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TRANSCRIPT
Fleming Training Center Training and Certification of drinking water
and wastewater plant operators
Planning AssistanceSolid Waste Plan Monitoring Program
Office of Environmental Assistance Programs
Prevention, Reduction, Recycling, and Compliance AssistanceRecycling Programs
America Recycles DayState Employee Recycling ProgramWood Waste (Composting, Mulching,
Etc.)
Office of Environmental Assistance Programs
Pollution Prevention Programs Tennessee Pollution Prevention
Partnerships Pollution Prevention (general,
government, schools) Household Hazardous Waste
Program
Office of Environmental Assistance Programs
Small Business Environmental Assistance Program
• A technical, administrative and regulatory support program on pollution issues for small business
• Circulation of regulatory and other information
• Work with trade Associations Training Workshops
Office of Environmental Assistance Programs
Small Business Environmental Assistance Program
• Permitting Assistance• Explaining Clean Air Act Amendment
Requirements• Notifying affected industry of new
regulations• Help with technical & compliance
problems
Office of Environmental Assistance Programs
Small Business Environmental Assistance Program
• Referrals• Advocate for small business during
regulatory process• Development of brochures,
manuals, fact sheets, etc.• Training
Office of Environmental Assistance Programs
Pollution Prevented
Every Kilowatt-hour saved prevents 1.5 lbs. of carbon dioxide (one of the
Greenhouse Gases) 5.8 Grams of sulfur dioxide (one of the
leading causes of acid rain) 2.5 Grams of nitrogen oxides (one of the
main components of smog)
Energy Production
To produce $100 worth of electricity 1700 lbs. of coal are mined 2500 lbs. of carbon dioxide is produced
(Greenhouse gas) 21.3 lbs. of sulfur dioxide is produced
(acid rain) 9.2 lbs. of nitrogen oxides are produced
(smog)
Ways You Can Save Money Through Energy Conservation
Replacing older lights with more efficient lights
Replacing incandescent lights with new compact fluorescent lights
Replacing older appliances with Energy Star Labeled products.
Determine your savings
$ Compile the previous 12 months of bills
$ Compare to bills after the upgrade$ Spot metering$ Account for expansion
Retrofitting and Upgrades
$ Retrofitting is upgrading a fixture, room, or building by installing new parts or equipment
$ Upgrading refers replacing older items with newer items that are better than the original item
Five Steps of Energy Star Upgrades
Lighting Building Tune-up Load Reduction Heating and Cooling Distribution Heating and Cooling Plant
Upgrading Lighting
Lighting Choices Properties of Lights Measures of Lighting Quality Ballasts Other Lighting Related Upgrades Disposal and Recycling
Methods and Principles
Lighting Upgrade Methods
Determine whether maintenance or capital
Determine different lights (fluorescent, compact fluorescent, metal halide)
Measure light levels
Three main principles to lighting upgrades
Efficient production and delivery of light
Target light levels
Lighting controls
Lighting Choices
Fluorescent Tube lampsCompact Fluorescent lamps (CFL)High Intensity Discharge lamps (HID)Halogen lamps Incandescent
Fluorescent Tube Lamps
Most commonly used for large office type areas
Not very effective for lighting high ceiling areas
Very commonly used therefore reasonably cheap
New tubes contain less mercury and meet EPA mercury standards
F32T8
F - indicates Fluorescent32 - is the wattage
T - - indicates it’s a tube8 - refers to diameter in 1/8 of an inch
Reading a Fluorescent light
Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL)
Last longer and use less energy (about 1/4th) than incandescent bulbs
Can be used in most all locations that incandescent bulbs can be used
High-Bay compact fluorescent luminaires can be used for high ceiling areas
Most not capable of dimming or starting at low temperatures
High Intensity Discharge (HID)
Includes Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide, and High Pressure Sodium lamps
Traditionally used for high ceiling applications and street lights
Extremely efficient especially as compared to incandescent lights
Halogen Lamps
Longer lasting than incandescent and more efficient
Good choice when CFLs cannot be used Dimmable, operate in low temperatures,
good for spot lighting Provide a nice "sparkle" for highlighting
retail (most often used on jewelry)
Incandescent bulbs
Only five percent of energy put into an incandescent bulb is converted to light.
Operate on principle of resistance, the least efficient method
Just what are the numbers?
In Tennessee the average cost of electricity is about $0.063 per kWh
Most businesses use indoor lighting 3650 hours a year.
Here is an example comparing the costs of operating a F40T12 lamp as compared to a F32T8 lamp (and a F32T8 lamp combined with a 75% output ballast)
Example Calculation
1 F40T12 lamp costs: 1 lamp x 40 watts/lamp x 3650 hours/year x
1 kWh/1000 watts x $0.063/kWh = $9.20/year
1 F32T8 lamp costs (w/ 75% ballast): 1 lamp x 32 watts/lamp x 3650 hours/year x
1kWh/1000 watts x $0.063/kWh = $7.36/year ($5.52/year)
Savings of $220.75/year ( $448.40/year) for replacing 120 lamps
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
The CRI is a relative scale indicating how perceived colors match actual colors.
75-100 CRI is excellent color rendition 0-55 CRI is poor color rendition Most T8 lamps have a CRI of 75-85+ Cool white T-12 lamps have a CRI of 62 CFLs have a typical CRI of 82-86
Color Temperature
Color temperature refers to the degree of "warmth" or "coolness" provided by a lamp
Lower temperatures are considered "warm" because they are reddish.
Higher temperatures are "cool" and look bluish.
Warm lights are generally around 2700 K Cool lights have a "temperature" of around
4100 K
Life Expectancy
Measured in hours of expected operation Incandescent bulbs are rated at 750 to
2000 hours Fluorescent lamps last 7500 to 24000
hours, 10 times as long as incandescents
Ballasts may last as long as 40,000 to 100,000 hours
Efficacy
Efficacy is a measure of light output compared to energy consumption (measured as lumens/watt)
Incandescent bulbs typically have a low efficacy of 6 to 24 lumens/watt
Fluorescent lamps have efficacies of 50 to 100 lumens/watt
HID lamp efficacies range from 25 to 180
T-12 lamps with magnetic ballasts are a technology that hasn't changed much since fluorescent lights were introduced in 1940
Advances in technology like the newer T-8lamps with electronic ballasts provide
significant improvements in quality and energy efficiency
Why are T-8 lamps better than T-12s?
T-8 lamps use about 20% less energy than older T-12 lamps.
T-8 lamps usually have greater color rendering.
How do CFLs compare to incandescent bulbs
CFLs use about 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs
CFLs last ten or more times as long, reducing maintenance hassles
CFLs don't produce as much heat which will lower cooling costs
Can estimate what wattage CFL to use by dividing incandescent wattage by 4
Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles Lighting Choices Properties of lights
Measures of Lighting Quality
Measures of lighting quality
Average light level Uniformity of illumination direct/reflected glare color rendering color temperature
Recommended Light Levels
AverageReading/writing
20-30-50 foot-candles (fc)
Officesw/computers
50 fc (1/2 from tasklighting)
Hallways 10-15-20 fcStockroom Storage 20-30-50 fcHigh-volume retail 100 fcLow-volume retail 30 fcConference rooms 20-30-50 fc
Adjusting light levels
Decrease Light level delamping partial output ballasts lower wattage
Increasing Light Level Use reflectors clean luminaire Upgrade lens or louver
Delamping
Delamping is simply the removal of one or more lamps in a fixture
One of the simplest and cheapest energy saving methods
Problems to watch for: light levels too low, wiring scheme such that remaining lamps no longer work, and "snap-back"
Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles Lighting Choices Properties of lights Measures of Lighting Quality
Ballasts
Ballasts
Ballasts are used with discharge lamps such as HIDs and fluorescent lamps
Provide correct starting voltage and then reduce the current once started
Match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp
Points to consider about Ballasts
Electronic vs. Hybrid and Magnetic Ballasts
Number of lamps per Ballast Series vs. Parallel wiring Rapid-start or instant start Power Quality (ballast factor, power
factor, THD)
Electronic Ballasts
Electronic ballasts improve fluorescent lamp efficacy by increasing the input frequency.
This produces the same amount of light while using less power
Also decreases audible noise and lamp flicker
Hybrid Ballasts
Also known as cathode-cutout ballasts Are high-efficiency magnetic ballasts
with electronic components that cut off power to the cathode heater after the lamp is lit
Nearly as efficient as some rapid-start electronic ballasts
Number of lamps
Electronic ballasts can be found that operate three or four lamps at once
Allows for tandem wiring, using the same ballast to operate two lamps in two different fixtures
Most magnetic and hybrid ballasts only operate two lamps
Series vs. Parallel wiring
Series wiring schemes cause all lights to go out in that fixture if one light goes out
Parallel wiring keeps all lights lit even if one should go out
Rapid start vs. instant start
Rapid start ballasts have a warm-up time between first being switched on and full output
Instant start ballasts provide a higher starting voltage for no warm-up time
Instant start ballasts provide slight increases in efficiency and output
Lamp life is decreased some with instant start ballasts. Dependent on time on
Ballast Factor
Ballast factor is the ratio of the lamp's output vs. its standard output
Partial output ballasts have a ballast factor of 0.47 to 0.83
High output ballasts can have a ballast factor of 1.00 to 1.30
Power Factor
Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power
Power factors result from the current and voltage being out of phase with each other
The closer the power factor is to one the closer the power is to being in phase
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Harmonics can cause interference in some sensitive equipment
Can also induce hazardous currents in neutral wiring, increasing chance of fire
Electronic ballasts have a THD from 5% to 30% with some going lower than 5%
Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles Lighting Choices Properties of lights Measures of Lighting Quality Ballasts
Other Lighting Related Upgrades
Luminaires
Luminaire refers to the actual fixture consisting of the lamps, lamp sockets, ballasts, reflectors, lenses or louvers, and the housing
Upgrades include delamping, adding reflectors, and changing the lens
Reflectors
Delamping is often combined with the addition of reflectors
Factors having the greatest affect on improvements due to reflectors are Reflector material Reflector design Efficiency of the base luminaire
Lens/Louver Upgrades
Lens completely cover the luminaire (the most common is the prismatic lens)
Louvers refer to covers such as small cell parabolic louvers
Both types affect visual comfort (glare-control) and luminaire efficiency
Other options
In cases where several luminaire components are going to be replaced, consider a completely new fixture
Indirect luminaires are an option in partioned office space or where computers are commonly used
Task lighting with delamping
Exit Signs
Several low energy exit sign retrofit/upgrades are available
LED exit signs can last for many years and use only 4 W as compared to 30 W
Another option is electroluminescence
Lighting controls
Controls include daylighting, occupancy sensors, timers
Timers could be useful in offsetting heavy use equipment to lower demand charges
Demand charges are determined by energy use at peak time and are often very high
Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles Lighting Choices Properties of lights Measures of Lighting Quality Ballasts Other Lighting Related Upgrades
Disposal and Recycling
Lighting recycling and disposal
Fluorescent lamps contain mercury and are usually classed as a hazardous waste
Guidelines controlling lamp and ballast disposal are RCRA and CERCLA
Recycling provides a safe means of disposal, limits liability, and is environmentally responsible
L&C Tower upgrade
They replaced the older F40T12 lights with F32T8 Phillips Alto lamps
The old ballasts were replaced with Magnetek 4 lamp instant start electronic ballasts at 75% output
Payback of about two years with savings estimated at over $40,000 per year and a 41% reduction in electrical usage
Prevented over 450 tons of CO2
Building Tune-up
Just like a car, buildings need maintenance to keep them operating efficiently
Cleaning filters and checking thermostats and timers are a couple of routine checks
Keep track of monthly bills. Excessive increases might indicate a problem
Energy Star labeled equipment can reduce energy use due to special
features like sleep mode and low power standby mode.
Energy Star Equipment
Typical Savings with Energy Star
OfficeEquipment
AnnualSavings
Percentage ofOperating cost
Computer $19 49%
Fax Machine $13 52%
Printer $39 65%
Copier (med) $57 57%
Copier (large) $130 58%
Other energy saving practices
Encourage machines to be turned off for the night or weekend if they are not needed
Use double sided printing and copying Insulate water heaters, consider on-
demand water heaters Clean refrigerator coils
Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems
HVAC Terminology Types of Heating Systems Tennessee Average Fuel Costs Relative Costs Corrected for efficiency Types of Air Conditioning Systems Relative costs corrected for efficiency Practical applications
HVAC Terminology
British Thermal Unit ( BTU ) Unit of heat energy 1 BTU raises 1 pound of water 1 deg. F
Watt Unit of electrical energy Volts X Amps =Watts 1 watt -hour =3.410 BTU 1 kilowatt hour = 1000 watt - hour =3410 BTU
Ton of refrigeration = 12,000 BTU/Hr
HVAC Terminology
Energy Efficiency Ratio ( EER ) Measure of air conditioner efficiency BTU/Watt 8 EER Window unit pumps 8 BTUs per watt of
electric power used
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio ( SEER ) Measure of air conditioner efficiency BTU/Watt 16 SEER Central unit pumps 16 BTU per watt of
electric power used
HVAC Terminology
Annual Fuel Use Efficiency ( AFUE ) Furnace BTU out/BTU in
Coefficient of Performance ( COP ) Electric Furnace or Heat Pump watts out/watts in
Heat Source Performance Factor ( HSPF) Electric heat BTU out /watts in
Types of Heating Systems
Solar
MTSU Center for Energy Efficiency
True Geothermal (rare in Tennessee]
Electric
Combustion
Electric Power Rates
50 Kilowatt Service or less ~6.2 cents per kilowatt-hour energy charge
Larger than 50 Kilowatt service ~3.1 cents per kilowatt-hour energy charge ~$11 per kilowatt demand charge
Demand is the highest 15 minute average power consumption during the billing period.
Common Heating SystemsElectric
Electric Resistance COP = 1.0
Air Source Heat Pump COP ~ 2.5 Also air conditions
GeoExchange Heat Pump COP ~ 3.5 Also air conditions
Electric Resistance HeatingHeaters and Electric Furnaces
Hot wire heating elements
Lowest initial cost
Highest energy cost
Cost can be exorbitant if on demand billing
Electric Resistance Heating on Demand Billing
250 Kw electric boiler =
$2750 per month plus $7.50 per hour
15 Kw Residential Size Electric Furnace
$165 per month plus $0 . 45 per hour
9.0 Kw water heater =
99.00 per month plus $0 . 27 per hour
Common Heating SystemsCombustion
Gas engine driven heat pump COP = 1.3
Gas Combustion Furnace AFUE ~78 -
95%
Natural or Propane
#2 Oil Combustion Furnace AFUE ~80 - 85%
Gas Engine Driven Air Source Heat Pump
One model only York Triathlon Estimated Heating COP ~1.3 Estimated AC SEER is 15.7 Uses R-22 CFC refrigerant Higher maintenance may be justified by
electrical demand reduction.
Gas Furnace
Least maintenance of combustion systems
New 90 + AFUE condensing furnaces recover latent heat from water in flue gas
Some do not require flue, can vent through pipe. More flexible installation
Oil Combustion Furnace
Slightly less efficient than best gas units Slightly higher burner maintenance Higher installed first cost (oil tank) Liability if underground tank
Waste oil heaters available which burn used motor oil.
Common Cooling Systems
Evaporative ( Swamp Cooler) Absorption Vapor Compression
Gas Engine Air Source Heat Pump Air Source Heat Pump
GeoExchange Heat Pump
Evaporative Cooling
Lowest cost Sprays water directly into airstream Raises humidity instead of lowering it Not effective when humidity is high Industrial applications such as furnace
rooms and dry cleaners where air conditioning is impossible.
Absorption Air Conditioning
Old proven technology Can be run on any heat source Reduce peak electrical demand Low maintenance Do not use CFC refrigerants Chilled water units only 3 -1000 tons
Natural Gas Engine Driven Chillers and Heat Pumps
May be most cost effective when gas is cheap.
High maintenance on internal combustion engine
One small 3 ton+ package unit available which is a heat pump. (Triathlon)
Air Source Heat PumpsAdvantages
Most widely used here Service readily available Newer units have SEER competitive with
GeoExchange Highest efficiency to date is 18 SEER in
a split system
Air Source Heat PumpsAdvantages
Some new high efficiency units available
with new 410a HFC ozone safe
refrigerant.
Carrier/Bryant/Day and Night ( Puron)
Rheem/Ruud ( Prozone )
Lower first cost than geoexchange
Air Source Heat Pumps Disadvantages
Heating efficiency drops in cold weather when needed most Efficiency decreases as heat exchangers
deteriorate More complex because of reversing for
defrost cycle High maintenance and noise Use resistance heat during defrost
Not good if on demand billing
Air Source Heat Pumps Disadvantages
Heating efficiency drops in cold weather when needed most Efficiency decreases as heat exchangers
deteriorate More complex because of reversing for
defrost cycle High maintenance and noise Use resistance heat during defrost
Not good if on demand billing
GeoExchange Heat Pump Advantages
Lowest total life cycle cost Least overall pollution ( EPA Study ) Lowest maintenance
Small - No heat exchanger cleaning Large - No boiler or cooling tower maintenance
Highest efficiency Least noise Expected longest life ( indoor installation)
GeoExchange Heat Pump Advantages
Sizes from 1/2 to over 1000 tons Installation flexibility
Many small units on one loop allows individual control at small cost premium -or-
One large unit Retrofits may use some existing
equipment
1995 Residential and Light Commercial Energy Costs
Electricity $17.33
LP Gas $11.72
Heating Oil$9.74
Natural Gas $6.60
$ per million BTU
Lowest Cost /Least Polluting Units
Geoexchange heat pump/water heater
High efficiency gas furnace and high efficiency electric AC ( split system )
Gas water heater
High efficiency electric heat pump Gas water heater
News You Can UseDecrease Solar Load
Plant trees ! Whole house fan Adequate Attic Ventilation Adequate insulation Awnings over windows Light colored roofs Light colored blinds/shades/window film
News You Can UseMaintain Systems
Clean and comb heat exchangers
Pull disconnect Beware double feed
Replace and tighten screws on cabinets
Seal ducts in unconditioned spaces
Timed thermostats
News You Can UseMaintain Systems
Clean and comb heat exchangers
Pull disconnect Beware double feed
Replace and tighten screws on cabinets
Seal ducts in unconditioned spaces
Timed thermostats
Tennessee Energy Consumption
0.00E+00
5.00E+14
1.00E+15
1.50E+15
2.00E+15
2.50E+15
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
BT
U
Energy Consumption Corrected for Economic Growth
Total Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross State Product
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Year
BT
U p
er
Do
lla
r G
SP
Series1
Resources for more information
EPA's Energy Star Program on the web at http://www.energystar.gov/
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation at www.tn.gov/environment
TVA at http://www.energyright.com/ Pacific Northwest National Labs at
http://www.pnl.gov/cfl/
More resources
U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Resources Network at http://www.eren.doe.gov/
Lawrence Berkley Labs Home Energy Saver at http://hes.lbl.gov/
Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium at http://www.ghpc.org/
ASHRAE at http://www.ashrae.org/