school and achievement schools achievement careers, work, and retirement
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School and Achievement Schools
Achievement
Careers, Work, and Retirement
Contemporary Approaches to Student Learning and Assessment
Constructivist Approach: (Piaget)◦ Emphasizes child’s active construction of knowledge and
understanding◦ Teacher provides support for students exploring their world
and developing knowledge.
Social constructivist approaches: (Vygotsky)◦ Focuses on collaboration with others to produce knowledge
and understanding.
Direct Instruction Approach:
◦ Teacher-centered approach characterized by direction and
control, mastery of academic material, maximum time spend
on learning tasks, and high expectations of progress.
Schools
Accountability in Schools
No Child Left Behind:◦ Single score being used as sole predictor
◦ Teaching to test; use of memorization◦ Tests don’t measure important skills like creativity and social skills
Schools
Schools and Developmental Status
The child-centered kindergarten:◦ Emphasizes the whole child, physical, cognitive,
socioemotional development◦ Needs, interests, and learning style◦ Emphasizes learning process
Montessori approach:◦ Teacher is facilitator◦ Children encouraged to be early decision makers◦ Fosters independence and cognitive development skills◦ De-emphasizes verbal interactions
Schools
High School
Concerns about education and students:
◦ Graduate with inadequate skills
◦ Enter college needing remediation classes
Schools
Trends in High School Dropout Rates
Schools
Year
Perc
en
t of
16-
to 2
4-y
ear-
old
s w
ho
have
dro
pp
ed o
ut
of
school
20001992
10
199619881984198019760
5
20
25
30
35
40
15
1972
Educating Children with Disabilities
Approximately 10 percent of children in the U.S. receive special education or related services
More than 40% have a learning disability
Schools
Diversity of Children Who Have A Disability
Learning Disabilities Learning disability characteristics:
◦ A minimum IQ level
◦ A significant difficulty in a school-related area
◦ No other conditions, such as- severe emotional disorders second-language background sensory disabilities specific neurological deficits
Schools
Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia
◦ Severe impairment in ability to read and spell.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
◦ Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
◦ Definitive causes unknown
◦ Higher risk if a sibling already diagnosed
◦ Medications are most common treatment
◦ Other treatment recommendations vary
Schools
SES and Ethnicity in Schools
Low-income, ethnic minority children face more difficulties in school
School inequalities-◦ Schools in poor areas
underfunded young inexperienced teachers largely segregated
◦ Inadequate opportunities for
effective learning
Schools
Work in Adolescence
U.S. high school students-
◦ 90% receive high school diplomas
◦ 75% work part-time and attend school
◦ Most work 16-20 hours per week
◦ Most work in service jobs
Careers, Work, and Retirement
Changing Percentages of Traditional & Dual-Career Couples
Careers, Work, and Retirement