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Schools in the U.S. Where do we stand vs. the rest of the world? By: Matthew Grimes, Kaitlyn Mello, and Megan Vena Slide 2 The education crisis Slide 3 Where do we stand? Take Action You Tube SUCCESS will go to those individuals and nations swift to adapt, slow to complain, and open to change. Slide 4 United and Behind We Stand Americas competitiveness in the global economy will suffer if our students continue to fall behind their peers abroadAmericas competitiveness in the global economy will suffer if our students continue to fall behind their peers abroad Schools determine our nations economic standingSchools determine our nations economic standing Schools build human capitalSchools build human capital MathRank # 27 ScienceRank # 22 Educational Score Performance: Country Rankings 2009 (OECD) Slide 5 Education in the United States Education in the United States is mainly provided by the public sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: Federal State Local States exercise most of the control (compulsory age requirement, resources, curriculum, calendar, etc.) Federal government uses the threat of decreased funding to enforce laws pertaining to education Slide 6 Age Range For Compulsory School Attendance By State (2008) Alabama 7 to 16 Alaska 7 to 16 Arizona 6 to 16 Arkansas 5 to 17 California 6 to 18 Colorado 6 to 17 Connecticut 5 to 18 Delaware 5 to 16 Florida 6 to 16 Georgia 6 to 16 Hawaii 6 to 18 Idaho 7 to 16 Illinois 7 to 17 Indiana 7 to 18 Iowa 6 to 16 Kansas 7 to 18 Kentucky 6 to 16 Louisiana 7 to 18 Maine 7 to 17 Maryland 5 to 16 Massachusetts 6 to 16 Michigan 6 to 16 Minnesota 7 to 16 Mississippi 6 to 17 Missouri 7 to 16 Montana 7 to 16 Nebraska 6 to 18 Nevada 7 to 18 New Hampshire 6 to 16 New Jersey 6 to 16 New Mexico 5 to 18 New York 6 to 16 North Carolina 7 to 16 North Dakota 7 to 16 Ohio 6 to 18 Oklahoma 5 to 18 Oregon 7 to 18 Pennsylvania 8 to 17 Rhode Island 6 to 16 South Carolina 5 to 17 South Dakota 6 to 16 Tennessee 6 to 17 Texas 6 to 18 Utah 6 to 18 Vermont 6 to 16 Virginia 5 to 18 Washington 8 to 18 West Virginia 6 to 16 Wisconsin 6 to 18 Wyoming 7 to 16 Slide 7 Structure of Schools Education is divided into three compulsory levels and then non-compulsory university: Elementary School [Primary] Middle School/ Junior High School [Secondary] High School [Secondary] College [Post-Secondary] Slide 8 Education in the United States Map of the U.S. Education System Slide 9 Age Per Institution GradeAge Kindergarten5-6 1 st grade6-7 2 nd grade7-8 3 rd grade8-9 4 th grade9-10 5 th grade10-11 GradeAge 6 th grade11-12 7 th grade12-13 8 th grade13-14 GradeAge 9 th grade14-15 10 th grade15-16 11 th grade16-17 12 th grade17-18 Elementary School Middle/ Junior High School High School Slide 10 Expenditure Per Student (1998) in the United States Pre-primary education Primary educationAll secondary education $ 6441$ 6043 $ 7764 Expenditure per student in U.S. dollars on public and private institutions, by level of education, based on full-time equivalents Slide 11 Whats the price tag on education in the U.S.? Education is 16% of total expenditure in 2010Education is 16% of total expenditure in 2010 Approximately $1,026 billion is spent on education in 2010Approximately $1,026 billion is spent on education in 2010 Slide 12 Duration of School Year in the United States The duration of the school year in the U.S. is 180 days Roots in agrarian school calendar Winter breaks/summer vacation Slide 13 Curriculum There is no nation-wide curriculum School districts select curriculum guides and textbooks Reflective of that particular state's learning standards and benchmarks for a given grade level Learning Standards are the goals by which states and school districts must meet adequate yearly progress ( AYP ) as mandated by No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Elementary School: Students often remain in one or two classrooms throughout the school day, with the exceptions for specials Middle School/ Junior High School More freedom/movement Student can select some subject elective High School Broad variety of core and elective classes Courses vary in quality and rigidity Slide 14 Teachers Role Teachers role is to foster the intellectual and social development of children during their formative years The education that students acquire is key to determining the future of those students Teachers act as facilitators or coaches They plan, evaluate, and assign lessons; prepare, administer, and grade tests; listen to oral presentations; and maintain classroom discipline Motivate students to learn and become life-long learners Slide 15 Issues with U.S. Education System - - On average, U.S. students go to school 6.5 hours a day, 180 days a year, fewer than in many other industrialized countries ( Education Sector ) - -Schools that are experimenting with longer days are adding more down time and enrichment courses, as well as reading and math - - We can no longer afford an academic calendar designed when America was a nation of farmers who needed their children at home plowing the land at the end of each day, Obama said. He continued to say That calendar may have once made sense, but today, it puts us at a competitive disadvantage. Our children spend over a month less in school than children in South Korea. That is no way to prepare them for a 21st century economy. President Obama Slide 16 Issues with U.S. Education System Student drop-out rate (1.2 million a year) An epidemic that has been hidden by hush hush data and inaccurate calculations - -According to the U.S. Department of Education: - -In 2007, the high school dropout rate was 9 percent overall - -Of every 10 freshmen entering Delaware high schools this fall, six likely will earn their diplomas in 2010 - -In our big cities, more than half of the students attending public schools dont graduate Slide 17 Issues with U.S. Education System Closing the achievement gap between social classes Aiming too low - - - low expectations High level competence in traditional academic disciplines along with global student smarts/ international mindedness Communication Skills Ability to work in teams Ability to understand/respect culture differences Punctual, real-world formalities, etc. Need Interdisciplinary Combinations Ex. Design and technology; math and art Slide 18 The Rest of the World That's not acceptable. We have to educate our way to a better economy, so the president said by 2020 we have to again lead the world in college graduates, so that's the north star of all of our work. - Arne Duncan, U.S. Secretary of Education Slide 19 Japan Kindergarten Elementary (Shogakkou) Age 6-12 Jr. High (Chugakkou) Age 12-15 Sr. High (Koutougakkou) Part-Time Sr. High Juku (Cram School) 12 Hr. Day (before HW) Slide 20 JaPANS educational history 1868 Meiji Era Japan (French and German Model) 1945 End of WWII (American Reform) Six years elementary, three years junior high, three years senior high, and four years university or two at a junior college Compulsory Education Over 90% graduate from high school Over 40% graduate from a university or junior college Japanese School Year?? Starts in April 3 Terms Short holidays in Spring and Winter One month Summer Break Slide 21 Expenses 9.4% of government spending goes to education Slide 22 Japans schools Between 90-95% of all schools are public Size of school varies suburban or remote rural 5.7% attend private middle school Pay premium for access to affiliate schools Survey Revealed in Tokyo : 90.8% parents send their children to a juku (cram school) 59.55% average amount who go to a juku in middle school of students will attend a private high school Schools for deaf, blind, and disabled are available This is said to be an inadequate amount of these schools Slide 23 Japans schools School Life? Extremely competitive Very stressful environments w/ bullying, crime, suicide Hikikomori ( acute social withdrawal ) Teaching Methods Very rigid beyond elementary school Standardized Tests National Policy Guidelines Population Decrease Threatens Stability Slide 24 South Korea Levels of Education Kindergarten Age 3-5 Elementary Age 6-11 Secondary Age 12-17 Higher Education Age 18-29 Slide 25 Koreas Educational history Formal education dates back to 57 B.C. Choson Dynasty (1392 1910) National Confucian Academy Public and private schools in urban areas and villages Sodang private schools for primary education Importance placed on public service (young aristocratic men ) Examinations based on Chinese classics 1882 State run schools opened to citizens of all classes 1886 Missionary schools became available to girls Slide 26 Expenses 14.8% of government spending goes to education Slide 27 Koreas Schools Most of the schools are public -based Separation between superior and inferior schools has caused an increased use in a lottery At one point getting a tutor was illegal Compulsory education has been extended College entrance exam is paramount Parents will do anything to help their child (tutors used early on as possible) Slide 28 Koreas Schools School Life? Competitive and tough overall Stressful need to get an advantage over everyone else Schedule?? (sometimes from 8am to 10pm) Teachers work on Saturdays Starts around March Months off include January, most of February, and August Education camps during these times off Teaching Methods Teachers are held in high regard and very respected Teachers rotate out of schools every 5 years Corporal Punishment Curriculum Slide 29 Germanys Levels of Education Kindergarten Age 3-5 Grundschule Age 6-9 Secondary Phase 1 Age 10-15 Secondary Phase 2 Age 15-18 Slide 30 Germany Educational History Middle Ages Early Universities Late 18 th Century Gymnasium, preparatory school 19 th Century Gymnaisum for elite, Volksschule (8 year attendance for roughly 90% of children) Post WWI Reforms Post WWII/Hitler West & East Germany 1970s Structural Plans for the Educational System Slide 31 Expenses 10.3% of government spending goes to education Slide 32 Germanys Schools Model produces high performing students Schools are very professional, private lives are separate No real social events and much less fun at school Educational system is public oriented 75% complete three year training program Hands-on experience, training, paid of skilled employee School ends between 1pm-2pm Students stay in same classroom all day Slide 33 Germanys Schools School Life? German children only attend school in the morning No provision to serve lunch at school/s Much more homework, few extracurricular activities Teaching Methods Standardized Tests Examinations Must be qualified to get into your school Education -- Federal States Guidelines Failure to Equally Distribute Educational Funding Slide 34 Indias Levels of Education 95% complete full course primary 19% fail to move onto upper primary Pupil/ Teacher ratio (primary): 40 Slide 35 India Educational History 1950 Constitutional commitment to provide free and compulsory education (6-14 yrs old) 2002 Constitutional amendment: free and compulsory education a fundamental right (6-14 yrs old) Education is joint responsibility of central and state governments Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Control over central education system CISCE: Indian Certificate of Secondary Education and Indian School Certificate Secondary certificate: k-10 School certificate: k-12 Slide 36 Expenses 10.7% of government spending goes to education Slide 37 Indias Schools Ministry of Human Resource Development (2005) 182 million students enrolled 1.04 million elementary schools (1-8) = 82% of children aged 5-14 Millennium Development Goals for India: Education achieve universal primary education School building growth : 2.96 million in 1985 4.69 million in 2006 Enrollment growth : 114.7 million in 1985 168.3 million in 2006 Slide 38 Indias Schools India is the 2 nd most populous country, after China 17% of total global population 22% under poverty line 44 million child laborers Dropout rate undetermined Due to unaccounted children: poverty levels, gender, caste systems, creeds, health, quality of provisions 62.8% of adults and 81.1% youth are literate 48% of elementary teachers have an education secondary or below Educational system cannot handle such a large amt. of children Slide 39 Finland Levels of education Students that continue to upper secondary 53.3% to general education 41.8% to vocational training = 95.1 % total Slide 40 Finland Schools Belief in life-long learning School is extension of the home Education is a science Pupil Teacher Ratio: 14 171 students per school on average Schedule : 190 school days/ year (38 weeks) Scores : Math (548) = #1, Science (563) = #1, Reading (547) = #2 99.7% complete compulsory schooling Finland has one of the lowest dropout rates Slide 41 Finland National Core Curriculum Reform (2000) -- educational equality National Board of Education decides on national curriculum Lowest variation in students achievement Small variation between schools National Matriculation examination Eligibility for University/ Polytechnic studies Basic Education Act (as stated in Constitution Act of Finland) Basic Education free of charge including learning materials, school meals, and health care Slide 42 Finland expenses 12.5% of government spending goes to education 1 Euro = 1.4 USD 4978 3973 9264 9915 Slide 43 Teachers Educated at university ( Master degrees) Employed by municipalities or State Only 13% of applicants a year admitted Teachers are viewed very highly Civil Servants Slide 44 We cannot sustain an economy based on innovation unless we have citizens well-educated in math, science, and engineering. How strong the country is 20 years from now and how equitable the country is 20 years from now will be largely driven by this issue. - Bill Gates Slide 45 DISCUSSION How do we make the Utopian Educational System? Slide 46 Sources Alliance For Excellent Education.(2009, February). High school dropouts in America. Alliance for Excellent Education. Retrieved from http://www.all4ed.org/files/GraduationRates_FactSheet.pd Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2009). Teachers-kindergarten, elementary, middle and secondary. Occupational Outlook Hnabrook, 2010-2011 Ed. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos318.htm http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos318.htm Bush, M. (2009, April). Compulsorily school age requirements. ECS States Notes. Retrieved from http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/80/44/8044.pdf http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/80/44/8044.pdf Chantrill, C. (2010). Total budgeted government spending expenditure gdp-charts-deficit debt. U.S. Government Spending. Retrieved from http ://www.usgovernmentspending.com/#usgs302a http ://www.usgovernmentspending.com/#usgs302ahttp ://www.usgovernmentspending.com/#usgs302a Chauhan, C.P.S. "International Journal of Lifelong Education." Education for all in India: A Second Look. 28.2 (2009): 227-240. Print. Cosgrove-Mather, B. (2002). Poor marks for U.S. education system. CBS News. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/11/26/wirkd.main530872.shtml Dillon, S. (2007).Study compares states math and science scores with other countries. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/education/14students.html Dillon, S. (2007).Study compares states math and science scores with other countries. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/education/14students.html ED.GOV. (2009). The facts about No Child Left Behind. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/nclb/overview/intro/parents/parentfacts.ht ED.GOV. (2009). The facts about No Child Left Behind. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/nclb/overview/intro/parents/parentfacts.ht Slide 47 Sources "Educational Access in India." Consortium for Research on Education, Access, Transitions & Equity (2009): 1-4. Web. 16 Nov 2010.. Holland. S. (2010, August 24). Race to the Top winners announced. CNN U.S. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2010-08-24/us/schools.winners_1_tennessee-and-delaware-effective-teachers- and-principals-local-teacher-unions?_s=PM:US Holland. S. (2010, August 24). Race to the Top winners announced. CNN U.S. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2010-08-24/us/schools.winners_1_tennessee-and-delaware-effective-teachers- and-principals-local-teacher-unions?_s=PM:US IES National Center for Education Statistics. (2009). Table 166: Age range for compulsory school attendance and special education services, and policies on year-round schools and kindergarten programs, by state: Selected years, 1997 through 2008. Digest of Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d09/tables/dt09_166.asp IES National Center for Education Statistics. (2009). Table 166: Age range for compulsory school attendance and special education services, and policies on year-round schools and kindergarten programs, by state: Selected years, 1997 through 2008. Digest of Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d09/tables/dt09_166.asp IES National Center for Education Statistics.(2009). Table 412: Percentage distribution of science lesson time spent by eighth-grade students on various activities in a typical week, by country: 2007. Digest of Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d09/tables/dt09_412.asp IES National Center for Education Statistics.(2009). Table 412: Percentage distribution of science lesson time spent by eighth-grade students on various activities in a typical week, by country: 2007. Digest of Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d09/tables/dt09_412.asp InfoUSA.(2002).Dropout rates 2002. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/enus/education/overview/dropout.html InfoUSA.(2002).Dropout rates 2002. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/enus/education/overview/dropout.html ITA. (2010) Educational score performance. OECD. Retrieved from http://www.geographic.org/country_ranks/educational_score_performance_country_rank_2009_oec d.html ITA. (2010) Educational score performance. OECD. Retrieved from http://www.geographic.org/country_ranks/educational_score_performance_country_rank_2009_oec d.html Kim, Minkee. "Expert's Opinions on the High Achievement of Scientific Literacy in PISA 2003: Comparative Study in Finland and Korea." Eurasia Journal of Mathematics. 5. (2009): 379- 393. Print. Kim, Minkee. "Expert's Opinions on the High Achievement of Scientific Literacy in PISA 2003: Comparative Study in Finland and Korea." Eurasia Journal of Mathematics. 5. (2009): 379- 393. Print. Slide 48 Sources Klein, J.(2010). Why were failing our schools. TIME. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1957277,00.html http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1957277,00.html Lagorio,C. (2005). U.S. education slips in rankings. CBS News. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/09/13/national/main838207.shtml http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/09/13/national/main838207.shtml Long, C. (2007). Can we compete? NEATODAY, 24-29. Nyyssola, Kari. Lifelong Learning in Finland. Thessaloniki, Greece: 2001. 9- 21. Print. Ravitch, D., Cortese, A. (2009). Why were behind: What top nations teach their students but we dont. Education Digest, 35-38. Wallis, C., Steptoe,S. (2006). How to bring our schools out of the 20 th century. TIME, 51-56.