sch4c organic chem test cheat sheet

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SCH4C Organic Chemistry Cheat Sheet Unit 3 Alkanes / Alkenes / Alkynes Alkanes: 1 bond between carbons, ends in –ane. Alkenes: 2 bond, ends in –ene. Alkynes: 3 bond, ends in – yne. Use prefixes for these. (meth, eth, prop, etc) Ethers An organic compound hat has two alkyl groups attached to an oxygen atom. Drawing: Good solvents Relatively high boiling points Often used as anaesthetics. Naming: use prefix “oxy” after first prefix (meth, eth, prop, etc) Naming: Add “oxy” as suffix for smaller hydrocarbon. (methoxyethane) Alcohols Naming: (use suffix, yl) Drawing: Aldehydes Naming: Take parent alkane name and add “al” to the end”. (Eg: methanal) Drawing: Ketones Naming: Take the parent alkane name and add “one” to the end. (example, “propanone”) Drawing: Carboxylic Acids Naming: 2 parts – Tells number of carbons, (meth, eth, prop, etc) Suffix – “anoic acid” (eg,methanoic acid) Drawing: Esters Also see Esterification. Naming: 2 parts, from alcohol & acid. Change suffic from anoic to anoate. (Example: ethanol + butanoic acid = ethyl butanoate) Drawing: Amines Naming: Add “amino” as prefix. (eg amino methane) Drawing: Amides Naming: (ex: butanoic acid + aminomethane = methyl butanamide) Drawing: Isomers Compounds that have the same formula,but different structures and properties. (EXAMPLE: 1 butene, 2butene.) Addition Reactions example: ethene + H2 = ethane. Hydrogens break double bond and make an alkane not alkene. Substitution Reactions A functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group. Complete/Incomplete Combustion Complete: When there is enough oxygen present, hydrocarbons react completely to form CO 2 and water. Incomplete: Not enough oxygen, forms CO 2 , water & side products, CO and C (soot) Esterification Organic compounds formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol Polymers Large molecules that are made by linking together many smaller monomer molecules Synthetic polymers make up plastics Addition polymers – monomers, result from the addition of subunits that contain 2 or 3 C C bonds. These become single, when connecting with monomers. Condensation – formed when monomer units are linked through condensation reactions. Forms polyesters and polyamides. Definitions structural formula: diagram, condensed formula: simplified (CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ), molecular formula: gives symbols, counts up atoms – C 4 H 10 Definitions Functional groups: Organic compounds’ families. Three types – (1)double and triple bonds between C atoms, (2) carbon bonded to a more electronegative atom, (3) carbon bonded to oxygen Definitions

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Page 1: SCH4C Organic Chem Test Cheat Sheet

SCH4C   Organic  Chemistry  Cheat  Sheet   Unit  3  

 Alkanes  /  Alkenes  /  Alkynes  Alkanes:  1  bond  between  carbons,  ends  in  –ane.  Alkenes:  2  bond,  ends  in  –ene.  Alkynes:  3  bond,  ends  in  –yne.  Use  prefixes  for  these.  (meth,  eth,  prop,  etc)  

Ethers  An  organic  compound  hat  has  two  alkyl  groups  attached  to  an  oxygen  atom.  Drawing:  

 • Good  solvents  • Relatively  high  boiling  points  • Often  used  as  anaesthetics.  • Naming:  use  prefix  “oxy”  after  first  prefix  

(meth,  eth,  prop,  etc)  Naming:  Add  “oxy”  as  suffix  for  smaller  

hydrocarbon.  

 (methoxyethane)  

 

Alcohols  Naming:  (use  suffix,  yl)

Drawing:  

 

Aldehydes  Naming:  Take  parent  alkane  name  and  add  “al”  to  the  end”.  (Eg:  methanal)  

Drawing:    

 

Ketones  Naming:  Take  the  parent  alkane  name  and  add  “one”  to  the  end.  (example,  “propanone”)  

Drawing:  

 

Carboxylic  Acids  Naming:  2  parts  –  Tells  number  of  carbons,  (meth,  eth,  prop,  etc)  Suffix  –  “anoic  acid”  

(eg,methanoic  acid)  Drawing:    

 

Esters  Also  see  Esterification.  Naming:  2  parts,  from  alcohol  &  acid.  Change  suffic  from  anoic  to  anoate.  (Example:  ethanol  +  

butanoic  acid  =  ethyl  butanoate)  Drawing:  

 

Amines  Naming:  Add  “amino”  as  prefix.  (eg  amino  methane)  Drawing:  

 

 

Amides  Naming:  (ex:  butanoic  acid  +  aminomethane  =  methyl  butanamide)  Drawing:  

 

   

   

Isomers  Compounds  that  have  the  same  formula,but  different  structures  and  properties.  (EXAMPLE:  1-­‐butene,  2-­‐butene.)  

Addition  Reactions  example:  ethene  +  H2  =  ethane.  Hydrogens  break  double  bond  and  make  an  alkane  not  alkene.  

Substitution  Reactions  A  functional  group  in  a  particular  chemical  compound  is  replaced  by  another  group.    

Complete/Incomplete  Combustion  Complete:  When  there  is  enough  oxygen  present,  hydrocarbons  react  completely  to  form  CO2  and  water.  Incomplete:  Not  enough  oxygen,  forms  CO2,  water  &  side  products,  CO  and  C  (soot)  

Esterification  Organic  compounds  formed  when  a  carboxylic  acid  reacts  with  an  alcohol  

 

 

Polymers    • Large  molecules  that  are  made  by  linking  

together  many  smaller  monomer  molecules  • Synthetic  polymers  make  up  plastics  • Addition  polymers  –  monomers,  result  from  

the  addition  of  subunits  that  contain  2  or  3  C-­‐C  bonds.  These  become  single,  when  connecting  with  monomers.  

• Condensation  –  formed  when  monomer  units  are  linked  through  condensation  reactions.  Forms  polyesters  and  polyamides.  

Definitions  structural  formula:  diagram,  condensed  formula:  simplified  (CH3CH2CH3),  molecular  formula:  gives  symbols,  counts  up  atoms  –  C4H10  

Definitions  Functional  groups:  Organic  compounds’  families.  Three  types  –  (1)double  and  triple  bonds  between  C  atoms,  (2)  carbon  bonded  to  a  more  electronegative  atom,  (3)  carbon  bonded  to  oxygen  

Definitions