scaling, wing geometry and kinematics of bird flight...scaling, wing geometry and kinematics of bird...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics
of Bird Flight
Tianshu Liu
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Western Michigan University
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
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Human’s Dream of Flight:
Fly like Birds
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Wright Brothers’ Flyer
A Good Idea of George Cayley:
Separating Lift and Propulsion
Modern Jets
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Recent Interests on Flapping Flight:
Micro Air Vehicles
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Scaling Questions
• Similarity and Difference in Scaling
of Geometry, Velocity and Power ?
• Aerodynamic Implications of Scaling ?
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Two Long-Standing Problems
• Relative Efficiency of Flapping Flight against
Fixed-Wing Flight
• Maximum Weight for Feasible and Sustainable
Flapping Flight
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Scaling
3/1W~S/W,L,b
Wing Span, Overall Length, Wing Loading:
3/2W~S
Wing Area:
6/1W~U
Velocity:
6/7W~P
Power:
![Page 8: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Maximum Take-Off Weight vs. Empty Weight
W786.1WMTO
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Upper Bound of Weight vs. Mean Weight for Birds
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Wing Span vs. Weight
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Wing Area vs. Weight
![Page 12: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Overall Body Length vs. Weight
![Page 13: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Maximum Body Diameter vs. Weight
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Wing Loading vs. Weight
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Cruising Velocity vs. Weight
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Birds:
Heavier!
More lift?
Weight vs. Reynolds Number
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Cruise Power vs. Weight
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Engine and Muscle Power Available
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Engine Power Available vs. Engine Weight
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Engine Weight vs. Total Weight
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Specific Power of Aero-Engine and Muscles
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Scaling Laws
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85.0prop Scaling Laws:
Unsteady Lifting-Line: 75.0prop
Optimum Wake Model: 85.0prop
Derived Results from the Scaling Laws
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Bird Muscle Power Available:
Cruise Power Required:
Flying Bird Weight Limit:
Deduction: Flying Bird Weight Limit
6/7
bird,mr W23.1P
9675.0
muscle,A W4.3P
kg4.108.16
Mute Swan: < 15 kg
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Further Deduction: Pterosauers
W =126-292 N
Deduction:
Sustainable Flapping Flight Take-off from ground???
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More Deduction: Archaeopteryx
W= 2.5 N
Muscle Power < 50% Deduction:
Sustainable Flapping Flight
Take-off from ground???
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• Birds are geometrically similar to aircraft.
Conclusions Based on Comparative Scaling
• Birds and aircraft have comparable flight efficiency
in cruising flight.
No Comparison:
Agility and Maneuverability of Birds
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Avian Wing Geometry and Kinematics
3D Laser Scanner
on FARO Arm Data Cloud of Seagull
Wing Surface
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Geometry Data Processing
3
1n
1nn
max)c()c()12(S)1(
c
z
c
z
The camber line:
The thickness distribution:
4
1n
1nn
max)t()t()(A
c
z
c
z
The wing planform:
)(F)(F2/b
c
2/b
ccorrOK
0
![Page 30: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Seagull Wing Geometry
The camber line and thickness
distribution
![Page 31: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Seagull Wing Planform Seagull Wing Chord
Distribution
![Page 32: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Reconstructed Seagull Wing Surface
![Page 33: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Merganser Teal
Owl
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Merganser, Teal and Owl Wings
Owl
Teal Merganser
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Avian Airfoil Comparison
![Page 36: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Avian Wing Kinematics (Crane, Seagull & Goose)
2
4/12
4/11
4/1
2/b
y)t(A
2/b
y)t(A
2/b
z
The front-projected 1/4-chord line:
2
1n
n1n1101 )tncos(B)tnsin(CC)t(A ,
2
1n
n2n2202 )tncos(B)tnsin(CC)t(A ,
2
1n
bnbn0b )tncos(B)tnsin(CC)2/bmax(
2/)t(b
.
![Page 37: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Two-Jointed Arm Model
3D View
Projected Views
X-Ray
![Page 38: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Reconstruction of the Flapping Seagull Wing
0t 4/
2/
4/3
![Page 39: Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight...Scaling, Wing Geometry and Kinematics of Bird Flight Tianshu Liu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Western Michigan](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050715/5f21050abbcc4f1909087212/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
f =1.0 Hz
f =2.0 Hz
Aerodynamics of Flapping Flying Seagull
Cheolheui Han (2009)
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Aerodynamics of Flapping Flying Bat
Wang et al. (2010)
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Aerodynamics of Microraptor
-- The Origin of Bird Flight
Xu et al. (2000)