saw ba u gyi-bio

7/27/2019 SAW BA U GYI-BIO

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apmbO;}uD;Ei vlrsdK;prsm;. EiiHa&;jy\emarmipi=u,f

trsdK;om;pmayqEif pmayvwfvycGiq&(rmwum)

(u) trSmpm (armifpif=u,f)/

(c) apmbOD;}uD;. &kyfyHkv$m (apmomawm)/

(yxryif;)1// Zmwd&GmbJ*&uf/

2// apmbOD;}uD; arG;ae@trSef/

3// OD;omjrwf}uD; (apmbOD;}uD;zcif)/

4// bJu&uf&Gm wnf&SdyHk/

5// apmomjrwf}uD;/ a'gufwmapmpHpDzdk;/ a'gufwmepfudk;/

6// xif&Sm;wJhuef}uD;a'gifh&Gm/

7// vlvm;ajrmufp apmbOD;}uD;/

8// vef'efodk@ a&muf&Sdjcif;/

9// apmbOD;}uD;ESifh tdrfaxmifa&; (yxr)/

10// ykodrfjyefa&mufp apmOD;}uD;. rdom;pkb0/

11// [dkif;}uD;uef;udk ydkifcJhol/


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12// txD;usefapmbOD;}uD;/

13// (B. I. A )acwf u&if/ ArmydyuQ/

14// u&if/ Arm ydyuQtajccH/15// apmazomESifh apmbOD;}uD;/

16// apmbOD;}uD;. 'kwd,ESifh wwd,tdrfaxmif/

17// ppf+yD;acwf u&ifhEdkifiHa&;/

18// aeol&deftpnf;ta0;ESifh apmbOD;}uD;/

19// a'gufwmpHpDzdk;. jrefrmjynfESifh u&ifrsm;pmtkyf/

20// vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;. vHk+cHKa&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;/

21// Oya'wGif; pkaygif;ta&;qdkjcif;/

22// AdkvfcsKyfaqmifqef;ESifh (K. C. O)acgif;aqmifrsm;awG@qHkyGJ/

23// u&ifrdwfquftzGJ@/24// bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf). u&ifjynfe,f/

25// (K.N.U) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&kHk;zGJ@pnf;jcif;/

26// (K.N.U) 'kwd,t}udrfESifh( K.N.D.O)zGJ@pnf;jcif;/

27// (K.N.U) ta&;ay:nDvmcHrS awmif;qdkcsufrsm;/28// EdkifiHa&;ESifh yk*~dKvfa&;jy\em/

29// &D;(pf)0DvD,H. awmifwef;a'o pHkprf;a&;/

30// OD;EkESifhapmbOD;}uD; cspf=unfa&;c&D;/

31// wif;rmrSK. txGwftxdyf/


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32// apmbOD;}uD;. ordkif;0ifpum;/

33// tif;pdefwdkufyGJtp/

34// AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;ESifh AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm/

35// apmbOD;}uD;. +idrf;csrf;a&;qEN/

36// AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. tif;pdefwdkufyGJ/

37// tif;pdefta&;tcif;ESifh u&ift&m&Sdrsm;/

38// au*sDbD(K.G.B)zGJ@pnf;jcif;/

39// apmbOD;}uD;zwfapcsifaom uGefjrLepfpmtkyfrsm;/

40// apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;jcif;/

41// apmbOD;}uD;tay: jrifaomtjrifrsm;/

42// q&matmifAv. apmbOD;}uD;udk,fawG@/

43// twdwfu apmbOD;}uD;/44// ref;bZefjrifaom apmbOD;}uD;/

45// AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. trSm;ESifhtrSef/

('wd,yi;)46// &efol@xH owif;ydk@ol/47// obmywda&G;cs,f cH&jcif;/

48// apmbOD;}uD; uG,fvGef+yD;aemuf(K.N.U). t=uwftwnf;/

49// ref;bZef. 'kwd,vrf;pOf/


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50// aumfolavppfwrf;/

51// (K.N.U)rS( K.N.U.P) ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;jcif;/

52// apm[efwmomar$;ESifh ref;bZefuGJ=u+yD/

53// ref;bZefESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ/

54// (K.N.U.P)rS( K.N.U)/

55// tuGJt+yJESifh tustqHk;/

56// uefawmf. odcJhaom ref;bZefESifh apm[efwmomar$;/

57// paumv,fawm. ajrmufydkif;c&D;/

58// (psmef&)OD;pdk;rif;. awG@qHkar;jref;cef;/

59// (K.N.U). vuf0JrS vusFmtajymif;tvJ/

60// 'Drdkua&pDESifh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;/

61// acwf+ydKifxkwfa0jcif;/62// OD;Ek.awmwfvSefa&; (yD'DyD)tedrfhtjrifh/

63// AdkvfcsKyfvusFmESifh oHk;ESHK;rSK txGwftxdyf/

64// ordkif;0ifAdkvfvusFmpm/

(wwd,yif;)65// +Adwdo#vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiH/

66// oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u&ifeDjynf/

67// xdkpOfu u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm;. tjrif/


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68// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;awG@jrifaom jynfaxmifpk/

69// OD;jrifhodef;vdk ynm&SifwpfOD;/

70// cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;/

71// p0fa&$odkuf. edrdwfjy rdef@cGef;/

72// yifvHkESifh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvGwfawmf/

73// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. vlrsdK;qdkwmbmvJ/

74// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tajccHrlESifh vrf;!Gefcsuf/

75// b,fvdkEdkifiHrsdK; wnfaxmifrvJ/76// jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;&r,f/

77// tcsKyftjcmtm%m&Sd&r,f/

78// tm%monf jynfol@xHrSqif;ouf&r,f/

79// tcGifhtvrf;tqifhtwef; wl&r,f/80// vlenf;pktcGifhta&;&Sd&r,f/

81// v$wfawmfwGif vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh&Sd&r,f/

82// zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHpdwf"gwf arG;&r,f/

(pwwydi;)83// zGJ@pnf;yHktwnfjzpfatmifvkyfcGifhr&oGm;aomAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/

84// zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' jyifqifa&;qGJa&;/

85// jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. oabmxm;/


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86// jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHkudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;/

87// tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwDzGJ@pnf;jcif;/

88// OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;) wifoGif;aompmwef;rsm;/

89// jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ OuUp0fcGefcsdKrdef@cGef;/

90// AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tm%modrf;+yD/

91// tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHk/

92// U.N.L.DESifh N.L.D awG@qHkyGJrSwfwrf; (EdkifaiGodrf;)/

93// Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wGJa=unmcsuf/94// ESpfig;q,fjynfh jynfaxmifpkae@tcrf;tem; (a':atmifqef;pk=unf)/

(yryif;)95// jynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdkwnfaqmufOD;rvJ/96// jynfaxmifpkqdkif&m taxGaxGwifjycsuf/

97// yifvHkpmcsKyfESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; (pdkif;wifaz)/

98// yifvHkrS vGwfvyfa&;odk@ (*gr%d)/

99// oDaygapmfbGm; p0f=umqdkif (&Srf;oHawmfqifh)/

100// vlrsdK;rsm;. jzpfpOfESifhed,mrw&m; (armifpif=u,f)/

101// ArmawG&J@ udk,fwGif;raumif;qdk;0g; (a'gufwmZmenf)/


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apmbO;}uD; twKywWjyKpa&;Ei xkwa0a&;(aumfrwD)

1// pma&;q&m armifpif=u,f (ref;!Gef@armif) obmywd/2// apmomawm (OuU)/

3// ref;cvSdKuf ('k-OuU)/

4// apmodef;ausmfa0 (twGif;a&;rSL;)/

5// ref;ausmfausmf (wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/

6// apma';zdk; (apmzdk;cGg@) (uGefjyLwm)/

7// q&mpef;armif (trSKaqmif)/

8// ref;atmifjynfhpHk ( // )/

9// apm!Gef@0if; ( // )/

10// apm'dkif;eD&,fxGef;xGef; (U.S.A) ( // )/11// apm[ef!Gef@ (e,fomvefEdkifiH) ( // )/

12// ref;rsdK;jrifh (rJaqmuf-xdkif;EdkifiH) ( // )/

13// ref;bv&Sif (rJaqmuf-xdkif;EdkifiH) ( // )/

14// apmbvSodef; (wdkusdK-*syefEdkifiH) ( // )/15// apmaomrwf(pf) (wdkusdK-*syefEdkifiH) ( // )/

16// ref;xGef; (qpf'eD/ =opa=w;vsm;EdkifiH) ( )/

17// apmwifxGef; (befaumuf/ xdkif;EdkifiH) ( // )/


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trmpmAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ uG,fvGefcJh=uonfrSm

ESpftm;jzifh ajcmufq,fausmfcJhav+yD/ ,if;umvrsm;twGif;Y AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.twKywWdonfif;/ apmbOD;}uD;.twKywWdonfif;/ xkdufxkdufwefwef xGufvm&efoifhaomfvnf; rxGufEdkifvmao;acs// ,if;yk*~dKvfESpfOD;teuf AdkvfcsKyfaqmifqef;. twKywWdxGufvma&;rSm apmbOD;}uD;.twKywWdxGufvma&;xuftqrsm;pGm vG,fulvSayonf// ta=umif;aomfum; AdkvfcsKyfaqmifqef;onf EdkifiH.acgif;aqmiftjzpfjzifh uG,fvGefaoma=umifh apmpD;pGmuyif ay:xGufvmoifhaom pmtkyfjzpfavonf//

apmbOD;}uD;rSm vGwfvyfa&;r&rDuav;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&vufxufY 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfcJh+yD; aemufydkif;wGif 0ef}uD;b0rSEkwfxGufum trsdK;om;a&;(u&iftrsdK;om;a&;)twGuf vufeufudkifawmfvSef&mY ppfwyf.acsmif;ajrmif;vkyf}uHjcif;cH&aom olykefacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfI aeavonf//

odk@jzpfI apmbOD;}uD; twKywWday:xGufa&;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.twKywWdESifh b,fvdkenf;r#jzifh ESdKif;,SOfEdkifjcif;r&Sdawmhygacs//

okd@&mwGif=opa=w;vsm;EdkifiHY a&muf&Sdae=uaom u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf b,fvdkenf;vrf;jzifhjzpfap/ apmbOD;}uD;.twKy`wWdudk a&;om;xkwfa0apcsif=uonf// Todk@jzifh a&;om;jyKpka&;ESifh xkwfa0a&;tydkif;ESpfydkif;&Sdonfhteuf a&;om;jyKpka&;tydkif;onf pma&;q&mjzpfaom u|efawmhf

acgif;ay:odk@ usa&mufvmavonf//

TwGif apmbOD;}uD;.twKy`wWda&;om;jyKpkEdkif&ef aumfrwDwpfckzGJ@pnf;&ef vdktyfvmawmhonf// aumfrwD.OuUrSm(A.K.O)ac: =opa=w;vsm;u&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@ (AUSTRALIA KAREN ORGANIZATION)rSapmomawmjzpfI twGif;a&;rSL;rSm tvGefwufuGI apmbOD;}uD;


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twKy`wWdudk rjzpfraexkwfapcsifonfh odef;ausmfa0wdk@udk trmcHxm;vsufaumfrwD0ifrsm;jzifh +cH&HI zGJ@pnf;&avawmhonf//

pmwtkyfa&;om;&mwGif [if;wcGufcsufonfhoabmyifjzpfavonf// yxraumif;rGefaom om;ig;&&Sd&ef vdktyfayonf// +yD;rStpyft[yfaumif;rGefpGmjzifh csufjyKwf&avonf// odk@jzifh vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;ajcmufq,fausmfu tpdk;&udk qef@usifawmfvSef&if; uG,fvGefoGm;&SmonfhapmbOD;}uD;ESifhywfouf&mywfoufa=umif;udk&Edkif&ef &SmazGa&;ESifhpkaqmif;a&;udk pwif=u&ef aqmf=o&ayawmhonf// TwGif 0D&d,t&mwGifif;/t&SmtazGt&mwGifif;/ &SmazGaumif;olESpfOD;rSm OuUapmomawmESifhtwGif;a&;rSL;odef;ausmfa0wdk@yif jzpf=uavonf//

wESpfausmftwGif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;&mwGift*Fvdyf/ jrefrm/ pmtkyf/ pmapmif/ pmwrf;/ rSwfpktygt0if twefyifjynfhpHkpGm pkaqmif;&&Sdavonf// u|efawmfhxHwGif &Sdaeaomtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;vdkufaomf pmwtkyfawmh jzpfEdkifaumif;ayonf// ,if;odk@

tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sd+yD;aemufwGif b,fvdka&;om;=urvJqdkwmu aemufu vdkufvmavonf// aumfrwD0iftcsdK@u apmbOD;}uD;ta=umif;udk0wK[eftwKywWdrsdK;a&;om;vdkolvnf;&Sd.// trSefrSm apmbOD;}uD;. b0onf wdkawmif;vSayonf//t&G,fa&mufI vlvm;ajrmufonfESifh t*FvefoGm;I Oya'ynmoif,l&onf/ jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufaomtcg 0wfvHkynmjzifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyK&ef qHk;jzwfxm;onfh=um;rS *syefacwf/ u&if-Armta&;tcif;a=umifh EdkifiHa&;xJodk@ a&mufvm&jcif; jzpfavonf//

=opa=w;vsm;rSwqifh apmbOD;}uD;.b0udk vrf;ar#mf=unfhvdkufv#if tvGefa0;uGmaeonfrSm (1) apmbOD;}u;. i,pOfb0u ar;jre;pHpr;&rnor&awmjcif;/ (2) apmbO;}u;bdvwwif 0wv ynmoi&mwif ar;jref;ppr;&rno r&Sawmjcif;/ (3) *syeacwu&if-Armta&;tcif;Eif ti;pdeta&;tci;wi yg0icJorsm;tm; &mazI


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r&&awmjcif;/ (4) um,u&Sifu,wiu&iawmfvea&; acgi;aqmiftjzp u,vefom;jci;a=umifh rSwfpkrSwfwrf;rsm;enf;yg;aejcif;wdk@yifjzpfavonf//

xdkta=umif;Tta=umif;rsm;xuf ta&;}uD;aomta=umif;wckrSm apmbOD;}uD;acgif;aqmifrSKjzifh wnf&SdvmcJhaom (K.N.U)[email protected] EdkifiHa&;}udK;yrf;tm;xkwfrSKrsm;yifjzpfavonf// yxrwGifapmbOD;}uD;onf u&ifjynfe,foD;jcm;xlaxmifa&;udk awmif;qdkcJhbl;onf//awmifilrSwqifh zgyGefuGef*&ufwGif aemufqHk;apmbOD;}uD;ajymcJhonfrSmudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;jynfe,f (Autonomy) &&Sda&;yifjzpfavonf// apmbOD;

}uD;. acgif;aqmifrSKtarGudk qufcHaomacgif;aqmifrsm;teuf ref;bZefonfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rS usefvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;I udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk &,l&efwdwdyyyif ajymcJhavonf// 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;EkawmwGif;odk@qif;vmcsdefwGif ref;bZefESifhAdkvfcsKyfjrwdk@acgif;aqmifrSKrSm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;rjzpfao;/ cGJxGufcGifhudk ajymqdk&mrS OD;Ekonf'Drdkua&pDygwDrS ESKwfxGufoGm;jcif;yifjzpfavonf// ,cktcg vlrsdK;pkrsm;onf cGJxGufcGifhtpm; wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhudkom aZmif;ay;I wifjyaecsdefyifjzpfavonf//

Todk@jzifh jzwfoef;wnf&SdrSKenf;yg;aom apmbOD;}uD;.twKy`wWdwGif vlrsdK;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&; jy\emESifhaygif;pnf; vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh apmbOD;}uD;.tvdkESifhvnf;udkufnD/ vlrsdK;pkrsm;. qENESifhvnf; avsmfuefoifhjrwfEdkifayrnf[k ,lqEdkifayonf// odk@jzpfI ,ckpmtkyfwGif apmbOD;}uD;.

twKywWdESifhtwl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhvlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;. pmwefrsm;udkyg yl;wGJIwifjyvdkufygonf// ,if;odk@ pDpOfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh tem*gwfumvwGif usef&Sdaeao;aom vlrsdK;pkrsm;jy\emudk tvG,fwul pOf;pm;ajz&Sif;Edkif=uayvdrfhrnf[k ,lqEdkifayonf// //

armifpif=u,f

(pma&;q&m)


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&Si;vi;wijycsufarmipi=u,f

trsdK;om;pmayqEif pmayvwfvycGiq&(1)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ apmbOD;}uD;ESifhacsa*GAm;&m;wdk@onf 'kwd,urBppf}uD;umvwGif ay:xGef;vmaom ol&Jaumif;rsm;yifjzpf=uayonf//xdkpOfu urBay:wGiftqif;&JqHk;/ tedrfhusqHk;ESifh udkvdkeDb0wGif a&muf&Sdae=uaom wdkuf}uD;oHk;wdkufrSm tm&S/ tmz&duESifh vufwiftar&dum;(awmiftar&dum;)wGif um&pfbD,Ha'o tygt0ifjzpf=uavonf//

,if;odk@ 'kwd,urBmppfyGJpwifvmI tm&SwdkufwGif t*Fvdyf-tar&duefr[mrdwfrsm;ESifh*syefwdk@ ppfyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;vmaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhvli,facgif;aqmifrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf TppfyGJwGifyg0ifcJh=uayonf// 'kwd,urBmppfyGJ+yD;cgeD;wGif t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef/ qdkAD,uf&k&Sm;wdk@ oabmwlcsKyfqdk=uaom twWvEWdwfpmcsKyft& jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;&awmh&ef jzpfvmavonf//


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xdktcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udktydkiftEdkifwnfaqmufvsuf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf rem;raeaqmif&GufaepOf apmbOD;}uD;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aemufwGif xuf=uwfruGm

yg&Sdvm+yD; Armhwyfrawmfjyefvnf zGJ@pnf;a&;wGif tzGJ@0ifwOD;taeESifhyg0ifcJhjcif;/ vGwfvyfa&;t}udKtjzpf u&ifeD(u,m;)acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawG@qHk&mwGif acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpfyg0ifjcif; xdk@tjyif (ywzv)ac:(zqyv)OD;pD;tzGJ@0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfavonf//

odk@&mwGif xdkpOfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhapmOD;}uD;wdk@wGif tdrfrufudk,fpD&Sd=uonfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.tdrfrufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwckvHk;

waygif;wpnf;wnf; vGwfvyfa&;jzpfI apmbOD;}uD;. tdrfrufrSm u&ifacgif;aqmifwOD;taeESifh u&ifawGb0vHk+cHKa&;tvdk@iSg udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sdaom oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;wdk@yif jzpfavonf//

,if;odk@ vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yef;pOfumvESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@ toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf u&ifudpPt00udk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;&ef

tvdk@iSg apmbOD;}uD;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom (zqyv)acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; (K.N.U) XmecsKyfwnf&m trSwf(5) OD;vleDvrf;Yzdwf=um;I aqG;aEG;=ujyefavonf// odk@&mwGif xdkaqG;aEG;yGJY t"dutcsufrsm;udk oabmwlnDrSKr&&Sdojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf usif;yaomwdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumuf yGJudk(K.N.U)onf r0ifa&mufyJ oydwfarSmufcJhavonf//

(2)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &efukeftv,fydkif; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftrwftaeESifh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfyxrt}udrftpnf;ta0;wGif

(zqyv)y%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcHY oludk,fwdkifwifjycJhaompmwef;udk ,ck


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v$wfawmfY jrefrmEdkifiHudk jynfaxmipkpepjzifhwnfaqmufrnfjzpfa=umif;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;. tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;&Sda=umif;udk tus,fw0ifhyifwifoGif;cJhavonf// ,if;ta= umif;rsm;udk ,ckapmbO;}u;EifvrsK;prsm;. EdiiHa&;jy\em pmtkyfwGif wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifhjrefrmjynfol/ vlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;zwf&SKEdkif=uayonf//

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,if;odk@ jynfwGif;ppfjzpfthHqJqJ tajctaewGif xdef;odrf;aom

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tif;pdefppfajrjyifwGif yg0if=uaomu&ifvufeufudkif wyfzGJ@ESifhwyfom;rsm;tm; cGifh&uf&Snfay;vdkuf&mwGif vuf&SdppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfol

prpf'Gef;vnf; yg0ifavonf// (zqyv)tpdk;&onf wyfrawmfudk


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ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;&mY AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmonf//umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rSL;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmtm; awmifydkif;wdkif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@+yD; tif;pdefppfajrwGif

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(3)

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OuUapmbOD;}uD;onf olESifh0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekwdk@. oabmwlnDcsufudk csjy&m


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(K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;rS ,if;oabmwlnDcsufonf +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsufr[kwfyJ vufeufcsa&;omjzpfa=umif; jyefajym=uonf// TwGifapmbOD;}uD;. wdkufwGef;csuft& ref;bZefrS +idrf;csrf;a&;oGm;a&muf

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(4)

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ac: aumfol;avtpdk;&udk rdrdOD;aqmifI zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf// awmifilrS wqifhxGufcGgvm&m zgyGefwGif usif;yaomuGef*&ufY wufa&mufI apmbOD;}uD;onf u&ifjynfe,f udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;(autonomy)&&Sda&;wGif &efolu

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onf// ref;bZefonf apm[efwmomar$;ESifhyl;wGJ acgif;aqmifaepOfrSmyifaumfol;avtpdk;&a=umifh wAdkvfwrif;pHepfjzpfvmyHk/ (K.N.U). vrf;pOfudkyxrvrf;pOfrS 'kwd,vrf;pOfodk@ ajymif;vJcsrSwfyHkESifhaemufqHk; (r'nw)zGJ@pnf;I ocifoef;xGef;ESifh w&if;wESD;qufqH&ef ref;bZefyif csrSwfcJhavonf//

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onf// ,if;tjzpftysufESifh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udkvnf; ,ck apmbOD;}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&;jy\emwGif zwf&SK=u&ygrnf//

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zqyv (yxp)onf (1960)ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJ wGif (80)&mcdkifESKef;ausmfrJtEdkif&ojzifh jynfe,frsm;ESifh vlrsdK;pkrsm;. awmif;qdkcsuft& (1947)ckESpf/zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifay;&ef awmif}uD;+rdK@Y jynfe,faygif;pHk

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,if;tcef;(10)ygcGJxGufEdkifaomtcGifhta&;udk zGJ@pnf;yHkpwifa&;

qGJpOfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh teD;uyfI ajymqdka&;qGJcJhaomyk*~dKvfrSmw&m;0ef}uD;csKyfOD;jrifhodef;yif jzpfavonf// odk@jzpfI ,if;pmydk'f bma=umifh(1947)ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHkwGif yg0if&onfudk a&;qGJolOD;jrifhodef;udk,fwdkifa&;om; wifjycsufrsm;udkvnf; ,ckapmbOD;}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&;jy\emwGif zwf&SKEdkif=uayonf//

(5)

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csKyf/ tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhjynfe,fvlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;I tm%modrf;avonf// cGJxGufcGifhudkta=umif;jyI wdkif;jynftpdyfpdyf tr$mr$mr+ydKuGJ&avatmif ppfwyfutm%modrf;&ygonf[k ta=umif;jycJhavonf//

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EdkifiHtm;vHk;ESifhvlrsdK;tm;vHk;wdk@. ordkif;onf &Snfvsm;I tauG@taumuf/ twuftuswdk@jzifh rsm;ajrmifvSygonf// +yD;cJhonfrsm;udk

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tar&duefzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=uonfh jynfe,faygif;(50)ESifh udkvHbD,mc&dkifwck/ =opa=w;vsm;zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif&Sd=uonfhjynfe,faygif;(8)ck/ uae'gzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=uonfhjynfe,faygif;(12)ck/ vljzLvlrJyl;wGJtkyfcsKyfaom awmiftmz&du zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=uonfhjynfe,faygif;(9)ck/ &k&Sm;zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk

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(armifpif=u,f)


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[oFmwc&dkifonf ucsifjynfe,f/ jrpfqHka'orSpD;qif;vmaom

{&m0wDjrpf.tqHk;wGif &Sdonf// ol.atmufbufrS rtlyifc&kdif/ zsmyHkc&dkif/ajrmif;jrc&dkifESifhykodrfc&kdifwdk@onf aemifaomtcgwGif ay:xGef;vmaomjrpf0u|ef;ay: (ajrEk)a'ojzpfavonf// u|efawmfonf ajrmif;jrc&dkif/0g;c,fr+rdK@e,f/ a&$avmif;&GmZmwdjzpfonf// 0g;c,fr+rdK@e,f. ordkif;pmwef;wapmiftvdkt&/ a&$avmif;&Gmonf b;awmb&m;vufxufawmfwGif


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avSol}uD;wOD;cs&yfcJh+yD; a&$avmif;&Gm&Sd bk&m;}uD;onf xdkavSol}uD;wnfcJhonf[k tqdk&SdcJhbl;onf//

u|efawmfi,fpOf ausmif;om;b0u ajrmif;jrc&dkif u0ufajreDukef;&Gmtv,fwef;ausmif;/ ajrmif;jr+rdK@ trSwf(1)tv,fwef;ausmif;ESifhajrmif;jr+rdK@(R.C.M)txufwef;ausmif;wdk@wGif ausmif;aecJhaomfvnf; ykodrf+rdK@odk@ ra&mufcJhbl;acs// u|efawmfvlvm;ajrSmufI tvkyfcGif0if&aomtcgwGif ykodrf+rdK@odk@ b0trsdK;rsdK;/ vkyfief;wm0eftoD;oD;jzifhoabFmjzifhif;/ tenf;enf;tzHkzHk a&mufbl;ygavawmhonf//

yxrtacgufwGif urBm@vli,fausmif;om;yGJawmftwGuf a&mufvmaom &k&Sm;vli,frsm;tm; (&cdkifvli,f)OD;eDatmifausmfESifhtwl ykodrfaumvdyfodk@ ydk@aqmifjcif;/ (rqv)vufxuf u&ifh,Ofaus;rSKnDvmcHodk@zdwf=um;cH&ojzifh ykodrf_rdK@wdkifw&m (udkomjzL)txufwef;ausmif;odk@a&muf&Sdjcif;/ ukefoG,fa&;t&m&SdtaeESifhykodrf+rdK@&Sd ukefoG,fa&;0efxrf;rsm;tm; vlrSKzlvHka&;t&Sm&SdESifhtwl vlrSKzlvHka&;rSwfyHkwifay;&jcif;/ Tc&D;rsm;rSm &efukefrSykodrfodk@ toGm;tjyef c&D;r#omjzpfavonf// u|efawmfhtwGuf arhr&aomc&D;rSm (1959)ckESpf/ EdkifiHa&;c&D;yif jzpfavonf//

xdkpOfu u|efawmfwdk@onf pdk;&drfa=umifhuspGmjzifh tpnf;ta0;+yD;qHk;onfh aemufwae@wGif ykodrfrS [oFmwodk@ r0ifbJ/ [oFmwwbufurf;rS om&a0gvufyHwef;odk@ul;I &efukefjyefonfh c&D;yif

jzpfavonf// ,if;c&D;wGif u|efawmfwdk@onf ykodrfrS xGufcGgvmaomtcgu&ifacgif;aqmif}uD; a'gufwmpHpDzdk;. udk;ql&Gmudk jzwfoGm;jzwfvma&mufcJh./ udk;ql&GmrS xGufvm+yD;aemufwGif u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifapmbOD;}uD;. Zmwd&GmbJ*&uf b,fae&mwGif &Sdonfudkum; rSef;qIyifr&=u/ ar;jref;aomf ajymrnfholvnf;r&Sd/ xdktcsdefu AdkvfcsKyf ae0if;.tdrfapmifhtpdk;&rS a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;&ef pDpOfaecsdefvnf;jzpf.//


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apmbOD;}uD;onf {&mrolykefacgif;aqmif}uD; b0ESifhuG,fvGefjcif;vnf;jzpf.// pHkprf;jcif;xuf rpHkprf;rar;jref;jcif;u aumif;ao;.[k u&ifwdkif;rSwf,lae=u&./ odk@jzifh qdwfqdwfom aevdkuf&.//

trSefrSm u|efawmfonf apmbOD;}uD;tm; rjrifbl; rodbl;&aomfvnf; ol.aoG;om;rsm;ESifhum; tvGef&if;ESD;cJhbl;./ wOD;rSm apmbOD;}uD;. 'kwd,ZeD; (aemfrav;)ESifh&aom (orD;)o&mrlxD;rl (Thi Mu)jzpf./(apmpHbdk;oif. pmtkyfzwfyg)/ aemufxyfESpfOD;rSm apmbOD;}uD;wlom;rsm;jzpf=uaom apmabm'Gif}uD;(u&ifjynfe,f,Ofaus;rSKrS &efukef,Ofaus;rSKXmeodk@)ESifh apmuoGD;(ukefoG,f a&;/ awmifil)wdk@yif jzpf=uavonf//

apmbO;}u;ar;&yESi bJ*&utumta0;apmbOD;}uD;onf i,fi,f&G,f&G,f toufav;q,fausmf (1950)

ckwGif olykefacgif;aqmifb0jzifh usqHk;uG,fvGefcJhaoma=umifh pdk;&drfa=umifh

&GH@olrsm;tzdk@ rar;&J/ rrSwf&Jjzpf=u&m/ ,ck &mpkw0ufausmfa&mufvmcsdefwGif trSwftom;rsm;u rluGJrsm;jzpfvmavawmhonf// ,if;odk@rSwfom;&mwGif tcsdK@onf jynfwGif;rSjzpfI tcsdK@onf jynfyrSjzpf=uonf//odk@jzpfI apmbOD;}uD;. orD;jzpfol oJvfrm&DZm(oJvf}uD;)onfzcifapmbOD;}uD;. arG;ouU&mZfudk twnfjyKay;&&Sm onftxd &SdcJhayonf// apmbOD;}uD;. arG;ouU&mZftppftrSefrSm (1903)ckESpf/ atmufwdk

bmv(7)&ufae@jzpfonf// (aemfoJvfrm}uD;xHrS)/ ykodrf+rdK@rS apmbOD;}uD;Zmwd(bJ*&uf)udk az:jy&mwGifvnf; rluGJrsm;u &Sdaejyefonf// tcsdK@aomokawoDrsm;u tuGmta0;udk (7)rdkif[kaz:jy+yD; ref;bZef(ref;bZefESifhu&ifhawmfvSefa&;)wOD;wnf;uom ykodrf.ta&S@ajrmufbuf rdkif(40)tuGmwGif apmbOD;}uD;.Zmwd(bJ*&uf)&Sdonf[k az:jyxm;avonf//xdk@xufqdk;aom tcsufrSm apmbOD;}uD;onf &efukefwuUodkvfwGif (B.A)


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atmif+yD;aemuf vef'efoGm;I 0wvbG@,lonf[laom a&;om;csufrsm;yif jzpfavonf// ,if;ESifhywfoufI oJvfrm}uD;u atmufyg twdkif;a&;om;xm;avonf//

yg;yg; (apmbOD;}uD;)udk (1903)ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(7)&ufrSmarG;ygw,f/ txufwef; ynmudk armfv+rdKifESpfjcif;c&pf,mef txufwef;ausmif;rSm oif,lcJhygw,f/ (tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;q&mtrsm;pk[m t*FvdyfvlrsdK;awGjzpfygw,f)/ wdkufqdkifrSKwckudk ajym&&if yg;yg;&J@ordkif;q&mrpP(pf)*sHK; Mss Jonesu tefwDudk uavm+rdK@rSm pmoifay;cJhygw,f/zl;zl;(apmomjrwf}uD;)[m yg;yg;(apmbOD;}uD;)&J@ ol@0rf;uGJnD (apmazom)

wdk@udk t*Fvefv$wf+yD; Oya'ynmoifapcJhygw,f/ yg;yg;[m tJh'Dwkef;utouf(17)ESpf rjynfhwwfao;ygbl;/

(oJvfrm}uD;)

rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ ,cktcg apmbOD;}uD;. arG;ouU&mZftrSefudkif;/

apmbOD;}uD;.ynma&; tjynfhtpHkudkif;/ trSeftwdkif; od=u&+yD; jzpfonfhtjyif ykodrfESifhapmbOD;}uD;.Zmwd bJ*&uf tuGmta0;udkyg od&Sd=u&+yD; jzpfavonf//


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O;omjrwf}u; (apmbO;}u;zcif)

apmbOD;}uD;. rdbESpfyg;rSm apmomjrwf}uD;ESifha':atEkwdk@jzpf=uIarG;csif;av;OD;teuf apmbOD;}uD;rSm 'kwd,om;jzpfonf// apmbOD;}uD;.

arG;ouU&mZftpftrSefrSm (1903)ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(7)&ufae@jzpfonf//OD;omjrwf}uD;onf t&yftarmif;jynfh+zdK;onf/ ESKwfcrf;ar$; tenf;i,fxm;I acgif;aygif;udkcGaygif;aygif;xm;./ ol@Oy"d&kyfonf wnf=unfcef@nm;aom ajrydkif&Sif/ v,fydkif&SifESifh &Gmol}uD;yHk[efyif jzpfavonf//

(apmpHzdk;oiftwKy`wWd)v,fydkif&Sif/ ajrydkif&SifESifh&Gmol}uD;jzpfol OD;omjrwf}uD;. bJ*&uf

&Gmta=umif;udk pmzGJ@olrSm enf;yg;vSonf// aemufydkif;wGifrS bJ*&uf&Gmonf apmbOD;}uD;udk ta=umif;jyKI ydkrdkvlodrsm;vmavonf//a*smh(1)atmf0Jvf(Georgeorwell)onf apmbOD;}uD;arG;zGm;vmaom bJ*&uf


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ESifhywfoufI ol.bm;rm;a'; (Burma Days)pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;avonf//

apmbOD;}uD;onf ykodrf+rdK@. taemufawmifbufESifh ykodrfESifhreD;ra0;&Sd bJ*&uf&GmwGif (1903)ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(7)&ufae@YarG;zGm;onf// ,if;a'oonf jrefrmEdkifiH. Taemufbuf t&yftjzpftm;vHk;od=uI a=umufrufzG,f OD;qdk;wdkufcdkufrSKrsm;/ em&f*pfrkef;wdkif;ESifhrD;&xm;vrf; rsm;tygt0if &$H@EGHrsm;ESifhawmifwef;rsm;u 0dkif;&Hxm;onfrSmESpfrsm;pGmuyif jzpfavonf// apmapmydkif;wpf&mpk(bDpD)avmufwGif yk*Hrif;rsm;tkyfcsKyfcJh+yD; (13)&mpkavmufwGif rEWav;ESifhreD;ra0;wGif tif;0rif;qufudk xlaxmifcJh=uayonf/

1903-ckESpf +Adwdo#bk&ifr. tifyg,mtwGif; aemufqHk;rEWav;bk&ifeef;usI tdENd,rSwqifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk +Adwdo#wdk@ tkyfcsKyfcJh=uavonf// TwGif tif;0ESifhrEWav;onf ta&;rygawmhyJ &efukefonf aejynfawmfopfjzpfI vmavonf// Todk@jzifh ykodrfonf {&m0wDwdkif;wGif

+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfaom qdyfurf;+rdK@jzpfvmonf// xdkpOfu {&m0wDwdkif;onftvGefqif;&J/ tvGefacwfaemufusaom vlolrvkyfaomajr&dkif;/ ajruGufrsm;tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &SdaecJhaoma=umifh awmtkyfrsm;/ &GH@EGHrsm;/ acsmif;ajrmif;rsm;ESifh qif&dkif;rsm; usufpm;&ma'ojzpfI aeavonf// ,if;ajr&dkif;rsm;wGif Arm/ rGef/ u&ifrsm; a&$@ajymif;a&muf&Sdvmojzifh vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmawmhonf// xdkpOfu u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf rdrdtdrfudk 0if;cwf/ +cHcwfIaeaoma=umifh tjyifvlESifhwd&dp>mef&dkif;rsm;yif r0ifa&mufEdkif=uay//

aemufydkif;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&rS a&maESmaom,Ofaus;rSKt&/qefpyg;/ pdkufysdK;a&;awGyg zGJ@+zdK;wdk;wufvm&m w&m;&Hk;ESifhtwl tdENd,rSaiGacs;olrsm;/ b*FgvDqdkifa&mif;olrsm;/ qpf&Jom; rsm;ESifhw&kwfukefonfrsm;tygt0if a&muf&Sdvmonf// {&m0wDzvdkwDvmukr%DrS oabFmi,f

rsm;jzifh ykodrf/ &efukefrS +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfaom tdENd,txd vrf;yef;rsm;yg


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aygufa&mufavawmh onf//

(a*smhatmf0Jvf. bm;rm;a';)

(1)NENETEEN EIGHTYFOUR, BURMA DAYS BY GEORGE OR WELL.

b*&u&Gmwn&SyHxdkrS aemufydkif;wGif q&m,k'\ef. aemufvdkufwOD;jzpfol

[,f&Drm&S,f(Herry Ingnatius Marshalls

)rS ol.jrefrmjynf. u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; (The Karen People of Burma) pmtkyfwGif tjynfhtpHk a&;om;xm;jyef&m u&ifvlrsdK;uGJESifh bJ*&uf&Gmwnf&SdyHkyg yg&Sdvmavonf//

xdktcsdefu jrefrmEdkifiH. vsifjrefaom ajymif;vJrSKwGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf odomxif&Sm;aom ajymif;vJrSKvnf; yg0ifavonf//c&pf,mefynma&;pepfonf +rdK@rSawma&maESmaexdkifaom &Gmrsm;odk@

a&mufvmaomtcg 0wfpm;qif,ifrSKyHkpHrsm;yg ajymif;vJvm&m taemufwdkif;yHkpHyg ajymif;vJvmavonf// xdkpOfu jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;rSm woef;ausmf&Sdae&m +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tom;usvm+yDjzpfI ta&S@t&yfawmifay:wGif aexdkifaom u&ifrsdK;EG,fpkacgif;aqmifrsm;tygt0if ajrjyef@a'oESifhjrpf0u|ef;ay:qDodk@ qif;oufvm=uonf/

,if;odk@ us,fjyef@pGm qif;oufvmaom u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;wGiftkyfpktm;jzifh paumu&if/ ydk;u&ifESifhbGJu&ifrsm;yif jzpf=uayonf//paumu&ifrsm;onf xif&Sm;aomta&twGufjzifh {&m0wD(jrpf0u|ef;ay:)bufESifh jynf.awmifbufydkif;wdk@wGif 0ifa&mufaexdkifvm=uayonf//TtxJwGif paumu&ifjzpfaom apmbOD;}uD;. zcifapmomjrwf}uD;.bdk;pOfabmifqufrsm; tygt0ifjzpf=uavonf/

([,f&Drm&S,f. jrefrmjynf.u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;)


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bJ*&uf&Gmuav;onf xdkpOfu wnf_idrfat;aq;aom &Gmuav;jzpfaomfvnf; acwfrDaom qufoG,fa&;um;r&Sday/ jrif;vSnf;/ avSormefwdk@udkom w&GmESifhw&Gm/ we,fESifhwe,f qufoG,fa&;twGuf tm;udk;

&avonf// bJ*&uf&GmESifhcwfvSrf;vSrf;wGif rD;&xm;vrf;&Sdaom +rdK@odrf/+rdK@i,fav;rSm uef}uD;a'gifh(Kan Gyi Daung)&Gm/ (+rdK@)&Sdavonf// ,if;uef}uD;a'gifhwGif t&yf&yfu odxm;=uonfrSm &$ef;jyaom0ufuif0uftlacsmif;yifjzpfonf//

bJ*&ufonf jrpf0u|ef;ay:. "avhtwdkif; urf;ajcay:wGiftpOfvdkufwnfaeaom &GmjzpfI tv,favmufwGif apmbOD;}uD;.

zcif&Gmol}uD;ESifh v,fydkif&SifOD;omjrwf}uD;. aetdrf&Sdonf// ,if;&GmwGifu&iftrsdK;om;csnf; aexdkif=uonfr[kwfyJ u&ifESifhArma&maESmaexdkif=uonf// Todk@jzifh apmbOD;}uD;pum;ajymaumif;yHkudk apmpHbdk;oifuatmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;avonf//

apmbOD;}uD;onf tvGef&kyfacsmonf/ rif;om;&kyfESifhcyfqifqifyg/

pum;ajym&mY tvGef em;0ifcsdKatmif ajymEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf/ olwdk@rdom;pkrSmpaumu&ifESifhydk;u&ifrsm;rS qif;oufvm =uolrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh xdkr#vSyacsmarmI cspfp&maumif;avovm;/ u|efawmfa0cGJr& jzpf&yg./

(apmpHbdk;oiftwKy`wWd)


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a'gufwmwDojym/ a'gufwmppzd;/ a'gufwmepu;

&Gmol}uD;ESifhola;}uD; OD;omjrwf}uD;(owfyef;omjrwf}uD;)onf&Gmom;rsm;rS av;pm;&efESifhtm;udk;tm;xm;jyK&efvnf; aexdkifonf// &Gm.wbufrSm u&ifrsm;aexdkifI &Gm.tjcm;wbufrSm Armrsm;aexdkif=u./ol@buftjcrf;wGif c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;ESifh tpnf;ta0;usif;y&efol@tdrfwGif jyKvkyfavh&Sd./ Armrsm;buftjcrf;wGifvnf; pmoifausmif;ESifh

bkef;}uD;ausmif;&Sd./ rlvu ewfudk;uG,faom u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf tar&duefESpfjcif;omoema&muf&Sdvmaomtcg c&pf,mefbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;Ibk&m;ausmif;wGif wD;rSKwfaomwl&d,m/ oH+ydKiftwlwuG oDqdkaomaw;oHwdk@jzifh ,Ofaus;rSKonf wpwpjzifh ajymif;vJvmavonf//

apmbOD;}uD;onf ,if;.rdom;pkaetdrfwGif tpfr/ nDrrsm;ESifhtwlwuG aexdkifvmcJh./ ,if;aemuf zcifOD;omjrwf}uD;. tpDtrHjzifh

vef'efY 0wfvHkbGJ@&,lEdkif&ef armfv+rdKif&Sd ESpfjcif;c&pf,meftxufwef;ausmif;odk@ ajymif;a&$@vmonf// yxrqHk;apmbOD;}uD;. t*Fvdyfpm q&mr

rSm rpP(pf)*sHK;(Mss Jones)jzpfonf// (aemufydkif;wGif q&mr*sHK;onf apmbOD;}uD;. orD;oJvfrm}uD;. t*Fvdyfq&mrtjzpf uavm+rdK@ uif;pf0k'f (Kingswood)ausmif;wGif q&mrjzpfvmonf/)


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xdkpOfu ykodrf+rdK@onf us,fajymaom a'owckvnf;jzpfonf//txl;ojzifh ydk;ESifhpaumu&ifrsm;twlwuG aexdkif=uaom u&if&yfuGufonf aps;uGuf. tcsuftcsmae&mvnf;jzpfonf// u&iftrsdK;om;

acgif;aqmif}uD; a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf ol.aq;ukcef;udk Tae&mwGifzGifhvSpfI ykodrf+rdK@. jrLeDpDy,fvl}uD;wOD;vnf; jzpfvmonf// aemufydkif;wGifa'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf (17)rS (19)OD;xdyg0if Oya'jyKaumifpDwGif tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfvmonf// ,if;aumifpDonf +Adwdo#bk&ifcHudk t}uHay;&aomaumifpDjzpfI ykodrf+rdK@&Sd u&ifrsm;ESifhu&iftrsdK;om;rsm;u rsm;pGm*k%f,l=uavonf//

(1881)ckESpfwGif u&iftrsdK;om;toif;csKyf (The Karen NationalAssociation)udk zGJ@pnf;&mwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfvmonf// ,if;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;. zcif(OD;omjrwf}uD;)ESifha'gufwmpHpDzdk;wdk@onf aumif;wdkifyif qdk;wdkifyifrsm;jzpf=uI ,if;rdom;pkonf aemufydkif;wGif cGJr&atmifjzpfvmavonf// apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ zcifOD;omjrwf}uD;onf tjrifus,f&mwGif ol@acwfol@tcgu &SmrS&Sm;./ txl;ojzifh a'gufwmpHpDzdk;ESifhausmcsif;uyf aygif;oif;&Hkomru a'gufwmepfudk;ESifhvnf; tvGef&if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;.//

OD;omjrwf}uD;ESifh a'gufwmepfudk;wdk@tygt0if xdkpOfu ykodrftoif;awmfESifh wdkifw&mausmif;udk wnfaxmifcJh=uaom omoemq&mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfavonf// yxrt*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJ+yD;I

t*Fvdyfu ppfEdkifaomtcg jrefrmbufrS &cdkif;wdkif;ESifhweoFm&Dwdkif;wdk@udkay;vdkuf&./ 'kwd,ppfyGJ&SHK;jyefaomtcg jrefrmwdk@bufrS +Adwdo#udk jynfESifhawmifilatmufydkif;yg0ifaom atmufjrefrmEdkifiHtm; ay;vdkuf&jyefonf//TwGif armfv+rdKifESifhusdKufcrDwGif &SdaeaomESpfjcif;omoemq&mrsm;teufrS rpPwmtufabmh(Mr Abbot)onf OD;OD;zsm;zsm; ykodrf+rdK@odk@a&mufvm+yD; omoemudk pwifxlaxmifonf// q&mtufabmh.


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aemufwGif ykodrf+rdK@odk@ a&mufvmaom rpPwmbDcs,f(Mr Beecher)onfvHk+cHKa&;tom;rusao;aom ae&mudk tomxm;I ykodrfESifhav;rdkiftuGm udk;qla'oudk a&G;cs,fI ajr(6){uay:wGif wdkifw&mausmif;udk

pwifwnfaqmuf.// rpPwmbD;cs,f.aemufwGif q&mumyifwm(MrCarpenter)onf &efukef+rdK@Y (1874)ckESpfwGif u&ifaumvdyftrnfcH(,k'\ef)aumvdyfudk pwifzGifhvSpf wnfaxmifcJh+yD; ,if;&mxl;rS ESKwfxGufum ykodrf+rdK@odk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmonf// ,if;. vufxufwGif +Adwdo#a'ocHtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;xH ajruGuftvSLcH&m ajr(10){u&ojzifh pkkpkaygif;ajr(16){uay:wGif wdkiftvHk;aygif;(116)vHk;&Sdaom wdkifw&mausmif;(ac:)

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(armifpif=u,f. ,k'\efESifhjrefrma&$jynf)

qufvufI apmbOD;}uD;orD; (oJvfrm}uD;)u ol@tbdk;(OD;omjrwf}uD;)ESifh a'gufwmepfudk;wdk@ rnfIrnfr#&if;ESD;yHkESifh apmbOD;

}uD;rdom;pk ykodrfjyefa&mufvmpOf a'gufwmepfudk;aexkdifonfh tdrfa[mif;}uD;wGif olwdk@rdom;pk(8)ESpfwdkif aexdkifcJhyHkudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//

zl;zl;(bdk;bdk;)[m ykodrfrSm&SdwJh paumu&iftxufwef;ausmif;udkt+rJulnDygw,f// udkomjzLausmif;a[mif;tm; t&ifopfom;taqmuf

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qufvufI oJvfrm}uD;u olwdk@rdom;pk epfudk;tdrfa[mif;}uD;wGifae&yHkudkvnf; qufvuf a&;om;xm;.//


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tefwDwdk@ epfudk;a*[m (Nichol House)rSm ae=uw,f// u&iftxufwef;ausmif; wnfaxmifcJhwJh (Dr Nichol)aecJhwJh tdrfjzpfygw,f//tJ'DtdrfrSm (8)ESpf=umw,f// aemufawmh ykodrf+rdK@jyifrSm tdrfopfwaqmif

aqmuf+yD;aeygw,f// tJ'Dtdrf[m zl;zl;(tzdk;)&J@ vufaqmifjzpfygw,f// zl;zl;om;orD;wdkif;udk tdrfwaqmifqDaqmufay;ygw,f// tdrfxJrSm a&csdK;cef;/a&ydkufeJ@a&qGJtdrfomyg&SdwJh ykodrf+rdK@rSm yxrqHk;tdrfaygh/ vmvnfwJhrdwfaqGawGtm;vHk;u oabmus=uw,f//

(oJvfrm}uD;. apmbOD;}uD;twKy`wWd)

xif&m;w uef}u;a'gifbJ*&uf&GmESifh twefuav;vSrf;+yD; rD&xm;vrf;&Sdonfh

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olyxrqHk;pwif a&;om;xkwfa0onfh (jrefrm&mZ0if) (1930)ckESpfrSm,ae@wdkif tvGefxif&Sm;aom ordkif;pmtkyfjzpfI aeavonf// tqdkyguef}uD;a'gifh+rdK@rS ay:xGufvmaom ESvHk;&nf/ vuf&Hk;&nftpGrf;xuf

olrsm;teuf uAsmq&mESifhpma&; q&mrif;,ka0 rSmvnf; wa,mufjzpfavonf//


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tcef;(2)

vvm;ajrmup apmbO;}u;qHwjynfoHk;yJ-*smreDAHk;}uJpum;yHkjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHESifhtvSrf;a0;

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pkaqmif;ay;&avonf// xdkpOfu todtjrifzGH@+zdK;p jzpfvmaom u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf yxrwGif c&pf,mefomoemESifhqHkawG@&+yD; aemufydkif;Y yxrurBmppfyGJtrnfcH (Great War)r[mppfyGJESifh}uHKawG@ jyefavonf// ,if;urBmyxrppfyGJtwGuf vkdtyfaomppfom;rsm;udk xdkpOfu pkaqmif;ay;&olrsm;wGif ykodrf/ udk;ql&Sd u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; a'gufqmpHpDzdk;ESifhESpfjcif;omoemrS a'gufwmepfudk;wdkvnf; yg0if=uavonf//

,if;yxrurBmppfyGJonf (1914)ckESpfxd =um&Sdavonf// usHKaysmfom;av;(prpf'Gef;)onf tpfudkjzpfol. ajc&mudkeif;I ppfwyfxJ0ifav&myxrESpfwGif toufrjynfhao;I 0ifcGifhr&acs/ 'kwd,ESpfwGifrS 0ifcGifh&avonf// Todk@jzifh prpf'Gef;onf (1935)ckESpf/ tdENd,jynf (I.M.A.)(Indian Militans Academs)ppfausmif;wGif +Adwdo#csD;jrifhaom tjrifhqHk;

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owfyef;omjrwf}uD;onf vlvm;ajrmufpjzpfvmaom om;jzpfolapmbOD;}uD;udk t&dyfw=unfh=unfh =unfh&if;jzifh wbufwGif u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;.ta&;udk ar#mfawG;rd./ Ttcsdef(1890)ckESpfY +Adwdo#

w&m;&Hk;rsm;. w&m;pD&ifyHkESifhta&;ygyHkwdk@udkvnf; ol}uD;jzpfaom OD;omjrwf}uD;u od&Sdae.// Todk@jzifh om;jzpfoltm; tdENd,udk apv$wfI tdENd,ynma&;udk &,laprvm;/ +Adwdefudk apv$wfI +Adwdo#ynma&;udk &,laprvm; a0cGJr&jzpfaeavonf// xdktcsdefwGif OD;omjrwf}uD;onf +Adwdo#vlrsdK;wOD;. a&;om;xm;csufwckudk awG@vdkuf&avonf// a&;yHkrSm ---

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wGif qHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfavonf// apmbOD;}uD;onf t*Fvdyfpmudk ydkifEdkifap&eftwGuf armfv+rdKif&Sd ESpfjcif;c&pf,mef txufwef;ausmif;wGif ajymif;a&$@Iaexdkif.// (1921)ckESpf a&mufwGif apmbOD;}uD;onf touf(17)ESpf&G,fjzpfvmonf// xdktcsdefwGif urBmh0ef;usifESifhapmbOD;}uD; 0ef;usifwGiftajymif;tvJawGuvnf; rsdK;pHkaeawmhonf// trsdK;orD;rsm;rJqENay;cGifh&ojzifh rJay;ae=ujcif;/ +Adwdefonf pHepfa[mif;t& ya'o&mZfpepfudk

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vef'eod@a&mu&jcif;apmbOD;}uD;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrS vef'efodk@ a&a=umif;c&D;vrf;jzifh

xGufcGgvm&m pkpkaygif; wv=umonf// trSefrSmvmcsifonfh c&D;vrf;rSm

&efukefrS bHkab/ at'ifqufvufI pl;tufwl;ajrmif;wdk@rSwqifh ajrxJyifv,fa'oudk jzwfoef;I vef'efta&mufc&D;jzpf.// Todk@qdkv#if c&D;rSmydka0;I ydk=umEdkifonf// ,ckrl wvtwGif;Y vef'efodk@ a&muf&Sdvmavonf//

apmbOD;}uD;onf yxrESpftwGuf wuUodkvf0ifa&mufcGifh &Edkif&ef

vef'efaetdrfwGifaeI usL&Sifq&mudk iSg;&./ t*FvdyfpmtwGufcsnf;r[kwfyJ Oya'oifwef;twGufvufwifpmudkyg oif,l&avonf//Todk@jzifh (1922)ck/ atmufwdkbmvwGif uif;b&pf(CambridgeUnivercity)ESifh atmufpzdk@'fwuUodkvf(OXFORD). r'vif;aumvdyf(Magdalene Collge)rSm ausmif;0ifcGifh&avonf// xdkrS (1928)ckESpf/aEG&moDwGif Oya'ynmbGJ@udk &&Sdavonf// ,if;ESifhywfoufI orD;jzpfol

oJvfrm}uD;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//zl;zl;(apmomjrwf}uD;)[m yg;yg;(apmbOD;}uD;)eJ@ ol@0rf;cGJnD

(apmayom)wdk@udk t*Fvef v$wf+yD; Oya'ynmoifapcJhygw,f// yg;yg;[mtJ'Dwkef;u touf(17)ESpf rjynfhwwfao;ygbl;//

emrnf}uD; atmufpzdk@'f(OXFORD)ESifh uif;b&pf(CAMGRIDGE)

wuUodkvfawGrSm ynmoifzdk@twGuf vufwif(Latin

)bmomwwfzdk@ vdkygw,f// yg;yg;[m tdrfwvHk;&Smaew,f// q&mwa,mufeJ@ (Latin)bmomoif,lw,f// +yD;awmh (CAMBRIDGE)wuUodkvfu ruf'vif; aumvdyf(MAGDALENE COLLGE)rSm Oya'ynmoif,lygw,f// (4)ESpf=umygw,f// ausmif;ydwf wdkif; oliSg;xm;wJhtdrfudk jyefvmavh&Sdw,f// t*FvefeJ@+Adwdo#tifyg,m wckvHk;rSm a&S@aevdkufEdkifzdk@eJ@ txufw&m;&Hk;rSm

(A[dkw&m;&Hk;)vdkufEdkifzdk@ vef'ef+rdK@u rpf',fwify,f(Middle Temple)rSm


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Oya'xyfoif,l&ygw,f// 1929-ckESpfrSm yg;yg;[m t*Fvef&J@ tqifhjrifhqHk;Oya'ynm&Sif (BARRISTER AT LAW)jzpfvmw,f//

(oJvfrm}uD;. apmbOD;}uD;twKy`wWd)


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apmbO;}u;Eitdraxmifa&; (yxr)

xdkpOfu jrefrmEdkifiHom;taeESifh vef'efwGifaexdkif&if; Oa&myolESifh

vufxyf xdrf;jrm;onf qdkonfum; vG,fulonfhudpPw&yfum; r[kwfacs/Todk@ rvG,fonf=um;uyif xdkpOfu &Srf;apmbGm;om;rsm;jzpf=uaomp0fcGefcsdKESifhp0f=umqdkifwdk@onf Oa&mywdkufolrsm;ESifhvufxyf xdrf;jrm;=uouJhodk@ apmbOD;}uD;ESifhapmayom wdk@onfvnf; Oa&myolESifhvufxyfxdrf;jrm;+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfac:aqmifvmcJh=u.// apmbOD;}uD;rSmvef'efoljzpfI apmayomrSm paumhwvefoljzpfonf//

apmbOD;}uD;vef'efwGif tdrfaxmifus+yD; om;wa,mufESifhorD;wa,muf&yHkudk aygvf(Paul Sztumpt)u ol.(E-booklet)wGif a&;om;xm;ouJhodk@ oJvfrm}uD;uvnf; olr.(apmbOD;}uD; twKy`wWd)wGif jyefvnfa&;om;xm;avonf//

aemfxD;r


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(Renee Rose Kemp)ESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ awG@=uonfhtcgapmbOD;}uD;rSm Oya'bmomwufa&muf aecsdefjzpfonf// vef'[email protected]&Sift0wftpm;rsm; a&mif;csaom&D*sifh(Regents Street)vrf;&Sd zdeyf

ta&mif;qdkifwGif (Kemp)u tvkyfvkyfaeonf// apmbOD;}uD;ESifh(Kemp)wdk@ESpfa,mufom;&if;ESD;cifrif oGm;+yD;aemufY &kyf&SiftwloGm;=u/ uyGJtwloGm;=ujzifh aemufqHk; apmbOD;}uD;0wfvHkbGJ@&onfh (1936)ck/ aEG&moDwGifvufxyfvdkuf=uonf// ,if;odk@ ZeD;armifESH aysmf&$ifpGm aexdkif=upOf (1927)ckESpfY yxrom;rdkifu,foDtdk'dk(Michael Theodors)udk arG;zGm;I (1926)ckESpfwGif 'kwd,orD;jzpfol oJvfrm&Dpm(Thelma Resa)udk arG;onf// ,if;ESpf

aEG&moDrSmyif touf(20)ausmf&G,f/ vef'ef0wfvHkawmf& apmbOD;}uD;onf ZeD;r,m;orD;om;wdk@jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvmavonf// ,if;ESifhtwl nD0rf;uGJawmfol apmayomonfvnf; ZeD;onf*sif;(Jean) paumhwvefol/ om;jzpfola'gufuvyf(Dauglas)wdk@yg0ifvsuf twlwuG jyefvmavonf//

tJ'DESpfrSmbJ rmrD(Renee Kemp

)eJ@ tdrfaxmifjyKw,f// om;wa,mufeJ@orD;(usr) wa,mufxGef;um;ygw,f// w&m;&Hk;csKyfa&S@aejzpfwJhESpfrSm usrudk arG;ygw,f// tJ'DESpfrSmbJ usrwdk@ rdom;pktm;vHk; jrefrmEdkifiHudk jyefvm=uygw,f// OD;av;(apmayom)vJ ol@&J@paumhvlrsdK;ZeD;onf*sif;(Jean)eJ@twl jyefvmygw,f// yifv,fc&D;jzpfygw,f// (apmayom[m'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u 0ef}uD;tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfygw,f// oleJ@ol@&J@ZeD;om;

orD;awG[m ocifwcsdK@&J@ aemufvdkufawG&J@ &uf &ufpufpufowfjzwfwmcHcJh&w,f// ol@&J@om;wOD;vJ vGwfajrmufoGm;ygw,f// u&if-Armt"du&k%f;&J@ tpydkif;jzpfyg w,f//

(oJvfrm}uD;. apmbOD;}uD;twKywWd)


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yorjyea&mup apmbOD;}u;. rom;pb0

apmbOD;}uD;ESifh ol.rdom;pkykodrfodk@ jyefa&mufpwGif ykodrf+rdK@u&if&yfuGuf&Sd A[dkcsufr&Sd a'gufwmpHpDzdk;. aq;cef;ESifhwqufwnf;wGif&Sdaom aq;az:pyfonfhwef;vsm;wGif a&S@aetvkyfavhusifh&if;ae&onf//,if;ae&mudk udkomjzLcef;raqmif[lIvnf;ac:onf// ,if;cef;rrSm

tcef;rsm;zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;r&SdyJ apmbOD;}uD;rdom;pktjyif apmbOD;}uD;.tpfr&Dpm(Resa)ESifhcifyGef; q&mvS&Sdef/ om;orD;rsm;jzpf=uaom oDtdk'dk(Theodore)/ a':e,f(Chu Too)ESifh orD;tJr,fvD,m (Amelia)wdk@vnf;pkaygif;aexdkif=uonf// yxrwGif olwdk@onf rdom;pkrsm;jzpf=uI csufpm;jyKwfpm;vdkuf/ &kyf&SifxJY tar&duef/ tdENd,aw;oDcsif;rsm;em;axmifvdkufjzifh tcsdefonf ukefrSef;rod ukefvmavonf//

odk@&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;.ZeD;onf(Renee)onf =umvmonfESifhr&$ifrvef;jzpfvmonf// ,if;a[mcef;}uD;rSm avoef@avaumif;0ifaygufur&Sd/ nnfhnnfhqdkv#if (Insects)ydk;aumifawGu 0ifvmudkufonf//r=umrD (Renee)zsm;ygavawmhonf// tzsm;rSm aoG;tm;enf;aom a&m*gjzpfavonf// Todk@jzifh udkomjzLu&ifausmif;udk wnfaqmufcJholrsm;onf


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a'gufwmepfudk;twGuf txl;oD;oef@ tdrfwaqmifudk aqmufvkyfay;cJhav&m (1932)ckESpfwGif +yD;ajrmufcJhojzifh apmbOD;}uD;ESifhrdom;pkonfa'gufwmpHpD;zdk;.aq;cef;rS a'gufwmepfudk;. tdrfopf}uD;qDodk@ ajymif;a&$@

cJhavonf// ,if;odk@ a'gufwmepfudk;. tdrfopf}uD;qDodk@ rajymif;a&$@rD(Renee)onf olr. aoG;tm;enf;a&m*gtwGuf ajrmif;jr&Sd apmayom.ZeD;onfxH ajymif;a&$@aexdkif&avonf//

,ckapmbOD;}uD; ajymif;a&$@aexdkif&ma'orSm paumu&iftxufwef;ausmif;ESifh reD;ra0;wGifjzpfI u&ifywf0ef;usifESifhvnf; xdpyfaeavonf// ausmif;wuf&efpm&if;oGif;olESifh abmf'gae ausmif;om;rsm;yg&Sdaeaoma=umifh apmbOD;}uD;onf ,if;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhabmvHk;uefjcif;/ ajy;ckefypfupm;jcif;/ wif;epfukwfwGif wif;epfupm;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyfonf// apmbOD;}uD;onf rlvuyif tm;upm;orm;jzpfI ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; vufa0S@xdk;jcif;ESifh*|rf;bm;upm;jcif;rsm;udkyg tm;upm;enf;jyq&myrm oif=um;ay;avonf//

Todk@ &SdaepOf (1930)ckESpfY apmbOD;}uD;onfvnf; ZeD;onfenf;wl iSufzsm;ydk;0ifvm&mrS tjyif;zsm;ygavawmhonf// ol.tylcsdefrSmjrifhoxufjrifhvmaoma=umifh rdom;pkrsm;rSm apmifrsm;udk txyfxyf+cHKay;=u&onf// tpmrpm;Edkifojzifh qefjyKwfudk wdkufauG;=u&onf// aemufqHk;Yq&m0efu rdk;a&xJY abmvHk;rupm;&efESifh OD;acgif;udk aEG;axG;ap&eftwGuftkyfrdk;xm;&ef ajym&onftxd &Sdavonf//

apmbOD;}uD;onf wbufwGifvnf; ,if;. a&S@aevkyfief;twGufavhusifhae&m ol@armfawmf um;av;jzifh a&S@aet0wftpm;udk 0wfpm;umykodrf&Sd w&m;&Hk;rsm;odk@ 0ifxGufoGm;vm aeavonf// ae@wae@wGif &efukefteD;w0dkufu r[kwfyJ &Srf;jynfbufrS &Srf;rif;om;wOD;. eef;wGif;vkyf}uHrSK/vlowfrSKtwGuf oluJhodk@aom bdvwfjyef0wfvHkwOD;udk iSg;&rf;vmav


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onf// ,if;ta=umif;udk aygvf(Paul Sztumpt)u ol.(E-booklet)wGiftrGufr#oma&;om;xm;I (K.N.U)acgif;aqmifref;bZefESifh&Srf;jynf/awmif}uD;w&m;cGifxJwGif trSKudkwufa&mufem;axmifcJhaom tdkif;&pf

pma&;q&m}uD; arm&pf(pf)aumvpf(Maurise Collis)wdk@u us,fjyef@pGmyifa&;om;xm;avonf//

apmbOD;}uD;&J@ bJu&uf&Gm[m ykodrf_rdK@/ ta&S@ajrmufbufrdkif(40)avmuftuGm ykodrf/ [oFmwrD;&xm;vrf; ay:rSm&SdwJh &Gmw&Gmjzpfw,f// tdrfajcESpf&mavmuf&Sd+yD;/ u&iftrsdK;om;c&pf,mefbmom

0ifawG trsm;qHk;aexdkif=uw,f// bJu&uf&GmrSmaewJh apmomjrwf}uD;ESifhZeD;wdk@u (1903)ckESpfrSm apmbOD;}uD;udk arG;zGm;cJhygw,f//

armfv+rdKif&Sd txl;t*Fvdyfausmif;jzpfwJh rpPwm0uf'ufpzGefausmif;rSm qufvufynmoif=um;+yD; +AdwdefEdkifiHudk oGm;a&mufum 0wfvHkynmoif=um;cJhw,f// 0wfvHkawmfbGJ@&_yD;aemuf apmbOD;}uD;jrefrmjynfudkjyefvm+yD; ykodrf+rdK@/ uefoHk;qifh&yfuGufrSm aexdkifw,f// apmbOD;}uD;[mOpPm"eayguG,f0oljzpf&Hkomru ynmwwfwOD;vnf;jzpfw,f// &kyf&nfcef@nm;oef@jyef@acsmarmwJh ysdKwdkif;}udKufwJh ESif;qDcdkifjzpfcJhw,f//

apmbOD;}uD;udk u|Ekfyfodu|rf;vmjcif;// 1938=ckESpfrSm u|Efkyf[m&efukefwuUodkvfyxrESpf 0dZmwef;rSm ynmoif=um;aew,f// wae@rSm&efukef+rdK@rSm t*FvdyfbmomeJ@ xkwfa0wJh &efukefa*Zuf t*Fvdyfowif;pmwapmifudk zwfrdw,f/ &Srf;jynfoDayge,frS apmbGm;rsdK;EG,fwOD;&J@eef;wGif;vkyf}uHrSK trSKtcif;wckta=umif;jzpfw,f// apmoD[qdkoluapmfbGm}uD;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfw,fvdk@ pGJqdkwJhtrSKyJ// tJ'DtrSKrSm w&m;cHtjzpfpGJqdkcH&wJh apmoD[zufu emrnfrausmf=um;ao;wJh 0wfvHawmf&apmbOD;}uD;u a&S@aevdkufw,f// apmbOD;}uD;&J@ av#mufv$Jcsufa=umifh


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apmoD[vnf; *Gif;vHk;u|wfoGm;cJhw,f// apmbOD;}uD;&J@ t&nftcsif;eJ@*k%foduQm[m xifay:ausmf=um;vmyg w,f//

(ref;bZef.-oEkxl;)*sme,f)

u|efawmfonf ref;bZef. apmbOD;}uD;0wfvHkvdkufaom apmoD[trSKta=umif;udk zwfrd &mrS pma&;q&m arm&pf(cf)aumvpfpf (1)ae0ifb&if;rsm;(Lords of The Sun-Set) (ausmfatmif bmomjyef)udk zwfrdavonf// pma&;q&m}uD;arm&pf(cf)aumvpfqdkv#if vlcsif;rodaomfvnf;ol.pmudk rodaomjrefrmpmzwf y&dowf[lI r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf//

rd&m;zm;apm jrermjynY ppcaomtrSKrsm; jrermjynwifaemuq;ESiyxrq; qif;,i;rD;0Ku ay:w*(*tm)e,rS&cifjyn+rdK@a[mi;odk@ a&mufvmaom c&pf,mefbef;awm}u;wO;.&wema&$ajr(Image of golden Land)wdk@yif jzpf=uonf//

(1) ae0ifbk&ifrsm;(Lands of The Sunset by Maurige Collis)

pma&;q&m}uD; arm&pf(pf)aumvpfonf rsufESmjzLta&;ydkifjzpfaomfvnf; b0wlrsufESmjzL rsm;ESifh tqifrajyaoma=umifh weoFm&Dwdkif;/+rdwf+rdK@wGifif;/ &ckdifjynfe,fwGifif; tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&if;trSKtcif;rsm;udk ppfcJh&avonf// ,if;odk@jzifh olonft_idrf;pm;,l +yD;aemuf&Srf;jynfodk@ tvnfjyefvm&mrS apmbOD;}uD;vdkufaom apmoD[

trSKppfaq;&mw&m;&Hk;tv,facgifodk@ xdkifrdvsufom;jzpfaeawmhonf//trSKem;axmif&mwGif trSKjzpfyGm;&mrSm usdKif;wHk a[mfeef;rS eef;wGif;vkyf}uHrSKjzpf.// pma&;q&marm&pf(pf)aumvpfonf pma&;q&myDopGmw&m;cHapmoD[tjyif eef;crf;aq;&HkwGif olemjyKoifwef;wufaeolapmoD[.nDrjzpfolapmzkef;vSdKifudkyg awG@cJh&avonf//


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apmoD[trSKESifhywfoufI pma&;q&m}uD; arm&pf(cf)aumvpfa&;om;yHktjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfavonf//

&Srf;ajrmuft}uHay;tzGJ@0if

pdkif;wifaz


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[if;}uD;u|e;ud yifco

Tae&mwGif [dkif;}uD;u|ef;udk apmbOD;}uD;(OD;omjrwf}uD;)ydkifqdkifcJha=umif;udk odolr&SdoavmufjzpfI a&;om;olrSmvnf; tvsif;r&Sdacs//apmbOD;}uD;orD;jzpfol oJvfrm}uD;u aEG&moD a&mufaomf apmbOD;}uD;

tygt0if rdom;pkawG [dkif;}uD;u|ef;odk@ aysmfyGJpm;oGm;a=umif;/ tkef;Eka&aomuf&a=umif;/ aysmf&$ifpGma&csdK;=ua=umif;/ apmbOD;}uD;onf ol.rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhtrfypfwwf a=umif;ponfponfrsm;wdk@udk zwf&SK&aomtcg oJvfrm}uD;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifrd.// xdkpOfu apmbOD;}uD;. ydkifqdkifrSKtajrmftjrifrsm;udkvnf; av;pm;rd.//

xdkrSwqifh apmbOD;}uD;. rdom;pkydkifqdkifaom [dkif;}uD;u|ef;udkta=umif;jyKI u|efawmfonf yxrwGif tavmif;bk&m; OD;atmifaZ,sudk owd&rd.// 'kwd,wGif rGefwDc&pfwdk(Count of Monticristo)e,fpm;}uD; (+rdK@pm;}uD;)udk owd&rd.// OD;atmifaZ,sonf [dkif;}uD;u|ef;udkt"rRxdk;ppfqifvmaom +Adwdo#wdk@udk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif ykodrf+rdK@udkyg rD;&SdK@ypf&.// ,if;aemufY [dkif;}uD;u|ef; ay:wGif ajcukwf,lvmaom +Adwdo#wdk@

ckwfxGif;&Sif;vif;ypf.//


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vefuyfpwmwuUodkvfu uG,fvGef+yDjzpfwJh ygarmuQ[sL;wifhcg(HughTinker)&J@ (Constitutional Relation Between Britain And Burma)eJ@(Burma The Struggle For Independence 1944-1948)wdk@jzpfygw,f//

tefwDtaeeJ@ yg;yg;ta=umif;a&;jy&wm tvGefauseyf*k%f,lygw,f//

(oJvfrm}uD;.apmbOD;}uD;twKy`wWd)


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qHk;jzwfvdkufyg+yD;/ bHkabuwqifhyg/ ppf+yD;wJhtxdyg pmrSm Tr#omjzpfaomfvnf; apmbOD;}uD;cifAsm bmudkrS rajymEdkifawmh

Todk@jzifh apmbOD;}uD;onf jzpfvmtHhqJqJ u&if-ArmydyuQudk

rsufESmrl&avawmhonf//

(B.I.A)acw u&i-Armydyu

(1941)ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv(7)&ufae@wGif *syefonf tar&duef.a&wyfqdyfurf;jzpfaom ykvJqdyfurf;(Peal Harbour)udk pwifI AHk;}uJ

wdkufcdkuf&mrS tar&duefESifh+Adwdo#wdk@onf *syefudk ppfa=unmavonf//Todk@jzifh urBm@ta&S@bufjcrf;wGif 'kwd,urBmppfonf pwifjzpfyGm;avawmhonf// ppfonfvsifjrefpGmjzifh zdvpfydkif/ a[mifaumif/ rav;wdk@qDa&mufvm+yD;aemuf 'DZifbmvtwGif;Y &efukefonf *syef.AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufrSKudk yxrqHk;t}udrfcH&onf// (1942)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dva&mufaomtcg *syef.trSwf(15)wyfrawmfudk 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; &SdK*sD&dkvD'g

(Shogirolida). acgif;aqmifrSKjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk pwifwdkufcdkufavonf//

apmbOD;}u;Eif ociEk


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azaz:0g&D(22)&ufae@wGif +Adwdo#wyfzGJ@onf jrefrmEdkifiH. ta&S@buftpGef;&Sd ppfawmif;wHwm;udk *syefrsm; &kwfw&ufr0ifa&mufvmEdkifap &efcsdK;ypfvdkufavonf//

Todk@jzifh ppfawmif;ta&S@bufurf;rS taemufbufurf;odk@ul;vmaom *syefwyfzGJ@onf yJcl;vrf;wav#muf&Sd +Adwdo#ESifhtdENd,wyfzGJ@wdk@udk pwifwdkufcdkufavonf// TwGif &ufydkif;twGif;Y &efukef+rdK@onfpGef@ypfjcif;cH&_yD; tpdk;&&Hk;taqmuftOD;rsm;onfyif a[mif;avmif;csnf;omjzpfukefawmhonf// +Adwdo#ESifhtdENd,wyfzGJ@onf ab;uif;vHk+cHKpGmjzifh&cdkifjynfe,fbufodk@ qkwfcGg=uonf// jynf/ awmifilwdk@ESifhtwl rwfv

(3)&ufae@Y rEWav;+rdK@}uD;rSm rD;avmifavawmhonf// {+yDvodk@a&mufv#if&efukef_rdK@}uD;onf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; *syef.tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;avonf//

,if;jrefrmjynfodk@ rdrd.(B.L.A)wyfzGJ@udk acgif;aqmifI jrefrmjynfxJ0ifvmolrSm ume,f plZluD;(SuZuKi)ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@yif

jzpfonf// ,if;tcsdefxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&vnf; r&Sdawmh/ *syeftpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;rSmvnf; r&Sdao;I (B.I.A)wyfxJodk@ pk+yHK0ifvmaomtqdk;taumif;[lor#wdk@onf tpdk;&.&Hk;rsm;wGifif;/ &Jpcef;rsm;wGifvufeufodrf;Iif;/ +Adwdo#wyfESifhygroGm;aom rdrd&yf&GmwGif usef&pfcJhaomu&ifppfom;rsm;xH vufeufodrf;,lI rif;rljcif;wdkif; rif;rl=uavonf//Tjy\emxJwGif touft&G,f}uD;&ifhae_yD;jzpfaom a'gufwmpHpDzdk;ESifh

apmbOD;}uD;wdk@xHodk@yg a&muf&Sdvmavonf//

u&i-ArmydyutajccH,if;*syef0ifp u&if=ArmydyuQrSm ,cktcg ESpfaygif;(70)ausmf

=um+yDjzpfaomfvnf; tcsdK@. oHk;oyfcsufrSm rSefuefrSKr&SdyJ &GJ@apmif;ae


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avonf// txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&ESpfquftwGif;Y oHk;oyfcsufrsm;onft&GJ@apmif;qHk;yifjzpfavonf//

+Adwdo#wyfrsm;onf atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGgjcif;jzifh pepfwus

pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm qkwfcGgEdkif=u onf[kqdkaomfvnf; u&ifvufeufudkifwyfrsm;udkum; pepfwusqkwfcGg&ef xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif; r&SdcJhay// u&ifvufeufudkif tawmfrsm;rsm;onf rdrdZmwdudk rpGef@cGgEdkifaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ tdENd,EdkifiHodk@ rvdkufygvdkaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ +Adwdo#wyfrsm;ESifhuGJuGm+yD; usef&pfcJh=uonf// u&ifvufeufudkiftcsdK@om tdENd,txd vdkufygoGm;=u+yD; trsm;pkrSmrl vufeufcJ,rf;ESifhwuG ajcOD;wnfh

&modk@ qkwfcGgoGm;=u&onf// u&ifvufeufudkifrsm;onf ppfajy;rsm;tjzpfjrpf0u|ef;ay:/ zgyGefESifh awmifila'orS u&ifaus;&Gm;rsm;odk@ vufeufcJh,rf;rsm;ESifhwuG a&muf&SdoGm;=uonf// *syefwyfrsm;onfvnf; atmufjrefrmjynfudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf (1942)ckESpf/ rwfvv,fcef@wGif txufjrefrmjynfodk@ qufvufcsDwufawmhonf//

bDtdkifat wyfrawmfonfvnf; *syefwyfrsm;ESifhtwl csDwufvsuf&Sd&m ppfaoemywdtjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u aqmif&Guf_yD; 'kwd,ppfaoemywdtjzpf AdkvfvusFm(ocifvSaz)u aqmif&Gufonf//

(jynfwGif;aomif;usefolordkif; tydkif;-1)

jrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sd +rdK@rsm;rS rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfrsm;/ ocifrsm;onf jynfwGif;olykefwyfzGJ@ESifhqufoG,fI t*Fvdyftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrSKr&Sdawmhonfh +rdK@rsm;wGif,m,DtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk odrf;ydkufxm;=u&onf// bDtdkifatwyfrsm;a&muf&SdvmaomtcgwGif bDtdkifattkyfcsKyfa&;udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh xlaxmif=uonf//


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xdktcsdefwGif ppfjzpfcsdefudk tcGifhaumif;,lI xuGaomif;usef;aeaom vufeufudkifvlqdk;rsm; ay:aygufvm+yD; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfatmufrSm vufeufudkif&Jrsm;udk uGyfuJrnfholr&Sd jzpfaecJh&onf//

xdk@a=umifh bDtdkifat,m,DtkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf "g;jyrsm;tm; ESdrfeif;jcif;/ pnf;rJhurf;rJh udkifaqmifae=uonfh vufeufrsm;udkodrf;qnf;jcif;wdk@udk aqmif&Guf=u&onf// u&ifppfajy;rsm;onf jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o&Sd u&ifaus;&Gmrsm;wGif vufeufcJ,rf;tjynfhtpHkjzifh cdkvSHKaexdkifvsuf&Sd=u&m bDtdkifat,m,D tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkufjy\emwufawmhonf//

(jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKordkif; tydkif;-1)

(B.I.A)udk,fpm; tqdkyg rsdK;cspftzGJ@onf vlqdk;vlrdkufrsm;tm;zrf;qD;jcif;/ vufeufrsm;oGm;a&mufodrf;ydkufjcif;rSm ta=umif;r[kwfaomfvnf; +Adwdo#wyfESifhvdkufygvdkjcif;r&SdI rdrd&yf&Gm a'owGif at;csrf;pGmaexdkifaom u&ifvufeufudkifrsm;tm; vufeufoGm;odrf;jcif;/ &efjyKjcif;

rSm {&m0wDwdkif;&Sd rsdK;cspfrsm;. trSm;yifjzpfavonf// odk@&mwGif txufygpmtkyfa&;om;olrsm;onfyif ,if;udpPtay:wGif rnfodk@r#roHk;oyfyJ wdwfqdwfpGm aeavonf//

xdkpOfu jrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sd (B.I.A)trnfcHrsdK;cspfqdkolrsm;onf rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif tkyfcsKyfjcif;/ w&m;pD&ifjcif;/ vufeufodrf;jcif;jyK&Hkr#ru tvGeftEW&m,f}uD;rm;aom *syefESifhu&ifudk trsdK;rsdK;&efwdkufay;jcif;vnf; jyKvkyf=uayonf// yxrwGif *syefppft&m&Sdrsm; udk,fwdkifuvnf; ,Hk=unf=uao;.// aemufydkif;wGifrS r,Hkr=unfjzpfvmavonf//

atmufygwdk@rSm *syefppfAdkvf ,mr'g(Yamada)ESifh a'gufwmpHpDzdk;wdk@udk (B.I.A)qdkolrsm;rS &efwdkufay;jcif;yifjzpfonf//


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Through an interpreter Major Yamad replied: 'We hear thereare 800 soldiers with 400 guns waiting for us here.' Sir San C. Poassured them it was not true. Then the B.I.A leaders came up and asked

Sir San C.Po to introduce them to the Japanese. The meeting passed off

satisfactorily and they all went into Bassein together. (Grand fatherLong legs by Ian Morrison ,r'g (bmomjyefrSwqifh)

u|Ekfyfwdk@ &xm;wJhowif;t& ppfom;(800)eJ@ vufeufawG(400)tygt0if usKyfwdk@udk apmifhaew,fvdk@ =um;&ygw,f//

qmpHpDzdk; 'Dowif;u rrSefwJh owif;awGjzpfygw,f//

Todk@jzifh *syefppfAdkvftygt0if a'gufwmpHpDzdk;wdk@ESifh tpnf;ta0;usif;y+yD; ykodrfodk@ jyefoGm;avonf//

1945)ckEp/ u&i-Armyyuajy+ir;a&;}uK;yrf;&ef apmbO;}uD;EiOD;Ewd@oabFmay:wi aw@qaepO


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,if;ta=umif;udkyif jynfwGif;aomif;usefolordkif; tydkif;(1)wGifatmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;jyefavonf//

1942-ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dvukefcef@wGif ykodrf+rdK@udk bDtdkifatwyf

om;rsm; odrf;ydkufvdkuf=uonf// bDtdkifatacgif;aqmif;rsm;u u&ifrsm;xHodk@ vufeuftyf&ef awmif;qdkaomtcg pHpDydk;wdk@ vlpku bDtdkifatwyfrsm; ykodrf+rdK@rS xGufcGgom;&ef pma&;ta=umif;jyefcJhonf// Adkvfodrf;aqGESifhAdkvf0if;onf apmbOD;}uD;/ csm;vfpawmpaom u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;zdwf=um;I AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. trdef@t& odrf;ydkuf&a=umif; &Sif;jy+yD;*syefwyfrawmf. axmufcHcsuf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udkyg xkwfjy =uonf//

xdk@a=umifh u&ifppfajy;rsm;ESifh bDtdkifatwdk@rSm ,m,DajyvnfrSK&&SdoGm;=uonf//

qufvufI jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSK ordkif;wGif az:jyxm;jyef&m

ajrmif;jre,frS pvdkufaom vlrsdK;a&;t"du&k%f;onf rtlyif/anmifwkef;/ yef;waemf/ ZvGef/ "EkjzLpaom jrpf0u|ef;ay:+rdK@rsm;odk@

vsifjrefpGm ysH@ESH@oGm;onf// jrefrmvli,ftcsdK@onf vGwfvyfa&; &nf&G,fcsufaysmufuG,f+yD; u&ifqef@usifa&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh bDtdkifatxJodk@ 0if=uonf//

*syefacwfwGif Tpma&;olrSm q,fESpfyifrjynfhao;I uav;t&G,fyifjzpfonf// TumvwGif pma&;ol. tpfudkjzpfolonf bdkuav;bufY awmtkyfvkyfae&m rdcif}uD;ESifhrdom;pk pm;aomuf&eftwGufpyg;ig;&mudk wifaqmifI a&$avmif;odk@ jyef,lvm.// xdktcsdefwGifref;a&$xGef;=umonf tdrRJrS&JarmfawmfudkqGJum a&$avmif;udk rD;&SdK@&efvm.//tpfudkESifh0rf;uGJtpfudkrsm;u wm;qD;=u&m wm;Ir&acs// odk@jzifh nOfhtcgwGif pyg;rsm;udk a&xJodk@ oGefcsI rdom;pktjyif aqGrsdK;pkudkyg ormefYwifaqmifI wdwfwqdwf nOfhtcsdef xGufajy;=u&.// u0J acsmif;0&Sd

bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;a&S@ wGif wyfpGJxm;aom (B.I.A) Adkvfodef;wyf.


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zrf;qD;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf// tpfudkjzpfolrSm zrf;qD;cH&+yD; 0g;c,frtcsKyfwGif csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;cH&.// usefrdom;pkESifh aqGrsdK;pkwckvHk;rSmu0J bkef;awmf}uD;. Zd0dw'getouftvSLcHaoma=umifh touf&Sif=u

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u&i&Gmrsm;& u&ivrsK;tajrmutrsm; owjzwcH&a=umi;ta&S@buawmiwe;&S zgyefc&ifESi jrpf0u|ef;ay:aus;vua'oawrmjzpfca=umif;o&aomvn; owi;tjyn tpHuum; r&&yg/ aemuqH;owi;tjyntpHr[waomvn; w&m;0io&aomowi;t&ajrmi;jrc&ifwav#muY aoq;ou&i vrsK;aygif;rm (1800)ausm/zsuq;rD;&K@jci;c&aom aus;&Gmaygi;rSm (400)ausmEif &upu=urf;=uKwpGm owjzwcH&o a,musm;/ ref;r/ uav; pkpkaygi;tygt0if(152)O;w@u (B.I.A)u owjzwcJon// ,if;txwif ppf}uKacwu0e}uD;wO;jzpcJo apmayomEif o.rom;pvn; owjzwjcif;cH&on// apmayom ,i;o@ owjzwc&jcif;tay:wif xpOfu aus;&Gmrsm;& u&ivrsK;rsm;rSm rsm;pmyia=umu&@xwve@ ae=uayon//

us,fjyef@vmaom vlrsdK;a&;t"du&k%f;udk EdkifiHa&;tjrifus,f+yD;oabmxm;jynfh0 jrifhrm;onfh ocifrsm;ESifh bDtdkifatacgif;aqmifrsm;u

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avonf//ta&;yg t&ma&mufaom u&ifvli,frsm;ESifhvnf; xrif;yGJrsm;/

vbuf&nfyGJrsm;/ r=umc%jyKvkyfI &if;&if;ESD;ESD;aygif;=uonf// Tu&if-Armcspf=unfa&;udpPtwGuf acgif;aqmifol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhocifoef;xGef;wdk@ &Sdonfhteuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm udk,fwGif;oHvdkuf

tvGefaumif;oljzpfonf// wpdrf;w&HpmxJu olESifhawG@&v#if tus}uD;usoGm;aom olomrsm;avonf// olESifhawG@aom u&ifwdkif; oludkyHkI,Hk=unf=uonf// tawmfvnf; =unfndK=uonfudk od&.//

(ocifEk. ig;ESpf&moD Armjynf)

apmayomESi apmbO;}u;apmayomESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@onf taznDtpfudk jzpf=uI 0rf;uGJnDtpfudk awmf=uonf/ (OD;omjrwf}uD;ESifhOD;Ek) nDtpfudkESpfa,mufpvHk;vef'efwGif 0wfvHkbGJ@&cJhI ZeD;onfrsm; &,l&mwGifvnf; wa,mufu+Adwdo#ol/ usefwa,mufu paumhwvefoljzpf.// vef'efu ykodrfjyefa&mufvmaomtcg xdkpOfu a'gufwmpHpDydk;tygt0if ynmwwfEdkifiHjcm;


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jyefrSm oHk;a,mufjzpfaeavonf// xdkpOfu apmbOD;}uD;rSm EdkifiHa&;wGif0goemrxufoefvSyJ 0wfvHkjzifhom oufarG;0rf; ausmif; jyKvdkoljzpfonf//TwGif ajrmif;jr&Sd u&ifola;rsm;onf ykodrfwGif ynmwwfEdkifiHjcm;jyef

oHk;OD;&Sdaeaoma=umifh apmayomudk awmif;,l=uonf// u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf apmayomonf ajrmif;jrwGif ajymif;a&$@aexdkif&awmhonf//

xdkrS apmayomonf ppf}udKacwf EdkifiHa&;xJodk@ 0ifcJhav&myxrwGif a'gufwmbarmf. tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfvmonf// xdkrSOD;apm.tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif 'kwd,t}udrf 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfvm jyefonf//

Todk@jzifh (1938)ckESpf/ w&m;0ifu&ifESpfopful;ae@owfrSwfjcif;cH&aomtcg 0ef}uD;apmayomonf (1939)ck/ atmufwdkbmv(1)&ufae@wGifjrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf zGJ@pnf;aomArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f;(Freedom Bloe)wGif a'gufwmbarmfOuU/ ocifatmifqef;twGif;a&;rSL;ESifhtzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf ocifEkESifhtwl apmayomwdk@vnf; yg0if=uavonf// pma&;olonf ajrmif;jr+rdK@ (R.C.M)wGif ausmif;aeaomtcgapmayom.ajr;jzpfol *vufpwkef;ESifh ausmif;aebufrsm;jzpf=u&mr=umc%yif apmayomukef;odk@ a&mufwwfavonf//

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barmf. tpdk;&uyifrdrdtm; &efukefwGif xdkifaeI u&if-ArmudpPtusdK;aqmif&ef wdkufwGef;aejcif; jzpfavonf// aemufqHk; rwwfonfhtqHk;wGifapmbOD;}uD;cifAsm/ &efukefwGif tdrfwtdrf0,f,lI ae&avawmhonf//

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apmbO;}u;. 'w,Eifww,traxmifapmbOD;}uD;onf (1940)ckESpf/ *syef0ifpwGif uG,fvGefoGm;ol

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u|efrtwuyg pwraumi;jzp&wmyg//


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oD;jcm;*sifea&wmjzifh jzpfonf// a&csdK;cef;rSm acwftrDqHk;ESifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f taumif;qHk; jzpfavonf// ajymp&mwckrSm apmbOD;}uD;. nD0rf;uGJapmbouf}uD;yif jzpfonf// olonf t+rJwef; tdrfodk@vmonfESifh

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pp+yD;acwu&ifEiia&;*syefawmfvSefa&;_yD;ajrmufI r[m+Adwdo#rsm;jyefa&mufvmv#if

u&ifhEdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;rSKonf pwifvmavonf// apmbOD;}uD;ESifhu&ifynmwwfrsm;. Tcef;uonf pwifvmawmhonf// ,cifa'guvlESifh(K.C.A.B)u&ift}uHay;bkwf(Karen Central Barnd)tzGJ@ae&mwGif u&iftrsdK;om;a&;udk aqmif&GufEdkif&ef (K.C.O)ac: (Karen CentralOrganisation

)udk zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=uonf//

trKaqmiftz@1// apmom'if (OuU/ aiGxdef;)/

2// ref;bcif (twGif;a&;rSL;)/


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3// q&momxdk (wGJbuf/ twGif;a&;rSL;)/

4// apmbOD;}uD; (trSKaqmif)/

5// apmpHzdk;oif (trSKaqmif)/

6// apmjrodef; (trSKaqmif)/

7// ref;*sdrf;(pf)xGef;atmif (trSKaqmif)/

8// ref;a&$xGef;=um (trSKaqmif)/

9// apmbarmif (trSKaqmif)/

10// *sdrf;(pf)wmy (trSKaqmif)/11// qpf'eDvleD (trSKaqmif)/

,if;ESifhywfoufI ref;bZefonf (oElxl;)pmapmifwGif u&ifhEdkifiHa&;jyefvnfEdk;=um;vmyHkudk atmufyg twdkif;a&;om;xm;avonf//

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(ref;bZef. u|EfkyfESifhacgif;aqmif}uD; apmbOD;}uD; ] oEkxl;)


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ref;bZefonf apmbOD;}uD;. tajymtqdk t0wftpm;&dk;om;yHkudkvnf; qufvufa&;om;xm;jyefonf//

ynmwwfu|rf; OpPm"eayguG,f0+yD; &mxl;*k%fxl;awG&Sdayr,fh

b0ifjrifhjcif;r&Sdbl;// apmbOD;}uD;&J@ 0wfpm;qif&ifaexdkifpm;aomufrSKawG[m x,fx,f0g0gr&Sdbl;// vlvwfwef;pm; tqifhrsdK;eJ@aexdkifw,f//ae@wae@rSm apmbOD;}uD;/ u|Ekfyf/ ref;*sdrf;(pf)xGef;atmif/ apm[HomwmarG;wdk@[m trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;a&;vSKyfaqmfa&;twGuf ajrmif;jrc&dkif/ vyGwWm+rdK@e,f/ w,fyifudkif; aus;&Gmodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;w,f// u|Efkyfwdk@a&muf+yD;aemufwae@rSm a'ow0dkuf&Sd vlxktpnf;ta0;w&yf jyKvkyfw,f// tpnf;

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(ref;bZef. u|EfkyfESifhacgif;aqmif}uD; apmbOD;}uD; ] oEkxl;)

,if;odk@ apmbOD;}uD;yg0ifaom (K.C.O)zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemufwGifatmufyg u&iftzGJ@rsm;vnf; toD;oD; ay:aygufvmavonf//

,if;wdk@rSm -


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(1)jrefrmEdkifiHu&iftrsdK;om;toif;(ac:)bDautif(ef)at(KarenNational Association)/

(2)u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk;(ac:) au0dkiftdk(Karen Youth

Organization)/(3)u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; (ac:) (Karen National Assaciation)wdk@ jzpf=uonf//

aeol&etpnf;ta0;ESiapmbO;}u;(1945)ckESpf/ =o*kwfv(15)&ufae@wGif *syefuvufeufcsvdkuf

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A[dkt}uHay;bkwftzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom ref;bcdkif/ apmbOD;}uD;ESifhq&momxdkwdk@ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfvm=uonf//

xdkrS atmufwdkbmva&mufv#if atmufwdkbm(1)&ufae@rS(3)&ufae@txd =unfhjrifwdkif+rdK@e,f/ OD;vleDvrf;&Sd tdrftrSwf(5)Y txufaz:jyyg A[dku&iftrsdK;om;zGJ@csKyf(Karen Central Organization)tpnf;

ta0;udk usif;y+yD; bk&ifcHxH u&ifhtcGifhta&;awmif;cHv$mw&yfESifhqHk;jzwfcsuf(5)&yfudk csrSwfcJhavonf//

,if;(K.C.O) yxrt}udrf tpnf;ta0;wGif bk&ifcHxHwifjyawmif;qdk&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf (5)&yfrSm -

(1)bk&ifcHtrSKaqmif(tpdk;&)tzGJ@ jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&mwGif u&iftrsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f(3)OD; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef//


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(2)&mxl;0eftzGJ@wGif u&iftrsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f xnfhoGif;ay;&ef//

(3) jrefrmEdkifiH &kyf&Sif(qifqm)bkwfzGJ@wdkif;wGif u&ifudk,fpm;vS,f

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a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;csdeftxd udkifaqmifcGifhjyK&ef//

(5) [dkufukwfw&m;v$wfawmfwGif t&nftcsif;jzifh jynfhpHkaomu&if0wfvHkwOD;OD;tm; w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfcef@xm;&ef//

xdkpOfu bk&ifcHonf ppfajy;a&Smif&mrS AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifhbufwef.tpDtpOft& jyefvnf a&muf&Sdvmaom ppfajy;bk&ifcHa':refprpfjzpfonf//,if;onf &efukefjrpfwGif;&Sd qdkufuyfxm;aom urfbmvifppfoabFm(HMS Cumberland)}uD;ay:Y jrefrmjynfrS vGwfvyfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;tem*gwfvGwfvyfa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;avonf// xdkpOfujrefrmwdk@bufrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ OD;bab/ OD;quf/qmarmif}uD;/ OD;bOD;/ OD;yk/ apmqpf'eDvleD/ OD;boef;/ OD;bdk;aAsmh/OD;buav;/ cef;r[m'l;ESdKufuGm&m;ESifh OD;cltdcGufwdk@ yg0if=uavonf//apmqpf'eDvleD onf u&iftrsdK;om;A[dktzGJ@(K.C.O)udk udk,fpm;vS,fjyKIawmif;cHv$mudk bk&ifcHxH wifoGif;avonf//


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(K.C.O).u&iawmi;cv$m

(1)u&ifvlrsdK;tkyfpkonfjrefrmEdkifiHodk@a&S;OD;pGm0ifa&mufcJhaom vlrsdK;tkyfpkjzpfI rdrd.,Ofaus;rSK"avhxHk;pHrsm; xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcGifh//

(2) Arm-u&ifwef;wl tcGifhta&;&ydkifcGifh//(3) *syef0ifp(bDtdkifat)acwfwGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; vHk+cHKrSKr&Sdonfudk

ta=umif;jyKI trsdK;om;a&;vHk+cHKcGifh//

(4) tem*wfu&ifvlrsdK;rsm; vHk+cHKcGifhtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;Y u&ifrsm;oD;jcm;aexdkifcGifh//

(5) oD;oef@u&ifa'orSm weoFm&Dwdkif;/ anmifav;yifc&dkifESifhjrefrm-xdkif;(,dk;',m;)xdpyfaeaom e,fedrdwfrsm;udk aygif;pnf;xm;aomnD!Gwfaom awmifwef;a'ou&ifjynfe,fxlaxmif&ef/ odk@rSomv#if vlrSKa&;edrfhusaeaom ,dk;',m;(xdkif;)EdkifiH&Sd u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;tm; ulnDyHhydk;ay;oGm;Edkif&ef/awmif;cHv$mwGif awmif;qdkxm;avonf//

apmom'if


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bk&ifcHa':refprpfESifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom (zqyv)wdk@ EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;nSdESdKif;&mwGif oabmwlnDrSKr&ojzifh bk&ifcHonfvusFmorm;rsm;ESifh ol.tpdk;&tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;avonf// TtxJwGif

(K.C.O)rS twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfol ref;bcifonf 0ef}uD;tzGJ@/ (trSKaqmiftzGJ@)Y ygvmonf// aemufydkif;wGif (zqyv)tzGJ@rS oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;qifEGJav&m bk&ifcHa':refprpfrSm t*Fvefodk@ jyefoGm;avonf//

(armifpif=u,f.jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

a'gufwmppz;. jrermjynESi u&irsm;pmtya'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf tar&duefrS jyefa&muf+yD;aemuf (1925)

ckESpfwGif a'guvl u&iftrsdK;om;toif;csKyf}uD;. OuUjzpfvmonf//(1928)ckESpfa&mufv#if a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf jrefrmjynfESifhu&ifrsm;(Burma and The Karens)pmtkyfudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh

a&;om; xkwfa0avonf// ,if;pmtkyfwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf u&[email protected]&S;a[mif;&mZ0if/ pdwfaepdwfxm;/ udk;uG,f0wfjyKrSK/ ,Ofaus;rSK"avhxHk;pHrsm;ESifh u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om;a&;qdkif&m ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;ta=umif;udkyg a&;om;xm;avonf//

(jrermjyn. u&irsm;)(1928)ckESpfwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf tem*wfu&iftrsdK;om;

tay:wGif }uD;pGmtusdK;oufa&mufapaom t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh jrefrmjynfESifhu&ifrsm;(Burma and The Karens)pmtkyfudk t*FvefY xkwfa0vdkufonf// ,if;pmtkyfwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf u&ifwdk@. a&S;a[mif;&mZ0if/


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tcef;(5)

vlrsdK;wrsdK;. vH+cKa&;Eivwfvya&;(K.C.O). OuUapmom'ifonf 0g&ifhu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif

wOD;jzpfonf// olonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifh tjyeftvSefav;pm;,Hk=unf=uolrsm;yif jzpf=uonf// apmom'ifonf apmbOD;}uD;xuftouf(7)ESpf}uD;I olonfom,m0wDZmwdom;wOD;yif jzpfonf// tdENd,jynfoGm;I

ynmoif=um;cJh+yD; tvHk+rdK@e,f(ul&Sif)ausmif; (tvHk-txuf-4)wGifpwifausmif;q&mvkyfonf// EdkifiHa&;wGif (K.N.A)ac: (a'guvl)toif;rSpwifyg0ifcJhonf//

apmom'ifonf EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHenf;jzifh Oya'abmiftwGif;rS at;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;awmif;qdkvdkoljzpfonf// w&m;r#wrSKudkvdkvm;+yD; zdESdyftEdkifusifht=urf;zufrSKudk rvdkvm;yJ vlvlcsif; wef;wlnDr#pGm

&Sifoef&yfwnfvdkonf// 1948-cktwGif; oxHkESifharmfv+rdKif+rdK@udk ,ltrfyDjynfaxmifpku&if&Jwyfu odrf;ydkufvdkufonfwGif u&ifjynf&&Sda&;jy\emudk at;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;vdkaom apmbOD;}uD;u xdk+rdK@ESpf+rdK@udkjyeftrf&ef apmom'iftm; wm0efay;cJhonf//

apmom'ifonf (zqyv)tpdk;&wyfrS ucsifAdkvfrSL;}uD;aemfvmESifh

aqG;aEG;!SdESdKif;pDpOfum armfv+rdKif+rdK@wGifyif xdkESpf+rdK@udk jyefvnftyfESHcJhonf//

1948=ckESpfwGif aemufa&m

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