Scaffolding - Best practice guideline for scaffolding in New ZealandContents

Pro ces s fo r the review o f this do cument

No tice o f is s ue

Sectio n 1: Intro ductio n

1.1 Definitio n o f key co ncepts

1.2 Des ign requirements

1.3 Legis la tive a nd regula to ry co ntext

1.4 Sca ffo lding termino lo gy

Sectio n 2: Sa fety in s ca ffo lding

2.1 Fa ll preventio n

2.2 Ha rnes s s ys tems

2.3 Wo rk po s itio ning s ys tems

2.4 Tra vel res trictio n/res tra int s ys tems

2.5 Fa ll a rres t s ys tems

2.6 Pers o na l pro tective equipment (PPE)

2.7. Sa fe wo rking pra ctice

2.8 Ha za rd identifica tio n a nd ma na gement

Sectio n 3: G eneric s ca ffo lding requirements

3.1 To o ls o f the tra de

3.2 Co mmo n s ca ffo lding bends a nd hitches

3.3 Fo unda tio ns

Sectio n 4: Tube a nd fitting s ca ffo lding

4.1 Intro ductio n

4.2 Tube a nd fitting s ca ffo lding co mpo nents

4.3 Ba s ing o ut tube a nd fitting s ca ffo lds

4.4 Sta ggering o f s ta nda rds a nd ledgers

4.5 Sca ffo lding ties

4.6 Bra cing

4.7. Erecting wo rking a nd a cces s pla tfo rms

Sectio n 5: Pro prieta ry s ca ffo lding

5.1 Mo dula r pro prieta ry s ys tems (prefa brica ted)

5.2 Aluminium fra me a nd bra ce to wer s ys tems

5.3 Pro prieta ry s ys tems with a dditio na l co mpo nents

Sectio n 6: Pa rticula r s ca ffo lds a nd s ca ffo lding s tructures

6.1 Mo bile s ca ffo lds

6.2 Ra kers a nd o utriggers

6.3 Sca ffo lds fo r ro o f edge pro tectio n (gua rdra iling)

6.4 Sca ffo lding o ver vera nda hs , ga ntries o r ro o fs

6.5 Ca ntilevered s ca ffo lds

6.6 Hea vy duty ga ntries

6.7 Ves s el s ca ffo lds

6.8 Ha nging s ca ffo lds

6.9 Screening o r co nta inment s heeting

6.10 Mecha nica l lifting a pplia nces o n a s ca ffo ld

6.11 Ma s t-climbing wo rk pla tfo rms

6.12 Ba rro w ra mps

6.13 Fa ls ewo rk o r pro pping

6.14 Timber s ca ffo lds

Sectio n 7: Sus pended s ca ffo lding

7.1 Sco pe

7.2 Mo tive po wer

7.3 Ancho ring a nd co ns tructio n

Sectio n 8: Tra ining a nd co mpetency

8.1 Na tio na l certifica tes in s ca ffo lding

8.2 Certifica tes o f co mpetence

Sectio n 9: Ins pectio n a nd do cumenta ry needs

9.1 Bes t pra ctice reference do cuments

9.2 No tifica tio n, ins pectio ns a nd regis ters

9.3 Appendix: Do cuments fo r us e in the field

Process for the review of this documentThe genera l pro ces s fo r the review o f the Bes t Pra ctice G uideline fo r Sca ffo lding in New Z ea la nd (BPG ) is a s fo llo ws . This pro ces s wa s fo llo wed fo r thisrevis io n.

Formation and composition of review committeeUnder the lea ders hip o f Sca ffo lding a nd Rigging New Z ea la nd (SARNZ ), up to nine repres enta tives fro m SARNZ a nd s ta keho lder gro ups invo lved with thes upply, erectio n, des ign, ma nufa cture o r us e o f s ca ffo lding a re s elected to fo rm the review co mmittee. To this gro up is a dded a Wo rkSa fe NZrepres enta tive a nd a n independent cha irpers o n. The co mmittee la s ts three yea rs a nd is then dis s o lved a nd refo rmed fo llo wing the s a me pro ces s .

Repres enta tives mus t be a ble to s ho w they receive directio n fro m the gro up they repres ent i.e . they do no t repres ent jus t their o wn individua l o rco mpa ny interes ts .Only o ne repres enta tive will be fro m ea ch s ta keho lder gro up.The co mmittee ca n co -o pt individua ls fro m o uts ide the co mmittee to dis cus s s ubmis s io ns o r to pro vide technica l o r o ther expertis e.

Process

1. SARNZ a dvertis es , via the Na tio na l Pres s , G a zette a nd direct ma il to s ta keho lder da ta ba s e a nd Wo rkSa fe NZ , tha t a review is to ta ke pla ce a nd tha tit will receive s ubmis s io ns fo r members hip o f the review co mmittee a nd fo r cha nges o r a dditio ns to the BPG . SARNZ then receives thes es ubmis s io ns .

2. SARNZ a nd Wo rkSa fe NZ vet no mina tio ns a nd fo rm the review co mmittee a s a bo ve.3. The co mmittee meets to dis cus s a nd review s ubmis s io ns . This ma y include brea king into wo rking gro ups a nd/o r co -o pting technica l s uppo rt if

required. Submis s io ns a re a ccepted fro m a ny interes ted pers o n, co mpa ny o r o rga nis a tio n.4. The co mmittee pro duces a dra ft revis ed do cument a nd relea s es it fo r public co mment.5. The co mmittee reviews public co mment a nd ma kes a dditio na l cha nges to the dra ft a s needed.6. Steps 4 a nd 5 ma y be repea ted a s neces s a ry.7. The revis ed BPG is a ppro ved by the co mmittee a nd publis hed.

The Co mmittee ma y decide its o wn pro cedures , including res o lutio n o f a ny dis a greements o r dea dlo ck o n the co ntents o f the do cument, a nd ma y, a t itsdis cretio n, reco nvene fo r urgent o r pa rt revis io ns between s cheduled reviews .

Notice of issueSCAFFOLDING & RIG G ING NEW Z EALAND INCORPORATED

The Bes t Pra ctice G uidelines fo r Sca ffo lding wa s firs t publis hed in 2002, a nd revis ed in 2003. It is a n indus try led s ta tement o f preferred wo rk pra ctices , o ra rra ngements , fo r the purpo s e o f ens uring the highes t levels o f hea lth a nd s a fety fo r a ll tho s e a ffected by s ca ffo lding a ctivities in New Z ea la nd.

The 2009 Review ha s been co nducted by a co mmittee repres enting the s ca ffo lding indus try, s ca ffo ld us ers , tra ining pro viders , s a fety a dvis o rs , a nd theDepa rtment o f La bo ur. The review pro ces s ha s been ro bus t with input fro m a bro a d ra nge o f s ta keho lders thro ugh public co ns ulta tio n. "Bes t Pra cticeG uidelines fo r Sca ffo lding in New Z ea la nd" is a 'living do cument' which, thro ugh regula r reviews , will keep pa ce with cha nges a nd impro vements in theindus try.

SARNZ wo uld like to tha nk a ll tho s e who ha ve co ntributed to the "Bes t Pra ctice G uidelines fo r Sca ffo lding in New Z ea la nd". The bro a d s uppo rt o fs ta keho lders co nfirms this do cument a s the 'current s ta te o f kno wledge' fo r s ca ffo lding in New Z ea la nd.

G ra ha m BurkePres identSca ffo lding & Rigging New Z ea la nd Inco rpo ra ted [SARNZ ]

The place and context of this documentWhile co mplia nce with the Bes t Pra ctice G uidelines fo r Sca ffo lding in New Z ea la nd is no t ma nda to ry, it repres ents current bes t pra ctice in the indus try a sperceived by the indus try its elf a nd ma y be us ed a s evidence o f go o d pra ctice in co urt. Its co ntents s ho uld be s een a s a co mprehens ive a nd a utho rita tiveguide to wha t is co ns idered by the s ca ffo lding indus try to be preferred wo rk pra ctice o r a rra ngements , a nd includes pro cedures which co uld be ta ken intoa cco unt when deciding o n o ptima l a nd pra ctica ble s teps to be ta ken when s ca ffo lding.

SARNZ , in co njunctio n with the Bes t Pra ctice G uidelines fo r Sca ffo lding Wo rking Pa rty, ha s ma de every effo rt to ens ure tha t the info rma tio n co nta inedwithin this publica tio n is a ccura te. Even s o , SARNZ welco mes yo ur co mments a nd s ugges tio ns to impro ve this do cument a nd its co ntents . It is SARNZintentio n to review the Bes t Pra ctice G uidelines regula rly. We believe this do cument s ho uld repres ent the cha nging na ture o f s ca ffo lding a nd reflect up toda te bes t pra ctice fo r s ca ffo lding in New Z ea la nd.

Best practice guidelines for scaf folding in New Zealand review committeeThe co mmittee res po ns ible fo r the revis io n co ns is ted o f repres enta tives fro m the:

Sca ffo lding indus tryCertified Builders As s o cia tio n o f New Z ea la ndDepa rtment o f La bo urMa s ter Pa inters New Z ea la nd IncOppo rtunity - The Tra ining Orga nis a tio nRegis tered Ma s ter Builders Federa tio n o f New Z ea la nd IncRo o fing As s o cia tio n o f New Z ea la ndSca ffo lding, Rigging a nd Indus tria l Ro pe Acces s Indus try Tra ining Inc (SRIIT)Sca ffo lding a nd Rigging New Z ea la nd Inc (SARNZ )Site Sa fe New Z ea la nd Inc a ndTa i Po utini Po lytechnic (tra ining pro vider).

SARNZ wis hes to tha nk the wo rking pa rty a nd their emplo yers fo r their co mmitment, ha rd wo rk a nd pers evera nce in bringing this pro ject to co mpletio n.

Format t ing in t his documentThe fo llo wing fo rma tting co nventio ns a re a do pted in this do cument:

In dia gra ms a nd dra wings , unles s o therwis e s ta ted, kickbo a rds a re excluded fo r cla rity.'BPG ' a s us ed here refers to this do cument, The Bes t Pra ctice G uidelines fo r Sca ffo lding in New Z ea la nd.Wherever pra ctica l Depa rtment o f La bo ur fo rma tting guidelines a re a do pted.

Section 1: Introduction

1.1 Definit ion of key concept s

1.1.1 ScaffoldingFo r the purpo s es o f this do cument s ca ffo lding is defined a s :

Any s tructure o r fra mewo rk, s winging s ta ge, s us pended s ca ffo lding, o r bo a ts wa in's cha ir, o f a tempo ra ry na ture, us ed o r intended to be us ed fo r thes uppo rt o r pro tectio n o f wo rkers fo r the purpo s e o f ca rrying o ut their wo rk o r fo r the s uppo rt o f ma teria ls us ed in co nnectio n with a ny s uch wo rk.Sca ffo lding includes a ny s ca ffo lding erected a s s uch a nd no t dis ma ntled, whether o r no t it is being us ed a s s ca ffo lding; a nd a ls o includes a ny pla nk,co upling, fa s tening, fitting, equipment, item o r device us ed in co nnectio n with the co ns tructio n, erectio n, dis ma ntling o r us e o f s ca ffo lding.

No te tha t the definitio n o f s ca ffo lding in the Hea lth a nd Sa fety in Emplo yment Regula tio ns 1995 under cla us e 1.3.2 ha s in view the interpreta tio n o f thelevels o f s ca ffo lding co nta ined in its umbrella legis la tio n, the Hea lth a nd Sa fety in Emplo yment Act 1992 a nd is therefo re a little different fro m tha t givena bo ve.

1.1.2 Scaffolding processSca ffo lding pro ces s is defined a s :

The pla nning fo r a nd/o r the des ign, erectio n, ins pectio n, a ltera tio n, us e o r dis ma ntling o f a ny s ca ffo lding a nd/o r rela ted co mpo nents . This includes a lls tructures co ns tructed us ing s ca ffo lding co mpo nents , s uch a s fa ls ewo rk, tempo ra ry gra nds ta nds , lighting to wers a nd s ta ir a cces s to wers . [Thes e ha vebeen included in the s co pe o f the BPG if s ca ffo lding co mpo nents a re being us ed.]

1.2 Design requirement s

1.2.1 Principles of designThe des ign o f s ca ffo lds s ho uld ta ke into a cco unt the fo llo wing:

The s trength, s ta bility a nd rigidity o f the s uppo rting s tructure.The ha ndling no rma lly a s s o cia ted with s ca ffo lding.The s a fety o f pers o ns enga ged in the erectio n, a ltera tio n a nd dis ma ntling o f the s ca ffo ld.The s a fety o f pers o ns us ing the s ca ffo ld.The s a fety o f pers o ns in the vicinity o f the s ca ffo ld.The s ca ffo lds fitnes s fo r its intended purpo s e.

1.2.1.1 St andards applicable t o scaffolding, scaffolding component s and relat ed act ivit iesReleva nt s ta nda rds a re tho s e rela ted to :

1. The des ign a nd erectio n o f s ca ffo lding.2. The na ture a nd integrity o f s tructura l members .3. Sca ffo ld co mpo nents .

This includes but is no t limited to the fo llo wing:

AS 1577 Sca ffo ld pla nksAS 1664.1 Aluminium s tructures (Limit s ta te des ign)AS/NZ S 1170.0 Structura l des ign a ctio ns - G enera l principlesAS/NZ S 1170.1 Structura l des ign a ctio ns - Perma nent, impo s ed a nd o ther a ctio nsAS/NZ S 1170.2 Structura l des ign a ctio ns - Wind a ctio nsAS/NZ S 1170.3 Structura l des ign a ctio ns - Sno w a nd ice a ctio nsNZ S 1170.5 Structura l des ign a ctio ns - Ea rthqua ke a ctio ns -New Z ea la ndAS/NZ S 1554.1 Structura l s teel welding - Welding o f s teel s tructuresAS/NZ S 1554.2 Structura l s teel welding - Stud welding (s teel s tuds to s teel)AS/NZ S 1554.4 Structura l s teel welding - Welding o f high s trength quenched a nd tempered s teelsAS/NZ S 1576.1 Sca ffo lding - G enera l requirementsAS/NZ S 1576.2 Sca ffo lding - Co uplers a nd a cces s o riesAS/NZ S 1576.3 Sca ffo lding - Prefa brica ted a nd tube-a nd-co upler s ca ffo ldingAS/NZ S 1576.4 Sca ffo lding - Sus pended s ca ffo ldingAS/NZ S 1576.5 Sca ffo lding - Prefa brica ted s plithea ds a nd tres tlesAS/NZ S 1576.6 Sca ffo lding - Meta l tube-a nd-co upler-Deemed to co mply with AS/NZ S 1576.3AS/NZ S 1665 Welding o f a luminium s tructuresAS/NZ S 1892.1 Po rta ble la dders -Meta lAS/NZ S 1892.3 Po rta ble la dders -Reinfo rced pla s ticAS/NZ S 1892.3 Po rta ble la dders -Selectio n, s a fe us e a nd ca reAS/NZ S 3012 Electrica l ins ta lla tio ns -Co ns tructio n a nd demo litio n s itesAS/NZ S 4576 G uidelines fo r s ca ffo ldingNZ S 3603 Timber s tructures s ta nda rdNZ S 3608 Specifica tio n fo r timber la ddersNZ S 4711 Qua lifica tio n tes ts fo r meta l-a rc weldersNZ S 4781 Co de o f pra ctice fo r s a fety in welding a nd cutting

Sta nda rds rela ting to the des ign us e a nd ma intena nce o f indus tria l fa ll-a rres t s ys tems a nd devices include, but a re no t limited to :

AS/NZ S 1891.1 Indus tria l fa ll-a rres t s ys tems a nd devices - Ha rnes s es a nd a ncilla ry equipmentAS/NZ S 1891.2 Indus tria l fa ll-a rres t s ys tems a nd devices - Ho rizo nta l lifeline a nd ra il s ys temsAS/NZ S 1891.2 Supp1 Indus tria l fa ll-a rres t s ys tems a nd devices - Pres cribed co nfigura tio ns fo r ho rizo nta l lifelinesAS/NZ S 1891.3 Indus tria l fa ll-a rres t s ys tems a nd devices - Fa ll-a rres t devicesAS/NZ S 1891.4 Indus tria l fa ll-a rres t s ys tems a nd devices - Selectio n, us e a nd ma intena nce

1.2.1.2 Task analysisIt is beco ming genera lly a ccepted tha t o n la rger s ites clients wa nt a ta s k a na lys is co mpleted a s pa rt o f the des ign pro ces s . This is genera lly pro vided inco njunctio n with ha za rd identifica tio n.

A ta s k a na lys is s ho ws the s tep by s tep requirements to erect, a lter o r dis ma ntle a s ca ffo ld fo r a pa rticula r s ite. A ta s k a na lys is fo rm is a ppendixed in thela s t s ectio n o f this do cument.

1.2.2 Loads in scaf folding1.2.2.1 Load combinat ionsSca ffo lding fo unda tio ns mus t be a ble to ca rry a nd dis tribute a ll the weight o f the s ca ffo ld, including a ny extra lo a ds pla ced o n the s ca ffo ld. To fa cilita te this ,when s ca ffo lding is des igned pa rticula r a ttentio n s ho uld be given to gro und co nditio ns (s ubs idence, wa ter co urs es , level, the na ture o f gro und ma teria lsetc.) a nd to the lo a dings o n the s ca ffo ld.

Sca ffo lding s ho uld be des igned fo r the mo s t a dvers e co mbina tio n o f dea d lo a ds , live lo a ds a nd enviro nmenta l lo a ds tha t ca n rea s o na bly be expectedduring the perio d tha t the s ca ffo ld is expected to be in s ervice.

Lo a d co mbina tio ns fo r s trength limit s ta tes s ho uld be in a cco rda nce with AS/NZ S 1170.0 a nd its s upplements , except tha t dea d a nd live lo a d co mbina tio nsneed to be a s fo llo ws :

2.0G + 2.0Q [Where G = dea d lo a d a nd Q = live lo a d (including impa ct, if a ny)].

Where enviro nmenta l lo a ds will be s uch tha t wo rk is unlikely to pro ceed under tho s e co nditio ns , then the lo a ding ca lcula tio n a t tha t po int in time ma y beres tricted to dea d lo a ds , expected live lo a ds fro m s ta cked ma teria ls a nd enviro nmenta l lo a ds . When wo rk res umes the lo a ding will cha nge.

Fo r permis s ible s tres s des ign, the s um o f the dea d a nd live lo a ds a pplied s ha ll be increa s ed by 15 percent, to a llo w fo r re-us e o f ma teria ls .

1.2.2.2 Dead loadsThe dea d lo a d (G ) is the s elf-weight o f the s ca ffo lding. Tha t is , a ll s tructura l co mpo nents a nd equipment tha t fo rm the s ca ffo ld. It is genera lly a s ta tic lo a d.

1.2.2.3 Environment al loadsWhere a ppro pria te, the enviro nmenta l lo a ds s ha ll include the fo llo wing:

Wind lo a ds in a cco rda nce with AS/NZ S 1170 (a nd s upplements ) impo s ed o n the s ca ffo ld, including a ny gua rdra ils , to ebo a rds , s ta cked ma teria ls ,s creens , s heeting, pla tfo rm ro pes , guy wires a nd o ther a tta chments .Sno w lo a ds in a cco rda nce with AS/NZ S 1170 (a nd s upplements ).Ra in a nd ice lo a ds , where it is co ns idered likely tha t the s ca ffo ld a nd cla ddings will be s ubjected to ra in o r a build-up o f ice.Ea rthqua ke lo a ds in a cco rda nce with AS/NZ S 1170 (a nd s upplements ).

1.2.2.4 Live loadsThe live lo a d (Q) is the tempo ra ry lo a ds impo s ed o n a s ca ffo ld. Thes e include but a re no t limited to :

Duty lo a ds (light, medium, hea vy, s pecia l) s uch a s pers o ns a nd/o r ma teria ls .Enviro nmenta l lo a ds (wind, s no w etc).Impa ct lo a ds thro ugh s ho rt, s udden lo a dings s uch a s lo a ding ma teria ls in/o ut fro m a pla tfo rm a nd mecha nica l ho is t o pera tio n.

Sca ffo lds s ho uld no t be us ed to s uppo rt fo rmwo rk a nd pla nt, s uch a s ho is t to wers a nd co ncrete pumping equipment, unles s the s ca ffo ld is s pecifica llydes igned to do this .

http://www.business.govt.nz/resolveuid/62bc00ac3f8e822b1880c689e59a9275

Duty live loadsThe live lo a d a pplied to a wo rking pla tfo rm is ca tego ris ed by the fo llo wing duty co nditio ns :

Light-duty - a lo a d o f 2.2 kN (225 kg) per ba y tha t includes a s ingle co ncentra ted lo a d o f 1 kN (100 kg).Medium-duty - a lo a d o f 4.4 kN (450 kg) per ba y tha t includes a s ingle co ncentra ted lo a d o f 1.5 kN (150 kg).Hea vy-duty - a lo a d o f 6.6 kN (675 kg) per ba y tha t includes a s ingle co ncentra ted lo a d o f 2.0 kN (200 kg).Specia l-duty - the la rges t intended lo a d but no t les s tha n hea vy-duty.

Fo r des ign purpo s es the s ingle co ncentra ted lo a d s ho uld be a s s umed to be in the mo s t a dvers e po s itio n within the ba y.

AS 1576 ela bo ra tes o n lo a ds in s ca ffo lding.

1.2.2.5 Load calculat ionsCa lcula tio n us ed fo r live lo a ds

Live lo a ds o n s ta nda rds will va ry fo r different ba ys a nd pla tfo rms . The expla na tio n belo w rela tes to ca lcula tio ns fo r a ny o ne pa rticula r ba y o n o ne pla tfo rmlevel.

To ca lcula te the live lo a d o n a s ta nda rd, a s s ume tha t ea ch s ta nda rd in tha t ba y s uppo rts o ne third o f the duty live lo a d o n ea ch pla tfo rm in ea ch a djo iningba y. This is to a llo w fo r o ff centre lo a ding o f pla tfo rms a nd co ncentra ted lo a ds pla ced clo s er to a s ta nda rd.

Fo r exa mple, co ns ider a medium duty s ca ffo ld.

The live lo a d o n a ny o ne s ta nda rd (between two ba ys ea ch o f 4.4 kN - 450kg) ba s ed o n the wo rs t po s s ible lo a ding in a dja cent ba ys

= 4.4 kN (450kg) X 2 3 = 2.9 kN (300kg)

As s ume tha t the dea d lo a d o f the s ca ffo ld s uppo rted by the s ta nda rd is 3.5 kN (350kg).

Then the des ign lo a d fo r this s ta nda rd

= 2.9 kN (300kg) + 3.5 kN (350kg) = 6.4 kN (650kg)

Calculation used for non standard soleboard lengthsNo w tha t the des ign lo a d o n the s ta nda rd is kno wn i.e. 6.4 kN (650kg), the minimum length o f the s o lebo a rd ca n be determined fo r a kno wn gro und o rflo o r lo a d ca pa city.

As s ume the gro und lo a d ca pa city is 2500kg/m2 a nd a typica l timber pla nk 225mm wide will be us ed.

Therefo re, the minimum a ccepta ble length o f the s o lebo a rd is :

650kg 2500kg/ m2 0.225m = 1.16m.

The minimum length s o lebo a rd required fo r the a bo ve co nditio ns is thus 1.16m lo ng.

1.2.2.6 Mass of persons and general mat erialThe fo llo wing ta ble gives the a ppro xima te ma s s es o f pers o ns a nd genera l ma teria ls likely to be s uppo rted fro m s ca ffo lds .

Table 1: Mass of persons and general mat erials for use when scaffolding

It ems Approximat e Mass

Bricks 4.0 kg per brick

Cement 40.0 kg per bag

Concret e block 400 x 200 x 200mm hollow 19.0 kg per block

Concret e block 400 x 200 x 150mm hollow 16.0 kg per block

Concret e block 400 x 200 x 100mm hollow 13.0 kg per block

Concret e block 400 x 200 x 100mm solid 16.0 kg per block

Concret e ready mixed wet 2550.0 kg per cubic met re (m)

Concret e in wheelbarrow 140.0 kg

Drums empt y 200 lit re 13.0 kg

Marble 2700.0 kg per cubic met re (m)

Paint (except red and whit e lead) f ive lit res 10.5 kg

Paint red and whit e lead f ive lit res 15.0 kg

Persons single 100.0 kg

Persons plus wheelbarrow wit h concret e 220.0 kg

Plast er f ibrous 1.6 kg per square met re (m)

Plast er bag 38.0 kg

Plywood 17.0mm 10.0 kg per square met re (m)

Sand 2000.0 kg per cubic met re (m)

Shale 2600.0 kg per cubic met re (m)

St eel rods 6.5mm diamet er 25.0 kg per 100.0m

St eel rods 10.0mm diamet er 67.0 kg per 100.0m

St eel rods 12.0mm diamet er 89.0 kg per 100.0m

St eel rods 16.0mm diamet er 158.0 kg per 100.0m

St eel rods 20.0mm diamet er 247.0 kg per 100.0m

St eel rods 25.0mm diamet er 358.0 kg per 100.0m

Tiles t erra cot t a 3.5 kg per t ile

Tiles concret e 3.75 kg per t ile

Timber hardwoods 1100.0 kg per cubic met re (m³)

Timber soft woods 640.0 kg per cubic met re (m)

Wat er (excluding cont ainer) 1.0 kg per lit re

Double coupler 1.0 kg

Single coupler 0.6 kg

Joiner 0.8 kg

Swivel coupler 1.2 kg

3.0m laminat ed t imber plank 18.0 kg

48.3mm galvanised scaffold t ube 1.0m 4.4 kg per met re

1.2.3 Structures supporting scaf foldingThe s uppo rting s tructure s ho uld be ca pa ble o f s uppo rting the mo s t a dvers e co mbina tio n o f lo a ds a pplied by the s ca ffo ld during the perio d o f its s ervice.Where the s uppo rting s tructure is no t ca pa ble o f s uppo rting the mo s t a dvers e co mbina tio n o f expected lo a ds it ma y need to be s trengthened by pro ppingo r o ther mea ns .

So lebo a rds a nd ba s epla tes ca n a ls o be us ed to evenly dis tribute the lo a d fro m the s ca ffo ld to the s uppo rting s urfa ce. Bo th s o lebo a rds a nd ba s epla tesma y be required fo r us e o n les s s ta ble s urfa ces , s uch a s s o il o r gra vel. The us e o f s o lebo a rds a nd/o r ba s epla tes s ho uld be co ns idered in the des ign o f thes ca ffo ld.

1.2.3.1 St abilit ySca ffo ld s ta bility ma y be a chieved by:

Tying the s ca ffo ld to a s uppo rting s tructure.G uying to a s uppo rting s tructure.Increa s ing the dea d lo a d by s ecurely a tta ching co unterweights nea r the ba s e.Adding ba ys to increa s e the ba s e dimens io n.

1.2.3.2 Bracket sPrefabricated scaffold bracketsPrefa brica ted s ca ffo ld bra ckets tha t a re a tta ched to a s tructure to pro vide s uppo rt fo r a wo rking pla tfo rm mus t:

1. Ha ve a dequa te a nd s uita ble mea ns o f a tta chment to pro vide vertica l s uppo rt a nd to res is t a ccidenta l s idewa ys mo vement.2. Be s ta ble in the lo ngitudina l directio n o f the pla tfo rm under the a pplied ho rizo nta l fo rce a nd ha ve a fa cto r o f s a fety o f no t les s tha n 1.5.3. Be fitted with gua rdra ils , midra ils a nd to ebo a rds o n a ll pla tfo rms .

Ladder bracketsLa dder bra ckets tha t a re us ed fo r s uppo rting a wo rking pla tfo rm fo r the purpo s e o f pa inting o nly mus t s a tis fy the fo llo wing requirements :

1. Bra ckets a re a tta ched to la dders no t inferio r to the requirements s et o ut in NZ S: 3609 Timber la dders o r NZ S 5233 Po rta ble la dders (o ther tha ntimber la dders ).

2. The la dders us ed fo r a tta ching the bra ckets do no t exceed a ma ximum wo rking length o f 7.8m.3. The to p rung to which ea ch bra cket is a tta ched is no t mo re tha n three-qua rters o f the la dder's wo rking length fro m the fo o t o f the la dder.4. Preca utio ns a re ta ken to ens ure tha t the feet a nd to ps o f la dders a re s o s uppo rted tha t the la dders will no t s lide s idewa ys o r o utwa rds .5. Only o ne pers o n wo rks o n the pla tfo rm a t o ne time a nd, if the pla tfo rm is being us ed in a public pla ce, a s eco nd wo rker is o n ha nd to a s s is t if

mis ha ps o ccur a nd in s etting up a nd mo ving la dders , bra ckets a nd s ca ffo ld pla nks .6. The s pa n a nd qua lity o f the pla nk us ed co mplies with the pro vis io ns rela ting to light-duty wo rking pla tfo rms .7. As a wo rking pla tfo rm edge pro tectio n is required. While this is no t impo s s ible to a chieve it is s ugges ted tha t a lterna tive, mo re pra ctica ble a nd

s a fer metho ds be utilis ed s uch a s s cis s o r ho is ts , tube a nd clip o r pro prieta ry s ca ffo lding.

1.2.3.3 Trest les and t ripodsDefinitionsA tres tle is a s elf s uppo rting meta l o r timber s ta nd, inco rpo ra ting o ne o r mo re ho rizo nta l member, o n which a wo rking pla tfo rm ma y be la id. Steel tres tles

a re o ften teles co pic a nd o f the fo lding type.

A tripo d is a three-legged s ta nd fo r s uppo rting o ne end o f a ho rizo nta l bea m o n which a wo rking pla tfo rm ma y be la id.

Special requirements

1. The des ign a nd co ns tructio n o f s teel tres tles needs to be to a reco gnis ed s ta nda rd. Refer to AS/NZ S 1892.1 Sectio n 6 Pa rticula r requirements fo rtres tle la dders a nd to AS/NZ S 1576.5 Prefa brica ted s plithea ds a nd tres tles .

2. The lo a ding o f wo rking pla tfo rms is genera lly res tricted to light duty (225kg). Lo a dings fo r pla nks a nd ma nufa cturer's ins tructio ns mus t be a dheredto .

3. The ra tio o f height o f tres tle to s prea d o f legs s ho uld no t exceed 3. Fo r s a fe erectio n a nd us e refer to ma nufa cturer's ins tructio ns .4. The ma ximum s pa n o f timber s ca ffo ld pla nks a ble to be us ed o n tres tles is 2.4m.5. Tres tles s ho uld be erected o n firm a nd level gro und to pro vide ma ximum s uppo rt.6. As a wo rking pla tfo rm edge pro tectio n is required. While this is no t impo s s ible to a chieve it is s ugges ted tha t a lterna tive, mo re pra ctica ble a nd

s a fer metho ds be utilis ed s uch a s s cis s o r ho is ts , tube a nd clip o r pro prieta ry s ca ffo lding.

1.3 Legislat ive and regulat ory cont ext

1.3.1 The Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992Object of t he ActThe o bject o f the HSE Act is the preventio n o f ha rm to a ll pers o ns a t wo rk a nd o ther pers o ns in, o r in the vicinity o f, a pla ce o f wo rk. To do this , it impo s esduties o n emplo yers , emplo yees , principa ls a nd o thers , a nd pro mo tes excellence in hea lth a nd s a fety ma na gement by emplo yers . It a ls o pro vides fo r thema king o f regula tio ns a nd co des o f pra ctice.

Employers' dut iesEmplo yers ha ve the mo s t duties to perfo rm to ens ure the hea lth a nd s a fety o f emplo yees . Emplo yers ha ve a genera l duty to ta ke a ll pra ctica ble s teps toens ure the s a fety o f emplo yees a t wo rk. In pa rticula r, they a re required to ta ke a ll pra ctica ble s teps to :

Pro vide a nd ma inta in a s a fe wo rking enviro nment.Pro vide a nd ma inta in fa cilities fo r the s a fety a nd hea lth o f emplo yees a t wo rk.Ens ure tha t the ma chinery a nd equipment is s a fe fo r emplo yees .Pro vide pro tective clo thing a nd equipment.Ens ure tha t wo rking a rra ngements a re no t ha za rdo us to emplo yees .Pro vide pro cedures to dea l with emergencies tha t ma y a ris e while emplo yees a re a t wo rk.

Ta king "a ll pra ctica ble s teps ", mea ns ta king a ll s teps to ma inta in hea lth a nd s a fety tha t ca n rea s o na bly be expected in the circums ta nces , ha ving rega rd tothe:

Na ture a nd the s everity o f the ha rm tha t ma y be s uffered if the duty o f ca re is no t perfo rmed.Current s ta te o f kno wledge a bo ut the likeliho o d tha t ha rm o f tha t na ture a nd s everity co uld o ccur if hea lth a nd s a fety is no t ma inta ined.Current s ta te o f kno wledge a bo ut ha rm o f tha t na ture.Current s ta te o f kno wledge a bo ut the mea ns a va ila ble to a chieve s a fe a nd hea lthy res ults , a nd a bo ut the likely effica cy o f ta king s uch a ctio n.Ava ila bility a nd co s t o f ea ch o f thes e mea ns , to ens ure s a fety.

Hazard managementEmplo yers mus t identify a nd regula rly review ha za rds in the pla ce o f wo rk (exis ting, new a nd po tentia l) to determine whether they a re s ignifica nt ha za rdsa nd require further a ctio n.

Emplo yers a re required to reco rd deta ils o f ha rm o r s itua tio ns tha t co uld ha ve ca us ed ha rm in their pla ce o f wo rk. Emplo yers a re a ls o required toinves tiga te incidents where s erio us ha rm o ccurs to determine if it wa s ca us ed by o r a ro s e fro m a s ignifica nt ha za rd.

This is pa rticula rly co ncerned with:

Serio us ha rm; o rHa rm (being mo re tha n trivia l) where the s everity o f effects o n a ny pers o n depends (entirely o r a mo ng o ther things ) o n the extent o r frequency o fthe pers o ns expo s ure to the ha za rd; o rHa rm tha t do es no t us ua lly o ccur, o r us ua lly is no t ea s ily detecta ble, until a s ignifica nt time a fter expo s ure to the ha za rd.

Where the ha za rd is s ignifica nt the HSE Act s ets o ut s teps fo r emplo yers to ta ke, na mely:

Where pra ctica ble, elimina te the ha za rd.If elimina tio n is no t pra ctica ble, is o la te the ha za rd.If it is impra ctica ble to elimina te o r is o la te the ha za rd co mpletely, then the emplo yer mus t minimis e the ha za rd to emplo yees .

Where a ha za rd ca nno t be elimina ted o r is o la ted emplo yers mus t in a dditio n, where a ppro pria te:

Ens ure tha t pro tective clo thing a nd equipment is pro vided, a cces s ible a nd us ed.Mo nito r emplo yees ' expo s ure to the ha za rd.Seek the co ns ent o f emplo yees to mo nito r their hea lth.With info rmed co ns ent, mo nito r emplo yees ' hea lth.

Informat ion for employeesBefo re emplo yees begin wo rk, they mus t be info rmed by their emplo yers o f:

Ha za rds they ma y be expo s ed to while a t wo rk.Ha za rds they ma y crea te tha t co uld ha rm o ther peo ple.Ho w to minimis e thes e ha za rds beco ming a s o urce o f ha rm to thems elves a nd o thers .The lo ca tio n o f s a fety equipment.Emergency pro cedures .

Emplo yers a re a ls o required to info rm emplo yees o f the res ults o f a ny hea lth a nd s a fety mo nito ring. In do ing s o , the priva cy o f individua l emplo yees mus tbe pro tected.

Employers t o involve employees in developing healt h and safet y proceduresEmplo yers mus t pro vide rea s o na ble o ppo rtunity fo r their emplo yees to pa rticipa te in o ngo ing pro ces s es fo r the impro vement o f hea lth a nd s a fety in theirpla ce o f wo rk.

Training for employeesEmplo yers mus t ens ure emplo yees a re either s ufficiently experienced to do their wo rk o r a re a dequa tely s upervis ed by a n experienced pers o n. In a dditio nemplo yees mus t be a dequa tely tra ined in the s a fe us e o f equipment in the wo rkpla ce, including pro tective clo thing a nd s a fety equipment.

Safet y of people who are not employeesEmplo yers a re a ls o res po ns ible fo r the hea lth a nd s a fety o f peo ple who a re no t emplo yees . Emplo yers mus t ta ke a ll pra ctica ble s teps to ens ure tha templo yees do no t ha rm a ny o ther pers o n while they a re a t wo rk, including members o f the public o r vis ito rs to the pla ce o f wo rk.

Dut ies of employees and self employed personsEmplo yees a nd s elf-emplo yed pers o ns a re res po ns ible fo r their o wn s a fety a nd hea lth while a t wo rk. They mus t a ls o ens ure tha t their a ctio ns do no t ha rma nyo ne els e. Ho wever, their res po ns ibilities do no t detra ct fro m tho s e o f the emplo yer o r principa l.

Dut ies of principals, cont ract ors, scaffolding erect ors and users of scaffoldsAll tho s e invo lved in the erectio n, a ltera tio n, us e a nd dis ma ntling o f s ca ffo lding ha ve res po ns ibilities under the HSE Act, bo th fo r the s ca ffo lding pro ces sa nd fo r the pro tectio n o f tho s e who us e the s ca ffo ld in the co urs e o f their wo rk. While the a ctua l s ca ffo lding pro ces s ca n va ry fro m pro ject to pro ject, it isup to tho s e invo lved to cla rify their va rio us res po ns ibilities .

No te tha t a pa rty ca n ha ve res po ns ibilities s imulta neo us ly a s bo th a principa l a nd a n emplo yer.

Specific duties o f ea ch pa rty to the s ca ffo lding pro ces s ma y include the fo llo wing.

A. Pro perty develo pers , pro ject ma na gement co ns ulta nts , o wners , a nd pers o ns who co ntro l the wo rkpla ce need to ens ure tha t:Adequa tely qua lified co ntra cto rs a nd co ns ulta nts a re emplo yed o n the pro ject.Sufficient mo nies a re a va ila ble to fund the wo rks a nd the tempo ra ry wo rks s o tha t pro vis io ns ca n be ma de to pro tect emplo yers ,emplo yees a nd o thers a ga ins t the va rio us ha za rds tha t ma y a ris e.

B. Ma in co ntra cto rs , pro ject ma na gement co ns ulta nts o r s ubco ntra cto rs who enga ge o thers o r co ntra ct fo r the erectio n o f a s ca ffo ld need to :Pla n the wo rk to be ca rried o ut fro m the s ca ffo ld a nd s pecify a ny s pecia l requirements fo r the s ca ffo ld, e.g. a ny lo a ds the s ca ffo ld ma y beexpected to ca rry.Co o rdina te the erectio n, us e a nd dis ma ntling o f the s ca ffo ld.Ens ure the s a fety o f o thers who ma y be in the vicinity o f the s ca ffo ld, including members o f the public.Pro vide fo r public pro tectio n, including ga ntries a nd s creening. This ma y include co o rdina tio n with lo ca l a utho rities a nd o bta ining permitsa s neces s a ry.Pro vide info rma tio n a bo ut fo unda tio n co nditio ns fo r the s ca ffo ld including, if neces s a ry, info rma tio n a bo ut the s trength o f vera nda hs a nds us pended s la bs upo n which the s ca ffo ld is to be erected.Pro vide info rma tio n a bo ut the pro ximity o f po werlines a nd pro tective metho ds .Clea rly co mmunica te to the s ca ffo lding erecto r via s pecifica tio ns , dra wings , o r o ther info rma tio n, the s co pe a nd a ll requirements fo r thes ca ffo ld.Co o rdina te/delega te a ll s ubs equent ins pectio ns a nd a ltera tio ns needed to ens ure the s a fety o f the s ca ffo ld a nd tho s e us ing it. This includesthe need to ens ure tha t a s ca ffo ld regis ter o r s ca ffo ld reco rd s ys tem is kept up to da te.Ens ure pro tectio n o f the s ca ffo ld fro m co ns tructio n vehicles o r o ther vehicles in the vicinity, including co o rdina tio n o f cra ne a ctivities o verthe s ca ffo ld.

C. Sca ffo lding erectio n co mpa nies mus t:Develo p a clea r unders ta nding o f the s ca ffo ld required a nd the wo rk tha t is to be ca rried o ut fro m the s ca ffo ld, including the need fo rpro tective ga ntries , s creening, fo unda tio n co nditio ns , po wer ca bles , etc.Des ign a nd pla n the s ca ffo ld a nd the erectio n pro ces s , including co o rdina tio n with o ther emplo yers who a re in the vicinity, to ens ure s a fetyduring co ns tructio n, us e, a ltera tio n a nd la ter dis ma ntling o f the s ca ffo ld.Pro vide a s ca ffo ld tha t co mplies with the ma nufa cturer's s pecifica tio n a nd the BPG .On co mpletio n o f the erectio n o f the s ca ffo ld, ins pect a nd certify tha t it is s a fe fo r us e a nd ha nd o ver the s ca ffo ld to the principa l. The ha ndo ver mus t include a ny info rma tio n tha t co uld a ffect s ubs equent us ers o f the s ca ffo ld a nd a ny limita tio ns o n the s ca ffo ld.Co o rdina te with the principa l o n the need fo r s ubs equent ins pectio ns a nd a ltera tio ns a s wo rk pro ceeds o n the pro ject e.g. a ltera tio n o fwo rking pla tfo rms , increa s ing the height o f the s ca ffo ld, etc.

D. Us ers o f the s ca ffo ld mus t:Unders ta nd a ny limita tio ns o f the s ca ffo ld tha t co uld a ffect their wo rk, e.g. lo a d limits .No t a lter the s ca ffo ld in a ny wa y.Lia is e with the ma in co ntra cto r o r the s ca ffo ld erecto r to ha ve ties , wo rking pla tfo rms , etc relo ca ted o r a ltered a s neces s a ry.Ca rry o ut their o wn wo rk s o a s no t to enda nger o thers in the vicinity.

Accident s and serious harm (records and not if icat ions)The HSE Act requires emplo yers , principa ls a nd s elf-emplo yed peo ple to keep a regis ter o f a ll wo rk-rela ted a ccidents a nd s erio us ha rm. This includes everya ccident tha t ha rmed o r might ha ve ha rmed a pers o n.

Emplo yers , principa ls a nd s elf-emplo yed peo ple a re a ls o required to inves tiga te a ll a ccidents , ha rm a nd nea r mis s es to determine whether they wereca us ed by a s ignifica nt ha za rd.

Emplo yers , principa ls a nd s elf-emplo yed peo ple a re required to no tify s erio us ha rm tha t o ccurs to peo ple in the wo rkpla ce, o r in rela tio n to the wo rk beingco nducted to Wo rkSa fe NZ a s s o o n a s po s s ible. Wo rkSa fe NZ will a dvis e whether it wis hes to inves tiga te the a ccident a nd wha t a ctio n ma y be ta ken inthe mea ntime.

No tify s erio us ha rm

1.3.2 The Health and Safety in Employment Regulations 1995Regula tio ns a re pro mulga ted fro m time to time under the HSE Act. Lega lly, the requirements o f bo th the Act a nd its regula tio ns mus t be co mplied with.

Regula tio ns ma y, a mo ng o ther things , impo s e duties o n emplo yers , emplo yees , des igners , ma nufa cturers , a nd o thers rela ting to hea lth a nd s a fety. Thes eregula tio ns ma y a pply with res pect to pla ces o f wo rk, pla nt, pro ces s es o r s ubs ta nces a nd ma y dea l with pa rticula r pro blems tha t ha ve a ris en.

The ma in regula tio ns a pplying to s ca ffo lding a re the Hea lth a nd Sa fety in Emplo yment Regula tio ns 1995.

http://www.business.govt.nz/resolveuid/010f6301f6c117ad37473b97ed997453

The Hea lth a nd Sa fety in Emplo yment Regula tio ns define s ca ffo lding a s :

Any a dva nced s ca ffo lding, ba s ic s ca ffo lding, o r s us pended s ca ffo lding o r a ny fra mewo rk o r s tructure, o f a tempo ra ry na ture, us ed o r intended to be us edfo r: the s uppo rt o r pro tectio n o f pers o ns ca rrying o ut co ns tructio n wo rk o r wo rk co nnected with co ns tructio n wo rk, fo r the purpo s e o f ca rrying o ut tha two rk o r; the s uppo rt o f ma teria ls us ed in co nnectio n with a ny s uch wo rk. This includes a ny s ca ffo lding co ns tructed a s s uch a nd no t dis ma ntled, whether o rno t it is being us ed a s s ca ffo lding, a nd a ls o includes a ny co upling, device, fa s tening, fitting, o r pla nk us ed in co nnectio n with the co ns tructio n, erectio n, o rus e o f s ca ffo lding.

Other regula tio ns which ma y be releva nt to s ca ffo lding wo rk include tho s e rela ted to building a nd co ns tructio n, pro duct a nd ma teria l s pecifica tio ns , s a fety,us e o f da ngero us pro ducts (including a s bes to s ) a nd res o urce ma na gement.

Regula tio ns a nd legis la tio n ma y be s ea rched a nd a cces s ed via the link belo w.

http://www.legis la tio n.go vt.nz/

1.3.3 Scope of scaf folding work in the HSE RegulationsBasic scaffolding includes:

Fa ll a rres t s ys tems .Free s ta nding mo dula r s ca ffo lding s ys tems .G in wheels .Ro pes .Sta tic lines .

Suspended scaffolding includes:

Bo a ts wa in's cha irs , whether ha nd ha uled o r mecha nica l.Swing s ta ges , whether ha nd ha uled o r mecha nica l.

Advanced scaffolding includes:

Ba s ic s ca ffo lding.Sus pended s ca ffo lding.Ba rro w ra mps .Bra cket s ca ffo lds fo r ta nk wo rk a nd fo rmwo rk.Ca ntilevered s ca ffo lds .Ca tch nets .Ho is ts tha t a re ca ntilevered fro m a s ca ffo ld, ha ve a lo a d limit no t exceeding 250kg a nd a re us ed fo r ma teria ls o nly.Hung s ca ffo lding, including s ca ffo lding hung fro m a cha in, tube o r wire ro peLo a d pla tfo rms ca ntilevered fro m a s ca ffo ld.Ma s t climbers .Sa fety nets fo r public pro tectio n.Sca ffo lding a s s o cia ted with perimeter s a fety s creens o r s hutters .S lo ping pla tfo rms .Spurred s ca ffo lds .Tube a nd fitting s ca ffo lding, including co vered wa ys o r ga ntries ma de o f tube a nd fitting s ca ffo lding.Bo a ts wa in's cha irs , whether ha nd ha uled o r mecha nica l.Swing s ta ges , whether ha nd ha uled o r mecha nica l.

1.3.4 Duty in relation to scaf folding under the HSE RegulationsSca ffo lding mus t be:

Suita ble fo r the purpo s e fo r which it is to be us ed.Pro perly co ns tructed o f s o und ma teria ls .Co ns tructed with s ufficient res erve o f s trength ha ving rega rd to the lo a ds a nd s tres s es to which it ma y be s ubjected.Sufficient in a mo unt fo r the purpo s e fo r which it is to be us ed.

Thes e duties a re the prima ry res po ns ibility o f the emplo yer under the Hea lth a nd Sa fety Regula tio ns .

Requirement s of t he scaffolder:

Ha ve a tho ro ugh kno wledge o f the us e o r us es in rega rd to the type o r types o f s ca ffo lding being erected, a ltered o r dis ma ntled.Ha ve a tho ro ugh kno wledge o f the erectio n, ma intena nce, repa ir a nd dis ma ntling in rega rd to the type o r types o f s ca ffo lding being emplo yed.Ha ve a tho ro ugh kno wledge o f the pra ctices tha t mus t be fo llo wed in rega rd to the type o r types o f s ca ffo lding being erected, a ltered o rdis ma ntled.Ha ve s uita ble tra ining, including recent experience, in the us e, erectio n, ma intena nce a nd dis ma ntling o f s ca ffo lding in rega rd to the type o r types o fs ca ffo lding being emplo yed.

Thes e duties a re a pplied with rega rd to ea ch cla s s o f certifica te o f co mpetence a s prerequis ites fo r its is s ue o r renewa l.

1.4 Scaffolding t erminologyA-B | C-D | E-F | G -H | I-J | K-L | M-N | O-P | Q-R | S-T | U-V | W-X-Y-Z

A-BAcces s o ry: A fitting tha t is a ble to be a tta ched to a s tructura l member o f a s ca ffo ld, o r to jo in a s tructura l member to s o mething els e.

Acces s pla tfo rm: A pla tfo rm tha t gives a cces s to a nd fro m pla ces o f wo rk fo r pers o ns , ma teria ls o r equipment.

Act: The Hea lth a nd Sa fety in Emplo yment Act 1992.

Adjus ta ble ba s epla te: A ba s epla te with a n a djus ta ble leg.

Adjus ta ble leg: A threa ded ba r o r tube with nut des igned to fit ins ide a s ta nda rd to s uppo rt the lo a d fro m the s ta nda rd. Us ed fo r levelling in co njunctio nwith a ba s epla te, U-hea d o r ca s to r.

Adjus ta ble wrench: Cres cent o r s hifter.

Ancho ra ge: Co mpo nents ca s t o r fixed (tempo ra rily o r perma nently into the building o r s tructure fo r the purpo s e o f a tta ching a s ca ffo ld tie a nd/o r a

http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/searchquick.aspx

ha rnes s s ys tem.

Als o refers to the ho lding do wn s ys tem fo r ca ntilevered bea ms when referring to s us pended s ca ffo lds o r ca ntilevered s ca ffo ld.

Ba rro w ra mp: Sca ffo ld des igned with a s lo ping ra mp with clea ts to prevent s lipping. Us ed to pus h a wheel-ba rro w up a nd do wn o n. A type o f s lo pingpla tfo rm.

Ba s eja ck: Adjus ta ble ba s epla te.

Ba s epla te: A pla te o f s teel tha t is a ble to dis tribute the lo a d fro m a lo a d-bea ring member to a s uppo rting s tructure.

Ba y length: The ho rizo nta l dis ta nce between two lo ngitudina l-a dja cent s ta nda rds o r the ho rizo nta l dis ta nce between s uppo rt po ints o n a s us pendeds winging s ta ge.

Ba y width: The ho rizo nta l dis ta nce between a ny two tra ns vers ely a dja cent s ta nda rds o r the width o f a s us pended s wing s ta ge.

Bea m cha ffer: A s ho rt length o f ma teria l, s o metimes ha lf ro und us ed to pro tect the s ha rp edge o f a bea m when us ing ro pes s lings o r cha ins .

Bea m cla mp: A fitting tha t is a ble to s ecure tube, s ling o r cha in to a univers a l bea m (UB) ro lled s teel jo is t (RSJ) o r ta pered fla nge bea m.

Birdca ge s ca ffo ld: An independent s ca ffo ld genera lly us ed to a cces s a la rge a rea like a ceiling. Sca ffo ld us ed to fill in a vo id.

Building Ma intena nce Unit (BMU): Prefa brica ted s winging s ta ge perma nently fixed o n a building.

Bo a rds : Sca ffo ld pla nk.

Bo a ts wa in's cha ir: A s us pended s ca ffo ld o f which the pla tfo rm is a cha ir o r s imila r device s uita ble fo r o ne pers o n. It ca n be ra is ed o r lo wered mecha nica llyo r by ha nd ha ula ge.

Bo x tie: A tie a s s embly tha t is po s itively fixed to every s ide o f a co lumn o r bea m.

Bra ce: A member fixed dia go na lly to two o r mo re members o f a s ca ffo ld to pro vide rigidity to the s ca ffo ld.

Bra cket: Engineer des igned bra cket tha t is a tta ched to a s tructure to s uppo rt a s ca ffo ld.

Brickgua rd: A mes hed pa nel s ecured between s ta nda rds tha t ha ngs between the to p gua rdra il to the deck level. It s o metimes inco rpo ra tes a to ebo a rd.

Butt: A s ho rt length o f tube co mmo nly fixed to a s ca ffo ld a nd butted up a ga ins t a no ther s tructure.

Butterfly co upler: S ingle do uble fla p co upler.

Butt pla nk: Sta nda rd s ca ffo ld pla nks butted end to end a s o ppo s ed to la pping.

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C-DCa ntilevered s ca ffo ld: A s ca ffo ld tha t is s uppo rted o n lo a d-bea ring members tha t a re extended fro m the s tructure a nd held within the s tructure by thro ughbo lts o r pro pping.

Ca s to r: A s wivelling wheel a tta ched to the lo wer end o f a s ta nda rd, fo r the purpo s e o f s uppo rting a mo ving s ca ffo ld.

Ca tch fa n: A ca ntilevered pla tfo rm o r s tructure a tta ched to a s ca ffo ld to co nta in fa lling debris a nd pro vide pro tectio n belo w the s ca ffo lding. Als o us edgenerica lly fo r ca tch pla tfo rms & ca tch s creens

Ca tch pla tfo rm: A pla tfo rm a tta ched to a s ca ffo ld, to co nta in fa lling debris .

Ca tch s creen: A s creen a tta ched to a s ca ffo ld to , to co nta in fa lling debris .

Certifica te o f Co mpetence: Under New Z ea la nd la w a s ca ffo lder requires a current Certifica te o f Co mpetence to erect, a lter a nd dis ma ntle no tifia bles ca ffo lds . Certifica tes o f Co mpetence a re is s ued in Ba s ic, Adva nced a nd Sus pended ca tego ries a nd a re endo rs ed fo r different types o f s ca ffo lding.

Cha rtered Engineer: A Cha rtered Pro fes s io na l Engineer (CPEng) is a s ta tuto ry qua lity ma rk tha t indica tes a pro fes s io na l engineer's current co mpetence topra ctice in New Z ea la nd. Cha rtered Pro fes s io na l Engineers a re lis ted publicly o n the CPEng regis ter a t www.ipenz.o rg.nz/ipenz/

Check co upler: A right a ngle co upler o r s wivel co upler tha t is fixed ha rd up a ga ins t a lo a d bea ring co upler to res trict o r prevent s lippa ge o f the lo a dbea ring co upler a lo ng the tube.

Cho rd: A principa l lo ngitudina l member o f a s ca ffo ld bea m o r trus s .

Co lumn tie: Refer bo x tie.

Co mpetent pers o n: A pers o n who ha s the kno wledge a nd s kills to ca rry o ut a pa rticula r ta s k. Skills a nd kno wledge ma y be a cquired thro ugh tra ining,qua lifica tio n, o r experience, o r a co mbina tio n o f thes e.

Co nta inment s heeting: Screening a tta ched to a s ca ffo ld to prevent the dis lo dgment o f to o ls a nd ma teria ls fro m a wo rking pla tfo rm o r to pro tect thepeo ple us ing the s ca ffo ld fro m the elements .

Co unter weight: A weight o r s eries o f weights tha t co unterba la nce a s ca ffo ld a ga ins t o verturning.

Co upler: A fitting tha t jo ins two tubes .

Cra dle: The po rtio n o f a s us pended s ca ffo ld tha t inco rpo ra tes a s us pended pla tfo rm.

Cra ne: A mecha nica l lifting ma chine (to wer cra ne o r mo bile cra ne).

Direct s upervis io n: In this co ntext direct s upervis io n mea ns within rea ch, o r within vis ua l co nta ct to ens ure immedia te a s s is ta nce ca n be pro vided in theevent o f a n emergency.

Dis ma ntle: To dis a s s emble a s ca ffo ld.

Do g leg bra ce: A tra ns vers e bra ce.

DOL: The Depa rtment o f La bo ur

Do uble co upler: A right a ngle co upler.

Do uble ro pe s us pens io n s ys tem: A metho d o f s us pending a s winging s ta ge o r bo a ts wa ins cha ir us ing two ro pes per s us pens io n po int.

Dro p s ca ffo ld o r Dro pper: A ha nging s ca ffo ld o r hung s ca ffo ld.

Dunna ge: Pa cking us ed under a lo a d to a llo w fo rklift a cces s o r to a llo w s linging devices to be pa s s ed under the lo a d. Ca n be us ed to dis tribute the lo a d o rto s uppo rt pa rt o f the lo a d.

Duty s ca ffo ld: Live lo a ds permitted o n a s ca ffo ld ba y, (light, medium, hea vy o r s pecia l) peo ple, pla nt a nd ma teria ls .

E-FEdge pro tectio n: A ba rrier o r s ys tem to prevent a fa ll fro m height.

Egres s : Exit a n a rea o r wo rk pla tfo rm. (Oppo s ite to a cces s ).

Electrica l co nducto r wires : Po wer lines .

End to end co upler: A co upler us ed to jo in two tubes end to end (jo iner, interna l o r externa l).

Erectio n: To a s s emble a s ca ffo ld.

Externa l jo iner: A co upler us ed to jo in two tubes end to end tha t fit o ver the o uts ide o f the tubes (mus t ha ve a s epa ra tio n pla te between the tubes ).

Eye bo lt: A co mpo nent tha t a tta ches to a s tructure with a n eye to ena ble s o mething to be s ecured.

Fa ce bra ce: A lo ngitudina l bra ce.

Fa cto r o f s a fety: The ra tio between the ultima te a nd permis s ible s tres s .

Fa ls e s ta nda rd: A puncheo n.

Fa ls ewo rk: Any tempo ra ry s tructure us ed to s uppo rt a perma nent s tructure while the perma nent s tructure is no t s elf s uppo rting.

http://www.ipenz.org.nz/ipenz/

Fibre ro pe: A na tura l fibre ro pe us ed fo r ha nd ha ula ge.

Fla nge cla mp: A lo a d-bea ring cla mp fo r co nnecting tube to a fla nge o f a s tructura l s teel member.

Fo o twea r: Sa fety s ho es o r bo o ts us ed o n co ns tructio n s ites .

Fo rkhea d: U-Hea d ja ck us ed fo r s uppo rting a nd lo ca ting a s ta nda rd o ver a bea rer o r a bea rer o ver a s ta nda rd.

Fo unda tio ns : The s uppo rt benea th a s ca ffo ld o r s tructure tha t dis tributes the impo s ed lo a ds (gro und).

Fra me s ca ffo ld: A s ca ffo ld a s s embled fro m prefa brica ted fra mes , bra ces a nd a cces s o ries .

Frees ta nding s ca ffo ld: A s ca ffo ld tha t is no t a tta ched to a ny o ther s tructure a nd is s ta ble a ga ins t o verturning o n its o wn a cco unt o r if neces s a ry a s s is tedby s ta bilis ers , o utriggers , o r ra ker o r bo ls ter ba ys .

Fulcrum po int: The po int o f pivo t nea res t the o uts ide edge o f a s us pens io n rig a nd a bo ut which the ba la ncing mo ments o f a s us pens io n rig a re ca lcula ted.

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G-HG a ntry: A s tructure tha t is prima rily intended to s uppo rt a pro tectio n deck o r po rta ble building. A ga ntry ca n be co ns tructed fro m s ca ffo lding, s tructura ls teel o r timber.

G irder clip: A fla nge clip o r bea m cla mp.

G irder tro lley: An a s s embly tha t lo cks o ver a s teel fla nge but ca n be ro lled a lo ng the fla nge.

G in wheel: A wheel hung fro m a s ca ffo ld tha t a ro pe runs thro ugh to ra is e a nd lo wer ma teria ls .

G ua rdra il: A ho rizo nta l s tructura l member to prevent pers o ns fro m fa lling o ff a ny pla tfo rm, wa lkwa y, s ta irs o r la nding.

H Fra me: A prefa brica ted fra me in the s ha pe o f a n H.

Ha mmer: Sca ffo lders ' po dger ha mmer.

Ha nd ba lling: Pa s s ing equipment fro m o ne level o f a s ca ffo ld to a no ther.

Ha nd o ver certifica te: A certifica te certifying a s ca ffo ld s a fe a nd giving its individua l s pecifica tio ns tha t the client s igns a nd returns .

Ha nd ra il: A ra il to pro vide ha ndho ld o n a pla tfo rm o r s ta irwa y. It ma y fo rm pa rt o f a gua rdra il.

To pHa nging s ca ffo ld: A wo rking pla tfo rm hung by tubes , bo lts , fixed ro pe s lings o r o ther metho ds a nd no t intended fo r ra is ing o r lo wering while in us e.Als o kno wn a s hung s ca ffo ld.

Height: The dis ta nce a pers o n ca n fa ll fro m a s ca ffo ld.

Height o f s ca ffo ld: The vertica l dis ta nce fro m the s uppo rting s tructure to the highes t wo rking pla tfo rm.

Hea vy duty: The duty lo a ding o f a s ca ffo ld to 675kg per ba y (men, ma teria ls a nd pla nt).

Hemping: The pro ces s o f jo ining a dditio na l s ta nda rds to the to p o f exis ting s ta nda rds . Als o referred to a s to pping up.

Ho a rdings : Pa nels us ed to pa rtitio n a rea s like wa lkwa ys a nd perimeter fences - us ed to co nta in a nd pro tect.

Ho is t: Mecha nica l a s s embly fo r ra is ing a nd lo wering pers o nnel o r ma teria ls (s winging s ta ge mo to r).

I-JInbo a rd: The po rtio n o f a s us pens io n rig tha t is o n the ins ide o f the fulcrum (ta il length) o f a n o utrigger o r needle.

Ins ide Dia meter (ID): The dis ta nce a cro s s the ins ide o f a circula r o bject, pipe o r s imila r.

Interna l jo iner: An interna l end to end co upler fo r jo ining two tubes .

Jo iner: A co upler fo r jo ining two tubes end to end (externa l a nd interna l).

Jo int pin: Sa me a s interna l jo iner.

K-LKeeper clip: A check co upler.

Key: Sca ffo ld s pa nner.

Kickbo a rd: A to ebo a rd.

La dder: An a pplia nce o n which a pers o n ma y a s cend o r des cend, co ns is ting o f two s tiles jo ined a t regula r interva ls by cro s s pieces (clea ts , rungs s teps o rtrea ds ).

La dder a cces s to wer: An independent s ca ffo ld ba y a tta ched to a s ca ffo ld with interna l la dder a cces s pro vided.

La dder bea m: A s ca ffo ld bea m with cho rd s tiffeners a t right a ngles to the cho rds (a bea m in the ba s ic s ha pe a s a la dder o n its s ide).

La dder bra cket: A bra cket s ca ffo ld co ns is ting o f two o r mo re la dders tha t s uppo rt pla nks by mea ns o f bra ckets , to pro vide a wo rking pla tfo rm.

La dder cla mp: A fitting inco rpo ra ting a bo lt a nd a nut us ed to s ecure a la dder to a s ca ffo ld tube.

La nding: A level a rea pro viding a cces s to a s ta irwa y o r la dder, o r lo ca ted a t a n intermedia te level in a s ys tem o f s ta irwa ys a nd la ndings .

La nya rd: An a s s embly des igned to co nnect a ha rnes s to a n a ncho r po int.

Ledger: A ho rizo nta l s tructura l member tha t lo ngitudina lly s pa ns between a dja cent s ta nda rds .

To pLevel: A device us ed to find the vertica l, ho rizo nta l a nd s o metimes 45 degrees o f a s ca ffo lding member.

Lever a rm: The dis ta nce between the fulcrum po int a nd the centre o f gra vity o f a s us pens io n rig.

Lift: The vertica l dis ta nce fro m the s uppo rting s urfa ce to the lo wes t ledger o f a s ca ffo ld o r level a t which a pla tfo rm ca n be co ns tructed.

Als o , the vertica l dis ta nce between a dja cent ledgers o f a s ca ffo ld a t which a pla tfo rm ca n be co ns tructed (a vera ge lift 2.0m).

Light duty: The duty lo a ding o f a s ca ffo ld to 225kg per ba y (men, ma teria ls a nd pla nt).

Lo a d limiting device: A device tha t limits the lifting ca pa city o f a s ca ffo ld ho is t - us ua lly to a lo a d lighter tha n the s ta lling lo a d o f the ho is t.

Lo a ding ba y: A pla tfo rm o n a s ca ffo ld fo r the s to ra ge o f ma teria ls a nd pla nt. Als o kno wn a s a lo a ding pla tfo rm.

Lo ngitudina l bra ce: A bra ce in the vertica l pla ne o n the fa ce o f a s ca ffo ld to s to p lo ngitudina l mo vement o f the s ca ffo ld.

M-NMa s t climber: A ma s t climbing wo rk pla tfo rm. A wo rk pla tfo rm us ed fo r tempo ra ry purpo s es to ra is e pers o nnel a nd ma teria ls to a wo rking po s itio n, o r to awo rking flo o r level by mea ns s uch a s a ra ck a nd pinio n drive mo unted o n a n extenda ble ma s t, which ca n be tied to a building.

Medium duty: The duty lo a ding o f a s ca ffo ld to 450kg per ba y (men, ma teria ls a nd pla nt).

Member: Anything tha t fo rms pa rt o f the s ca ffo ld a s s embly.

Mes h: Screening us ed o n a s ca ffo ld to prevent dis lo dgment o f pla nt a nd ma teria ls a nd to pro tect wo rkers fro m enviro nmenta l co nditio ns .

Mes h pa nels : Sa me a s a Brickgua rd.

Mid ra il: A member fixed pa ra llel to a nd a bo ve a pla tfo rm, between the gua rdra il a nd the pla tfo rm.

Mo bile s ca ffo ld: An independent frees ta nding s ca ffo ld tha t is mo unted o n ca s to rs .

Mo dula r s ca ffo ld: A prefa brica ted s ca ffo ld a s s embly with individua l co mpo nents , bra ces a nd a cces s o ries o f s et s izes .

Needle: A ca ntilevered s tructura l member tha t s uppo rts a s ca ffo ld.

Ninety degree co upler: A right a ngle co upler.

Ninety degree co upler: A right a ngle co upler.

No de po int: A fixed junctio n between a ledger o r tra ns o m a nd a s ta nda rd.

No mina l Bo re (NB): The ins ide dia meter o f a tube (40mm NB).

No tifia ble wo rk: Pa rticula r ha za rdo us wo rk, a s lis ted in the Hea lth a nd Sa fety in Emplo yment Regula tio ns , tha t mus t be no tified to DOL by wa y o f a writtenno tifica tio n fo rm.

O-POutbo a rd: The po rtio n o f a s us pens io n rig tha t is o n the o uts ide o f the fulcrum po int (o verha ng).

To pOutrigger: The member o f a s us pens io n rig tha t a cts a s a needle o r a co mpo nent tha t increa s es the effective ba s e dimens io n o f a to wer a nd isa tta ched to a vertica l lo a d bea ring member.

Outs ide Dia meter (OD): The dis ta nce a cro s s the o uts ide o f a circula r o bject.

Pa ra llel co upler: A lo a d bea ring co upler fo r ma king a la p o r s plice jo int between tubes .

Pa ra pet: A vertica l element us ua lly lo ca ted a t the edge o f a ba lco ny, ro o f, bridge o r s imila r.

Pa ra pet ho o k: A cla mp o r bra cket pla ced o ver a pa ra pet fro m which to s us pend a s ca ffo ld.

Pers o nnel ho is t: A mecha nica l ho is t des igned to ca rry peo ple.

Pintle: A pro jectio n a t the to p o f a ca s to r tha t is us ed to lo ca te the vertica l member o f a mo bile s ca ffo ld (150mm minimum s tem).

Pla n bra ce: A bra ce in the ho rizo nta l pla ne tha t is a tta ched to s ta nda rds o n o ppo s ite s ides o f a s ca ffo ld.

Pla nk: A co mpo nent us ed to fo rm a wo rking pla tfo rm o r deck.

Pla tfo rm: An eleva ted s urfa ce.

Pla tfo rm bra cket: A bra cket a tta ched to a s ca ffo ld tha t a llo ws a pla tfo rm to be pla ced between the s ca ffo ld a nd the building o r s tructure.

Po dger ha mmer: A s teel to o l us ed fo r the lo cking a nd relea s ing o f typica l mo dula r s ca ffo lding fixing devices . Ma y ha ve a ta pered lo ca ting end fo r centringho les in two o bjects pla ced to gether.

Prefa brica ted pla tfo rm: A fra med a s s embly o f o ne ba y length, inco rpo ra ting a wa lking s urfa ce, tha t is ca pa ble o f co nnecting to its s uppo rt s tructure (decko r ha tch deck).

Prefa brica ted s ca ffo ld: A s ca ffo ld a s s embly fro m prefa brica ted co mpo nents a nd ma nufa ctured s o tha t the co mpo nents o f the s ca ffo ld a re predetermined.

Pro ducer s ta tement: A s uite o f do cuments (PS1-PS4) to pro vide Building Co ns ent Autho rities (BCAs ) with rea s o na ble gro unds fo r the is s ue o f a BuildingCo ns ent o r a Co de Co mplia nce Certifica te.

Pro p: A s ca ffo ld a s s embly us ed to s uppo rt a lo a d tha t is a djus ta ble.

Puncheo n: A vertica l s uppo rting member s uppo rted fro m a no ther s tructura l member o f a s ca ffo ld.

Putlo g: A ho rizo nta l s tructura l member s pa nning between ledgers o r s ta nda rds (tube tra ns o m) tha t is intended to s uppo rt a pla tfo rm.

Putlo g co upler: A co upler fo r fixing a putlo g to a ledger (s ingle co upler).

Q-RRa fter clip: A fitting tha t is a ble to fix a timber bea rer to a s ca ffo ld (e.g. butterfly co upler).

Ra ker: A co mpo nent tha t increa s es the effective ba s e dimens io n o f a s ca ffo ld.

Reductio n co upler: A right a ngle co upler o r s wivel tha t is a ble to jo in two tubes o f different o uts ide dia meters (3x2 co upler). It s ho uld be ma rked a ndclea rly identifia ble. .

Return: A pa rt o f a s ca ffo ld s et up a ro und a co rner o f a building o r s tructure.

Return tra ns o m: A tra ns o m us ed in mo dula r s ca ffo lding tha t is a ble to fix a s ca ffo ld return a t right a ngles to the run o f s ca ffo ld by being s ecured to o r beingpa rt o f a ledger.

To pRevea l: Interna l s ide s urfa ce o f a n o pening o r reces s .

Revea l tie: A s ca ffo lding a s s embly us ed in co mpres s io n within a revea l to s ecure a s ca ffo ld to a s tructure.

Right Angle Co upler (RA): A no n s wivel lo a d bea ring co upler, o ther tha n a putlo g co upler, fo r co nnecting two tubes a t right a ngles .

Ro o f edge pro tectio n: A ba rrier o r s ys tem to prevent wo rkers fa lling fro m the ro o f.

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S-TSa fety ha rnes s : Fa ll a rres t device fo r a rres ting a fa ll, co ns is ting o f ha rnes s , la nya rd, s ho ck a bs o rber a nd s ca ffo ld ho o k.

Sa fety helmet: Pro tective hea dwea r.

Sa fety po licy: Sta tement o f intent a nd co mmitment to pro vide a s a fe pla ce o f wo rk a nd is no rma lly s igned by s enio r ma na gement.

Sa fety ro pe: A s eco nda ry ro pe.

Sa fe Wo rking Lo a d (SWL): The ma ximum lo a d pla ced upo n a n item o r a s s embly tha t is deemed s a fe, which is well belo w the brea king lo a d, fa ilure lo a d o rma ximum lo a d permitted o n the item o r a s s embly.

Sca ffo ld: Refer to s ectio n 1.1 a bo ve.

Sca ffo lder: A pers o n enga ged in erecting, a ltering o r dis ma ntling s ca ffo lding.

Sca ffo lding equipment: Any co mpo nent, a s s embly o r ma chine us ed fo r the co ns tructio n o f s ca ffo lding.

Sca ffo lding ho is t: A lifting a pplia nce (ma nua lly o pera ted o r po wer o pera ted) thro ugh which the s us pens io n ro pe pa s s es .

Screening: Mes h us ed o n a s ca ffo ld to prevent dis lo dgement o f pla nt a nd ma teria ls a nd to pro tect wo rkers fro m enviro nmenta l co nditio ns .

Seco nda ry ro pe: A ro pe no t no rma lly ca rrying the weight o f a cra dle, s us pended wo rk pla tfo rm o r impo s ed lo a d but rigged fo r us e a s a s eco nda rypro tective device.

Sha ckle: A ra ted co mpo nent with a remo va ble pin des igned to co nnect a "ca ble" to a s uppo rting s tructure (e.g. D s ha ckle o r Bo w s ha ckle).

Shutter bra cket s ca ffo ld: A bra cket s ca ffo ld where the bra ckets a re a tta ched to fo rmwo rk s hutters .

S ide ra il: A s tile o n a la dder.

Single co upler: A putlo g co upler either s ingle bla de o r do uble bla ded.

Sleeve co upler: An externa l end to end co upler.

S ling: A lifting device (e.g. web s ling, cha ins , wire ro pes a nd ro pes ).

So lebo a rd o r s o lepla te: A member us ed to dis tribute a lo a d thro ugh a ba s epla te to the s uppo rting s urfa ce o r s uppo rting s tructure.

Slo ping pla tfo rm: Pla tfo rms fo rmed when s ca ffo lding is erected a t a n a ngle up o r do wn o n o r fro m a co nventio na l level s ca ffo ld.

Spa n: The dis ta nce mea s ured a lo ng a member between the centre lines o f s uppo rt po ints (e.g., bea rers s uppo rting a s ca ffo ld pla nk).

To pSpa nner: A s ca ffo lding to o l fo r a djus ting nuts .

Spirit level: A device us ed to find the vertica l, ho rizo nta l a nd s o metimes 45 degrees o f a s ca ffo lding member.

Spur: An inclined lo a d-bea ring member tha t tra ns mits a lo a d to a no ther s tructura l member o f the s ca ffo ld o r to a s uppo rting s tructure.

Spurred s ca ffo ld: A s ca ffo ld tha t is pa rtia lly s uppo rted by inclined lo a d-bea ring members .

Sta bility: Security o f a s ca ffo ld a ga ins t mo vement a nd o verturning.

Sta bilis er: A co mpo nent tha t increa s es the effective ba s e dimens io ns o f a to wer a nd is a tta ched to a vertica l lo a d-bea ring member.

Sta ir trea d bra cket o r fitting A fitting us ed to fix a s tringer in o rder to s uppo rt a s ta ir trea d to ma ke pa rt o f a s ta ir unit.

Sta ir unit: An a s s embly o f s tringers , trea ds , gua rdra ils a nd la ndings us ed o n a s ca ffo ld to tra ns po rt men, ma teria l a nd pla nt fro m o ne level to a no ther.

Sta nchio n: A vertica l member us ed to s uppo rt a gua rdra il, mes h pa nel o r s imila r.

Sta nda rd: A vertica l s tructura l member tha t tra ns mits a lo a d to a s uppo rting s urfa ce o r s tructure

Stile: A member in a la dder tha t s uppo rts rungs , s teps o r trea ds .

Stilla ge: A s ca ffo ld ba s ket o r fra mewo rk des igned to ho ld s ca ffo lding co mpo nents .

Sto p: An a tta chment tha t will limit tra vers ing o f a s us pended wo rk pla tfo rm.

Sto p end: G ua rdra ils fitted to a s ca ffo ld between s ta nda rds a t the end o f a ba y.

Stringer: An inclined member us ed to s uppo rt s ta ir trea ds .

Strut: A s ca ffo lding member tha t s uppo rts a co mpres s ive fo rce.

Stud bra cket s ca ffo ld: A bra cket s ca ffo ld o f which the bra ckets a re a tta ched to s tuds o f a timber fra me building.

Suppo rting s tructure: A s tructure, s tructura l member o r fo unda tio n tha t s uppo rts a s ca ffo ld.

Sus pens io n po int: A po int a t which a s us pens io n ro pe is co nnected to a s us pens io n rig.

Sus pens io n rig: A po rtio n o f a s tructure (including a tro lley tra ck) tha t is mo unted a t a higher level tha n tha t o f a cra dle a nd s uppo rts a nd po s itio ns thecra dle.

Sus pens io n ro pe: A ro pe ca rrying the weight o f a cra dle a nd s uppo rting the impo s ed lo a ds .

Swinging s ta ge: A s us pended s ca ffo ld pla tfo rm tha t ca n be ra is ed o r lo wered mecha nica lly o r by ha nd ha ula ge.

Swivel co upler: A co upler fo r co nnecting two tubes a t a ny a ngle.

Ta nk bra cket s ca ffo ld: A bra cket s ca ffo ld o f which the bra ckets a re a ble to be a tta ched to the fa ce o f a meta l ta nk, duct, bo iler, s tructura l bea m o r s imila r.

Three by two : A right a ngle co upler o r s wivel tha t is a ble to jo in two tubes o f different o uts ide dia meters (3x2 co upler).

Thro ugh tie: A tie a s s embly tha t is po s itively fixed to bo th s ides o f a n o pening thro ugh a building o r s tructure.

To pTie: A member o r a s s embly o f members us ed to tie a s ca ffo ld to a s uppo rting s tructure.

Tie ba r: A member a ble to be fixed to the ca ntilevered end o f a pa ir o f pla tfo rm bra ckets (ho p up bra ckets ) to prevent the bra ckets fro m s prea ding a nd thepla nks fro m beco ming dis lo dged.

To ebo a rd: A s ca ffo ld pla nk, kickbo a rd o r purpo s e des igned co mpo nent fixed o n edge a t the edge o f the pla tfo rm to prevent ma teria ls fa lling fro m thepla tfo rm.

To ebo a rd clip: A fitting us ed to s ecure a to ebo a rd to a s ta nda rd o r s ta nchio n.

Tra inee: A tra inee s ca ffo lder.

Tra ns o m: A ho rizo nta l s tructura l member tra ns vers ely s pa nning a n independent s ca ffo ld between s ta nda rds .

Tra ns vers e bra ce: A bra ce in a pla ne tha t is vertica l a nd a t right a ngles to the building o r s tructure (e.g. do gleg o r pa ra llel bra ce).

Tra p do o r: A ha tch o r o pening pla tfo rm.

Tra vers ing s us pens io n rig: A s us pens io n rig mo unted o n wheels o r ca s to rs s uppo rting a cra dle.

Tres tle s ca ffo ld: A s ca ffo ld co ns is ting o f tres tles a nd pla nks .

Tro lley: A wheeled mecha nis m tha t is a ble to s uppo rt a n a eria l ho is t a nd is ca pa ble o f tra velling a lo ng a s us pended tra ck.

Tro lley tra ck: A s us pens io n ra il tha t s uppo rts a nd guides tro lleys in tra vers ing.

Tube a nd fitting co vered wa y: An independent tube a nd fitting s ca ffo ld tha t is prima rily intended to pro vide o verhea d pro tectio n.

U-VUhea d ja ck: A fo rk hea d ja ck.

Unifo rmly Dis tributed Lo a d (UDL): A lo a d dis tributed evenly a lo ng the length o f a member.

Unit bea m: A s ca ffo ld bea m tha t inco rpo ra tes dia go na l cho rd s tiffeners .

Ves s el s ca ffo lding: Sca ffo lding tha t is erected a ro und a s tructure with a curved pro file (e.g. a ta nk o r chimney). It genera lly enco mpa s s es the entire fa ce o fthe ves s el.

W-X-Y-ZWebbing s lings : A s ling o r s ling device ma de o f webbing.

Whipping: The wra pping o r tying o f a n end o f cut ro pe to s to p fra ying o r unra velling.

Winch: Mecha nica l a s s embly fo r ra is ing a nd lo wering ma teria ls .

Wire ro pe grips : Bull do g clips .

Wo rking lo a d limit: The ma ximum wo rking lo a d tha t ma y be a pplied to a ny co mpo nent o r s ys tem, under genera l co nditio ns o f us e.

Wo rking pla tfo rm: A pla tfo rm tha t is intended to s uppo rt pers o ns , ma teria ls a nd equipment.

Section 2: Safety in scaf folding

2.1 Fall prevent ion

2.1.1 General approachDuring the s ca ffo lding pro ces s , s ca ffo lders will no rma lly be fa ced with a po tentia l fa ll fro m height ha za rd. It is es s entia l tha t a ll pra ctica ble s teps a re ta kento co ntro l this ha za rd a nd tha t the hiera rchy o f co ntro l is a pplied to the ha za rd ma na gement pro ces s .

In a dditio n, a cces s a nd egres s to a rea s o f a building o r s tructure where s ca ffo lding is to o ccur s o metimes pres ents the ha za rd o f a fa ll. Pa rt o f the ta s ka na lys is pro ces s is to identify this a nd develo p co ntro ls rela ting to the ha za rds .

Sa fety ha rnes s es mus t be wo rn a t a ll times when wo rking o n a ll s ca ffo lds a bo ve 5.0m high. They a re pa rt o f a s ca ffo lder's pers o na l pro tectio n equipment.If a s a fety ha rnes s is no t being wo rn, the s ca ffo lder is no t a dequa tely prepa red to limit the ha rm tha t co uld res ult fro m a fa ll. Prepa rednes s is wea ring aha rnes s a nd being a ble to s ecure the la nya rd to a n a ncho r po int.

The fo llo wing lo o ks a t the hiera rchy o f ris k ma na gement o ptio ns when s ca ffo lding to co mply with ha za rd ma na gement requirements (the pro cedures ca nbe a ltered to s uit a ny s ca ffo ld s ys tem).

2.1.2 Eliminating fall hazardsThe na ture o f the s ca ffo lding pro ces s mea ns tha t elimina ting the fa ll ha za rd will no t be pra ctica ble in ma ny ca s es . Ho wever, co ns idera tio n mus t be givento this metho d befo re rejecting it. With go o d pla nning (including befo re yo u get to the s ite) yo u ma y us e elimina tio n a s a mea ns o f keeping s ca ffo lders

free fro m the ris k o f a fa ll. Co ns ider the fo llo wing (this is no t a co mplete lis t):

Wha t a re yo u trying to a chieve a nd fo r wha t purpo s e is the s ca ffo ld required? Ca n the ris k o f a fa ll be elimina ted by cha nging the des ign o f thes ca ffo ld o r the pro cedure o f the wo rk to be ca rried o ut fro m the pro po s ed s ca ffo ld?The preco ns tructio n o f a ll o r pa rt o f the s ca ffo ld ma y be po s s ible. The co mpleted s ca ffo ld o r s ca ffo ld co mpo nents ma y then be mo ved into the fina lpo s itio n by mea ns o f a cra ne o r ho is t.Wha t a bo ut a tta ching s ca ffo ld pla tfo rms to a co mpo nent o f the perma nent s tructure o n the gro und befo re the s tructura l co mpo nent is mo ved intothe fina l po s itio n o n the s tructure by mea ns o f a cra ne o r ho is t mecha nis m?If the s ca ffo ld is required yo u ma y s till be a ble to elimina te fa ll ris k a t po ints in the s ca ffo lding pro ces s , s uch a s a ltering erectio n metho ds a ndwo rking thro ugh a ha tch deck when erecting gua rdra ils to the next pla tfo rm fo r ins ta nce.

Apa rt fro m the o bvio us lega l a nd s a fety co mplia nce benefits a no ther a dva nta ge o f elimina ting ha za rds is tha t it us ua lly lea ds to mo re pro ductive a ndefficient metho ds o f s ca ffo lding.

2.1.3 Isolating fall hazardsWhere elimina tio n metho ds ha ve been co ns idered a nd dis ca rded a s impra ctica ble, metho ds o f is o la ting fa ll ha za rds s ho uld be co ns idered. With go o dpla nning (including befo re yo u get to the s ite) yo u ma y us e is o la tio n a s a mea ns o f keeping s ca ffo lders free fro m the ris k o f a fa ll, including but no t limitedto the fo llo wing exa mples .

1. The us e o f a po wer o pera ted eleva ting wo rk pla tfo rms (EWP) to rea ch a rea s a t height (s ee figure 1). This is a pa rticula rly us eful metho d fo r theco ns tructio n o f ha nging a nd ca ntilevered s ca ffo lds . Ca utio n mus t be ta ken to ens ure tha t the SWL o f the pla tfo rm is a dhered to with rega rd to ca rrying o fs ca ffo lding equipment. See a ls o AS 1418.10 Eleva ting Wo rk Pla tfo rms , the Appro ved Co de o f Pra ctice fo r Eleva ting Wo rk Pla tfo rms a nd DOL guidelines .

Figure 1: Acces s by EWP

2. Sca ffo lders ca n a do pt a metho d o f pro gres s ively ins ta lling a gua rdra il fro m the level belo w befo re ins ta lling the wo rk pla tfo rm (s ee figure 2). Thes ca ffo lder ca n then enter the pla tfo rm with the edge pro tectio n a lrea dy in pla ce. It is a ccepta ble to preins ta ll a s ingle to p ra il fro m belo w a nd co mplete themid ra il a nd o ther co mpo nents fro m the pla tfo rm.

http://www.business.govt.nz/resolveuid/0a4b181ee0f18a4849b783911ca51da9

Figure 2: Pro gres s ive gua rdra il ins ta lla tio n metho d

3. Adva nce gua rdra il s ys tems ca n be us ed to pro vide edge pro tectio n to s ca ffo ld pla tfo rms until the s ca ffo lders ha ve ins ta lled the perma nent gua rdra il(s ee figure 3). Thes e s ys tems a re des igned with uprights o r s ta nchio ns tha t a tta ch to the s ca ffo ld s ta nda rds a nd teles co pic ra ils tha t a llo w ea ch s ta nchio nto be mo ved up to the next pla tfo rm level while the s ca ffo lder rema ins within the co mpleted pla tfo rm belo w. All pla tfo rms gua rded by tempo ra rypro prieta ry gua rdra il s ys tems mus t be fully pla nked fro m belo w befo re s ca ffo lders mo ve up to tha t level to ins ta ll the pla tfo rm gua rdra ils .

Figure 3: Adva nced gua rdra il s ys tem

2.1.4 Minimising fall hazardsMinimis a tio n o f fa ll ha za rds mus t be co ns idered o nly a s a la s t res o rt. Minimis a tio n techniques will no t elimina te o r is o la te the ha za rd, but a re des igned topro tect wo rkers fro m the ha rmful effects tha t co uld o ccur. Thes e metho ds us ua lly ha ve s o me impa ct o n the mo bility a nd pro ductivity o f the s ca ffo lder a swell a s requiring higher levels o f s upervis io n.

Minimis a tio n ca n include but is no t limited to , o ne o r a co mbina tio n o f:

Tra ining a nd inductio ns .Ens uring o nly highly experienced s ca ffo lders underta ke the lea d build po s itio n.Wo rking fro m fully pla nked pla tfo rms .Sa fety nets .Fa ll a rres t s ys tems .

Two ma in a ppro a ches to minimis ing fa ll ha za rds a re ta ken in the s ca ffo lding indus try. Firs tly, the o ptimum erectio n a nd dis ma ntling pro cedure isemplo yed. This is kno wn a s "the tunnelling metho d" a nd is o utlined belo w. Seco ndly, s a fety ha rnes s es mus t be wo rn by a ll s ca ffo lders when wo rking o na ll s ca ffo lds a bo ve 5.0m high s o tha t fa ll a rres t s ys tems ca n be a cces s ed (s ee figure 4). No te tha t s a fety ha rnes s es with a 1.8m la nya rd co nnected to as ca ffo ld belo w 5.0m high will no t a rres t yo ur fa ll befo re hitting the gro und o r s uppo rting s tructure.

Figure 4: Sca ffo lders emplo ying fa ll a rres t s ys tems

2.1.5 The "tunnelling method" for minimising fall riskThe s ta nda rd erectio n a nd dis ma ntling pro cedure fo r minimis ing fa ll ris k is to ins ta ll a s ingle gua rdra il o n the deck a bo ve a s s o o n a s po s s ible. This iskno wn a s the "tunnelling metho d". This metho d no t o nly pro tects the s ca ffo lder but pro vides a s a fe pla tfo rm fo r o thers to us e during a ltera tio n o rdis ma ntling. The "tunnelling metho d" do es no t a dd a ny a dditio na l equipment to a s ca ffo ld o ther tha n a s ingle gua rdra il o n no n wo rking pla tfo rms . Thepro ces s is a s fo llo ws :

Ba s e o ut the s ca ffo ld a nd butt pla nk the ba s e lift (675mm minimum) fro m belo w.La dders o r s ta irs s ho uld be erected in the s a me s equence a s the pla tfo rm.The s ca ffo lder then climbs o nto the pla nked deck (675mm minimum) us ing the la dder o r s ta irs .Once yo u a re s ta nding o n the ba s e lift yo u ca n o nly mo ve a lo ng the s ca ffo ld the ma ximum length o f yo ur lo nges t ledger (ho rizo nta l), i.e . 6.5m fo rtube.Yo ur firs t prio rity is to ins ta ll a s ingle gua rdra il a s s o o n a s po s s ible.Equipment is pa s s ed to the s ca ffo lder to ins ta ll the firs t s ectio n o f gua rdra il a nd/o r s to p end.The s ca ffo lder mus t ho o k his /her ha rnes s to the ins ide ledger a t fo o t level befo re a ny fittings a re a tta ched when wo rking a bo ve 5.0m high.Sta ggered s ta nda rds a s s is t in ins ta lling the gua rdra il a s this reduces the need to hemp a ll exterio r s ta nda rds to co nnect the gua rdra il to .The s ca ffo lder mus t ho o k his /her ha rnes s to the ins ide ledger befo re hemping a ny s ta nda rds o n a ungua rdra iled pla tfo rm a bo ve 5.0m highSca ffo lders mus t a do pt a metho d o f pro gres s ively ins ta lling a s ingle gua rdra il a s they mo ve fro m o ne end o f the s ca ffo ld to the o ther. Once yo uha ve erected a s ingle gua rdra il a nd a s to p end yo u ha ve crea ted a s a fe zo ne to wo rk fro m. All equipment s ho uld be received fro m belo w in thiss a fe zo ne then wa lked o ut a lo ng the s ca ffo ld.Single gua rdra ils s ho uld be left in pla ce o n a ll no n wo rking pla tfo rms (dummy lifts ) to pro vide a s a fe enviro nment fo r a ltering a nd dis ma ntling thes ca ffo ld.Once a s ingle gua rdra il is ins ta lled the lift ca n be co mpleted witho ut the us e o f a s a fety ha rnes s - fo r the res t o f tha t pa rticula r lift.If yo u need to ra is e the pla nks tha t yo u a re s ta nding o n o nce yo u ha ve co mpleted the lift, yo u mus t ho o k yo ur ha rnes s to the ins ide ledger a bo vewhen ra is ing the pla nks to prevent fa lling into the vo id yo u ha ve jus t crea ted.The erectio n pro cedures a bo ve s ho uld be us ed in revers e when dis ma ntling the s ca ffo ld.It is reco mmended tha t the pla nks be flipped up o n their edge prio r to remo va l to pro tect the eyes o f the s ca ffo lder fro m debris left o n the s ca ffo ld.This ca n be do ne fro m the deck level its elf if o ne pla nk o nly a t a time is lifted up o nto its edge then repla ced to ma inta in the pla nked deck.

The pro cedure a bo ve ca n be a pplied to a ll s ca ffo lds . Ea ch type o f s ca ffo ld ha s its o wn requirements but the genera l "tunnelling metho d" mus t be fo llo wed.

2.2 Harness syst emsG iven tha t fa ll ris k ca n no t a lwa ys be a vo ided fa ll a rres t s ys tems mus t a ls o be emplo yed. Such s ys tems a re ba s ed a ro und ha rnes s es by which s ca ffo ldersa re co nnected to fa ll a rres t devices . With the la rge s electio n o f belts a nd ha rnes s es a va ila ble, it is es s entia l tha t the co rrect ha rnes s is cho s en fo r theintended us e. In pa rticula r belts a re no t s uita ble fo r a ny kind o f fa ll a rres t. Ho wever, full bo dy ha rnes s es des igned fo r fa ll a rres t ma y inco rpo ra te belts tha tca n be us ed fo r wo rk po s itio ning o r res tra int. Belts tha t inco rpo ra te to o l fro gs ma y a ls o be us eful a nd there ma y be requirements fo r full bo dy ha rnes s esto a cco mmo da te a tta chments fo r a bs eiling, co nfined s pa ce entry, res cue, etc.

When co rrectly fitted, ha rnes s es s ho uld be firm but co mfo rta ble. Yo u s ho uld be a ble to s lide yo ur ha nd between the webbing a nd yo ur bo dy but no mo re.

2.2.1 When to use anchor pointsAs des cribed ea rlier ho o king o n ha rnes s es do es no t pro vide fa ll pro tectio n o n s ca ffo lds belo w 5.0m high o r when yo u ca n s us ta in a fa ll les s tha n 5.0m.Thus in thes e circums ta nces the s ca ffo lder is no t required to ho o k the ha rnes s to a ny a ncho r po int. The tunnelling metho d o utlined a bo ve s ho uld s till beus ed in the s ca ffo ld pro ces s , ho wever jus t o mit the us e o f the s a fety ha rnes s .

In a ll s itua tio ns o ther tha n a s des cribed immedia tely a bo ve s ca ffo lders mus t ho o k o nto the firs t a va ila ble a ncho r po int tha t is a t 5.0m o r a bo ve when:

Wo rking o n a n ungua rdra iled pla tfo rm.No t wo rking within a 675mm wide pla nked a rea .Climbing up a nd do wn the s ca ffo ld s tructure.Wo rking directly o ff the un-pla nked s ca ffo ld s tructure.Hemping.Wo rking o ver a vo id a rea .Wo rking o n a ha nging s ca ffo ld.Wo rking o n a ca ntilever s ca ffo ld.

2.2.2 How to use anchor pointsSca ffo lders s ho uld a vo id a tta ching to the s ca ffo ld whenever po s s ible. If this is una vo ida ble yo u mus t co ns ider the s ta bility o f the s ca ffo ld s tructure withrega rd to its a bility to s us ta in a fa ll a rres t lo a ding. Sa fety ha rnes s es s ho uld be a tta ched to a ncho r po ints o n the s ca ffo ld a bo ve s ho ulder height. Only if as a tis fa cto ry a ncho r po int is no t a va ila ble ma y it be a tta ched belo w s ho ulder height.

Alwa ys clip to the fo llo wing in preferentia l s equence:

Tra ns o ms s uppo rted by the ledgers a bo ve s ho ulder height (co nnect to the tra ns o m o r putlo g between the ledgers ).Ledgers s uppo rted with lo a d bea ring co uplers (R/A co uplers ) a bo ve s ho ulder height.G ua rdra ils s uppo rted with lo a d bea ring co uplers (R/A co uplers ).Sta nda rds if a ppro ved a ncho r po ints a re kno wn (ma nufa cturers ' s pecifica tio ns ).Tra ns o ms s uppo rted with lo a d bea ring co uplers (R/A co uplers ).

Never ho o k o n to :

Sta nda rds - unles s a ppro ved a ncho r po ints a re kno wn (per ma nufa cturer's s pecifica tio ns ).Ledgers s uppo rted by s ingle co uplers .Ledgers o r gua rdra ils within a ba y tha t ha s a jo in.Tra ns o ms belo w fo o t level.

Tra ns o ms under s lung belo w ledgers .

The pro cedure a bo ve ca n be a pplied to a ll s ca ffo lds . Ea ch individua l type o f s ca ffo ld ha s its o wn requirements but the genera l pro cedure mus t be fo llo wed.

2.3 Work posit ioning syst emsA wo rk po s itio ning s ys tem is a s ys tem tha t ena bles a pers o n to wo rk s uppo rted in a ha rnes s in tens io n in s uch a wa y tha t a fa ll is prevented (s ee AS/NZ S1891.1). Wo rk po s itio ning s ys tems s ho uld be des igned a nd rigged to a llo w a pers o n to wo rk s a fely a nd in rea s o na ble co mfo rt.

2.4 Travel rest rict ion/rest raint syst emsA tra vel-res trictio n/res tra int s ys tem co ns is ts o f a ha rnes s co nnected by a line to a n a ncho ra ge. The s ys tem s ho uld be rigged in s uch a wa y tha t it will s to pa wo rker rea ching a po s itio n fro m which a free fa ll is po s s ible. If a free fa ll is po s s ible, a fa ll-a rres t s ys tem including a ha rnes s mus t be us ed, no t a tra vel-res trictio n s ys tem.

Equipment s ho uld be a djus ted to reduce the res tra ined fa ll to the a bs o lute minimum. This mus t be les s tha n 600mm.

2.5 Fall arrest syst emsFa ll a rres t s ys tems a re des igned to s uppo rt a nd ho ld a pers o n in the event o f a fa ll. They a re no t des igned to s uppo rt a pers o n while wo rking. This wo uldbe a wo rk-po s itio ning s ys tem. An eva lua tio n o f the different types o f equipment co mbined with a ta s k a s s es s ment is needed to ma ke a pra ctica l a nd s a fes electio n fo r a pa rticula r jo b.

The a rres ting fo rce a pplied to the wo rker s ho uld a fa ll o ccur mus t be les s tha n 6 kN (610 kg). Emplo ying a 2 metre la nya rd inco rpo ra ting a n energy a bs o rbero r a type 2 o r 3 fa ll a rres t device s ho uld a chieve this . Fo r the 2 metre la nya rd s ys tem the la nya rd o r a ncho r line mus t be a tta ched to the to p do rs a lpo s itio n (a t ches t height) o r the fro nta l ches t a tta chment. Ancho ra ges fo r a la nya rd s ho uld be fixed a s high a s pra ctica l but within ea s y rea ch. Ana ncho ra ge a t fo o t level will a llo w a pers o n to fa ll the length o f the la nya rd plus the dis ta nce between the a ncho ra ge a nd ha rnes s fixing po int.

All a tta chment ha rdwa re is to be des igned to withs ta nd a lo a d o f 15 kN (1530kg).

2.5.1 Hazards associated with fall arrest systemsPro blems tha t ma y a ris e while emplo ying fa ll a rres t s ys tems include:

Atta ching to a ncho rs tha t a re ins ufficient in s trength res ulting in a ncho ra ge fa ilure.Emplo ying a ncho r lines o r la nya rds pa ra llel to the fa ll edge res ulting in the pendulum effect.Atta ching to a ncho rs tha t a re to o clo s e to the gro und res ulting in ins ufficient fa ll clea ra nce.Atta ching to a ncho rs tha t a re to o clo s e to the fa ll edge res ulting in exces s ive free fa ll dis ta nceUs ing ha rnes s es in ha za rdo us enviro nments tha t da ma ge equipment o r ca us e s ys tem fa ilure.Impeded mo bility res ulting in s ca ffo lders dis co nnecting fro m a ncho rs .Inco rrect co nnectio n o f a tta chment res ulting in fa ilure under lo a ding.

The pendulum effectThis is a po tentia l ha za rd when us ing individua l fa ll-a rres t s ys tems . It res ults in wo rkers s triking the gro und o r o ther o bs tructio ns during the fa ll a rres tpro ces s . The "pendulum effect" requires co ns idera tio n prio r to deciding the lo ca tio n o f a ncho ra ge po ints .

Swing downThis ca n o ccur if a n inertia reel o r wo rk-po s itio ning device is extended dia go na lly s o tha t the line ma kes a n extreme a ngle with the perimeter edge o f thes truc