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School of Distance Education URBAN SOCIETIES IN ANCIENT WORLD Page 1 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION B.A. HISTORY (2011 Admission onwards) THIRD SEMESTER CORE COURSE URBAN SOCIETIES IN ANCIENT WORLD QUESTION BANK 1. The word civilization derived from the Latin word--------- a)Civis b) Civilize c) Civic d) None of these 2. The Term Neolithic was first used by a) Lubbock b) Woolly c) Wellesley d) Bruce foot 3. The term ‘Urban Revolution was coined by a) V.Gordon childe b) John Marshall c) Petrie d) None of these 4. Settled life began in the ----------- period. a) Bronze age b) Chalco lithic c) Neolithic d) Paleolithic 5. The first metal used by the human beings was a) Iron b) Bronze c) Copper d) None of these 6. Urbanism was the feature of --------- a) Bronze age b) Mesolithic age c) Paleolithic d) None of these

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Page 1: School of Distance Education14.139.185.6/website/SDE/AncientWorld179.pdf · Greco- Persian war was authored by a) Herodotus b) Thucydides c) Plato d) Alexander 25. Decline and fall

School of Distance Education

URBAN SOCIETIES IN ANCIENT WORLD Page 1

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

B.A. HISTORY

(2011 Admission onwards)

THIRD SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

URBAN SOCIETIES IN ANCIENT WORLD

QUESTION BANK

1. The word civilization derived from the Latin word---------

a)Civis b) Civilize

c) Civic d) None of these

2. The Term Neolithic was first used by

a) Lubbock b) Woolly

c) Wellesley d) Bruce foot

3. The term ‘Urban Revolution was coined by

a) V.Gordon childe b) John Marshall

c) Petrie d) None of these

4. Settled life began in the ----------- period.

a) Bronze age b) Chalco lithic

c) Neolithic d) Paleolithic

5. The first metal used by the human beings was

a) Iron b) Bronze

c) Copper d) None of these

6. Urbanism was the feature of ---------

a) Bronze age b) Mesolithic age

c) Paleolithic d) None of these

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URBAN SOCIETIES IN ANCIENT WORLD Page 2

7. Jericho is a ------------- site.

a) Neolithic b) Ice age

c) Dark age d) None of these

8. ‘Sumer’ is located at----------

a) Mesopotamia b) Egypt

c) Rome d) China

9. The ‘Father of History’ is hailed by ------------

a) Herodotus b) Socrates

c) Plato d) Rousseau

10. Egyptian civilization was on the banks of ---------------

a) Tigris b) Nile

c) Thebes d) Siris

11. Nippur a part of ----------- civilization

a) Mesopotamia b) Indus valley

c) Sumeria d) Persia

12. Memphis was the capital of ----------- civilization.

a) Egyptian b) Persian

c) Roman d) Greek

13. The city of Rome was on the banks of ------------

a) Tiber b) Thebes

c) Euphrates d) None of these

14. Which among the following is not a Greek city state

a) Corinth b) Athens

c) Sparta d) Antioch

15. Catal Hoyuk is at----------

a) Turkey b) Syria

c) Palestine d) Egypt

16. The god of the city ‘Ur’ was

a) Nanna b) Enlin

c) Is iris d) Apollo

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17. Nanna was a------------

a) Moon god b) a star

c) King d) None of these

18. The term “Servus” related to……..

a) Slavery b) trade

c) commerce d) agriculture

19. Ziggurat was at in the city of-----------

a) Ur b) Alexandria

c) Rom d) Palestine

20. ‘Great bath’ was ancient city of ----------- civilization

a) Indus valley b) Egyptian civilization

c) Chinese d) None of these

21. ‘Understanding Harappa’ a book written by----------

a) R.S sharma b) Sherin Ratnagar

c) D.D Kossambi d) None of these

22. Man Makes Himself is Written by

a) Gordon childe b) John Marshal

c) Wheeler d) None of these

23. What happened in History is a book written by

a) Gordon childe b) E.H. Carr

c) Rousseau d) Voltaire

24. Greco- Persian war was authored by

a) Herodotus b) Thucydides

c) Plato d) Alexander

25. Decline and fall of roman Empire written by

a) E. Gibbon b) Toynbee

c) Caesar d) Augustus

26. Feudal Society written by

a) Mare Bloch b) Anderson

c) Robert Owen d) Febver

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URBAN SOCIETIES IN ANCIENT WORLD Page 4

27. ‘A study of History’ was authored by

a) Arnold Toynbee b) Mackay

c) E.H Carr d) Polybius

28. Mohammed and Charlemagne is a book of

a) Pirenne b) Muzafar Alam

c) Mumshirul Hassan d) None of these

29. Indian feudalism written by

a) R.S Sharma b) D.D kossambi

c) H. Mukhia d) None of these

30. ‘On the nature of things’ was the authored by

a) Lucretius b) Aristotle

c) Pliny d) Marco polo

31. Aenid is written by

a) Homer b) Virgil

c) Livy d) Caesar

32. ‘Odyssey one of the Greek epics written by

a) Homer b) Erasthothenes

c) Aristotle d) Socrates

33. ‘History of Rome’ written by

a) Livy b) Tacitus

c) Pliny d) Caesar

34. Germania written by

a) Livy b) Tacitus

c) Virgil d) None of these

35. The author of the Geography

a) Strabo b) Ptolemy

c) Pliny d) None of these

36. Republic was authored by

a) Plato b) Aristotle

c) Socrates d) Xenophon

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URBAN SOCIETIES IN ANCIENT WORLD Page 5

37. Civilization of the Indus valley and Beyond written by

a) Mortimer wheeler b) John Marshall

c) Cunningham d) R.S Sharma

38. Egypt is known as------------

a) The gift of Nile b) gift of god

c) gift of pharaoh d) none of these

39. The meaning of the word ‘Mesopotamia’ is

a) Between the rivers b) gift of god

c) fertile land d) none of these

40. Chinese civilization was on the banks of the river

a) Yuan b) Hoyang ho

c) Yangtze d) none of these

41. The founder of the Macedonian Empire was

a) Philip II b) Alexander

c) Pericles d) Darius

42. Alexander the great belongs to ------- empire

a) Macedonia b) Greek

c) Rome d) Chinese

43. Name of the horse of Alexander was

a) Musiphales b) Doric

c) Eradonius d) None of these

44. Olympia is at-----------

a) Greece b) Rome

c) Persia d) Mediterranean

45. Greeks called themselves as---------

a) Hellas b) Dellas

c) Sullas d) None of these

46. Julius Caesar belongs to---------

a) Rome b) Greek

c) Anatolia d) Spain

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URBAN SOCIETIES IN ANCIENT WORLD Page 6

47. The name of the Nephew of Julius Caesar.

a) Octavian b) Antony

c) Lepidus d) None of these

48. Cleopatra belongs to--------

a) Egypt b) Persia

c) India d) China

49. The city Alexandria was founded by-------

a) Alexander b) Menander

c) Ptolemy d) None of these

50. Alexander founded----------cities in different parts of the world.

a) 70 b) 50

c) 100 d) none of these

51. Epicureanism is ------------

a) Philosophy b) culture

c) medicine d) none of these

52. Stoicism was founded by

a) Zeno b) Epicurus

c) Aristotle d) None of these

53. Academy was founded by

a) Plato b) Alexander

c) Aristotle d) Socrates

54. The title Augustus was honored to ----------

a) Julius Caesar b) Octavian Caesar

c) Pam pay d) None of these

55. Principate was a ----------

a) form of govt b) a nation

c) warrior group d) None of these

56. Princep means?

a) The first citizen b) Warrior

c) a book d) None of these

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57. ‘Imperator’ known as in the history by

a) Augustus b) Pericles

c) Alexander d) Darius

58. The Actium was between---------------

a) Rome and Egypt b) Rome and Greek

c) Rome and Macedonia d) None of these

59. Pax Romania means---------

a) Roman peace b) medicine

c) literature d) Name of a place

60. Sappho was a -----------

a) women writer b) a poems

c) philosophy d) None of these

61. Polygnots was a------------

a) Greek painter b) king of Egypt

c) Greek drama d) None of these

62. Parthenon was a--------

a) Greek temple b) Name of a river

c) Name of a game d) None of these

63. Aristophanes was a ---------

a) Greek comedy writer b) tragic writer

c) magician d) slave

64. ‘Antigone’ was written by

a) Sophocles b) Sappho

c) Oedipus d) Electra

65. Peloponnesian war was written by

a) Thucydides b) Xenophon

c) Tacitus d) None of these

66. Apollo was ----------

a) The sun god b) moon god

c) sea god d) None of these

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67. The goddess of victory was

a) Apollo b) Athena

c) Dionysus d) None of these

68. Father of medicine-------

a) Hippocrates b) Aristotle

c) Sophocles d) None of these

69. The sky god of Sumerians was

a) Enlin b) Anu

c) Nanna d) None of these

70. Ishtar was a -----------

a) God b) River

c) Star d) None of these

71. Greek Architectural style is known as

a) Doric b) Sassanid

c) Athenian d) None of these

72. Pereclean age in Greek history knows as

a) Golden age b) age of wars

c) warring states d) None of these

73. The book natural History was compiled by-----------

a) Pliny b) Strabo

c) Tacitus d) None of these

74. Rome was founded by----------

a) Romulus &Remus b) Marcus &Sulla

c) Julius Caesar &Augustus d) None of these

75. ‘Oresteia’ is a work of-----------

a) Aristotle b) Aeschylus

c) Sophocles d) None of these

76. ‘Hammurabi’ was famous for his------------

a) code of law b) Administrative reforms

c) music d) None of these

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77. The earliest dynasty of the Chinese civilizations was ------------

a) Shang b) Chou

c) Yin d) None of these

78. ‘The warring stats’ related to----------

a) Chinese History b) Indian History

c) Roman history d) None of these

79. The oracle bone script related to------------

a) Chinese civilization b) Persian

c) Sumerian d) Roman

80. The founder of the Achaemenid empire was------------

a) Darius b) Cyrus

c) seluecus d) None of these

81. Zoroastrianism was founded by

a) Zorashtrar b) Zeus

c) Susrutha d) None of these

82. The modern name of Persia

a) Iran b) Iraq

c) Syria d) Afganisthan

83. ‘Ahura Mazda’ is related to------------

a) Zorashianism b) cynicism

c) Confucianism d) None of these

84. The most important text of Zoroastrian religion ------------

a) Rgveda b) Zand Avesta

c) The book of dead d) None of these

85. Darius I belongs to-----------

a) Persian empire b) Sumerian empire

c) Roman empire d) Macedonian

86. Persepolis is a site of------------

a) Persian empire b) Sumerian

c) Egypt d) Greek

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87. The founder of the Sassanid Empire was-----------

a) Ardashir b) Xerxes

c) Cyrus d) None of these

88. Who was the famous cynic philosopher

a) Zeno b) Aristotle

c) Diogenes d) None of these

89. Confucianism is a -------------

a) philosophy b) medical treatment

c) Administration d) None of these

90. The famous silk related to------------

a) China b) Rome

c) Greece d) Syria

91. The great wall of china was built by---------

a) Shi huwanti b) Sima Qian

c) Hao d) None of these

92. ‘Patesi’ related to-----------

a) Sumeria b) Persia

c) Mesopotamia d) Egypt

93. ‘Grid system’ is related to-------------

a) Indus valley b) Chinese

c) Roman d) None of these

94. ‘Dancing girl is related to

a) Indus valley b) China

c) Persia d) Sumeria

95. Drainage system was a feature of------------

a) Indus b) Chinese

c) Egypt d) Ur

96. Feudalism from below and above is related to---------

a) R.S Sharma b) D.D Kosambi

c) B.N.S Yadava d) None of these

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97. The fourth Buddhist council was held at---------

a) Pataliputra b) Kashmir

c) Magadha d) Kosala

98. The shakas belongs to---------

a) Central Asia b) Greek

c) West Asia d) None of these

99. Who were known as Indo-Greeks ----------

a) Bactrians b) Parthians

c) shakers d) None of these

100. The most important shaka rules was-------------

a) Rudradaman I b) Rudradaman II

c) Sudarshan d) None of these

101. Gondophernes belongs to----------

a) Parthians b) Scythians

c) Bactnia d) None of these

102. Kanishka belonged to-------------

a) Kushan b) Gupta

c) Mourya d) None of these

103. Citadel and lower city related to---------

a) Indus b) Sumeria

c) Persia d) None of these

104. Pasargadae was related to …………..

a) Persia b) Egypt

c)Sumeria d)China

105. Solon was related to

a) persia b) Greek

c)Sumeria d)None of these

106. Pisistratus was a …………

a) Tyrant b) Priest

c) Sculptor d) Merchant

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107. Urukagina was related to

a) Sumeria b) Persia

c) China d) Indus

108. Warka is related to …..

a) Sumeria b) Persia

c) China d) Indus

109. Hsia dynasty was related to ………….

a) Sumeria b) Persia

c) China d) Indus

110. Changchou was a …..

a) City b) dynasty

c) King d) Priest

111. Shamash was……

a) Sumerian God b) Priest

c) Merchant class d) None of these

112. Heirakonpolis was related to ….

a) Egypt b) Mesopotamia

c)Sumeria d) None of these

113. Aeschylus`s period was

a) 525-456 BC b)370-250 BC

c) 400-320BC d)None of these

114. Myron was ……..

a) Sculptor b) painter

c) singer d) Architect

115. Xenxes was…..

a) Sculptor b) painter

c) singer d) Architect

116. Antigonus was the ruler of ……

a) Macedonia b) Egypt

c) Sumeria d) None of these

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117. Antioch was founded by …

a) Alexander b) Ptolemy

c) Megasthenese d) None of these

118. Hipparchus belongs to …..

a) Hellenistic culture b) Greek culture

c) Egyptian d)None of these

119. Horace was a ………

a) Poet b) Dramatist

c) Sculptor d) None of these

120. Cato was a ……..

a) Philosopher b) Dramatist

c) Sculptor d) None of these

121. Soranus was a ………

a) Scientist b) Philosopher

c) Architect d) None of these

122. Book of changes is a work related to..

a) China b) Egypt

c) Indus d) Persia

123. Galen was a ……..

a) Scientist b) Philosopher

c) Architect d) None of these

124. Ruler of the above was a chief god of ……

a) China b) Egypt

c) Indus d) Persia

125. Wuti was belongs to ……..

a) Han b) Xia

c) Min d) Tang

126. The capital of Darius I was ….

a) Persepolis b) Acropolis

c) Hierokopolis d)Patesi

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127. Darius was the worshipper of …..

a) Tien b) Aburamazda

c)shiva d) nature

128. The important component of Zoroastrianism is …..

a) Fire b) water

c) pottery d) glass

129. Egyptian style of writing was known as--------

a) Hieroglyphic b)cuneiform

c) Indus script d) Chinese

130. Egyptians who made writing on-----------

a) Stones b) shells

c) Papyrus d) None of these

131. The meaning of hieroglyphic was -----------

a) Sacred writing b) Profane writing

c) Syllabic d) None of these

132. Hieroglyphic was mainly used by----------

a) Priests b) Common people

c) Merchants d) None these

133. Who is hailed as the father of Egyptology---------

a) F.Champollion b) Rawlinson

c) Pitt rivers d) Marshall

134. Who deciphered Rosetta stone inscription ----------

a) F.Champollion b) Rawlinson

c) L. Woolley d) None of these

135. ‘Egyptology’ means--------

a) Study of Egypt b) a branch of science

c) a book d) None of these

136. Champollion who unearthed the Rosetta stone inscription in the

year

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URBAN SOCIETIES IN ANCIENT WORLD Page 15

a) 1822 b) 1823

c) 1800 d) 1811

137. Hieratic was related to---------

a) Egypt b) Sumeria

c) Persia d) Chinese

138. ‘The book of Dead’ was related to-----------

a) Egypt b) Sumeria

c) Persia d) Chinese

139. Sumerian system of writing is known as------------

a) Cuneiform b) Hieroglyphic

c) Chinese d) None of these

140. ‘Cuneiform’ was the style of writing of --------------

a) Sumeria b) Assyria

c) Persia d) None of these.

141. Behistun inscription is related to

a) Sumeria b) Assyria

c) Persia d) None of these.

142. Who is hailed as the father of cuneiform inscription?

a) H. Rawlinson b) Champollion

c) Mackay d) Schliemam

143. Who deciphered the Behistun inscription

a) H. Rawlinson b) Champollion

c) Mackay d) Schliemann

144. Cuneiform means--------

a) Wedge shaped b) Clay tablets

c) Sharp edged d) None of these.

145. The epic of Gilgamesh was related to-----------

a) Sumeria b) Persia

c) Babylonia d) None of these.

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146. Which was the oldest style of writing----------

a) Cuneiform b) Hieroglyphic

c) Indus d) Chinese

147. Enlil was the god of----------

a) Lord of storms b) Moon

c) Sun d) none of these

148. The Sumerian sun god was-------

a) Utu b) Enlil

c) Enki d) Nanna

149. Which was the longest dynasty of china

a) Shang b) Chou

c) chin d) None of these

150. The Chinese form of inscription was

a) Pictographic b) Syllabic

c) Cursive d) None of these

151. The script in the oracle bones is known as literally----------

a) Shell bone writing b) Mandarin

c) shell bone script d) None of these.

152. The Chinese language is known as--------------

a) Mandarin b) Tibetan

c) Semitic d) Cantonese

153. ‘Sinitic’ is related to---------

a) East Asian writing b) Cuneiform writing

c) Egyptian writing d) None of these.

154. The Chou rulers were the patrons of------------

a) Prose b) Poetry

c) Drama d) Architecture

155. The term ‘Xing’ is related--------

a) Art b) Literature

c) Law d) Science

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156. The Chinese legal system influenced much of---------

a) Confucianism b) Buddhism

c) Taoism d) None of these.

157. ‘Royal cemetery’ was related to----------

a) Ur b) Kish

c) Memphis d) Nippur

158. Leonard Woolley conducted excavation at---------

a) Ur b) Mohenjo-Daro

c) Harappa d) Memphis

159. ‘Digging up the past’ is the work of-----------

a) Woolley b) Wheeler

c) Marshall d) Pitt Rivers

160. ‘A guide to Taxila’ is a work of----------

a) Woolley b) Wheeler

c) Marshall d) Pitt Rivers

161. Marshall was the Director General of--------

a) ASI b) ISI

c) CSI d) IRDP

162. ‘The monuments of Sanchi’ was written by---------

a) Marshall b) Wheeler

c) Mackay d) Woolley

163. Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus civilization is a work of--------

a) Marshall b) Wheeler

c) Mackay d) Woolley

164. ‘Civilization of the Indus valley and Beyond’ was written by -----

a) Marshall b) Wheeler

c) Mackay d) Woolley

165. Early India and Pakistan is a work of----------

a) Marshall b) Wheeler

c) Mackay d) Woolley

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166. Schliemann was belongs to----------

a) Germany b) England

c) France d) Canada

167. ‘Trojan Antiquities is a work of---------

a) Schliemann b) Woolley

c) Wheeler d) Petrie

168. Who excavated the city of Troy --------

a) Schliemann b) Woolley

c) Wheeler d) Petrie

169. ‘I thaca’ was a work of------------

a) Schliemann b) Woolley

c) Wheeler d) Petrie

170. Pitt Rivers was a---------

a) Ethnologist b) Sociologist

c) Philologist d) None of these

171. Pitt Rivers museum is at-------------

a) Oxford b) Cairo

c) Alexandria d) None of these

172. Flinders Petrie was a-------------

a) Egyptologist b) Sinologist

c) Indologist d) Chemist

173. ‘The Greek pyramid of Giza’ is related to----------

a) Petrie b) Schliemann

c) Rivers d) Marshall

174. Father of modern Archaeology ‘is ----------

a) Petrie b) Schliemann

c) Rivers d) Marshall

175. The site Merneptah stele was excavated by------

a) Petrie b) Schliemann

c) Rivers d) Marshall

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176. The temple of Tanis was in---------

a) Egypt b) China

c) Sumeria d) England

177. ‘Methods and Aims of Archaeology ‘was a work of-------

a) Petrie b) Schliemann

c) Rivers d) Marshall

178. Caral is located at--------

a) Peru b) Mexico

c) USA d) India

179. Caral is a---------

a) Urban Centre b) land of Buddha

c) A lake d) none of these

180. Nekhen is a site of------------

a) Egypt b) China

c) Sumeria d) Mesopotamia

181. God Horns was a patron of--------

a) Nekhen b) Caral

c) Nippur d)Ur

182. Tell Brak was a city of----------

a) Syria b) Peru

c) Mesopotamia d) India

183. Nekhen was the capital of--------

a) Upper Egypt b) Lover Egypt

c) Middle Kingdom d) None of these

184. Tell Hamoukar was -----------

a) City b) temple

c) Trade d) Non of these

185. Tell Hamoukar was located in---------

a) Syria b) Egypt

c) Kenya d) USA

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186. Zagros mountains is located in---------

a) Iran b) India

c) Iraq d) Ireland

187. Hittites were---------

a) Anatolian People b) Indus People

c) Egyptian People d)None of these

188. Nineveh was the capital of----------

a) Assyrians b)Hittites

c)Kassites d)Crete

189. Cretan civilization was at---------

a) Egypt b) Greek

c) Macedonia d)Iran

190. The Greek word ‘Polis’ means--------

a) City b) temple

c) mount d)None of these

191. ‘Tyrants’ related to

a) Greek b) Sumerian

c)Egypt d) Macedonia

192. ‘Kaotsou’ was the leader of --------

a) Tartar b) Mongols

c)Tibetans d)None of these

193. Lieou pang fang was the leaders of-------

a) Tartar b) Mongols

c)Tibetans d)None of these

194. Loyang was the capital of---------

a) Hun b)Chou

c)Ming d)Tang

195. Meha belongs to---------

a) Tartar b)Negros

c)Astroloids d)None of these

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196. Battle of Mobei was related to--------

a) Tartar b) Negros

c)Astroloids d)None of these

197. Gobi desert is in

a) China b)Japan

c)Korea d)India

198. According to Indian mythology, there are------yugas

a) 4 b)5

c)3 d)2

199. In India Sudras was the status of---------

a) Slaves b)Priests

c) Merchants d)bards

200. The Ramayana was written by--------

a) valmiki b) atreya

c)Meera bai d)None of these

201. Tenth mandala of Rig-Veda is --------

a) Ramayana b) Mahabharata

c) Purushasuktha d) None of these

202. Who was the father of Greek Mathematics?

a) Thales b) Aristotle

c) Plato d) Erasthothenes

203. Lyceum was at ………

a) Corinth b) Athens

c) Sparta d) Thebs

204. Ethics a treatise by………….

a) Aristotle b) Plato

c) Socrates d) none of these

205. Phidias was a ……………….

a) Sculptor b) painter

c) dramatist d) magistrate

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ANSWERS

1. a 2.a 3.a 4.c 5.c 6.a 7.a

8.a 9.a 10.b 11.a 12.a 13.a 14.d

15.a 16.a 17.a 18.a 19.a 20.a 21.b

22.a 23.a 24. a 25.a 26.a 27.a 28.a

29.a 30. A 31.b 32.a 33.a 34.b 35.a

36.a 37.a 38.a 39.a 40.b 41.a 42.a

43.a 44.a 45.a 46.a 47.a 48.a 49.a

50.a 51.a 52.a 53.a 54.b 55.a 56.a

57.a 58.a 59.a 60.a 61.a 62.a 63.a

64.c 65.a 66.a 67.b 68.a 69.a 70.a

71.a 72.a 73.a 74.a 75.b 76.a 77.a

78.a 79.a 80.a 81.a 82.a 83.a 84.b

85.a 86.a 87.a 88.c 90.a 91.a 92.a

93.a 94.a 95.a 96.b 97.b 98.a 99.a

100.a 101.a 102 .a 103.a 104.a 105.b 106.a

107.a 108.a 109.c 110.a 111.a 112.a 113.a

114.a 115.b 116.a 117.a 118.a 119.a 120.a

121.a 122.a 123.a 124.a 125.a 126.a 127.b

128.a 129.a 130.c 131.a 132.a 133.a 134.a

135.a 136.a 137.a 138.a 139.a 140.a 141.a

142.a 143.a 144.a 145.a 146.a 147.a 148.a

149.b 150.a 151.a 152.a 153.a 154.a 155.c

156.a 157.a 158.a 159.a 160.c 161.a 162.a

163.a 164.b 165.b 166.a 167.a 168.a 169.a

170.a 171.a 172.a 173.a 174.a 175.a 176.a

177.a 178.a 179.a 180.a 181.a 182.c 183.a

184.a 185.a 186.a 187.a 188.a 189.a 190.a

191.a 192.a 193.a 194.a 195.a 196.a 197.a

198.a 199.a 200.a 201.c. 202. a 203. b 204.a

205.a

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