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Scaling up to megaturbines: benefits and limitations Dr. Peter Eecen

Glasgow 11 June 2014

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Wind energy

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Cost Aspects Offshore Wind Power

Cost aspects offshore / onshore wind farms

Access

Corrective maintenance

Preventive maintenance

Personnel

Revenue losses

Hoisting & Replacement

Substructures, transformer stations & cables (BoP)

Cost estimation / experience

Cost aspects offshore / onshore wind farms

• Cost of turbine is relatively smaller for offshore wind farms

Breakdown Cost Reduction Offshore Wind

Offshore Wind Power Plants Built, authorized and planned

Key numbers: • 2012: 5 GW installed offshore

= 5% of Europe's installed wind power • 2020: 40 GW installed offshore,

= 4% of EU electricity demand • 2030: 150 GW installed offshore,

= 14% of EU electricity demand

Installed capacity onshore / offshore

Installed capacity offshore

5 GW

Installed capacity onshore 106 GW

Trends: further offshore, deeper water, larger turbines

EWEA: 2012 European Offshore Statistics

Trends: further offshore, deeper water, larger turbines

EWEA: 2012 European Offshore Statistics

Linear Scaling: Mass – cubed size Power – squared with size In 25 years wind energy technology has developed enormously. R&D made turbines high performing, more efficient, more cost effective and competitive.

Towards megaturbines The EU UpWind project demonstrated that a 20 MW design is feasible… … by implementing innovations

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InnWind Turbine Innovations for 8+MW turbines

InnWind Light weight rotors for 8+MW turbines

• Larger and more slender – innovations for robust operation

Winglets

Blade Root Spoilers

Innovative airfoils

High Reynold Number effects Vortex generators Advanced models: EU AVATAR project

InnWind Innovative Support Structures

Support structures for 8+MW wind turbines require innovations • Coping with pile diameter – limitation? • Reducing installation time and costs

Spinfloat ©2014 ASAH LM/GustoMSC

Measuring wind conditions ECN – NORCOWE - DTU experiment

Feed-forward control

Short-range scanner

Long-range scanner

Measuring wind to optimise turbine and farm performance

Ground based

Nacelle Lidar

Reliability!

Baseline Harbour based large workboats I Offshore mother vessel with medium workboats III Offshore mother vessels with compensated access gangway

II Offshore mother vessel with compensated access gangway (technicians and small spares)

IV Harbour based large workboats and helicopter(s)

• In each farm the results vary depending on the type of O&M strategy.

• Shore based O&M (Baseline and IV) is most sensitive to variations in the farm size and location.

• Adding helicopters to a shore based strategy increases availability but also increases costs.

• A farm-based strategy with mother/daughter vessels is only beneficial in the large and far-offshore farms.

150 WTs 85 km

80 WTs 85 km

80 WTs 115 km

150 WTs 115 km

80 WTs 35 km

Optimising Wind Farm Layout

Integrated optimisation: Wakes – Electrical infrastructure

Investment costs of electrical infrastructure Increase ~ linearly with distance

Net energy farm production (including aerodynamic and electrical losses) Increase with distance

Larger distances between turbines: higher yield (less wakes) higher electrical losses and investment (longer cables) Additional Investment in electrical infrastructure by crease from 3.6 to 10D is earned back in 1.5 years

u

Yield Increase: Active Wake Control

▲ Software analysis on variety of wind farms

▲ Tests on 2MW Nordex turbines and scaled wind farm at ECN test site

Total farm efficiency production increases from 0.5 to 3% AND load reduction

Wind farm Clusters – 2 x 1GW wind farms

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Annual yield [MWh] Capacity factor Efficiency Wake losses [%]

4714433 0.534 0.930 7.0

Summary

• Offshore wind power: reduce LCoE

• Trend: Deeper, Further from shore, Larger Turbines

• Scaling to Megaturbines: UPWIND: upscaling beyond 8MW is feasible

• Requires implementing innovations • Innovations in all aspects: rotor, drive train, support structure

• Wind farms can be further optimised by integrated approach

and wind farm control

Questions

Dank voor uw aandacht

Deze presentatie werd samengesteld in nauwe samenwerking met:

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