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Since the advent, The Rabbit and The Cat

has not gained much attention from researchers due

to a list of factors, such as its materials drawing from

trivia in daily life, its short posts, prose tendency and

so forth. However, in a few studies appearing in

different periods, whether it concerns with the overall

view or single study, the ideological connotation of

The Rabbit and The Cat has experienced constant

deepening from theory of leisure to theory of

philosophy and then to theory of life, the aesthetics of

its artistic features is also gradually ascendant and

sublimed.

Keywords ： Lu Xun; The Rabbit and The Cat; thematic implication; artistic features.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Rabbit and The Cat is the twelfth article in Lu

Xun’s collected stories Call to Arms, and it was first

published in Morning Post Supplement. Since the

advent, The Rabbit and The Cat has not gained much

attention from researchers due to a list of factors,

such as its materials drawing from trivia in daily life,

its short posts, prose tendency and so forth.

For instance, during the decade from 2003 to 2012,

among those research papers of stories in Call to

Arms and Hesitation published in Lu Xun Research

Monthly (see the graph below), True Story of Ah-Q

has always been the hotspot, and there are related

articles and research findings every year. The second

most popular work is Regret for the Past, and there

are also research papers regarding it every year

except 2010. Madman’s Diary, My Old Home and

The New Year Sacrifice have been always in

researchers’ eyes with 8 to 9 relevant researching

papers. However, other stories such as The Rabbits

and the Cat, An Incident, The Hair Story, The

Comedy of the Ducks are not in popular demand in

researchers’ eyes. In fact, just taking the datum of

one certain publication in one certain period as an

example may result in overgeneralization, but it could

still objectively reflect the fact that The Rabbits and

the Cat is ignored by the research community.

NO Stories 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Total

1 A Madman’s

Diary 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 9

2 Kong Yiji 1 3 4

3 Medicine 1 1 1 1 1 5

4 Tomorrow 1 1 2

5 An Incident 1 1

6 The Hair Story 1 1

7 Storm in a

Teacup 0

8 My Old Home 4 1 1 1 1 8

9 The True Story of

Ah-Q 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 21

10 The Double Fifth

Festival 1 1

11 The White Light 1 1

12 The Rabbits and

the Cat 1 1

13 The Comedy of

the Ducks 0

14 Village Opera 2 1 3

15

The New Year

Sacrifice 1 1 2 2 2 8

16

In the Drinking

House 1 1 1 3

17 Soap 1 1 2 4

18 Public Exhibition 0

19 Old Mr. Gao 0

20 The Misanthrope 1 1

21

The Eternal

Flame 1 1

22

Regret for the

Past 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 13

23 Happy Family 0

24 Brothers 1 1 2

25 Divorce 2 1 3

Total 10 6 6 7 11 8 4 7 8 7 18 92

However, The Rabbit and the Cat has received some

attention from a few researchers, whether it is

concerned with the overall view or a single story,

its ideological connotation, artistic uniqueness, and

meaningfulness and value in Lu Xun’s works have

mailto:[email protected]


experienced constant deepening. By sorting out these

studies, we realize that although The Rabbits and the

Cat has generally been ignored by research

community, it does not mean that this article is

insignificant in Lu Xun’s novels. 2. “THEORY OF LESUIRE”: CALL TO

ARMS· THE RABBITS AND THE CAT The voltage pulse sequence signal is amplified

linearly to 0-2V for A/D sampling. For small

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the amplifier is relatively high, the low noise and

broadband is considered.

(1) The design of programmable amplifier

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The first stage is 10 times fixed amplification, and the

DG508 is selected, which is controlled by MCU to

realize programmed amplification with 8 levels. The

principle block diagram of the amplifier is shown in

figure [2].

3. “THEORY OF LESUIRE”: CALL TO

ARMS· THE RABBITS AND THE CAT

Fuyuan Sun’s Call to Arms· The Rabbits and the

Cat was written in the 1940s. It was republished on

the third issue of Lu Xun Research Monthly in

1999 and was among the early commentaries

regarding to The Rabbits and the Cat.

Fuyuan Sun commented that The Rabbits and the

Cat “is one of the four essays of Call to Arms, is

the companion article of The Comedy of the

Ducks”, and the other two essays are An Incident

and the Hair Story. Chinese modern essays

experienced gradual development in 1920s,

reached the peak in 1930s. It is a short-cut and

light prose. Fuyuan Sun explains that it is called

essay “not from a stylistic point of view”, just

because these articles are “short literary works”.

Fuyuan Sun called these essays just in order to

highlight their strong prose features, “The Comedy

of the Ducks has the strongest charm of lyric

poetry, other three essays have their own features”

[1].

In fact, calling novels “essays” is not Fuyuan Sun’s

invention, but Zhou Brothers instead. In the

Collection of Foreign Fictions, Zhou Brothers took

a genre name with Chinese uniqueness — essay to

refer to these Western novels which differ from

Chinese classical novels (“concentrates on western

novels, most are modern essays”). Zhou Brothers

have always been strict, and it is obviously not a

hasty assertion. More plausible interpretation

probably is they found many similarities between

western modern short novels and ancient China

essays. This discovery inspired them that the novel

can be written in the style of ancient Chinese prose.

Enlightenment of western literature combining

with Chinese literary tradition contribute to the

birth of new aesthetic fashion of modern Chinese

novel—returning and blending to prose [2].

Fuyuan Sun’s Call to Arms Commentary doesn’t

focus on research of style, but its striking feature is

index and textual research. As a student who has a

close association with Lu Xun, Fuyuan Sun

considers that the back yard in The Rabbit and The

Cat actually is Lu Xun’s new residence in

Badaowan, “the third wife”is Lu Xun’s third

sister-in-law. He also considers that “……the

descriptions in The Rabbit and The Cat are very

delicate, probably are expressions of the quiet and

cozy life”.1 Research result is Lu Xun “in the

eleven years living in Republic of China, moved

out from old house in Shaoxing, newly purchased a

house in Badaowan in Peking, a long-parted family

has reunited in this spacious and simple house for

more than one year” [3].These indexes and textual

researches verify this essay describe the author’s

real experiences and emotions, and they have some

reference value.

However, the quiet and comfortable Lu Xun is

inconsistent with the Lu Xun who shouts out

loudly. Fuyuan Sun Overemphasizes indexes and

textual research, but the interpretation of The

Rabbit and The Cat only stays on literal meaning

which seems to be superficial but doesn’t

recognize the significance of this essay in the New

Period. “The biggest problem of such research

paradigm of traditional essay indexes is the

insistence to restore historical materials in

interpretation of textual meaning, regarding such

revivification as real interpretation of the works,

but actually no matter how much real historical

information embedded in novels, as long as these

information is merged into the artistic meaning of

novels, they could be integrated by talented writers,

consequently be constructed into new unit of

meaning”[4]. What Lu Xun has created is a

modern novel which totally differs from the

traditions, the interpretation to textual meaning

requires new research paradigm. 4. “THEORY OF LIFE”: CALL TO ARMS

ANALYSIS· THE RABBITS AND THE CAT

In the elaboration section of Lu Xun Research

Data Catalogue Index 1949.10 – 1974.12

published by Yangzhou Teacher’s College Library,

the only two analysis articles related to The Rabbit

and The Cat are Qinwen Xu’s About The Rabbit

and The Cat from Assisted Reading of Lu Xun’s

Novels which was published in November, 1954

by Silian Press and his The Rabbit and The Cat

from Analysis of Call to Arms which published in

July, 1956 by China Youth Press.

After Volume 1 and 2 of Assisted Reading of Lu

Xun’s Novels being published in succession, China


Youth Press invited Mr. Xu to modify and polish

on its basis, and intended to publish in the name of

Analysis of Call to Arms or Analysis of

Hesitation; …… It is the first time in Lu Xun’s

researching history that fully analyzes each of Lu

Xun’s novels [5]. On the one hand, the relationship

of Assisted Reading of Lu Xun’s Novels and

Analysis of Call to Arms indicates an inheritance

relationship of Xu’s two articles; on the other hand,

it manifests the recession of research on The

Rabbit and The Cat in the first 25 years since the

founding of PRC.

Differing from Fuyuan Sun, who engaged in the

editing of supplements and was called The King of

Supplements in the Republic of China, Qinwen Xu

was carefully guided by Lu Xun on literacy

creation. A Happy Family - to Qinwen Xu by Lu

Xun is a typical example that they exchanged

views on literacy creation. Although the analysis of

The Rabbit and The Cat by Qinwen Xu is short, it

features its accurate understanding of the moral

meaning delivered. At the very beginning of this

essay, author quoted Gorky’s saying, all is in men,

all is for men, which grasps the moral of this

article about little animals. Although it’s all about

little animals, actually it’s a portrait of ordinary

people at that time. Everyone shows many faces.

The story of little animals was all about reality [6].

Lu Xun’s consistent proposition on arts is, when

speaking of ‘why’ I write novels, I still cling to

Enlightenment more than a decade years ago, I

think it has to be ‘for the life’, and to improve the

life (Mixed Dialects·How do I start writing novels)

[7].

Qinwen Xu believes that The Rabbit and The Cat

expresses Lu Xun’s spirit of helping the weak and

hating the villains via describing rabbit which

symbolizes the weak and black cat which

symbolizes the bully. It fits better than Fuyuan Sun

who only understands from the surface of this

essay.

The article also associates the other two articles by

Lu Xun, Medicine in 1919 and Brief View of

Secret death in 1936, demonstrates that innocent

victims and lone death is the symbol of Lu Xun’s

indignation of people being destroyed inexplicably.

It expresses Lu Xun’s accusation to reactionary

and distress to Chinese people’s numbness.

Qinwen Xu deeply grasped the moral value of“for

life”, so made it no longer a leisure essay out of the

theme“criticizing the weakness of national

character” of Call to Arms, but a unique artistic

expression with allegorizing style instead. 5. “THEORY OF PHILOSOPHY”: NEW THEORY

OF LU XUN’S NOVELS· THE RABBITS AND

THE CAT

In 1986, New Theory of Lu Xun’s novels written

by Boqun Fan and Huapeng Zeng was published

by People’s Literature Publishing House. Liangjun

Yuan commented that the book “analyzes Lu Xun’s

25 novels one by one for the first time, including

some novels which people usually think less

important and perfunctorily analyzed such as The

Rabbits and the Cat”.5bbits and the Cat”.p458 If

we say Call to Arms Analysis by Fuyuan Sun and

Analysis of Call to Arms by Qinwen Xu are still

with some random and emotional features, then

this work has characteristic of rational synthesis.

New Theory of Lu Xun’s novels was published for

commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Lu

Xun’s death. It has been written off and on for long

than ten years. It was the outcome of independent

spirit for those “special”people criticizing by the

“Ganed“reading some Lu Xun’s works”8 Lu Xun’s

works”. except Selected Works of Mao Zedong.

During more than last half a century’s reflection on

“myth” and biased “elevation”emerging in

research of Lu Xun’s novels, writers insist the

principle of “‘asking Lu Xun himself’as the

creation intention of Lu Xun’s novels”, devoting

themselves to explore“the original intention of

each of Lu Xun’s novels” [8].

Exploring the motivation of creation is the most

prominent feature of A Man of Keen Perception in

China—Analysis of ‘Me’In The Rabbits and the

Cat. In this “seemingly a vivid reflection of some

of life” novel, authors have been acutely aware of

each of“my” changes in thoughts and feelings in

this simple story, then through layer upon layer

analysis, restore Lu Xun’s original creation

motivation as “love”, “need not to raise the flag of

love, not have to erect the monument of hatred

neither”. And then they think “it is not only the

starting point of The Rabbits and the Cat, but also

almost all the starting point 8Lu Xun’s works”. Lu

Xun’s big heart of love was crested and alienated

by struggling philosophy in long terms. This essay

manifests the great humanitarian spirit of Lu Xun’s

creation “which is always rooted in love”, and it

reveals that after the Great Cultural Revolution the

research of Lu Xun’s novels has adopted new

vitality.

The article suggests that “as a novel, the

importance of The Rabbits and the Cat is not

established due to the unique ingenuity of plots

and clever idea of shaping the images. But it

should be seen that it is the unity of internal

contradictions of Lu Xun’s thoughts. In this

complex unity, it shows Lu Xun’s basic viewnd

abuse”.8tred and abuse”. Therefore, based on the

research of Qinwen Xu’s connection with Lu

Xun’s previous and later works, this paper puts


The Rabbits and the Cat in a larger scope of

creation for overall observation, revealing the

complex social philosophy implicit in The Rabbits

and the Cat：“If The Rabbits and the Cat are the unity of Lu Xun’s internal contradictions of

thoughts, then the three aspects of thoughts are

integrated. First, creation is always rooted in love.

Second, fairplay should slow down. Third, reform

the weak national character”. Furthermore, it is

pointed out that as a novel, The Rabbits and the

Cat cannot occupy a prominent position in Lu

Xun's fiction group. But as the complexity and

strategically position of “my” argument, the work

is crucial to understanding Lu Xun's 8ological

trend”. Some critics point out that “few people

notice her as the silent echo of “a mad man”'s cry

in the other extreme emotional undercurrent of

destruction, approaching the Hesitation ‘but also

reducing the enthusiasm’ in silence with her own

personality” [9].

A Man of Keen Perception in China—Analysis of

‘Me’In The Rabbits and the Cat has a novel

perspective and a broader perspective for full

argumentation. The exploration of the philosophy

of The Rabbits and the Cat undoubtedly made this

novel which was neglected for more than half a

century have the feature of tackling complicated

problems in a very easy manner, and showed a new

artistic charm in Lu Xun's art pattern. 6. “THE THEORY OF LIFE”: LU XUN AND

ANIMALS·THE RABBITS AND THE CAT

Since 2000, Beijing University has begun planning

a large multidisciplinary popularizer Experts

General Lectures Series, of which Fifteen Lectures

Of Lu Xun’s Works by Liqun Qian was published

in 2003. In front of Lu Xun's greatest millions of

words, Liqun Qian selected The Rabbits and the

Cat as the first lecture, inspired readers into Lu

Xun's literature world and spiritual world. As an

expert and scholar of Lu Xun, this is Liqun Qian's

choice of touching Lu Xun's words for countless

times, entering Lu Xun's world, exploring Lu

Xun's heart, and achieving a high spiritual fit with

Lu Xun.

Early in 1999, in his first independent search for

the soul of lu xun's academic works, Liqun Qian

has mentioned that The Rabbits and the Cat had

shocked his mind. Liqun Qian said that every time

he read two paragraphs of argumentative writing in

The Rabbits and the Cat, he “was always shocked

by a kind of spirit, having tears in his eyes. “It was

not only moving, but also a painful

self-accusation”. What moved Liqun Qian was Lu

Xun and everything in the universe, including

living things and non-living things, the vast

emotional world that matched each other, and the

heart that could always embrace the pure heart of

the whole world. What he was self-reproached is

“often the feeling of their own emotional world is

too entangled by the trivial troubles in daily life,

appears to be oversensitive, and indulges in Lu

Xun's personal “limited grief”; At the same time, it

is the weakening of human sympathy, the numbing

of universal human suffering (without mentioning

the biological world), and it’s the tendency to

banish the spiritual world” [10]. In academic

research, Liqun Qian burned himself into Lu Xun's

spiritual world, not only the profound gains, but

also a strong sense of realistic worry

consciousness.

Since 2000, the phenomenon that numbness to life

and mediocrity of the spiritual world has been

getting worse and worse, while Lu Xun has been

getting further away from people. Time and time

again, Liqun Qian has made great efforts to

encourage people, especially those young students,

to approach Lu Xun and absorb the great source of

national spirit. Therefore, in The Fifteenth Lecture

Of Lu Xun's Works in 2003, Liqun Qian started

from talking about The Rabbits and the Cat, and

then in special column of Master Pieces

Appreciation in 2010 “Chinese language

impartment ·Talking about Lu Xun with middle

school students”, Liqun Qian's first topic was

about Lu Xun and animals and analyzed The

Rabbits and the Cat. In Liqun Qian's opinion, The

Rabbits and the Cat contains Lu Xun's unique

thinking on life, and the artistic framework of text

can lead readers to gradually enter the emotional

world of Lu Xun's life. There are both Lu Xun's

strong love for each individual's life and the

destruction of the weak young life that he feels

particularly painful and cannot tolerate. And these

are in the end a national problem in China that Lu

Xun deeply deplores, that is the unloving state of

the whole people. Liqun Qian believed that the

basic motif of Lu Xun's works was: love for each

individual life; Death and innocent destruction of

life; And the struggle against the destruction on

life” [11].

When the value of Lu Xun's life has a strong

resonance in this era, The Rabbits and the Cat that

has not been the focus of work in the past, has

become leading people to get to know a gentle and

warm Lu Xun, and then become a key heading to

a broad and profound spirit world of Lu Xun,

proved its ease characteristics in structure of Lu

Xun’s art once again. V. Research on the artistic uniqueness of The Rabbits

and the Cat

In 1953, in his Artistic Investigation of Lu Xun's

Works, Changzhi Li classified The Rabbits and the


Cat as the third ordinary work in the failed works.

He believed that The Rabbit and the Cat and The

Comedy of the Ducks are similar in writing about

the death of life, while the former is less loose,

reserved and poetic than the latter. There is a

thought of class difference, so The Rabbits and the

Cat is not the best work. Although Lu Xun’s

Critics comments that it was just a written record

of a 25 years old youth’s real feelings [12], but the

book was a great hit at that time, “which meant

that The Rabbits and the Cat has been placed on

the moors without any boundary, and its name was

not known in the classics of literary history, at

most it has been shelved as a prose novel”. 9 By

1998, in the 30 years (revised edition) of Chinese

modern literature compiled by Liqun Qian and

others, this situation has not been changed.

However, few words have been introduced that he

actually drew on the artistic experience of poetry,

prose, music, and even the drama to create novels.

The Rabbits and the Cat and the Comedy of the

Ducks are just the representative of Lu Xun's prose

novels.

The Rabbits and the Cat is generally classified as

prose novel, and its problem is that the researchers

can explore the connotation of the combination of

realistic lyric and argumentation, but it is

impossible to analyze the complementarity

between content and form with the new aesthetic

perspective and aesthetic concept. Therefore, New

Theory of Lu Xun's Novels comments it is a novel

with more 8as than images.

Lu Xun once said that “he said only if he wants to

say, after saying that ……it’s done, no matter what

kinds of criticism it may receive, they can be

ignored” [13]. Lu Xun was one of those writers

who rarely thought about what kind of writing

method should be used. He thought about the

understanding and resonance among readers. Furen

Wang said that for writers like Lu Xun, we should

understand the essence of the creative method in a

more fundamental sense. In his opinion, “the

method of creation is the way of artistic dialogue

and communication” [14].

However, “there is a huge gap between Lu Xun's

ideas and his artistic objects, which is rare in

Chinese and foreign social history. It brought great

difficulty to Lu Xun's artistic communication and

delivery” [15], Furen Wang's insight is

undoubtedly profound. In The Rabbits and the Cat,

he firstly used realistic techniques, telling the

stories of The Rabbits and the Cat in ups and

downs in two-thirds of the length, “from rational

enlightenment to emotional expression and

aesthetic taste cultivation”; in the next third part,

Lu Xun broke through the rational framework,

directly expressed his subjective feelings, publicly

intervened in the text, and burst into an

unforgivable revenge spirit. With the help of the

rational enlightenment of realism and the natural

expression of the strong feelings of romanticism,

Lu Xun tried to replace the deep-rooted feudal

ideology with a modern life consciousness in the

fusion of various artistic expressions. Therefore,

we can see the artistic craftsmanship of a great

enlightened man.

How to view the realistic discussion and lyrical

structure layout of The Rabbits and the Cat from

the perspective of aesthetics? Liu Jian’s article has

a very good discussion, “In two-thirds of the

narrative in The Rabbits and the Cat, the author

uses his ancient Chinese writing style, light and

simple strokes, and linear way of thinking of

ordinary people, completes a story, but the story is

gilding the lily, and the last third is full of lyrical

and argumentative expressions, then it goes to an

abrupt end. The traditional harmonious beauty and

the overall beauty are cut to shreds, and filled with

the obscure thought of ‘creation’, which is really

‘outrageous’. However, just this combination of

deformation and variation from the superficial to

the dense, from the slow to the fast, from the

outward to the inward, from the mechanical to the

dialectical, constitutes painful complex. The

violence exists in calm and the complexity exists

in simplicity. Therefore, Jian Liu believes that

“such style is not suitable for simple and elegant

‘poetry’, rigid ‘enlightenment’, pure ‘lyricism’ and

‘loose and implicit’ prose novels”.

In a word, the novel of The Rabbits and the Cat,

which is not valued by researchers, has had

different interpretations and aesthetic feelings from

researchers at different times since its publication,

and shows a trend of approaching the study itself.

We also feel more and more strongly that Lu Xun's

thoughts and literature are both highly realistic and

transcendental. Certainly, Lu Xun also has his own

limitations, which does not mean that all his works

must be perfect and profound. However, the study

of the history of The Rabbits and the Cat studies

shows that his thoughts and literature have a kind

of originality. The posterity can get new

enlightenment and inspire new thinking and

creation. References

[1]F.Y. Sun, Call to Arms Analysis · The Rabbits and

the Cat, Luxun Research Monthly, 1999,(3).

[2]X.M. Yu, The Prose Spirit of Lu Xun’s

Novels-Analysis of The Phenomenon of Crossing

Style in Lu Xun’s Novels, Hubei Social Sciences,

2011,(8).

[3] F.Y. Sun, Call to Arms Analysis · The Comedy of

the Ducks, Luxun Research Monthly, 1999,(3).


[4]J.Z. Zhao, Historical Materials Reduction and

Speculative Original in Classical Novel Research,

Literary theory and criticism, 2006,(5).

[5]L.J. Yuan, Contemporary Lu Xun Studies History,

Shaanxi People's Education Press, 1992.

[6]W.X. Qin, Analysis of Call to Arms, China Youth

Press, 1956.

[7]X. Lu, Xun's Complete Works·4, People's

Literature Publishing House, 2005.

[8]B.Q. Fan, H.P. Zeng, New Theory of Lu Xun's

Novels, People's Literature Publishing House, 1986.

[9]J. Liu, Call to Arms in Loneliness-Seeking Out the

Real Meaning of The Rabbits and The Cats, Lu Xun

Research Trend, 1989,(3).

[10]Q.Q. Li, Soul Searching, Beijing University Press,

1999.

[11]Q.Q. Li, Fifteen Lectures on Lu Xun's Works,

Beijing University Press 2003.

[12]Y.B. Gao, S. Li edit, Essays on Li Changzhi's

Criticism, Zhuhai Publishing House,1998.

[13]Q.Q. Li, R.M. Wen, F.H. Wu, Thirty Years of

Modern Chinese Literature (revised edition), Beijing

University Press, 1998.

[14]X.Y. Li, H.Y. Zhou edit, Lu Xun's Complete

Works·2, Changjiang Literature & Art Press, 2010:

328-329.

[15]F.R. Wang, A Mirror of China's Anti-Feudal

Ideological Revolution- Review of Call to Arms and

Hesitation, Beijing Normal University Press, 1986,

177-178: 184.


A Review of the Literature on the

internationalization of RMB Chen Xiao Rong 1,2, Chen Xinxuan3

(1 School of Economics, HeBei University,Ph.D. Graduate students majoring in World Economics，

Grade 2013, BaoDing ，China 2 Finance Department , HeBei Finance University, Associate Professor, BaoDing , China

3 School of Management, HeBei University , Ph.D. Supervisor of World Economic Specialty，

Professor, BaoDing ，China)

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: In 1980s, Chinese scholars put forward the

concept of "RMB internationalization", but it was not

until 2009 that China began to promote RMB

internationalization through cross-border trade and

RMB settlement business. At present, scholars at

home and abroad have carried on in-depth and

extensive research on RMB internationalization,

including currency competition, path selection of

RMB internationalization, challenge opportunities,

influencing factors and so on. This article from the

currency internationalization and the RMB

internationalization two dimensions carries on the

comb and the appraisal to the existing domestic and

foreign related research achievement.

Keywords: RMB internationalization, RMB periphery,

Cross-border RMB payment

1. A SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH ON THE

INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CURRENCY

With the establishment of the Bretton Woods system

and the strong rise of the dollar, the issue of currency

internationalization has been paid more and more

attention by academia since the 1950s, and the

research results have been springing up. Specifically,

it mainly includes the following three aspects:

First, the related research on the concept of currency

internationalization and the influencing factors. In

defining the concept of currency internationalization,

scholars at home and abroad tend to start from the

point of view of monetary function [1], in which the

more typical definition of currency

internationalization is the dynamic process in which a

countryundefineds currency is freely convertible,

traded, and circulated around the world, and

eventually becomes an international currency when a

countryundefineds currency transcends the

countryundefineds borders In addition to theoretical

analysis, scholars mainly analyze the influencing

factors of currency internationalization through

empirical analysis in the light of the research on the

influencing factors of currency internationalization.

The main factors include economic scale [2]; trade

scale and structure and monetary value and Financial

Market Development and monetary inertia; five

aspects. In addition, from the point of view of political

factors, scholars think that a country undefineds

international political status is also one of the major

factors determining the degree of internationalization

of the currency.

Second, The related research on the income and cost

of currency internationalization. Many empirical

studies show that the internationalization of currency

can increase the seigniorage revenue of currency

issuing countries and reduce the transaction cost of

international trade. and the National political status

Promotion benefits. However, the process of currency

internationalization also needs to face a certain

amount of cost expenditure. The cost of currency

internationalization except for the decline of monetary

policy independence in issuing countries. and the

financial cost of appreciation of the local currency

also face the Trifen problem.

Third, the research on the typical model of currency

internationalization. The typical models of currency

internationalization are the hegemonic dollar model,

the regional international euro model and the

policy-driven Japanese yen model. The United States

relies on the "Bretton Woods system" to take the

Lim,2006; of the current inter-currency exchange rate.

supplemented by strong comprehensive strength to

provide a solid guarantee for the dominance of the US

dollar. The euro, as an artificial international currency,

has greatly promoted its own internationalization

process in the process of economic integration in

Europe and the establishment of a unified European

monetary policy by the European Central Bank. 2011;

Ito & Kawai,2016, although the euro faces problems

such as the European debt crisis after 2012, the euro

model is still an important reference for the

internationalization of a country undefineds currency.

The Japanese government relies on the expansion of

foreign trade, the export of capital and the

improvement of the openness of financial markets,

gradually allowing the yen to be recognized by the

international community, although the process of

internationalization of the yen has experienced many

twists and turns. But with the emerging countries to

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achieve the internationalization of their own currency

has a heavy value in the current examination of the

price.

2. A REVIEW OF FOREIGN LITERATURES ON

THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF RMB

At the beginning of the 21st century, foreign research

on RMB internationalization began to appear. So far, it

mainly involves currency competition, the choice of

RMB internationalization path, the influencing factors

of RMB internationalization, and the prospect of the

internationalization of the people.

(1) Currency Competition Because the internationalization of the RMB is a

relatively new concept in the world, and the RMB has

not yet been internationalized, some economists in the

United States almost agree that even if the currency is

internationalized, Nor will it challenge the

dollarundefineds international monetary hegemony,

the renminbi is unlikely to replace the US dollar for

the foreseeable future, but the renminbi can grow to

some extent first into an Asian regional currency.

There are also studies on the substitution relationship

between the renminbi and the Hong Kong dollar, and

some studies suggest that there is a currency

substitution relationship between the renminbi and the

Hong Kong dollar over the long term and in

experience.

(2) The Path Selection Of RMB Internationalization The foreign research is based on the stage of the

internationalization of the RMB and the challenges

facing the process of the internationalization of the

peopleundefineds currency. The function of the RMB

as the international currency and the use scope of the

RMB in the global financial system provide the

possible path choice for the internationalization of the

RMB, that is, the RMB cross-border settlement, the

regionalization of the RMB, and the final realization

of the globalization, so that a path is envisaged. From

the point of view of the monetary function, it is also

suggested that the currency should first be the

settlement currency and then be the currency of the

valuation, and finally to be the reserve currency.

(3) The influence factors of RMB internationalization There are many factors affecting the

internationalization of RMB. Foreign countries pay

more attention to these factors, including total

economic volume, total trade volume, reform of

state-owned commercial banks, development of bond

market and establishment of market-oriented exchange

rate mechanism. We will lift the restrictions on the

two-way flow of capital (except prudent capital),

strengthen the legal and regulatory construction of the

financial markets, including bankruptcy laws, and

strengthen the independence of the peopleundefineds

Bank of China in implementing monetary policy,

geopolitical factors, and capital account convertibility.

Deepening the reform of the financial market,

completely opening up the domestic financial market,

signing currency swap agreements and so on, even

putting the political system of our country into a

position of equal importance to the total economic and

trade volume.

(4) The prospects of RMB internationalization the internationalization of the renminbi is a national

strategy, and this strategy is a completely correct idea.

According to the study of Cohen, the

internationalization of the RMB must meet the six

major conditions. Otherwise, the long March of RMB

internationalization may never be realized. The six

major conditions are: whether the Chinese government

can effectively manage the price stability and

monetary policy. Can China transform its industrial

and trade structure into more advanced and

differentiated exports, expand the convertibility of the

renminbi, fully develop the domestic financial market,

and gain trust in our political institutions? Whether to

avoid tense geopolitical relations. In a word, some

foreign researchers think it is impossible for RMB to

become an international currency in the short term. In

the long run, the realization of RMB

internationalization also depends on a series of

conditions.

3. A REVIEW OF DOMESTIC LITERATURE ON

RMB INTERNAIONALIZATION

The domestic literature review of RMB

internationalization can be traced back to the 1980s,

[3], first put forward this concept. Since the concept of

RMB internationalization has been put forward in the

past 30 years, there have been a lot of research

achievements on RMB internationalization in China.

From the point of view of the research literature, it

covers the main scope of research on RMB

internationalization. The main results are as follows:

(1) The relationship between RMB internationalization and national competition strategy.

The main point of view is that the internationalization

of RMB is included in the national competition

strategy. It is mainly based on the huge benefits that

currency internationalization can bring to the country

[4].

(2) The relationship between the internationalization of RMB and the international monetary system has

generally gone through three stages: the gold standard

system, the Bretton Woods system and the Jamaican

system. Both in the Bretton Woods system and again

in the Jamaican system, the United States dollar

occupies the position of the core currency in the

international monetary system. The outbreak of the

global financial crisis in 2008, Once again, people are

aware of the shortcomings of the current international

monetary system centered on the United States dollar.

Based on this, the internationalization of the RMB has

once again become a hot topic for improving the

current international monetary system and striving for

its due international monetary status. The domestic

scholarsundefined research on the internationalization

of RMB and the international monetary system mainly


focuses on solving the status of RMB in the

international monetary system. Whether RMB

internationalization is conducive to stabilizing the

existing International Monetary system; the

internationalization of the RMB and the reform of the

international monetary system and other major aspects,

and points out: The internationalization of RMB is

conducive to promoting the status of RMB in the

international monetary system and promoting the

reform of the international monetary system [5], is

conducive to the stability of the international monetary

system. It is the general trend for the RMB to join the

SDR basket. Pluralistic international monetary system

is the future development direction and trend and

other main viewpoints.

(3) Lessons learned from the internationalization of major currencies; lessons learned from the

internationalization of the RMB; such studies mainly

focus on the Deutsche mark, the main currency of

sterling, the United States dollar, the euro and its

predecessor, Yen and other four currencies in the

process of internationalization experience or lessons

are summarized, so as to draw lessons from the

process of RMB internationalization. Most of the

conclusions of the study believe that the

internationalization of the RMB needs a certain

amount of time, but in view of the differences between

the RMB and other major currencies in the

internationalization process, we should draw lessons

from the experience and lessons of the

internationalization of the major currencies. To solve

the main obstacles or problems in the process of RMB

internationalization, to follow their own

internationalization path

(4) The influencing factors and conditions of RMB internationalization.

Factors and conditions of RMB internationalization

the RMB has taken a welcome step on the road of

internationalization, and many experts and scholars

have done fruitful research on the related factors of

currency internationalization. From the domestic

research results, similar to foreign research results,

mainly reflected in politics, policy, confidence, and

the economy these four major factors, and economic

factors are whether a countryundefineds currency to

become a decisive factor in the international

currency .Analysis of the pros and cons of RMB

internationalization once the RMB is internationalized,

it is bound to pay the costs of increasing the

difficulties of macro-monetary policy regulation,

increasing financial risks, and asymmetric shocks, etc.

But the huge benefits that currency

internationalization could bring to the country include

not only seigniorage gains, financial returns from

investing in foreign reserves, but also unmeasurable

returns [6]. The internationalization of the renminbi

"certainly outweighs the cost of political and

economic benefits".

(5) The choice of the path of internationalization of the RMB to what kind of path should be chosen in the

end, this is a hot spot of concern to the vast number of

researchers. Judging from the current research, Some

researchers think that it is necessary to take the path of

peripheral

(quasi-regionalization)-regionalization-internationaliz

ation, and some researchers put forward a three-step

path choice from the perspective of monetary function

[7]. That is, taking cross-border trade settlement,

offshore financial centers, bilateral local currency

swaps, medium-term outward direct investment,

onshore markets, joining the Special drawing Rights

basket, and taking a long-term path of broad positions

on non-resident balance sheets of various countries.

4. SUMMARY

The internationalization of RMB has risen to the

height of national strategy. With the rapid progress of

RMB internationalization, more and more research

results begin to appear. The research on the

internationalization of RMB at home and abroad is

generally reflected in the above-mentioned aspects,

the research field and the research content are

relatively clear. In order to further carry out the RMB

internationalization related details of the study can

provide direction guidance and useful reference.

REFERENCES

[1]X. Zeng, D.Q. Hu, and D.P. Huang. A preliminary

study on the internationalization of Chinaundefineds

Finance [J]. Financial Science. 1988,10: 20-23.

[2]D.K. Li. Research on the internationalization of

RMB [M]. Science Press, 2013,11.

[3]F. Wang, Q. he, J.J. Guo, et al. Research on the

Global Distribution of International currency and the

internationalization of RMB [J]. Shanghai Finance,

2015,(5):13-20.

[4]Y.L. Chen, F. Wang, M. Yang. Currency

internationalization as a

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