SCIENCE 1206 – UNIT 2CHEMISTRY

UNIT OUTLINECHEMISTRY TERMINOLOGY

◦GENERAL TERMS◦PERIODIC TABLE

BOHR DIAGRAMS

ATOMS versus IONS

NAMING COMPOUNDS◦ IONIC, MOLECULAR, ACIDS

CHEMICAL REACTIONS◦BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS◦5 TYPES of REACTIONS

IMPORTANT TO KNOW . . . You will get a PERIODIC TABLE!!!

It is your best friend for this unit!

You will need it each and every day.

Take care of it, cherish it, appreciate it!

In other words, do not leave it in a crumpled mess at the base of your locker or bookbag

CHEMISTRY TERMINOLOGYMATTER

◦DEFINITION: Anything that has mass and volume (takes

up space).

◦What is not matter? Energy

◦In chemistry, we often discuss microscopic matter, such as atoms, ions, elements, and compounds.

MASS◦The amount of matter an object contains, measured in grams, g.

3 STATES OF MATTERSOLID

◦ Definite volume and shape

LIQUID◦ Definite volume,

indefinite shape

GAS◦ Indefinite volume,

indefinite shape

Chemistry Subscripts◦ (s) - solid◦ (l) - liquid◦ (g) - gas◦ (aq) – aqueous,

dissolved in water

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? DEFINITION:

◦The study of the properties and chemical changes/reactions of matter.

So, chemistry matters

Examples of chemical reactions:◦Rusting◦Burning/Combustion

TWO TYPES OF CHEMISTRY

PURE CHEMISTRY◦Theoretical work that involves DESCRIBING known substances and DISCOVERING new compounds for research purposes.

APPLIED CHEMISTRY◦Practical work that involves searching for USES for known substances.

PHYSICAL PROPERTYA QUALITY or CHARACTERISTIC of a

substance that can be observed WITHOUT a chemical reaction.

Examples of Physical Properties◦ State of matter◦ Hardness◦ Colour◦ Malleability◦ Ductility◦ Odor◦ Solubility◦ Brittleness◦ Conductivity◦ Melting Point and Boiling Point

PHYSICAL CHANGEA change in state of matter of a

substance.

Examples of Physical Changes:◦Melting/fusion – SOLID to LIQUID◦Freezing – LIQUID to SOLID◦Evaporation – LIQUID to GAS◦Condensation – GAS to LIQUID◦Sublimation – SOLID to GAS◦Deposition – GAS to SOLID

Ex: H2O(s) H2O(l)

CHEMICAL PROPERTYA BEHAVIOUR of a substance that can

only be observed when a CHEMICAL CHANGE is taking place.

Example:◦Magnesium ribbon burning◦2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s) + light energy

◦The chemical property is that light is given off when magnesium is burned.

CHEMICAL CHANGEA change in which ONE OR MORE NEW

SUBSTANCES is formed.Example:

◦ Iron Rusting4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)

INDICATORS OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE

Basically, a chemical change has occurred if the change is DIFFICULT TO REVERSE.

However, there are many good indicators of a chemical change.

Observe the following pictures, and take a guess at what is happening to indicate a CHEMICAL CHANGE.

CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS

COLOUR CHANGE

CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS

BUBBLES OF GAS

CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS

SOLID (PRECIPITATE) FORMATION

CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS

HEAT/LIGHT GIVEN OFF

MATTER FLOW CHART-DrawMATTER

PURE SUBSTANCE

COMPOUND

ELEMENT

ATOM

MIXTURE

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE

(SOLUTION)

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

PURE SUBSTANCEMade up of only ONE TYPE OF ATOM

or ATOM COMBINATIONStays the same in response to a

physical changeExample:

◦O2

◦H2O

TWO TYPES:◦Element◦Compound

TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCESELEMENT

◦A pure substance that CANNOT be broken down into a simpler substance by a CHEMICAL CHANGE.

◦ It is made up of 1 TYPE OF ATOM.◦Element SYMBOLS are always written with the

first letter UPPERCASE and the second letter LOWERCASE.

◦Element NAMES are always written in LOWERCASE letters.

◦Examples: Na Li Ar W

TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCESCOMPOUND

◦A pure substance that CAN be broken down into its elements with a CHEMICAL CHANGE.

◦It is made up of two or more different elements are chemically joined together in fixed proportions.

◦Examples: NaCl C6H12O6

CH4

H2O

◦

MIXTUREContains 2 or more pure

substancesTWO TYPES:

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE◦ AKA SOLUTION◦ Have only one visible phase

throughout◦ Examples:

air, apple juice, salt water

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE◦ Contains 2 or more visible

phases throughout◦ Examples:

Soil, soup, fruitcake

DIATOMIC MOLECULESThere are 7 elements that are diatomic,

or found in pairs, in their natural state.These are:

◦H2,

◦O2,

◦F2,

◦Br2,

◦I2,

◦N2,

◦Cl2,

◦Also P4 and S8

Memory tool: P.S., HOFBrINCl

REACTANTS◦Starting Materials in a chemical reaction

PRODUCTS◦New substances formed in a chemical reaction

CHEMICAL REACTION◦Reactants go to form Products◦Example:◦C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

MSDS – MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET