BlockWorld History 10

Documents for Final EssayDirections:

The theme for the essay is POWER.

As you prepare the documents, remember to dig past the surface and make meaningful connections to course material. Use the

scaffolding questions provided. In-class essay will be

Friday, June 6th.

At the beginning of the exam, you will be given a question related to the theme of power along

with12 of the 30 documents in this packet.

You may not bring in the documents with you.

Good Luck!

Document 1a

Document 1b

According to the documents above and your knowledge of history, how did international trade strengthen or destroy societies?

Document 2aEncomienda System in the Spanish Colonies

Document 2b

According to the documents above and your knowledge of history, what were the attitudes and purposes behind the Encomienda System in the Spanish American Empire?

Document 3

According to the document and your knowledge of history, what type of government does Hobbes believe is necessary to maintain social order and why? What leaders throughout history might agree with Hobbes?

Document 4

Using the document above and your knowledge of history, explain how and why Enlightened philosophes questioned religious and political institutions of Europe in the 18 th century?

Document 5: Excerpt from “La Marseillaise” – the French National Anthem written in 1792

Arise children of the fatherlandThe day of glory has arrivedAgainst us tyranny'sBloody standard is raisedListen to the sound in the fieldsThe howling of these fearsome soldiersThey are coming into our midstTo cut the throats of your sons and consorts

To arms citizens! Form your battalionsMarch, march

Let impure bloodWater our furrows

It is us they dare planTo return to the old slavery!Drive on sacred patriotismSupport our avenging armsLiberty, cherished libertyJoin the struggle with your defendersUnder our flags, let victoryHurry to your manly toneSo that in death your enemiesSee your triumph and our glory!

Using the document above and your knowledge of history, what were the French revolutionaries hoping to achieve?

Document 6:

Using your knowledge of history, identify and explain the statement Robespierre is trying to make about terror.

Document 7a

“Capital and Labour” – a political cartoon by John Leech, published in 1843 in Punch, a satirical magazine.

Apply your knowledge of history to the above cartoon and explain the point Leech is trying to make about industrialization.

Document 7b

Using your knowledge of history and the document above, explain what statement Marx and Engels are trying to make about social classes. What is their perception of industrialized Europe?

Document 8

What did Commissioner Lin Zexu say was hypocritical about England’s opium trade?

Document 9

Based on your knowledge of history and the political cartoon, how was China treated differently from the African colonies by the Imperialist nations? Why?

“Letter to Queen Victoria” From Commissioner Lin Zexu of China 1839

We find that your country is sixty or seventy thousand li [about one-third of a mile] from China. Yet there are barbarian ships that strive to come here for trade for the purpose of making a great profit. The wealth of China is used to profit the barbarians. By what right do they . . .use this poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people?

. . . I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries—how much less to China! Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial to people. . .

Suppose a man of another country comes to England to trade, he still has to obey the English laws; how much more should he obey in China the laws of the Celestial Dynasty?

Document 10aThe Rhodes Colossus: Striding From Cape Town to Cairo From the British magazine Punch, 1892

Document 10b

According to the documents, why did Rhodes believe England was justified in expanding into Africa?

From: Cecil Rhodes, Confessions of Faith, 1877

I contend that we [Britons] are the finest race in the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race…It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honourable race the world possesses.

Document 11King Leopold II of Belgium ordered various mutilations of Congolese men, women and children for various “offenses”.

Why would Leopold have used such public and brutal tactics to control the Congolese?

Document 12“Illustration of Singing by the Plum Garden” – Japanese woodblock print from 1887

What elements of Western culture and Japanese culture are portrayed in image? What does this tell you about Japanese society at the end of the 19 th century?

Document 13:

According to the map and your knowledge of history, why was the Meiji government motivated to industrialize?

Document 14

Transforming the Face of India – Post World War I“. . . Failure to answer, nay, refusal to tackle that question has rendered wholly academic the discussion of abandonment. Even were it otherwise we could still look back proudly. British brains, British enterprise, and British capital have, in a material sense, transformed the face of India. Means of communication have been developed: innumerable bridges, over 4000 miles of railway, 7000 miles of roads, testify to the skill and industry of British engineers. Irrigation works on a stupendous [huge] scale have brought 30,000,000 acres under cultivation and thus greatly added to the agricultural wealth of a country which still lives mainly by agriculture. But on the other hand, the process of industrialization has already begun. The mills of Bombay [Mumbai] have become dangerous competitors to Lancashire [England], and the Indian jute [rope] industry is threatening the prosperity of Dundee [Scotland]. Thanks to improved sanitation (much resented by the more ignorant beneficiaries), to a higher standard of living, to irrigation, to canalization, to the development of transport, and to carefully thought-out schemes for relief work, famines, which by their regular recurrence formerly presented a perennial [continuing] problem to administrators, have now virtually disappeared. To have conquered the menace of famine in the face of greater longevity, of diminished death rate, and the suppression of war, is a remarkable achievement for which India is wholly indebted to British administration…” - Sir John A. R. Marriott, The English in India (1932).

According to Marriott, how has British colonization benefitted India?

Document 15

What is satyagraha and why does Gandhi advocate this form of protest?

Document 16

What is one thing Africa must do to become strong?

Document 17aGeorge H.T. Kimble, in a 1962 New York Times Magazine article, “Colonialism: the Good, the Bad, the Lessons,” gives his point of view.

. . . they [the colonial powers] failed to provide the African with sufficient [preparation] . . . None of the newly independent countries had enough skilled African administrators to run

From On Nonviolent Resistance by Mohandas K. Gandhi             There are two ways of countering injustice. One way is to smash the head of the man who perpetrates injustice and to get your own head smashed in the process. All strong people in the world adopt this course. Everywhere wars are fought and millions of people are killed. The consequence is not the progress of a nation but its decline…Pride makes a victorious nation bad-tempered….No country has ever become, or will ever become, happy through victory in war. A nation does not rise that way; it only falls further. In fact, what comes to it is defeat, not victory...            But through the other method of combating injustice, we alone suffer the consequences of our mistakes, and the other side is wholly spared. This other method is satyagraha. One who resorts to it does not have to break another’s head; he may merely have his own head broken. He has to be prepared to die himself suffering all the pain. In opposing the atrocious laws of the Government of South Africa, it was this method that we adopted. We made it clear to the said Government that we would never bow to its outrageous laws…So long as it is your endeavor to control us with justice and love we will let you do so. But if you wish to strike at us from behind we cannot permit it. Whatever you do in other matters, you will have to ask our opinion about the laws that concern us. If you make laws to keep us suppressed in a wrongful manner and without taking us into confidence, these laws will merely adorn the statute books. We will never obey them. Award us for what punishment you like, we will put up with it. Send us to prison and we will live there as in a paradise. Ask us to mount the scaffold and we will do so laughing. Shower what sufferings you like upon us; we will calmly endure all and not hurt a hair of your body. We will gladly die and will not so much as touch you. But so long as there is very life in

Kwame Nkrumah: An Independent Africa, 1961

For centuries, Europeans dominated the African continent. The white man arrogated to himself the right to rule and to be obeyed by the non-white; his missions; he claimed, was to "civilize" Africa. Under this cloak, the Europeans robbed the continent of vast riches and inflicted unimaginable suffering on the African people....It is clear that we must find an African solution to our problems, and that this can only be found in African unity. Divided we are weak; united, Africa could become one of the greatest forces for good in the world...Never before have a people had within their grasp an opportunity for developing a continent endowed with so much wealth. Individually, the independent states of Africa, some of them potentially rich, others poor can do little for their people. Together, by mutual help they can achieve much......There is a tide in the affairs of every people when the moment strikes for political action. Such was the moment in the history of the United States of America when the Founding Fathers saw beyond the petty wranglings of the separate states and created a Union. This is our chance. We must act now.

Document 17b

Source: Jacana – Investors in African Entrepreneurs (December 2012)

The Captions Read: 70% of Diaspora African MBA students plan to return from U.S. and Europe to work after graduation 35% of African respondents plan to start their own business

o African respondent breakdown of the sectors most attractive for starting own business: 27% Consumer Goods 27% Financial Services 20% Technology 13% Infrastructure 13% Retail

Using the above documents and your knowledge of history, identify and explain the legacy of European imperialism in Africa.

George H.T. Kimble, in a 1962 New York Times Magazine article, “Colonialism: the Good, the Bad, the Lessons,” gives his point of view.

. . . they [the colonial powers] failed to provide the African with sufficient [preparation] . . . None of the newly independent countries had enough skilled African administrators to run

Document 18

Using your knowledge of history, identify and explain the statement Mazzini is trying to make about the future of Italy in 1831.

Document 19

Using your knowledge of history, identify and explain the statement Sun Yat-Sen is trying to make about the problems facing China in 1905, and the path it must take to fix these problems.

Document 20

Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor (Nuremberg Laws) September 15, 1935

Moved by the understanding that purity of German blood is the essential condition for the continued existence of the German people, and inspired by the inflexible determination to ensure the existence of the German nation for all time, the Reichstag has unanimously adopted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:

Article 1

1. Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden. Marriages nevertheless concluded are invalid, even if concluded abroad to circumvent this law.

2. Annulment proceedings can be initiated only by the state prosecutor.

Article 2Extramarital relations between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden.

Article 3Jews may not employ in their households female subjects of the state of German or related blood who are under 45 years old.

Article 41. Jews are forbidden to fly the Reich or national flag or display Reich colors.2. They are, on the other hand, permitted to display the Jewish colors. The exercise of this right is protected

by the state.

Using your knowledge of history, explain what function the Nuremberg Laws served in Nazi Germany.

Document 21a: Nazi Propaganda Poster: “Love Live Germany!!”

Document 21b: Soviet Propaganda Poster: “Liberated women! Build up socialism!”

Based on the images above and what you know from history, how was propaganda used by totalitarian regimes to spread their ideology?

Document 22

According to the UN Declaration Against Colonialism what are three things to which all people have a right?

Document 23

By quoting great documents of American and French freedom what hypocrisies is Ho Chi Minh pointing out?

The United Nations Declaration Against Colonialism (1960)

The General Assembly, mindful of the determination proclaimed by the peoples of the world in the Charter of the United Nations to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom...declares that:

1. The subjection of the people to alien subjugation, domination, and exploitation constitutes a denial of a fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and cooperation.

2. All peoples have the right to self-determination; by virtue of that they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.

3. Inadequacy of political, economic, social, or educational preparedness should never serve as pretext for delaying independence.

4. All armed action or repressive measures of all kinds directed against dependent peoples shall cease in order to enable them to exercise peacefully and freely their right to complete independence.

Ho Chi Minh declaring independence and the end of French control of Vietnam in HanoiAugust 1945

“All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. Among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. . .” [American Declaration of Independence]

“ Men are born and remain free and with equal rights. . .” [Declaration of the Rights of the Man and Citizen of the French Revolution of 1791]. Nevertheless for more than eighty years the French imperialists, abusing their ‘liberty, equality, and fraternity,’ have violated the land of our ancestors and oppressed our countrymen. Their acts are contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice. They have exploited us without our country. They have despoiled our rice lands, our mines, our forests, our raw materials. . . Vietnam has the right to be free and independent. All the people are determined to mobilize all their spiritual and material strength, to sacrifice their lives and property, to safeguard their right to liberty and independence.”

Henry J. Benda & John A. Larkin, eds, The World of Southeast Asia: Selected Historical Readings (1967): 270-273.

Document 24

Why do the nationalists claim the United Fruit Company has been a “state within a state with a law unto itself”?

Document 25

According to Wei Jingsheng, what does it mean to truly be a modernized country?

“Guatemala Seeks United Fruit Land” New York Times Feb 19, 1953

A provincial agrarian reform committee has approved the “denunciation” of all but one-seventh of the United Fruit Company’s 300,000 acre holdings on the Guatemalan Pacific Coast. . .

Under the law, land left fallow is liable to expropriation for distribution among landless peasants. . . .

Whether the company finally loses none or all of the land petitioned for, the case has served as a reminder that United Fruit remains, in the Government’s eyes, as among its most bitter enemies, allied in principle if not in actual fact with the big private landowners fighting agrarian reform.

The United Fruit Company has 11,000 persons on its payroll and is by far the largest single employer in the country. In 1951 . . . it paid the Government in various taxes and duties $1,700,000 and more than $13,000,000 in wages to its employees.

Besides, the company can point with pride to the wages it paid its workers. The average is $2.25 daily, which is two to three times greater than elsewhere in the country. It also has programs of free education, housing, and medical attention. . . .

Even if the company’s record of recent years had been twice as good, it still would not be able to live down in the eyes of the rabid nationalists who control the Government its less

Source: Wei Jingsheng “The Fifth Modernization”

Wei Jinsheng was a political dissident in China who led the ‘Democracy Wall Movement in 1978-1979. He was sentenced to 15 years of prison.

“What is true democracy? It means the right of the people to choose their own representatives to work according to their will and in their interests…In China, however, if a person even comments on the already dead Great Helmsman Mao Zedong or the Great Man without peers in history, jail will be ready for him with open doors and various unpredictable calamities may befall him….

“Let me respectfully remind these gentlemen: We want to be masters of our own destiny. We need no gods or emperors. We do not believe in the existence of any savior. We want to be masters of the world and not instruments used by autocrats to carry out their wild ambitions. We want a modern lifestyle and democracy for the people. Freedom and happiness are our sole objectives in accomplishing modernization. Without this fifth modernization all others are merely another promise.”

Document 26

Use your knowledge of history and the document above to explain the relationship between the United States and Europe after World War II.

Document 27a:

American Cartoon Responding to the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Document 27b:

Using the above documents and your knowledge of history, identify and explain the legacy of the Cold War.

Document 28a

“Tank Man”

Document 28b

Why did the Chinese Communist Party believe such harsh measures were necessary to suppress the Tiananmen uprising?

Source: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, SITREP No. 32: The Morning of June 4 (June 4, 1989)

“The crackdown continued through the night, and by early morning June 4, as this cable reports, the PLA was in control of Tiananmen Square. Based on eyewitness accounts of the violence, this SITREP is the Embassy’s initial effort to provide some detail on the final PLA assault on the approximately 3,000 demonstrators who had not yet left the square. “Some 10,000 troops,” the document says, formed a ring around the square, and “a column of about 50 APC, tanks, and trucks entered Tiananmen from the east.” Demonstrators shouted angrily, the cable states, and “PLA troops in Tiananmen opened a barrage of rifle and machine gun fire.” Another column of military vehicles entered soon thereafter, and more gunfire ensued, “causing a large number of casualties.” The document also describes violent PLA clashes with demonstrators on Changan Boulevard, the main thoroughfare in the Tiananmen area, and in other parts of Beijing. Embassy officials also report conversations with angry citizens, some “claiming that more than 10,000 people had been killed at Tiananmen.” One woman claimed to have witnessed a tank running over 11 people. She also told Embassy officers that she had seen PLA troops “breaking the windows of shops, banks, and other buildings.”

Document 29a

Document 29bA protester in Tahrir Square in Cairo Egypt, 2011

According to these documents, what role has social media played in revolutions of the 21 st century?

Source: Catherine O’Donnell from University of Washington “New study quantifies use of social media in Arab Spring”

In the 21st century, the revolution may not be televised – but it likely will be tweeted, blogged, texted and organized on Facebook, recent experience suggests. After analyzing more than 3 million tweets, gigabytes of YouTube content and thousands of blog posts, a new study finds that social media played a central role in shaping political debates in the Arab Spring.  Conversations about revolution often preceded major events, and social media has carried inspiring stories of protest across international borders.

“Our evidence suggests that social media carried a cascade of messages about freedom and democracy across North Africa and the Middle East, and helped raise expectations for the success of political uprising,” said Philip Howard, the project lead and an associate professor in communication at the University of Washington…During the week before Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak’s resignation, for example, the total rate of tweets from Egypt — and around the world — about political change in that country ballooned from 2,300 a day to 230,000 a day.  Videos featuring protest and political commentary went viral – the top 23 videos received nearly 5.5 million views. The amount of content produced online by opposition groups, in Facebook and political blogs, increased dramatically.

Political discussion in blogs presaged the turn of popular opinion in both Tunisia and Egypt.  In Tunisia, conversations about liberty, democracy and revolution on blogs and on Twitter often

Document 30a

Document 30b

According to these graphs, how has China’s economy changed during the second half of the 20 th century?