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7/29/2019 Scar Bou Rough

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Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory.[1]It can be found in a power to rule andmake law that rests on a political fact for which no pure legal definition can be provided. In theoretical terms, the idea of "sovereignty", historically, from

SocratestoThomas Hobbes, has always necessitated a moral imperative on the entity exercising it.

For centuries past, the idea that a state could be sovereign was always connected to its ability to guarantee the best interests of its own citizens. Thus, if a

state could not act in the best interests of its own citizens, it could not be thought of as a sovereign state.[2]

The concept of sovereignty has been discussed throughout history, from the time of the Romans through to the present day. It has changed in its definition,

concept, and application throughout, especially during the Age of Enlightenment. The current notion ofstate sovereignty contains four aspectsdifferent ways of understanding the term:

domestic sovereignty - actual control over a state exercised by an authority organized within this state,[3]

interdependence sovereignty - actual control of movement across state's borders, assuming the borders exist,[3]

international legal sovereignty - formal recognition by other sovereign states,[3]

Westphalian sovereignty - lack of other authority over state than the domestic authority (examples of such other authorities could be a no

domestic church, a non-domestic political organization, or any other external agent).[3]

Treaty of Paris (1898)

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"Annexation of Puerto Rico" redirects here. For other uses, see Annexation of Puerto Rico (disambiguation).

The Treaty of Paris of 1898, 30Stat.1754, was an agreement made in 1898 that resulted in Spainsurrendering control ofCubaandceding

Puerto Rico, parts of theWest Indies,Guam, and thePhilippinesto the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a payment$20 million to Spain by the United States.[1] The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898, and ended the Spanish-American War. It came into eff

on April 11, 1899, when theratificationswere exchanged.[2]

The Treaty signaled the end of theSpanish EmpireinAmericaand the Pacific Ocean(see also the GermanSpanish Treaty (1899)

and marked the beginning of anage of United States colonial power.

SCARBOROUGH SHOAL ISSUE HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES OVER CHINA

I. 3 maps presented as Bajo de Masinloc or Scarborough Shoal as part of Zamabales Philippines :1.)Carta Hydrographical y Chorographical De Las YslasFilipinas by Fr. Pedro Murilo Velarde, S.J. and published in 1734; 2.) 11792 drawn by the Alejandro Malaspina expedition and published in 1808 in Madrid,Spain.It was reproduced in the Atlas of the 1939 Philippines Census;3.)Mapa General Islas Filipinas, Observatorio de Manila published in 1990 by the USCoast and Geodetic Survey.

II. Republic Act 9522 which indicates that it was declared in the United nation .If it is presented in United Nation definitely it has been approved by the leader

of the different countriesfrom Republic Act 9522 MARCH 10,2009

Section 2. The baseline in the following areas over which the Philippines likewise exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction shall be determined as "Regime ofIslands" under the Republic of the Philippines consistent with Article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):

a) The Kalayaan Island Group as constituted under Presidential Decree No. 1596; and

b) Bajo de Masinloc, also known as Scarborough Shoal

III. China and Phils. signatories to the 1992 UNCLOS dated July 6,1996 which indicates that anything within 200 miles from the baseline of a country belongto that country.China located about 500 nautical miles away from Panatag Shoal or Bajo de Masinloc in West Philippine Sea(Philippines 124 nautical milescompared to China 500 nautical miles).UNCLOS best proof for our territorial rights(declared in the united nation).

IV. Chapter VI of United Nations Charter provides the State to any dispute which is likely to endanger the maintenance of Int'l peace and Security

-possible for dispute because China endanger the maintenance of Int'l Peace and Security

V. Chapter VIII of United Nation Chapter provides for actions with respect to threats to peace ,breaches of the peace and act of aggression.

-China shows aggression from 2 to 13 vessels in Scarborough Shoal "Scarborough Shoal" Disputed Territory

Scarborough Shoal (also known as Scarborough Reef/Panatag Shoal/Huangyan Island/Minzhu Jiao/Bajo de Masinloc) - Geographically situated nottoo far from the also-contested Spratly Island and Paracel Islands, this mound of sand has similar sovereignty issues to it's more well-known neighbours. ThPhilippines controls and runs this group, but China (People's Republic of China) lays claim to it, as part of i t's Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha IslandsAuthority, and Taiwan (Republic of China) expresses sovereignty too, in the context of being the 'true ruler of China'. Fishing is important in this part of theocean, and this is probably the main reason for such a high demand on an circumspect isolated bunch of small low-lying islands and reefs.

Scarborough ShoalorScarborough Reef: (Chinese name: Huangyan Island, Philippine name: Panatag Shoal, Bajo de Masinloc). , more correctly describ

as a group of islands andreefsin anatollshape than ashoal, is located between the Macclesfield BankandLuzon Island of the

Philippinesin theSouth China Sea.
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The shoal was named after a tea-trade ship Scarborough which was wrecked on the rock with everyone perishing on board in the late 18th centur

Geography

Theshoal forms a triangle-shaped chain of reefs and islands (but mostly rocks) 55 kilometres (34 mi) around with an of area 150 square kilometers. It has

lagoon with area of 130 km and depth of about 15 metres (49 f t). The shoal is a protrusion from a 3,500 m deep abyssal plain. Several of the islandsincluding "South Rock" are 1/2 m to 3 m high and many of the reefs are just below water at high tide. Near the mouth of the lagoon are the ruins of an iron

tower, 8.3 m high. To the east, the 5,000 - 6,000 meter deep Manila Trench separates the shoal from the Philippine archipelago.It is about 123 miles (198 km) west ofSubic Bay. The nearest landmass is Palauig,Zambales, onLuzon Island in thePhilippines, 137 miles(220 km) away.

Activities in the Surrounding AreaThe shoal and its surrounding area are rich fishing grounds. A significant number of Chinese fishermen have been arrested by Philippine officials in this areaparticularly during 1998-2001. Most arrests were for alleged using illegal methods of fishing and catching endangered and protected species.There are thick layers of guano lying on the rocks in the area. Several Filipino-sponsored and Chinese-sponsored diving excursions and amateur ham radio

operations,DXpeditions(1994, 1995, 1997 and 2007), have been carried out in the area.

Sovereignty DisputeThe Peoples Republic of China and Republic of China (Taiwan)

Map depicting China's territory in South China Sea, by Ministry of the Interior, ROC, 1947

ThePeople's Republic of China and theRepublic of China (Taiwan) claim that the shoal was first discovered and drawn in a map in the Yu

Dynastyas early as 1279 and was historically used by Chinese fishermen. In 1279, Guo Shoujing, a Chinese astronomer, performed surveying of th

South China Sea, and the surveying point was reported to be the Scarborough Shoal. In 1935, China regarded the shoal as part of the ZhongshaIslands. In 1947, the shoal was given the name Minzhu Jiao. In 1983, it was renamed Huangyan Islandwith Minzhu Jiao reserved as a second name. In1956, China protested Philippine remarks that South China Sea islands in close proximity to Philippine territory should belong to the Philippines. China'sDeclaration on the territorial Sea, promulgated in 1958, says in part,

The breadth of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China shall be twelve nautical miles. This applies to all territories of the People's Republic ofChina, including the Chinese mainland and its coastal islands, as well as Taiwan and its surrounding islands, the Penghu Islands, the Dongsha Islands, theXisha Islands, the Zhongsha Islands [italics added], the Nansha Islands and all other islands belonging to China which are separated from the mainland andcoastal islands by the high seas.

China reaffirmed its claim of sovereignty over the Zhongsha Islands in its 1992 Law on the territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone. China claims all the islanreefs, and shoals within a U-shaped line in the South China Sea drawn in 1947 as its territory. Scarborough shoal lies within this area.

China further asserted its claim shortly after the departure of the US Navy force from Subic, Zambales, Philippines. In the late 1970s, many scientific expeditactivities organized by State Bureau of Surveying, National Earthquake Bureau and National Bureau of Oceanography were held in the shoal and around thiarea. In 1980, a stone marker reading "South China Sea Scientific Expedition" was installed on the South Rock, but was removed by Philippines in 1997.

The Philippine government has proposed taking the Panatag issue to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea, but the Chinese government hasrejected this, insisting on bilateral discussions.

The Philippines Territorial map claimed by the Philippines (not fully acknowledged by other countries)

The Philippines claims that as early as theSpanishcolonization of the Philippines, Filipino fishermen were already using the area as a traditional fishingground and shelter during bad weather. In 1957, The Philippine government conducted an oceanographic survey of the area and together with the US Naforce based in then U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay in Zambales, used the area as an impact range for defense purposes. An 8.3 meter high flag pole

flying aPhilippine flag was raised in 1965. A small lighthouse was also built and operated the same year. In 1992, the Philippine Navy rehabilitated the

lighthouse and reported it to theInternational Maritime Organizationfor publication in the List of Lights. As of 2009, the military-maintainedlighthouse is non-operational.

Several official Philippine maps published by Spain and United States in 18th and 20th centuries show Scarborough Shoal as Philippine territory. The 18th-century map "Carta hydrographica y chorographica de las Islas Filipinas" (1734) shows the Scarborough Shoal then was named as Panacot Shoal. The mapalso shows the shape of the shoal as consistent with the current maps available as today. During the 1900s Mapa General. Islas Filipinas, Observatorio deManila and US Coast and Geodetic Survey Map includes the Scarborough Shoal named as "Baju De Masinloc".In 1792, another map drawn by the Malaspiexpedition and published in 1808 in Madrid, Spain also showed Bajo de Masinloc as part of Philippine territory. The map showed the route of the Malaspinaexpedition to and around the shoal. It was reproduced in the Atlas of the 1939 Philippine Census, which was published in Manila a year later and predates th

controversial 1947 Chinese South China Sea Claim Map that shows no chinese name on it .Another topographic map drawn in 1820 shows the shoal, namethere as "Bajo Scarburo", as a constituent part of Sambalez (Zambales province).

The Scarborough Shoal is not included within the territorial lines defined in the Treaty of Paris (1898) between the United States,Treaty ofWashington (1900)between Spain and the United States,Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930) ,

1935 Constitution of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 3046 "Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines"(1961), or the

1987 Constitution of the Philippines. The Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) asserts that the basis of Philippinesovereignty and jurisdiction over the rock features of Bajo de Masinloc is not premised on the cession by Spain of the Philippine archipelago to the UnitedStates under the Treaty of Paris, and argues that the matter that the rock features of Bajo de Masinloc are not included or within the limits of the Treaty of Paas alleged by China is therefore immaterial and of no consequence.

The Philippines bases its claim on the principle ofterra nullius, which holds that it was previously unclaimed by a sovereign state, which is also applied

the Philippines in its claims to the Spratly Islands. By virtue of the Presidential Decree No. 1599 issued by President Ferdinand Marcos on June
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1978, the Philippines claims an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the baselines from which their territoriasea is measured.In 2009, PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyoenacted the Philippine Baselines Law of 2009 (RA 9522). The new law classifies the

Spratly Islands and the Scarborough Shoal as a regime of islands under the Republic of the Philippines.

The DFA further cites theIsland of Palmas Case, where the sovereignty of the island was adjudged in favor of the Netherlands because of effectivejurisdiction and control despite the historic claim of Spain. The Philippines has exercised effective jurisdiction and effective occupation of the shoal since itsindependence. It also explains that the Exclusive Economic Zone claim on the waters around Scarborough is different from the sovereignty exercised by thePhilippines in the shoal.

China's naval intrusion to the Philippine territory since Saturday April 7, 2012 in theScarborough Shoal / or also called Panatag Shoalis afollow-up to its recent forays into Philippine western territorial waters. It is the fifth times where China Intruded the Philippine Territory since June 2011.

China has confronted Philippine military and civilian vessels in the following places:

1. Recto Bank2. Rajah Soliman Reef3. Quirino Atoll4. Escoda Shoal.

5. The recent is the Panatag Shoal / Scarborough Shoal.

All four lie a few dozen kilometers offPalawanbut 2,000 km from China's nearest island-province of Hainan; Scarborough is 220 km off Zambales but mothan 800 km from Hong Kong. China's pretext of protecting its fishermen and seismic surveyors is not unique. As in the last two decades, it trespasses intoPhilippine offshore oilfields and abets fish poaching to prop up a shaky counterclaim over the West Philippine (South China) Sea.

Vietnam, Philippines Strongly Protest Against Chinas including their territory in passport map

Philippines Strongly Protest Against China's including their territory in passport map. Photo: Filipiinamom.com

THE Philippines has protested China's new passport design, which includes the image of a map of the entire disputed South China Sea.China's new passports show a map including its claim to almost all the West Philippine Sea (South China Sea) provoking protests by the PhilippinesThursday and Vietnam but leaving out islands bitterly disputed with Japan.

Foreign Secretary Albert del Rosario on Thursday said it was unacceptable because it impinges on the sovereignty of the Philippines, which has claims toterritories in the West Philippines Sea.

"The Philippines strongly protests the inclusion of the nine-dash lines in the e-passport as such image covers an area that is clearly part of the Philippines'territory and maritime domain," he said, quoting a diplomatic protest sent to Beijing.

The so-called nine-dash lines take in about 90 per cent of the 3.5-million-square-kilometre West Philippine Sea on Chinese maps.

Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei and Taiwan also have overlapping claims to the South China Sea, which straddles key shipping lanes in the region and is believebe rich in resources.

In December, the Philippines are hosting a four-party meeting with Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei in a bid to resolve the territorial dispute.

Beijing has been engaged in a simmering row with its southern neighbors over its claim to vast swathes of the West Philippine Sea, with Chinese maps havi

a "nine-dash line" that runs almost to the Philippine and Malaysian coasts.The row saw a maritime stand-off with Manila earlier this year and took centre stage at the East Asia Summit, attended by US President Barack Obama, earthis week.

China and Japan have also engaged in furious exchanges over East China Sea islands administered by Tokyo, which calls them Senkaku, and claimed byBeijing as Diaoyu. China saw mass protests over them nationwide in September.

The latest front in the West Philippine Sea dispute is travel documents issued by Beijing, with its new computer-chipped passport, or e-Passport, showingvarious islands as Chinese territory, including the Paracels and Spratlys.

Manila claims part of the Spratlys and Philippine Foreign Secretary Albert del Rosario sent Beijing a formal protest letter on Thursday, calling the maps "anexcessive declaration of maritime space in violation of international law".

"The Philippines strongly protests the inclusion of the nine-dash lines in the e-Passport as such image covers an area that is clearly part of the Philippines'territory and maritime domain," del Rosario said.

Foreign ministry spokesman Raul Hernandez added: "If we allow that, then that would mean acquiescence to their claim of the whole of the South China Se

The West Philippine Seais strategically significant, home to some of the world's most important shipping lanes and believed to be rich in resources.The Paracel islands lie within it and have been held by China since it forced out South Vietnamese troops in 1974, but they are still claimed by Hanoi.Somesocial media users in China said the maps had delayed them at Vietnamese immigration."I got into Vietnam after lots of twists and turns," said one user ofChina's hugely popular micro blogging site Sina Weibo, saying an entry stamp was initially refused "because of the printed map of China's sea boundaries which Vietnam does not recognize".

Vietnamese foreign ministry spokesman Luong Thanh Nghi told reporters on Thursday that the Chinese documents amounted to a violation of Hanoi'ssovereignty and it had protested to the embassy.

Officials handed Chinese representatives "a diplomatic note opposing the move, asking China to abolish the wrongful contents printed in these electronicpassports", he said.

Other claimants to parts of the West Philippine Seaare Brunei, Malaysia and Taiwan.

Beijing attempted to downplay the diplomatic fallout from the recently introduced passports, with a foreign ministry spokeswoman saying the maps were "notmade to target any specific country".

"We hope to maintain active communication with relevant countries and promote the healthy development of people to people exchanges," Hua Chunying

added.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Palmas_Casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Palmas_Casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Palmas_Casehttp://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/scarborough-shoal/http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/scarborough-shoal/http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/scarborough-shoal/http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/reed-bank/http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/scarborough-shoal/http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/palawan/http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/palawan/http://koreanewsonline.blogspot.com/2012/11/vietnam-philippines-strongly-protest.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Palmas_Casehttp://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/scarborough-shoal/http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/reed-bank/http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/scarborough-shoal/http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/palawan/http://koreanewsonline.blogspot.com/2012/11/vietnam-philippines-strongly-protest.html


4/5

In Tokyo, a foreign ministry official said: "We have confirmed that disputed islands in West Philippine Seaappear in a map printed on new Chinese passports

"On the other hand, Senkaku doesn't. Therefore, we are not in a position to comment or complain." (http://is.gd/AlEA7q) Effects of the ScarboroughShoal between China and PhilippinesLast June 8 was the Filipino-Chinese friendship day. And even though this day has been celebrated for the past e levenyears, the bout for a piece of land called Scarborough Shaul still persists. A question on the minds of a lot of people is this: How will this issue ultimately affethe trade and commerce between the Philippines and China?

Different media institutions are flooded withnewsabout the phenomena of the great Scarborough Shaul, which is about 135 nautical miles from Luzon and550 nautical miles from China and 300 nautical miles from the tip of Taiwan. The possible oil harvest of the land has been attracting a lot of attention towardsThe dispute has been leaving the two countries tensed in their bilateral-relations.

As the issue on oil rises, those on trade and commerce come up as well. This greatly affects the Philippines and Chinas bilateral-relations. For the former isone of the top 5 trading partners of the latter.

Since last month, the country already experienced one of the lowest drops in its stock exchange. The Philippine stock Exchange index stooped down by 3.4percent, or 172.24 points to 4,890.20, while the broader all-share index retreated by 2.58 percent ,or 86.72 points to 3,279.09. But more importantly, the tradcapacity reached 1.47 billion shares worth P6.38 billion ($146.75 million) with 146 stocks declining, 28 increasing, and 34 remaining the same.

But despite the decline, trade relations are forced to improve by officials of both countries. Just last month, the Malacanang palace assured that the 60-billion dollar twoway trade target is still on and hopefully achieved by 2016. Also, Filipino agricultural leaders had a trip to Beijing which ensured the tight bond for agricultural trade.

According to the chinabusinessphilippines.com, China is currently the Philippines third largest trading partner and the fastest growing market for Philippine exports.Since 2002, trade has grown at an impressive yearly rate of 55%. Bilateral trade in 2006 hit a 33.6% increase. The total approved Chinese investments in the Philippinfor January to September 2006 reached US$370 million (2.59 billion yuan)a considerable improvement over the US$3.8 mil lion (26.6 million yuan) they invested in2005.It has been a long journey. Since the Tang Dynasty in 618-907 A.D., the two countries have been trading and building each others industries. And as the disputeremains, there is little chance as to the breakage of not just the trade relations of the two, but its historical and cultural ties.
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5/5

Software, Definition

Software, is the collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that performs different tasks on acomputer system. The term 'software' was first used by John Tukey in 1958. At the very basic level, computersoftware consists of a machine language that comprises groups of binary values, which specify processorinstructions. The processor instructions change the state of computer hardware in a predefined sequence. Briefly,computer software is the language in which a computer speaksSoftware typically refers to programs which need tobe installed into a computer in order to perform certain applications or functions. Software is typically installed intothe hard drive (hardware).

Software Issues and Trends

Software Licensing-Protection by software vendors to prevent unauthorized use.

Software Upgrades-A revised version of software that usually included fixes of known problems, plus enhancements to existingliabilities.

Global Software Support-Software that is distributed around the globe may require unique support mechanism due to local political andeconomic conditions.

Types of Software

Programming Software: This is one of the most commonly known and popularly used types of computer software.These software come in the form of tools that assist a programmer in writing computer programs. Computerprograms are sets of logical instructions that make a computer system perform certain tasks. The tools that help

programmers in instructing a computer system include text editors, compilers and interpreters. Compilers translatesource code written in a programming language into the language which a computer understands (mostly thebinary form). Compilers generate objects which are combined and converted into executable programs throughlinkers. Debuggers are used to check code for bugs and debug it. The source code is partially or completelysimulated for the debugging tool to run on it and remove bugs if any. Interpreters execute programs. They executethe source code or a precompiled code or translate source code into an intermediate language before execution.

System Software: It helps in running computer hardware and the computer system. System software refers to theoperating systems; device drivers, servers, windowing systems and utilities. System software helps an applicationprogrammer in abstracting away from hardware, memory and other internal complexities of a computer. Anoperating system provides users with a platform to execute high-level programs. Firmware and BIOS provide themeans to operate hardware.

Application Software: It enables the end users to accomplish certain specific tasks. Business software, databasesand educational software are some forms of application software. Different word processors, which are dedicatedto specialized tasks to be performed by the user, are other examples of application software.

Malware: Malware refers to any malicious software and is a broader category of software that are a threat tocomputer security. Adware, spyware, computer viruses, worms, trojan horses and scareware are malware.Computer viruses are malicious programs which replicate themselves and spread from one computer to anotherover the network or the Internet. Computer worms do the same, the only difference being that viruses need a hostprogram to attach with and spread, while worms don't need to attach themselves to programs. Trojans replicatethemselves and steal information. Spyware can monitor user activity on a computer and steal user informationwithout their knowledge.

Adware: Adware is software with the means of which advertisements are played and downloaded to a computer.Programmers design adware as their tool to generate revenue. They do extract user information like the websiteshe visits frequently and the pages he likes. Advertisements that appear as pop-ups on your screen are the result ofadware programs tracking you. But adware is not harmful to computer security or user privacy. The data it collectsis only for the purpose of inviting user clicks on advertisements.

Inventory Management Software: This type of software helps an organization in tracking its goods and materialson the basis of quality as well as quantity. Warehouse inventory management functions encompass the internalwarehouse movements and storage. Inventory software helps a company in organizing inventory and optimizingthe flow of goods in the organization, thus leading to improved customer service.

Utility Software: Also known as service routine, utility software helps in the management of computer hardware andapplication software. It performs a small range of tasks. Disk defragmenters, systems utilities and virus scannersare some of the typical examples of utility software.

Data Backup and Recovery Software: An ideal data backup and recovery software provides functionalities beyondsimple copying of data files. This software often supports user needs of specifying what is to be backed up andwhen. Backup and recovery software preserve the original organization of files and allow an easy retrieval of thebacked up data.

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