science and technology 2015

8/16/2019 science and technology 2015

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Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on 28 April

2015 successfully tested an indigenous cryogenic engine.

he po!erful "ersion of the cryogenic engine !as tested successfully at ISRO#s propulsion co$ple% at

&ahendragiri in irunel"eli district of a$il 'adu. A tea$ headed y irector *arthi+esan had led the

testing. his engine !ill allo! launch "ehicles to carry satellites of up to capacity of four tonnes ingeostationary orit. It !ill also gi"e oost to India#s interplanetary proes and $anned space $issions.

Facts about cryogenic engine :

• A cryogenic engine is $ore e,cient as it pro"ides $ore thrust for e"ery +ilogra$ of propellant

urnt.

• -ryogenic fuels are e%tre$ely clean as they gi"e out only !ater !hile urning. he engine uses

liuid o%ygen at /25 - and liuid hydrogen at 18-

• It can de"elop the thrust needed in the nal state of the roc+et to put satellites3 !eighing t!o

tonnes or $ore3 into a geosynchronous orit

• . It is essential to $aster this technology for any space po!er as launching hea"ier satellites

reuires cryogenic engines e"en in the lo!er stages of the roc+et.

• It !ill also $a+e India selfreliant in sending hea"ier satellites to the reuired orits and eli$inate

need of dependence on foreign launch "ehicles

• . It should e noted that India si%th spacefarer after 4S3 Russia3 the uropean Space Agency3 -hina

and 6apan to de"elop a cryogenic engine.

• arlier in 6anuary 20153 India had successfully launched 7S953 the rst successful launch "ehicle

!ith an indigenous cryogenic engine. :ut it had capacity to launch satellites of up to t!o tonnes.

INDIGENOUS CRYOGENIC ENGINE PUTS A 1,982-KG

COMMUNICATION SATELLITE IN ORBIT - GSLV-D5

• One of India’s most ambitious dreams became a reality on Sunday when its GeosynchronousSatellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-D5) !owered by an indi"enous cryo"enic en"ine effortlessly!ut the #$%&-'" GS-#* communication satellite into a !erfect orbit after #+ minutes offli"ht,

• he cryo"enic en"ine built by the Indian S!ace esearch Or"anisation (ISO) fired for #& ofthose #+ minutes,

• he !recision of the cryo"enic u!!er sta"e was such that it !ut the GS-#* into an orbit with !eri"ee of #+$ 'm a"ainst the tar"et of #%. 'm and the a!o"ee achie/ed was off by a mere 5.'m for a tar"et of 01... 'm,

• he "rand success ca!s &. years of hard wor' by ISO’s en"ineers after bein" denied

cryo"enic technolo"y under !ressure from the 2,S, sufferin" a heartbrea'in" failure with anindi"enous cryo"enic en"ine fli"ht in !ril &.#. and ha/in" had to scrub its second attem!t with an indi"enous cryo"enic en"ine in u"ust &.#0, 3I am !roud to say that ISO has doneit4 ISO 6hairman 7, adha'rishnan announced,

• he mission’s success means India now has the ability to !ut satellites wei"hin" more than twotonnes in orbit 8oinin" the elite club of the 2,S, ussia 9rance :a!an and 6hina who ha/emastered this !erilous technolo"y of usin" cryo"enic !ro!ellants -- li;uid o


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Question corner: What is the difference between GSLV

and PSLV?

#, =oth >SLV (>olar Satellite Launch Vehicle) and GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launc Vehicle) are the satellite-launch /ehicles (roc'ets) de/elo!ed by ISO, >SLV is desi"ned mainlto deli/er the 3earth-obser/ation or 3remote-sensin" satellites with lift-off mass of u! tabout #+5. 7" to Sun-Synchronous circular !olar orbits of 1..-$.. 7m altitude,

&, he remote sensin" satellites orbit the earth from !ole-to-!ole (at about $% de" orbital-!laninclination), n orbit is called sun-synchronous when the an"le between the line 8oinin" thcentre of the ?arth and the satellite and the Sun is constant throu"hout the orbit,

0, Due to their sun-synchronism nature these orbits are also referred to as 3Low ?arth Orb(L?O) which enables the on-board camera to ta'e ima"es of the earth under the same sunillumination conditions durin" each of the re!eated /isits the satellite ma'es o/er the samarea on "round thus ma'in" the satellite useful for earth resources monitorin",

*, !art from launchin" the remote sensin" satellites to Sun-synchronous !olar orbits the >SLis also used to launch the satellites of lower lift-off mass of u! to about #*.. 7" to the elli!ticGeosynchronous ransfer Orbit (GO),

5, >SLV is a four-sta"ed launch /ehicle with first and third sta"e usin" solid roc'et motors ansecond and fourth sta"es usin" li;uid roc'et en"ines, It also uses stra!-on motors to au"menthe thrust !ro/ided by the first sta"e and de!endin" on the number of these stra!-on boosterthe >SLV is classified into its /arious /ersions li'e core-alone /ersion (>SLV-6) >SLV-G o>SLV-@L /ariants,

1, he GSLV is desi"ned mainly to deli/er the communication-satellites to the hi"hly elli!tica(ty!ically &5. < 01... 7m) Geosynchronous ransfer Orbit (GO), he satellite in GO i

further raised to its final destination /iA, Geo-synchronous ?arth orbit (G?O) of about 01..7m altitude (and Aero de" inclination on e;uatorial !lane) by firin" its in-built on-boaren"ines,

+, Due to their "eo-synchronous nature the satellites in these orbits a!!ear to remai!ermanently fi


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The GSLV Mark-III rocket lifted off from the second launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.

•

ISRO takes a step towards manned space flight

• he first e

• he mission control centre eru!ted in smiles and cla!s and the scientists hu""ed each other athe GSLV Bar' III mo/ed a ste! closer to its first de/elo!ment fli"ht with the functional 6&cryo"enic sta"e,

• lso 'nown as LVB0C6? the suborbital e

• he /ehicle ero8ect Director uman S!acefli"ht >ro"ramme,

• he former ISO 6hairman 7, 7asturiran"an who was !resent said 3 ?/ery GSLV should "hi"her not only !hysically but mentally too,

• hanush $issile

India on ; April 2015 successfully test red nuclear !eaponscapal

hanush $issile fro$ a ship3 o< the Odisha coast. est he shipase$issile !as launched fro$ an O


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Indigenously de"eloped y efence Research and e"elop$en

Organisation (RO).

he surfacetosurface $issile is a na"al "ariant of =rith"i $issile

. -apale of carrying of 500 to 1000 +ilogra$ con"entional as !ell a

nuclear payload.

It is a singlestage3 liuidpropelled $issile and has range of 50 +$

. -apale to target oth landased and seaased targets.

It gi"es Indian 'a"y capaility to stri+e ene$y targets !ith grea

precision.

It should e noted that hanush is one of the 5 $issiles de"eloped the RO under the Integrated 7uided &issile e"elop$en=rogra$$e (I7&=

Union Government gives nod to AA!S "ro#ect

• 4nion 7o"ern$ent on 2> &ach 2015 ga"e its appro"al to uild crore strategic pro?ect of ne%t

generation Airorne @arning and -ontrol Syste$s (A@A-S).

• ecision in this regard !as ta+en y efence Acuisition -ouncil (A-) headed y 4nion efenc

&inister &anohar =arri+ar. A- ga"e its nod for t!o A@A-S3 !hich includes uying t!o Airu

A0s3 !orth 5311 crore rupees. Airus !as the lone idder for the progra$$e.

About Airborne arning and !ontrol Systems$AA!S% &ro#ect

A@A-S or eyes in the s+y can detect inco$ing aerial threats li+e hostile ghters3 drones an

cruise $issiles fro$ 00+$ a!ay.

It has capaility to penetrate longer distances !ithin ene$y territory y !ay of radars an

electronic !arfare syste$s !ithout "enturing into the region physically.

he pro?ect !ill in"ol"e $ounting indigenous B0degree co"erage acti"e electronical

scanned array (ASA) radars on Airus A0 !ideody ?ets.

efence Research and e"elop$ent Organisation (RO) !ill de"elop the A@A-Ss.

Apart fro$ this3 A- also cleared the purchase of $ine ploughs for ;0 tan+s at Rs >1

crore and 0 !eapon locating radars at Rs 13B05 crore esides others.


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'S() success*ully launches *ourth navigationsatellite '(+SS ,D

Indian Space Research OrganiCation (ISRO) on 28 &arch 2015 successfully

launched fourth na"igation satellite Indian Regional 'a"igation SatellitSyste$ (IR'SS)1.

It !as launched y =olar Satellite aunch 9ehicle (=S9) -2> into the ori

fro$ Satish ha!an Space -entre3 Srihari+ota in Andhra =radesh.

he satellite is si$ilar to3 and follo!s the IR'SS 1A3 1: and 1- !hich !ere

launched in April 2013 6uly 201 and Octoer 201respecti"ely.

IR'SS1 !ill e launched into a su 7eosynchronous ransfer Orit (su

7O).

It !eighs 1325 +g and carries a na"igation payload and -&A ranginpayload in addition !ith a laser retroreDector.

About '(+SS series

IR'SS is a na"igation syste$ that !ill co"er India3 and also e%tend

13500 +$s fro$ its oundaries.

It !ill pro"ide accurate position infor$ation to users in India.

:asically it !ill pro"ide t!o +inds of ser"ices3 Standard =ositionin

Ser"ices3 !hich is a"ailale to all users3 and an encrypted ser"ice thais pro"ided only to authoriCed users.

he co$plete IR'SS syste$ !ill include three satellites i

geostationary orit and four satellites in geosynchronous orit at analtitude of B3000 +$ ao"e the arth.

he deploy$ent of all the satellites !as e%pected to e co$pleted y

2015 at a cost of Rs. 1320 cr. IR'SS is si$ilar to other satellit

na"igation ser"ice pro"iders li+e 4SA#s 7=S (7loal =ositioninSyste$)3 Russia#s 7lonass3 urope#s 7alileo3 6apan#s Euasi Fenith and-hina#s :eidou.

Applications of IR'SS

errestrial3 Aerial and &arine 'a"igation.

isaster &anage$ent.


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9ehicle trac+ing and Deet $anage$ent.

Integration !ith $oile phones.

=recise i$ing.

&apping and 7eodetic data capture.

errestrial na"igation aid for hi+ers and tra"ellers.

9isual and "oice na"igation for dri"ers.

India’s first Polar Remotely Operated Vehicle operationalised inNorth Antarctica

India#s rst =olar Re$otely Operated 9ehicle (=RO9e) !as successfully operationalised

for research in 'orth Antarctica y 'ational Institute of Ocean echnology ('IO).

=RO9e !as operationalised3 after it had undergone series of trials in Antarctica in the

past t!o $onths since its deploy$ent y the 'IO researchers.

It has een deployed in =riyadarshini a+e located on the Schir$acher Oasis !hich is a

$a?or source of !ater for &aitri3 India#s second ase in the Antarctica.

ey *acts o* &()Ve

• Indigenously uilt y 'IO under the 4nion &inistry of arth Sciences.

• -apale of proing the sea ed under nor$al te$perature and capale o

e%ploring up to 200 $eters in inhospitale and tough regions li+e the ice clad Antarctica

• Operated re$otely y scientists on oard the ship and has inuilt thruster

allo!ing it for B0degree $o"e$ent.• @ill help researchers to study and nd out details aout dissol"ed o%ygen in se

otto$3 salinity and the uantity of sunlight hitting the otto$ of the sea.

• he results and outco$es !ill help researchers in understanding the iologica

acti"ities ta+ing place inside the sea.

'm"lications o* its o"erationalisation in Antartica


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• Its rea+through is a great leap for!ard in forecasting !ith precision the e"eelusi"e &onsoon3 a cli$atic pheno$enon !hich deter$ines India#s econo$y.

• In case of forecasting &onsoon3 =RO9e !ill $easure para$eters li+e ocea

currents3 te$perature and salinity in the Arctic.

• It !ill especially help scientist to $o"e a!ay fro$ present &athe$atical $odels fo

forecasting the &onsoon !hich $any ti$es "ary fro$ initial forecasts.

-urrent operation !ill collect data for analysis in 6une 2015. his data !ill e used foanalyCing hypothesis aout the lin+ et!een Antarctic Ocean currents and India

$onsoon syste$.

India successfully testres 'capale =rith"iII $issile inOdisha

India successfully testred its nuclear capale =rith"iII surfacetosurface $issile fro$ a test range at

-handipur in Odisha. est

It !as conducted y the Strategic Gorce -o$$and (SG-) and $onitored y the scientists of efence

Research and e"elop$ent Organisation (RO).

&issile !as red fro$ a $oile launcher fro$ launch co$ple% of the Integrated est Range (IR) as

part of a user trial y the ar$y and $et all $ission o?ecti"es.

About &rithvi-'' missile

=rith"iII $issile is the rst $issile indigenously de"eloped y RO under India#s prestigious

Integrated 7uided &issile e"elop$ent =rogra$ (I7&=).

It !as inducted into India#s SG- in 200.

Geatures Surface to surface allistic $issile.

9ariantsH =rith"iI for the Ar$y =rith"iII for the Indian Air Gorce and the hanush for the 'a"y.

Singlestage3 iuidpropelled.

Ad"anced inertial na"igation3 control and guidance syste$.

It uses ad"anced inertial guidance syste$ !ith $anoeu"ering tra?ectory

. =ayload capacityH 50013000 +g. RangeH 50 +$.


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!rime and !riminal .rac/ing +et0or/ System$!!.+S% &ro#ect

--'S pro?ect is funded y the 4nion go"ern$ent !ith udget of Rs. 1; -rore.

1imachal &radesh is the rst state in India to launch this pro?ect prepared y the 4nionJo$e &inistry after &u$ai attac+ of 2BK11.

--'S pro?ect !ill connect 1>> sites and 11 police stations in the state esides1 district

headuarters3 2B sudi"isional police o,cers and three police ranges headed y I=7 ran+ o,cers

!ith state cri$e records ureau.

It !ill also connect -I cri$e ranch3 1 control roo$s3 nger print ureau3 forensic science

laoratory3 1B --'S training centres including state data centre and data reco"ery centre.

--'S pro?ect !ill also pro"ide $ultiple channels to access citiCencentric ser"ices and online

access for registering petitions on realti$e asis.

'ndia ran/ed second last in G'&!2s 'nternational

'ntellectual &ro"erty 'nde3

he 4.S. -ha$er of -o$$erce#s 7loal Intellectual =roperty -enter (7I=-) has released its third

annual international intellectual property (I=) inde% list.

'n this list 'ndia is "laced at 4th ran/ among the 67countries.

@hile3 4S has een placed at the top in the list and hailand at last position.

*ey facts In this edition of I= Inde%3

India has scored a lo! >.2 out of $a%i$u$ 0 points.

@hile3 4S topped !ith score of 28.5 a$ong the 0 countries sur"eyed3 $a+ing it the gloal

leader in protecting I=.

It should e noted that in 2012 and 201 7I=- Inde%3 India !as ran+ed last in the list3 due to

deterioration of I= cli$ate in country. :ut in 2015 7I=- Inde%3 India has $o"ed up y 1 position

to 2;th ran+ ecause of steps ta+en y the 4nion 7o"ern$ent to address the concerns of

international co$$unity related to the I= rights.

Aout 7I=-#s Intellectual property (I=) inde%

It !as started in 2012 and the rst edition co$pared national I= en"iron$ent in 11 econo$ies.


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'o!3 this inde% is represented y 0 countries around the !orld !hich represents 80 per cent o

the !orld#s gross do$estic product (7=).

It is ased upon 0 $easurale criteria !hich includes patent3 copyright and trade$ar+

protections3 enforce$ent3 and engage$ent in international treaties.

NASA launches SMAP satellite to observe soil moisture

'ational Aeronautics and Space Ad$inistration ('ASA) has launched Soil &oisture Acti"=assi"e (S&A=)satellite to oser"e soil $oisture.

It !as launched fro$ the elta 2 roc+et fro$ 9andenerg Air Gorce :ase in -alifornia.

Soil &oisture Acti"e =assi"e (S&A=) satellite

• S&A= satellite is threeyear $ission !hich !ill $easure the a$ount of $oisture in

soil.

• he satellite is uilt to $easure $oisture in the top 2 inches (5 centi$eters) of soi

It can $easure the $oisture content of the soil fro$ its spot in orit aout 2B $iles(B85 +ilo$eters) ao"e arth#s surface.

• S&A= satellite !ill produce highresolution gloal $aps fro$ space and datcollected fro$ it !ill help scientists to $onitor droughts and i$pro"e Dood forecasts.

• 'ASA#s 6et =ropulsion aoratory located in =asadena3 -alifornia is responsile foS&A= satellite pro?ect $anage$ent3 syste$ engineering3 $ission operations and thground data syste$.

• S&A= is going to ta+e realti$e $easure$ents that !ill e incorporated int

forecasts and replace current drought $apping and Dash Dood guidance $echanis$ as iissued ased on co$puter $odeling.

• ApplicationsH It !ill help to $onitor drought3 predict Doods3 assist crop producti"ity!eather forecasting and lin+ing !ater3 nergy and -aron -ycles.

•

MAGLEVThe New Mode of Transport for the 21st Century

In Maglev!hich is short for MA"netic #$Vitationhigh speed vehicles are lifted by magnetic repulsion%

and propelled along an elevated guide!ay by po!erful magnets attached to the vehicle&

'he vehicles do not physically contact the guide!ay% do not need engines% and do not burn fuel&


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Instead% they are magnetically propelled by electric po!er fed to coils located on the guide!ay&

LVM3-X/CARE !ss!on"

(& )$*+,% India-s largest cryogenic engine% designed and developed by the #i.uid Propulsion Systems )entre of

ISRO located at 'hiruvananthapuram&

+& #VM / is a heavy launch capability launcher being developed by ISRO&

/& #VM/ !ill be capable of placing the 0 tonne class satellites of the "SA' series into "eosynchronous 'ransfer

Orbits&

#hat does CARE eans !n LVM3-X/CARE !ss!on $!fted off fro %r!har!&ota on 'e(e)er 1*+ 2,1 and

su((essfu$$y tested the atospher!( phase of f$!.ht

1b2 )re! module Atmospheric Re*entry $3periment

%pa(e X

(& 4alcon 5 roc6et is a t!o*stage roc6et designed and manufactured by Space $3ploration 'echnologies

)orporation 1Space72&

+& 8nder a 9 (&: billion contact !ith NASA% Space7 !ill fly numerous cargo resupply mission to ISS% for a total of

at least (+&

/& 'he company made history again in May +,(+ !hen its ;ragon spacecraft attached to the International Space

Station% e3changed cargo payloads% and returned safely to $arth a technically challenging feat previously

accomplished only by governments&

Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) aro!ed the"ationa# Suer Comutin$ %ission

8nion )abinet )ommittee on $conomic Affairs 1))$A2 chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the

National Super )omputing Mission on +< March +,(


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The !ss!on has fo$$ow!n. (oponents

A vast supercomputing grid comprising of more than B, =igh Performance )omputing 1=P)2 facilities !ill be

established in national academic and Research and ;evelopment 1RC;2 Institutions across the county& 'he grid

!ill be connected !ith the computing infrastructure set up under the National Dno!ledge Net!or6 1NDN2&

Advanced =P) facilities !ill be developed using indigenous resources to ma6e the intended supercomputing

grid operational&

'he above t!o components are in tune !ith ;igital India and Ma6e in India initiatives of the 8nion government&

'he mission also intends to develop applications of national relevance by using these ne! facilities&

'he successful implementation of the mission is necessary to sustain India’s gro!th momentum because its

comple3 problems li6e climate change% energy deficit% shortage of life saving drugs% high defense imports can b

addressed only through advancements in science and technology for !hich development of supercomputing

facilities is essential&

GPS Aided Geo Au$mented "a!i$ation (GAGA") S&stem fu##&

oerationa#ised

#ho" "A"AN System

#hat" 4ully operationalised

#hen" (5 May +,(<

'he Indian Space Research OrganiEation 1ISRO2 on +< May +,(< announced the complete operationalisation of th"PS Aided "eo Augmented Navigation 1"A"AN2&

'he final operational phase of the system commenced on (5 May +,(< as it began broadcasting A0V1 Cert!f!ed

s!.na$s&

Fith this% India has become the fourth nat!on after the %+ Europe and apan to have inter*operable Satellite

@ased Augmentation System 1S@AS2& Also% "A"AN is the first S@AS system in the !orld to serve the e.uatorial

region&

$arlier on /, ;ecember +,(/% ;irector "eneral of )ivil Aviation 1;")A2 gave its nod for "A"AN for enroute

operations 1RNP ,&(2 and subse.uently on +( April +,(< for precision approach services 1APV (2&

Fhile the "A"AN Payload is already operational through G%AT-* and G%AT-1, sate$$!tes% the third payload !ill be

carried onboard G%AT-1 sate$$!te scheduled for launch in October +,(


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4eatures of G0% A!ded Geo Au.ented Na5!.at!on 6GAGAN7 %yste

It is a Satellite @ased Augmentation System 1S@AS2 developed >ointly by the Airports Authority of India 1AAI2 and

Indian Space Research Organisation 1ISRO2&

Its primary o)8e(t!5e is to establish% deploy and certify satellite based augmentation system for safety*of*life civil

aviation applications for the Indian air space&

It plays an important role in safety of $!fe app$!(at!ons in transport% sensitive commercial applications and liability

critical applications needing legal course&

It offers free enhanced satellite navigation signals by correcting deviancies in "PS signals by deploying ground

based navigational infrastructure&

'he system is !nter-opera)$e !ith other international S@AS systems li6e 8S*FAAS% $uropean $"NOS% and

Gapanese MSAS etc&

It has been developed at an estimated cost of BB0 crore rupees&

It !ill enable transition of the air traffic management system to satellite*based seamless navigation across

continents covering the airspace from Australia to Africa as !ell as !est Asia to )hina and Russia&

'ndia successfu##& testfired canisterbased 'C% A$ni* missi#e

,+*4$@*+,(<

#ho" )anister*based nuclear capable Agni*< missile

#here" 4rom Fheeler-s Island off Odisha coast

#hat" 'est*fired

#hen" /( Ganuary +,(<

India on /( Ganuary +,(< successfully test*fired indigenously developed canister*based inter*continental ballistic

missile 1I)@M2 Agni*< from Fheeler-s Island off Odisha coast& Agni*< is a surface*to*surface nuclear capable

missile&

Agni*< missile is a three stage solid propellant missile !ith stri6e range of over


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1MINS2&

'his launch !as the third developmental trial of the long range missile& 'he first and second tests !ere conducted

on (5 April +,(+ and (< September +,(/ from the same base& Agni*< !ill be inducted into the services after fe!

more trial&

At present% India in its armoury of Agni series have Agni*( !ith B,, 6m range% Agni*+ !ith +,,, 6m range% Agni*/

and Agni*0 !ith +


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'he module controlled by / parachutes safely splashed do!n into the @ay of @engal off Andaman and Nicobar

Islands and !as recovered by coast guards near Indira Point% the southernmost point of India&

'he e3periment lasted for about +, minutes sa! all the events as pre*planned& 'he successful completion of the

e3perimental test !ill boost India’s mission of sending human to the space& It !ill also double the capacity ofpayloads India can carry into space&

'he full fledged launch of the roc6et !ill ta6e place in t!o years and is li6ely to be held in another t!o years&

A fe! years bac6 ISRO had carried out a similar e3periment on a smaller scale in !hich the module had orbited

around the earth for (< days before entering bac6&

9portan(e of G%LV M: ; 999-X

It !ill help India become self*reliant in launching heavier communication satellites of INSA'*0 class !eighing 0


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authority of India*'M'&

India*'M' !ill be a >oint pro>ect of the ;S' and ;epartment of Atomic $nergy 1;A$2 that !ill be anchored in the

Indian Institute of Astrophysics 1IIA2 and led by IIA Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences%

Nainital and Inter*8niversity )entre for Astronomy and Astrophysics% Pune&

9nd!aect at a total cost of (+55&H crore rupees from +,(0 to +,+/&

India-s contributions to the pro>ect !ill be in the areas of soft!are systems% segment production and the production

of the very high precision sensors and actuators that ma6e the primary mirror possible&

India !ill deliver (,, smaller% he3agonal mirrors out of a total of 05+ that is needed to build the /,m diameter

primary mirror of the telescope& Gapan% )hina and the 8S !ill supply the remainder !hereas )anada !ill construct

the dome&

India !ill also deliver /000 edge sensors that !ill guide the actuators in aligning the segments&

A)out TMT 0ro8e(t

'hirty Metre 'elescope 1'M'2 is being built at the height of 0,ects in our o!n solar system and stars

throughout our Mil6y Fay and its neighboring gala3ies% and forming gala3ies at the very edge of the observable

8niverse% near the beginning of time&

'he 'M' pro>ect !as born out of the merging of three earlier large*telescope pro>ectsJ

'he )alifornia $3tremely #arge 'elescope 1)$#'2% !hich !as a partnership bet!een )altech and 8niversity of

)alifornia 18)2

'he Very #arge Optical 'elescope 1V#O'2 led by Association of )anadian 8niversities for Research in Astronomy

1A)8RA2

'he "iant Segmented Mirror 'elescope 1"SM'2% !hich !as a partnership bet!een the National Optical

Astronomical Observatory 1NOAO2 and the "emini Observatory&

As a result% the nonprofit 'M' Observatory )orporation !as founded in Gune +,,/ by the Association of )anadian

8niversities for Research in Astronomy 1A)8RA2% the 8niversity of )alifornia 18)2% and the )alifornia Institute of

'echnology 1)altech2&

'he 'M' Master Agreement !as signed by the Scientific Authorities of all partners on +0 Guly +,(/& 'he partner

signatories areJ

Association of )anadian 8niversities for Research in Astronomy 1A)8RA2

'he )alifornia Institute of 'echnology 1)altech2

'he Indian Institute of Astrophysics 1IIA2

'he National Astronomical Observatories of the )hinese Academy of Sciences 1NAO)2


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'he National Optical Astronomy Observatory of Gapan 1NAOG2

'he 8niversity of )alifornia 18)2

On : May +,(0% the 'M' International Observatory ##) 1'IO2 !as formed !ith founding MembersJ

'he )alifornia Institute of 'echnology 1)altech2

'he National Institutes of Natural Sciences 1Gapan2

'he National Astronomical Observatories of the )hinese Academy of Science 1)hina2

'he Regents of the 8niversity of )alifornia 18)2

'he goal of 'IO is to design% develop% build and operate the 'hirty Meter 'elescope&

'he design% development% and construction phases of 'M' is funded by the support of the "ordon and @etty Moore

4oundation

Earth2s most abundant minera# named as rid$manite

,(*;$)*+,(0

#ho" most abundant mineral on earth

#hat" named as @ridgmanite

#hen" +H November +,(0

=r!d.an!te

@ridgmanite ma6es up about B, percent of the earth-s lo!er mantle and /H percent of the total volume of earth&

It is made up of high*density magnesium iron silicate&

'he lo!er mantle !hich starts at :B, 6m under the crust is difficult to reach for samples&

'ndian sace ro$ramme created histor& as %an$a#&aan entered %arsorbit successfu##&

+0*S$P*+,(0

#ho" India-s Mars Orbiter Mission% Manglayaan

#hat" entered the Martian orbit

http://www.jagranjosh.com/search/most-abundant-mineral-on-earth_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/named-as-bridgmanite_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/28-november-2014_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/indias-mars-orbiter-mission_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/manglayaan_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/entered-the-martian-orbit_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/most-abundant-mineral-on-earth_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/named-as-bridgmanite_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/28-november-2014_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/indias-mars-orbiter-mission_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/manglayaan_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/entered-the-martian-orbit_current-affairs


17/25

#hen" +0 September +,(0

India’s Mars Orbiter Mission% Manglayaan on +0 September +,(0

successfully entered the Martian orbit& 'o insert the spacecraft into the orbit the operation !as started at scheduled

time ,BJ(BJ/+ am !hen its #i.uid Apogee Motor 1#AM2 !as fired for +0 minutes (: seconds&

@y achieving this fete% India created the history of becoming the first country to insert the spacecraft of the mission

around the Mars in first attempt& Apart from this% India also came one step closer to its cherished dream of landing

on Mars&

'his success of the scientists of ISRO !as !itnessed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi% !ho !as present at the

ISRO to see the crucial Mars Orbiter Insertion& After success of the mission% the Prime Minister congratulated the

entire team of ISRO as !ell as the people of India for the great success&

Other dignitaries present at the ISRO !ere 8nion Rail!ay Minister Sadananda "o!da% 8nion Minister of State for

)ivil Aviation " M Siddesh!ara% Indian Space Research Organisation )hairman% ;r& D Radha6rishnan and Senior

Scientist 8R Rao&

$arlier on ++ September +,(0% ISRO test*fired the crucial #i.uid Apogee Motor 1#AM2 of the Mission’s main engine

successfully&

http://www.jagranjosh.com/search/24-september-2014_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/24-september-2014_current-affairs


18/25

'ill date various countries has sent


19/25

On ++ September +,(0% !hen MOM-s motor engine !as test fired to insert it into Martian orbit% the MAV$N of 8S

entered the Martian orbit

M>M 6Man.$ayaan7 Mars Atosphere and

Vo$at!$e E5o$ut!on

6MAVEN7

Attepts Placed in first attempt Fas placed in

(


20/25

"ASA3s scientists de!e#oed S%AP sate##ite to combat 4rou$ht

+


21/25

'he $uropean Space Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission measures soil moisture at a resolution of

/( miles 1


22/25

Scientists at "4+' c#oned fema#e buffa#o ca#f La#ima

,/*G8N*+,(0

#ho" Scientists

#here" National ;airy Research Institute 1N;RI2 @AN"A#OR$

#hat" cloned female buffalo calf% #alima

#hen" + Gune +,(0

Scientists at the National ;airy Research Institute 1N;RI2 on + Gune +,(0 cloned female buffalo calf% #alima&

#alima !as produced through indigenously developed =and*guided )loning 'echni.ue&

#alima !eighs 0+*6g and is a female calf& It is the seventh buffalo clone produced by N;RI&

Scientists used the institute-s indigenously developed hand*guided cloning techni.ue !here somatic cells from

an ear of a Murrah buffalo !ere ta6en to produce a clone& Murrah is high mil6 yielding mature buffalo&

'he team of the scientists involved in the production of this cloned calf% are ;r& S&D& Singla% ;r& M&S& )hauhan%

;r& R&S& Mani6% ;r& P& Palta% ;r& Shiv Parsad and ;r& @asanti Gyotsana&

In the #alima case% she !as produced after standard gestation period% born through normal parturition !ithout

any assistance and had normal birth !eight&

9portan(e of the @and-.u!ded ($on!n. te(hn!ue

'his ne! achievement of producing cloned calf from adult lactating animals by =and*guided )loning techni.ue !ill

facilitate faster multiplication of elite germplasm and help to face the challenges of increasing demands of mil6 due

to gro!ing human population&

'he !orld’s largest population of buffaloes is in India and they contribute about


23/25

;olly% a 4inn*;orset e!e% !as the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult cell& She !as cloned at the Roslin

Institute in Scotland and lived there from her birth in (55: until her death in +,,/ !hen she !as si3&

"ew E#ement 889 named nunsetium set to /oin the eriodic tab#e ,:*MA?*+,(0

#ho" Ne! $lement ((B called 8nunseptium

#hat" set to >oin periodic table&

#hen" : May +,(0

Ne! $lement ((B !hich is temporarily called 8nunseptium !ith ((B protons set to >oin periodic table&

It is the second*heaviest element ever created by humans after ununoctium% or element ((H& $lements beyond

atomic number (,0 are referred to as super*heavy elements&

'he latest instance of the discovery of this element !as made by a team at the "SI =elmholtE )enter for =eavy Ion

Research in "ermany& 'he report !as published in Physical Revie! #etters&

8nunseptium !ill get an official name soon and !ill be considered a "roup VII element& It !as to be put into the

same family as fluorine% bromine and chlorine&

8nunseptium !as produced by accelerating ions of calcium 1!hich has +, protons2 into a target of ber6elium 1!hich

has 5B2&

http://www.jagranjosh.com/search/new-element-117-called-ununseptium_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/set-to-join-periodic-table_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/6-may-2014_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/new-element-117-called-ununseptium_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/set-to-join-periodic-table_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/6-may-2014_current-affairs


24/25

The ununsept!u was o)ser5ed to ha5e a ha$f-$!fe of , !$$!se(onds+ or one twent!eth of a se(ondB 9t w!$$

.radua$$y de(ayed !nto $!.hter e$eents+ e!tt!n. a$pha part!($es 6a he$!u nu($e! w!th two protons and two

neutrons7 !n the pro(essB And the $!.hter e$eents fored ha5e a .reater ha$f-$!fe than ununsept!uB

The new$y (reated e$eents ha$f-$!fe was too short for !t to )e (he!(a$$y stud!ed+ )ut after eDa!n!n. the

a$pha part!($es+ resear(hers (on($uded that the or!.!na$ e$eent !ndeed had an ato!( nu)er 11B

The e$eent was d!s(o5ered )a(& !n 2,1, )y a .roup of Aer!(an and Russ!an phys!(!sts w!th the o!nt

9nst!tute for Nu($ear Resear(h 69NR7B

E$eent 11 w!$$ 8o!n the per!od!( ta)$e on(e the 9nternat!ona$ n!on of 0ure and App$!ed Che!stry 690AC7

(onf!red !ts eD!sten(eB After the (onf!rat!on+ the )ody w!$$ nae the new e$eent and !t w!$$ )e added to

the per!od!( ta)$eB

CE+0'n detected Smarthone Virus 4endroid

+B*MAR*+,(0

#ho" 'he Indian )omputer $mergency Response 'eam 1)$R'*In2

#hat" detected a Smartphone Virus called ;endroid

#hen" +: March +,(0

'he Indian )omputer $mergency Response 'eam 1)$R'*In2 on +: March +,(0 detected a Smartphone Virus calle

;endroid& It directed the users of Android smartphone to be be!are of ;endroid as it can compromise the data

stored on the users phone&

Virus once activated could change the command and control server of a user-s personal Android phone and

intercept private SMSes coming in or going out&

;endroid is the virus of the deadly 'ro>an family& It is being used to create tro>anised applications that infect Android

based smartphones& ;endroid is a =''P RA' having a sophisticated P=P administration panel and an application

APD binder pac6age&

A)out CERT-9n

'he )$R'*In is the nodal agency to combat hac6ing% phishing and to fortify security*related defences of the Indian

Internet domain&

http://www.jagranjosh.com/search/the-indian-computer-emergency-response-team-certin_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/detected-a-smartphone-virus-called-dendroid_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/26-march-2014_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/the-indian-computer-emergency-response-team-certin_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/detected-a-smartphone-virus-called-dendroid_current-affairshttp://www.jagranjosh.com/search/26-march-2014_current-affairs


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0E+' de!e#oed c#oud based oensource WebG'S too#

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science and technology 2015

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