school of sustainable engineering and the built environment pre-design geotechnical evaluation of...
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School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Pre-Design Geotechnical Evaluation
of the OII Superfund Site11thth Ralph B. Peck Lecture
byEdward Kavazanjian, Jr. Ph.D., P.E.
Arizona State Universityfor
WasteMINZ New Zealand15 October 2009
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Ralph B. Peck (1912-2008)
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
The Operating Industries, Inc. Landfill
“A unique urban hazard”
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
A Unique Urban Hazard
Hazardous Waste
Steep North Slope –60 m-tall, 1.5H:1V–Adjacent to SR-60 (Pomona Freeway)
Proximity to Homes to the South–MSE Toe Buttress
Seismic Exposure
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Steep North Slope, Freeway Proximity1.5H:1V average, 1.3H:1V maximum slope,
rising 60 m above grade
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
South Slope Toe Buttress (1987)
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
1987 Whittier M 5.9 Narrows Earthquake
The “Big Bend”
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Earthquake-Induced Cracks on Benches
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Pre-Design Scope of Work
Review / Synthesize Available Information
Field Investigation
Laboratory Test Program
Limit Equilibrium Stability Analysis
Seismic Hazard Analysis
Seismic Response and Deformation Analysis
Static Deformation Analysis
Toe Buttress Investigation
Findings / Recommendations for Closure Design
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Review / Synthesis of Available Information
Bottom Contours of Quarry
East End Interim Cover
Southwest Corner Liquid Co-Disposal
Toe Buttress Construction
Inclinometer Data
Previous Geotechnical Studies
Strong Motion Records
1992 Cover Failure
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
MSW Properties: Shear Strength
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Field InvestigationSASW Survey
3 x 34-inch (840-mm) Diameter Borings to 155 ft (47 m)– Waste Characterization– In Situ Unit Weight Tests– Video Logging
20-ft (6-m) Deep Test Trench
Toe Buttress Condition Survey
Cover Soil Investigation
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Field Exploration Plan
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Vibroseis for SASW Testing
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Sampling and Testing Intervals
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Large Diameter Bucket Auger Borings
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Field Classification Scheme
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Field Logging
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Waste Degradation
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
20 30 40 50 60 70 8050
40
30
20
10
0
De
pth
, m
Temperature, OC
BA-1 BA-2 BA-3
Waste Temperature
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
In Situ Unit Weight Testing1. Auger and collect waste
3. Place tremie pipe in borehole
2. Weigh waste
4. Fill with gravel of known unit weight
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
In Situ Unit Weight Results
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Downhole Video Logging
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Downhole Video Logging
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Downhole Video Logging
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
On-Site Laboratory
Reconstituted 18-inch (454-mm) Diameter Specimens
Consolidometer, Direct Shear, Cyclic Simple Shear
Less than1 yr for Design and Fabrication
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Cyclic Simple Shear Device
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Lab Sample Characterization
Bulk Sample Sorted Sample
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Consolidation Test Results
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Direct Shear Results
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Cyclic Simple Shear Tests
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Cyclic Simple Shear Test Results
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Strong Motion Instrumentation
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Quad-4M Seismic Response Model
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
13 October 2004
Wastecon 2004
35
Back Analysis of Seismic Response
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
MSW Modulus Reduction and Damping
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Static Analysis–Horizontal Planes of Weakness–Perched Water Levels –Cover Veneer Failures
Pseudo-Static Analysis–Yield Acceleration
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Cover Veneer Stability
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Seismic Response Analysis
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Seismic Deformation Curves
Typical range of waste mass seismic displacements
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Static Deformation Analysis
30-yr Performance of Final Cover– Drainage– Cracking
30-yr Performance of Toe Buttress– Static (followed by seismic)
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Vertical and Lateral Displacments
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Toe Buttress Analysis
Global Stability–Limit Equilibrium FS = 2.6
Internal Stability–Finite Element Analysis (GeoFEAP)
• Static: Imposed Deformations• Pseudo-Static: Seismic Coefficient
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Toe Buttress Displacements
Measured Projected
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Toe Buttress Performance Analysis
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Toe Buttress Analysis Results
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Findings / Recommendations
1. The Waste Mass Meets Stability Criteria– Static and Seismic
2. Large Static Deformations are Expected– Continuous Maintenance
3. Toe Buttress Should Maintain Its Integrity– Long Term Settlement plus Seismic Loading
4. Cover Stability is a Major Concern– Particularly the Steep North Slope
LESSONS LEARNED1. MSW is Pretty Strong Stuff
– Stronger than Often Assumed in Practice
2. MSW can be Pretty Heavy– Unit Weight Greater than Typically Assumed– Unit Weight can be Very High if Saturated
3. MSW Cyclic Degradation is Slow– Potential for Significant Seismic Amplification
4. MSW is Anisotropic– Preferred Horizontal Orientation
5. MSW Deformation is Non-Homogeneous
CONTRIBUTIONS TO PRACTICE1. In Situ Unit Weight Test Method
2. Field Classification System for Waste
3. Data on Waste Composition
4. MSW Shear Strength Envelope
5. Compositional Effects on Strength, Compressibility
6. MSW Shear Wave Velocity Measurements
7. MSW Modulus Reduction and Damping
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Acknowledgements
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
THANK YOU!
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
References1. Matasovic,and Kavazanjian, (1998), “Cyclic Characterization of OII
Landfill Solid Waste,” JGGE
2. Zornberg and Kavazanjian, (2001). "Prediction of the Performance of a Geogrid-Reinforced Slope Founded on Solid Waste." Soils and Foundations,
3. Kavazanjian, Matasovic, and Bachus, (1999), “Large-Diameter Static and Cyclic Laboratory Testing of Municipal Solid Waste,” Sardinia ‘99.
4. Avsar, Bouazza, Kavazanjian, Öztürk (2003) “Interpolation of Solid Waste Shear Wave Velocity Using Geostatistics,” XIIIth ECSMGE
5. Kavazanjian, Matasovic, and Caldwell (1998), “Damage Criteria for Solid Waste Landfills,” Proc. 6th U.S. NCEE
OII data is included in 17 additional Journal and Conference papers, 1 CDMG special report, and 1 additional Journal paper submitted for publication.