schizophrenic disorders
DESCRIPTION
SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS. A class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior. GENERAL SYMPTOMS. Delusions and irrational thoughts - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERSA class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior
GENERAL SYMPTOMS Delusions and irrational thoughts Delusions are false beliefs that are
maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality
Delusions of grandeur Deterioration of thought Deterioration of adaptive behavior Hallucinations: sensory perceptions that
occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input
Disturbed emotion
SUBTYPES Paranoid type: dominated by delusions of
persecution, along w/delusions of grandeur Catatonic type: striking motor disturbances,
ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity
Disorganized type: particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior
Undifferentiated type: idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms
POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS Negative symptoms
involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech
Positive symptoms involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas
COURSE AND OUTCOME Schizophrenia usually
emerges during adolescence or early adulthood
Emergence may be sudden or gradual
Mild disorders are usually successfully treated
For some, it is chronic and permanent hospitalization is required
Males tend to have earlier onset, relapse, and more hospitalizations
ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
GENETIC VULNERABILITY Strong evidence to
support hereditary influence
Identical twin concordance rates at about 48%
Born to two schizophrenic parents---46%
NEUROCHEMICAL FACTORS Excess dopamine is a possibility Possible interaction between dopamine and
serotonin
STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE BRAIN CT scans and MRIs
show enlarged brain ventricles in schizophrenic patients
A smaller thalamus may play a part
Psychs don’t know if these are cause or effect of schizophrenia
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL HYPOTHESIS Schizophrenia is
caused in part by various disruptions in the normal maturation processes before or at birth
Studies focus on viral infections
EXPRESSED EMOTION Focuses on family
dynamics influence the course of schizophrenia
Expressed emotion is the degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient
PERSONALITY DISORDERSA class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning
PERSONALITY DISORDERS DSM-IV lists ten
disorders clustered into 3 main groups:
1) Anxious-fearful 2) Odd-eccentric 3) Dramatic-
impulsive
DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEMS Personality disorders
tend to overlap one another
Current revisions are underway for the new DSM-V, set to be published in 2013
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER DEF: marked by
impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms
Lack a conscience More common
among males Seen in 3-4% of pop.
ETIOLOGY May be a genetic disposition Inherited sluggish autonomic systems Inadequate or dysfunctional family systems
may be a cause
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND THE LAW
INSANITY DEF: a legal status
indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness
M’naghten rule: insanity exists when a mental disorder makes a person unable to distinguish right from wrong
INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT DEF: people
hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will
Criteria: 1) people are
dangerous to themselves
2) dangerous to others
3) treatment is needed
CULTURE AND PATHOLOGY
ARE EQUIVALENT DISORDERS FOUND AROUND THE WORLD? Severe disorders are pancultural Culture-bound disorders: abnormal
syndromes found only in a few cultural groups
Koro, windigo, anorexia nervosa