savannah csd manual
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Context Sensi t ive Design ManuChatham County-Savannah Metropoli tan Planning Commissi
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Acknowledgements
Steering Committee
Chatham County - Savannah Metropolitan Planning CommissionDennis HuttonMark Wilkes
Courtland HyserJane Love
Wykoda Wang
Georgia Department of TransportationTeresa Scott
Keith MeltonAndrew Hoenig
Butch Welch
Preserving Savannah NeighborhoodsBeth KinstlerJack KnopsArdis Wood
Savannah Tree FoundationBill SaxmanDale Thorpe
City of Savannah Park and Tree DepartmentDavid White
Chatham CountyAllan Black
Dennis Goldbaugh
SE Land Use Planning Commission
Dale Morgan
Georgia Department of Community AffairsSteve Gavigan
Savannah Development Renewal AuthorityLise Sundrla
Pedestrian Advocates of the Coastal Empire (PACE)John Bennett
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1.0 Introduction 4
2.0 Context Sensitive Solutions - State of the Practice 5
3.0 The Inter-relationship Between Transportation, Land Use & Design 9
4.0 Intent Of The Context Sensitive Design Guidelines 21
5.0 Context Types In Savannah, Chatham County 22
Landmark Historic Historic DistrictNeighborhood Historic District
Traditional NeighborhoodsVillage Center
6.0 Context Based Roadway Functional Classification 24
ArterialsMajor and Minor CollectorsMain StreetsNeighborhood and Local Roads
Bicycle and Pedestrian Trails
7.0 Design Guidelines 25
Transect vs. Functional Classification MatrixArterialsMajor CollectorsMinor Collectors / Main StreetLocal StreetGuidelines for Developing Canopy StreetsBicycle & Pedestrian Trails
8.0 The Process For Context Sensitive Solutions 51
9.0 Interim Amenity Solutions 53
Appendix
A. Roadway Design ElementsB. Guidelines For Connectivity And Built FormC. Additional Sources and Reference Material Links
Table of Contents
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The concepts of transportation, land use, and design are interrelated. Understanding this interaction is
essary to evaluate impacts and potential solutions to traffic congestion and environmental degradatiooften accompany growth. Furthermore, recognition of this interaction allows policy makers, developers
citizens to evaluate transportation investments in terms of broader community goals.
Highway systems of the past half-century were planned primarily in reaction to urban growth. Recently,become standard practice to allocate and shape growth with an understanding of the implications on and transportation infrastructure. Likewise, regional transportation plans are now being generated todirect growth to optimal target areas. This is a proactive approach to transportation and land use plaand represents the best available method of preserving Savannah and Chatham Countys rich contexthe natural environment while maintaining an efficient circulation system.
Chatham County Savannahs year 2030 Long Range Transportation Plan outlines the transportation visithe region. This context sensitive design manual suppoprts the goals and objectives of the plan and into further ideals pertaining to livable transportation.
This section provides a brief introduction to transportation terminology and concepts, and describes the relationships between transportation, land use, and design. Important definitions and concepts related subjects of transportation, land use, and design are introduced. Each concept is integral to understahow transportation, land use, and design principles interact with one another. These ideas are then apto the four major corridor types present in Chatham County. General recommendations are made regahow best to ensure optimal integration of these principles for future transportation investments, given vacontextual and design parameters.
3.0 The Inter-relationship between Transportation, Land Use and Design
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Transportat ion, Land Use and Design
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River Streets mixed use development (above) and City Market (left) are attractions for residents and visitors
Mixed-Use
Mixed-use areas are exactly what the name implies, areas where two or more major types of uses are in-termingled with each other. The most common mixed-use district contains both residential and commercialdevelopment, since these are generally very compatible uses. In fact, up until the onset of zoning codes in theearly twentieth century, most cities developed in this manner, as is evident in older North American cities suchas New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and New Orleans. Most small towns also developed in this manner, aslimited transportation systems dictated that commercial and residential development needed to be as closetogether as possible.
Nearly all newer cities are now actively encouraging downtown residential development to create mixed-useenvironments that are freer from crimes often associated with lack of people on the sidewalks after the close
of the business day. Today, mixed-use development is also very prevalent in smaller-scale projects such asnew town centers, which generally contain a mixture of office, retail, and residential uses. The most commonconfiguration of mixed-use buildings consists of retail on the ground floor and offices and apartments above.
The transportation benefits of this type of development are numerous and are based generally on the drasticreduction of trip distance between origins and destinations, which are mixed together rather than spread apartin separate designated districts.
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Transportat ion, Land Use and Design
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Context Sensitive Design ManualChatham County-Savannah Metropol i tan Planning
RegionalVisioning
NeighborhoodCorridor
Studies
InclusiveDesignProcess
4.0 Intent of the Context Sensitive Design Guidel ines
Text
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Intent of the Context Sensit ive Design Guidelines
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Functional Classificationof Streets
Context Types
Landmark HistoricDistrict
NeighborhoodHistoric District
TraditionalNeighborhoods
Village CentersSuburban
CommunitiesGated Communities Scenic Corridors
Rural orUndeveloped
Corridors
Arterial Page 26 Page 27 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31
Major Collector Page 32 Page 33 Page 35 Page 34 Page 35 Page 35 Page 36 Page 36
Minor Collector or Main Street Page 37 Page 38 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 40 Page 41 Page 41
Local or Neighborhood Streets Page 42 Page 43 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 45 N / A N / A
Arterial
Major CollectorMinor Collector or Main StreetLocal or Neighborhood Streets
7.0 Design Guidel ines
Context vs. Functional Classification Matrix
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Design Guidelines
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median 14 Max with street trees
Lane Width (max) 11
Design Speed 30 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 10 min with on curbplanting; 16 max includ-ing amenity zone
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
400
Trees Canopy trees
Mid-Block Crossing No
Traffic Calming Elements Optional
Block Size / Intersection 400 max block size
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone No planting strip
10-1610-16 77 55 1111 1414 1111 55 77 10-1610-16
Context Type:
Landmark Historic Distr ic t
Functional Classification: Arter
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 11
Design Speed 30 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 8 (15 max includingamenity zone)
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection) 800 max (Match with ex-isting Grid)
Trees Canopy trees
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: where blocks ex-ceed 600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection To m atch w ith existingstreet grid
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone No planting strip
88 77 55 1111 1414 1111 55 7 7 88 VariesVaries
VariesVaries
Neighborhood StreetNeighborhood Streetas above, but without medianas above, but without median
Context Type:
Neighborhood Historic Distr ic t and Tradi t ional Neighborhoods
Functional Classification: Arter
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 11
Design Speed 30 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 10 (15 max includingamenity zone)
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection) 660
Trees Street trees*
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: where blocks ex-ceed 600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection 600 max block size1200 full intersection
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone No planting strip AmenityZone
*May or may not necessarily fulfill canopy tree conditions*May or may not necessarily fulfill canopy tree conditions *Does not preclude the formation of canopies
10-1510-15 77 55 1111 1111 55 77 10-1510-15
Context Type:
Village Center
Functional Classification: Arter
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Design Guidelines
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
4
Right Turn Lane No: Unless very heavy turningvolume
Median (width, raised /flushed) Yes: raised median/with leftturn lane flushed where appli-cable @ intersection. 14 maxi-mum
Lane Width (max) 11
Design Speed 45 mphShoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter or shoulder
where development does notface up on the street/road
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking No
Sidewalks 6 (where curb & gutter condi-tion) No sidewalk in shouldercondition
Intersection Spacing (Full
intersection)
800
Trees (street trees or informalcanopy trees)
Where shoulder: informal treeplanting Where curb & gutter:street trees
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: At pedestrian and trailcrossing location
Traffic Calming Elements Vertical and horizontal deflec-tion in roadway alignment
Block Size / Intersection 1200 max block size
Building PlacementPlanting Strip / Amenity Zone 4 planting strip
88 44 551111 1414 1111
55 44 881111
VariesVaries
1111
VariesVaries
Context Type:
Suburban Communit ies / Gated Communit ies
Functional Classification: Arter
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No: Unless very heavyturning volume
Median (width, raised /flushed) No: for 2-lane section.Yes: Grass median 14wide for 4-lane section
Lane Width (max) 12
Design Speed 50 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Shoulder 5 to 6 paved(to be used as a bikelane)
Bike Lanes 5 - 6 or paved shoulder.
On-street Parking
Sidewalks No sidewalk. Off roadtrail: min 10 wide whereappropriate
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
Trees Canopy trees*
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: At pedestrian andtrail crossing location
Traffic Calming Elements Vertical and horizontaldeflection in roadwayalignment
Block Size / Intersection N/A
Building Placement N/APlanting Strip / Amenity Zone N/A
*Re-establish or develop canopy tree conditions where appropriate. Developplanting patterns (formal planting or informal tree clumps as appropriate) toenhance view sheds and visibility of scenic corridors
VariesVaries 55 1212 1212 55 VariesVaries
Context Type:
Scenic Corridors
Functional Classification: Arter
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Design Guidelines
C T F ti l Cl ifi ti Arter
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
4
Right Turn Lane No: Unless very heavyturning volume
Median (width, raised /flushed) No: for 2-lane section.Yes: Grass median 14wide for 4-lane section
Lane Width (max) 12Design Speed 50 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Shoulder 5 to 6 paved(to be used as a bikelane)
Bike Lanes 5 - 6 or paved shoulder.
On-street Parking
Sidewalks No sidewalk. Off roadtrail: min 10 wide whereappropriate
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
Trees Replace natural tree pat-terns
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: At pedestrian andtrail crossing location
Traffic Calming Elements Vertical and horizontaldeflection in roadwayalignment
Block Size / Intersection N/ABuilding Placement N/A
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone N/A
1414 12125-65-61212
121212125-65-6
Context Type:
Rural or Undeveloped Corridors
Functional Classification: Arter
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Design Guidelines
Conte t T pe: Functional Classification: Major Collec
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 30 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 10 min with on curbplanting
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
400
Trees Canopy trees
Mid-Block Crossing No
Traffic Calming Elements Optional
Block Size / Intersection 400
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone No planting strip
10-1610-16 77 55 1010 1010 55 77 10-1610-16
Context Type:
Landmark Historic Distr ic t
Functional Classification: Major Collec
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Design Guidelines
Context Type: Functional Classification: Major Collec
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 30 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 8 (15 max includingamenity zone)
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
1200
Trees Canopy trees
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: where blocksexceed 600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection 600 max block size
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone No planting strip
8-158-15 77 55 1010 1010 55 77 8-158-15
Context Type:
Neighborhood Historic Distr ic t
Functional Classification: Major Collec
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Design Guidelines
Context Type: Functional Classification: Major Collec
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 30 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 8 (15 max includingamenity zone)
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
1200
Trees Street trees*
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: where blocksexceed 600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection 600 max block size
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone No planting strip
*Does not preclude the formation of canopies
8-158-15 77 55 1010 1010 55 77 8-158-15
Context Type:
Village Center
Functional Classification: Major Collec
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Design Guidelines
Context Type: Functional Classification: Major Collec
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 30 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 8 (15 max includingamenity zone)
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
1200
Trees Street trees*
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: where blocksexceed 600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection 600 max block size
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone No planting strip
*Does not preclude the formation of canopies
88 77 55 1010 1414 1010 55 77 44
44
88 VariesVaries
VariesVaries
Context Type:
Tradi t ional Neighborhoods, Suburban Communit ies and Gated Communit ies
Functional Classification: Major Collec
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Context Type: Functional Classification: Minor Collec
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed)
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 25 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 10 min with on curbplanting
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
Trees Canopy trees
Mid-Block Crossing No
Traffic Calming Elements Optional
Block Size / Intersection
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone No planting strip
8-158-15 77 1010 1010 77 8-158-15
Landmark Historic Distr ic t
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Design Guidelines
Context Type: Functional Classification: Minor Collec
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed)
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 25 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 8 min on curb/off curb
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
Trees Canopy trees
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: Where blocks ex-ceed 600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone
8-158-15 77 55 1010 1010 55 77 8-158-15
Neighborhood Historic Distr ic t , Tradi t ional Neighborhoods
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Design Guidelines
Context Type: Functional Classification: Main Str
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed)
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 25 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes 5
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 10 min on curb planting
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
400
Trees Street trees*
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: Where blocks ex-ceed 600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection
Building Placement Edge of ROW
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone No planting strip
*Does not preclude the formation of canopies
8-158-15 77 55 1010 1010 55 77 8-158-15
Village Center
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Design Guidelines
Context Type:
S b b C i i d G d C i i
Functional Classification: Minor Collec
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) Yes: raised median- flush at intersections
and driveways: 14 max4 min
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 35 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter
Bike Lanes Yes: (max up to total 6)
On-street Parking Yes: (max up to total 8)
Sidewalks 6 min if off curb
Intersection Spacing (Full
intersection)
660
Trees Street trees*
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: Where blocks ex-ceed 600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection
Building Placement
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone 4 planting strip
*Does not preclude the formation of canopies
1414 1010 77101077
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66 44
Suburban Communit ies and Gated Communit ies
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Design Guidelines
Context Type:
S i C id d R l U d l d C id
Functional Classification: Minor Collec
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No: Unless very heavy turningvolume
Median (width, raised /flushed) No: for 2 lane section Yes: Me-dian @ intersection 14 max
Lane Width (max) 10Design Speed 35 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter 5 - 6 stabilized earth shoul-ders; (not paved)
Bike Lanes Bikes within the traffic streamor parallel bike-ped trails.
On-street Parking No
Sidewalks No
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
N/A
Trees Canopy Trees*
Mid-Block Crossing At intersections of bike-ped trailcrossings with these roads
Traffic Calming Elements Vertical and horizontal deflec-tion in roadway alignment
Block Size / Intersection N/A
Building Placement N/A
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone*Re-establish or develop canopy tree conditions where appropriate. Develop
planting patterns (formal planting or informal tree clumps as appropriate) toenhance view sheds and visibility of scenic corridors
VariesVaries 55 1010 1010 55 VariesVaries
Scenic Corridors and Rural or Undeveloped Corridors
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Design Guidelines
Context Type:
Landmark Historic Distr ic t
Functional Classification: Neighborhood Str
or Local Str
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 10Design Speed 25 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb and Gutter
Bike Lanes No
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks Yes: 10 Min with on curbplanting
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
N/A
Trees Canopy trees
Mid-Block Crossing No
Traffic Calming Elements Optional
Block Size / Intersection N/A
Building Placement N/A
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone
1010 77 1010
10 77 1010
Landmark Historic Distr ic t or Local Str
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Design Guidelines
Context Type:
Neighborhood Historic Distr ic t and Tradi t ional Neighborhood
Functional Classification: Neighborhood Str
or Local Str
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 25 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb and Gutter
Bike Lanes No
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 8 Min (optional on/off curbplanting
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
N/A
Trees Canopy trees
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: Where blocks exceed600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection N/A
Building Placement N/A
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone 4 Planting Strip in TraditionalNeighborhood
1010 771010778
88
Neighborhood Historic Distr ic t and Tradi t ional Neighborhood or Local Str
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Design Guidelines
Context Type:
Village Center
Functional Classification: Neighborhood Str
or Local Str
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 25 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb and Gutter
Bike Lanes No
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 10 Min with on curb planting
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
660
Trees Street Trees*
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: Where blocks exceed600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection N/A
Building Placement N/A
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone
1010 7710107
010
1010
*Does not preclude the formation of canopies
Village Center or Local Str
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Design Guidelines
Context Type:
Suburban Community or Gated Community
Functional Classification: Neighborhood Str
or Local Str
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Lane Limits (number of throughlanes)
2
Right Turn Lane No
Median (width, raised /flushed) No
Lane Width (max) 10
Design Speed 25 mph
Shoulder / Curb & Gutter Curb and Gutter
Bike Lanes No
On-street Parking 7
Sidewalks 8 with on curb planting6 with off curb planting
Intersection Spacing (Fullintersection)
800
Trees Street Trees*
Mid-Block Crossing Yes: Where blocks exceed600
Traffic Calming Elements Yes
Block Size / Intersection N/A
Building Placement N/A
Planting Strip / Amenity Zone 4 Planting Strip or off curbplanting
1010 77101077
44 66
66 44
*Does not preclude the formation of canopies
Suburban Community or Gated Community or Local Str
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Guidel ines for Developing Canopy Streets
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The right type of trees but no canopy effect because ofplacement limitations due to higher speeds.
45mph
35mph
Low design speeds andthe right tree form allow fordevelopment of tree linedcanopies over the street.Low design speeds allows
trees to be placed as closeas 18 from the the travellane.
Design speed of the street
This is perhaps one of the most critical design components. According tothe green book when the 40 mph design speed threshold is breached,automobile safety issues take precedence causing a significant shift indesign parameters. This adversely impacts the development of tree linecanopies on streets because of increased spacing between the travellane and the trees, wider spacing between trees in consideration ofsight distance. Tree lined canopy streets are best developed on streetswith design speeds of 40 mph or less.(Refer to Appendix - page A4 for table on tree spacing relationship to design speeds)
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Design Guidelines
Functional Classification: Bicycle and Pedestr ian Tra
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- A grade separated crossing is re-quired at freeways.
- This may be accommodated aspart of a vehicular crossing byincorporating bicycle lanes andsidewalks or a multi-use trail ona bridge.
- Maximum ramp: 1:12A level area 5 feet long must
be provided every 30 feet. SeeADA regulations for details.
- At roadway crossings, priority should be given to the majormovement.
- For paths with daily trips exceeding 1,000 users crossing aresidential roadway, the vehicles on the roadway couldbe required to yield or stop at the trail.
In such cases, a raised pedestrian crossing should beused to draw attention to the trail crossing.
- Refer to MUTCD for details on design of traffic control de-vices.
Minimum: width of t rai lPreferred: width of t rai l + 4 f t .
Trail Crossing of Freeway
Trail Crossing of Low Volume Residential Street
Trail Crossing of High Volume Roadway
- If no traffic signal is provided, a minof 10 foot wide medians should b
vided at unsignalized crossingsmulti-lane roadway. The crossingbe angled at 45 degrees towardproach traffic.
Refer to MUTCD for details ondesign of traffic control devices.
Bikeway
Bikeway
STOP
- Where signal warrant can be met, ptrian activated signal should be ped when the pedestrian trail cra collector, arterial, or farm-to-m
Trail Crossing
RaisedPedestrianCrossing
Roadway Crossing
Source: Florida Bicycle Facilities Planning and Design Handbook
Offset Bikeways Intersection TreatmentSource: Minnesota Bikeway Design Manual
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Design Guidelines
Functional Classification: Bicycle and Pedestr ian Tra
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Design Principles- Provide mobility- Serve as recreational pathways- Provide links to natural areas- Facilitate in habitat preservation- Design for specific user types
Design Elements
Required:- Trail- Buffer- Signage- Connections to public and privatecommercial uses
Recommended:- Lighting- Rest areas
- Trail head
Connections to Adjacent Uses
Trail
Tree PreservationWherever possible large established trees should be preseTo preserve a large tree located in the clear zone:
- narrow trail,- shift trail, or- locate a railing between the trail and the tree
When a trail is located in close proximity to a tree, it may beessary to provide special treatment to the subgrade to pthe root system of a tree. A clear zone may not be needhiking trails.
Trail HeadTrail Head may be incorporated into commercial centers, buildings, or parks.
Features- Parking (paved or unpaved)- Paved handicapped parking space near trail head- Bicycle parking- Trail head sign- Trash receptacles
- Information station with map- Restrooms- Chilled drinking fountains- Lighting- Air pump- Vending machine- Play equipment- Pet amenities- Picnic tables- Pavilions
Rest AreasSpace rest areas at appropriate intervals, and include:
- Bench,- Shade, and- Paved platform (3 ft wide x 8 ft long).
Weather shelters should be provide every 2 miles, and sinclude:
- 2 to 3 benches- Covered shelter,
- Paved platform (10 ft wide x 10 ft long).
Trail Users TypeTravel Speeds
(MPH)
LongitudinalSlopes
(Maximum)CrossSlopes
RecommendedMinimum
Tread Width(Two-Way Travel)
TypicalTread Width
(Two-Way Travel) Surface Type
Pedestrian trail userswalkers, hikers, joggers, run-ners, persons confined to awheelchair, bird-watchers,nature lovers, picnickers, etc.
0 to 5 mph 8% 1% preferred 8 ft. 10 ft. Concrete
Nonmotorized travelbicyclist, rollerblades, skaters,skateboarders
5 to 20 mph 8% 1 - 4% 10 ft. 14 - 16 ft. Type 3 Asphalt
Pedestrian / Nonmotorized
travel
0-20 mph 8% 1% preferred 12 ft 14 ft - 16 ft Type 3 Asphalt
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Design Guidelines
Functional Classification: Bicycle and Pedestr ian Tra
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Design Principles- Provide mobility- Serve as recreational pathways- Provide links to natural areas- Facilitate in habitat preservation- Design for specific user types- Provide shade
Design Elements
Required:- Trail- Buffer- Signage
Recommended:- Rest areas- Connections to adjacent uses
- Trail head
Trail in Exclusive ROW
Multi-Use Trail in Road ROW - Pedestrian and Nonmotorized Trail
Varies15' Min. buffer/
25'-100' buffer forenvironmentally sensitive area
20' Min.3'-5'ClearZone
3'-5'ClearZone
Trail(see table
below)
10' Min.See Farm-to-Market corridor for details.
Trail Users TypeTravel Speeds
(MPH)
LongitudinalSlopes
(Maximum)CrossSlopes
MinimumTread Width(Two-Way
Travel)
Clearing andGrubbing
Width (Min)
SelectiveThining
Width (Min)
ClearningHeight(Min)
Hiker 0 to 5 mph No Restriction 4% max. 6 ft. 10 ft. 20 ft. 8 ft.
Multiuse trailwalkers, hikers, joggers, runners,persons confined to a wheelchair,bird-watchers, nature lovers,picnickers, bicyclist, rollerbladers,skateboarders, mountain bikers
0 to 20 mph 8% 1% preferred 12 ft.(10 ft. limit
ROW)
18 ft. 28 ft. 10 ft.
Horseback rider 5 to 15 mph 10% 4% max 4 ft. 8 ft. 20 ft. 12 ft.
Multiuse trail with horseback rider 0 to 15 mph 8% 1% preferred 10 ft. (paved)4 ft. (unpaved)
25 ft. 35 ft. 12 ft.
Trail Head
Features- Parking (paved or unpaved)- Paved handicapped parking space neahead- Bicycle parking- Trail head sign- Trash receptacles- Information station with map- Restrooms- Chilled drinking fountains
- Lighting- Air pump- Vending machine- Play equipment- Pet amenities- Picnic tables- Pavilions
Lighting
May be needed at roadway intersectitrail is used as a commuter transportatio
ridor.
Rest AreasSpace rest areas at appropriate intervalsinclude:
- Bench,- Shade, and- Paved platform (3 ft wide x 8 ft long
Weather shelters should be provide evmiles, and should include:
- 2 to 3 benches- Covered shelter,- Paved platform (10 ft wide x 10 ft lo
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Design Guidelines
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Savannahs 1733 Plan includes plenty of network and connectivity
Design elements such as lane width, tree placement, parking, landform and pedestrian facilities can all be seen in this photo
3. Design Elements All of the elements that will be part of a street should be considered in makingdesign decisions. If regional vehicular needs are the only design element that drives design decisions, itis likely elements such as trees, sidewalks and bicycle facilities will suffer. Often, finding a middle-grounddesign solution can prove beneficial to the community at large and assure that all of the elements of the streetcan work well together.
Implementation Strategies
Since these processes are not currently the norm in the City and County, change will require a commitmenton the part of the local jurisdictions. The following are some ideas that should help in making positive changetoward a more balanced process.
A Playbook for Savannah/Chatham County
Definition of Roles and Responsibilities Implementation of these ideas will require a champion. This mustbe a person or persons who believe in the principles espoused in this manual and who is willing to monitorand influence projects from beginning to end. This will include reminding all parties of their proper roles in acollaborative process.
Engagement The person who is responsible for implementation of this manual must not be afraid toengage in dialog with project designers, the public, elected officials or anyone else who has influence over aproject. Such engagement can help to shine a light on the design process and provide early evidence of anycontentious issues.
Documentation Often when projects go wrong, it is not through conscious effort, but miscommunication. Itis imperative that designers understand decisions that have been made during the planning process and thatplanners remain engaged through the design process. The manual point-person will be key to assuring thisdocumentation of decisions occurs.
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
The Process for Context Sensit ive Solutions
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Appendix: Roadway Design Elements - Intersections
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R1
R1 = Actual CurbRadius
R2 = EffectiveRadius
R3 = Curb radiusneededwithoutbike laneandparking
R3
R2
K EY
A. Right-turn-only lane C. Right-turn-only lane D. Optional right/straightand right-turn onl
B. Parking lane into right-turny
ONLY ONLY ONLY ONLYRIGHT LANE
MUSTTURN RIGHT
BEGIN
YIELD TOBIKES
RIGHTTURN LANE
RIGHT LANE
MUSTTURN RIGHT
BEGIN
YIELDTOBIKES
RIGHTTURN LANE
RIGHT LANE
MUSTTURN RIGHT
BEGIN
YIELD TOBIKES
RIGHTTURN LANE
SHARE
THE
ROAD
only lane
Bicycle Lane at Intersections
nw
.
.
Building
Segment ofstraight curb
36" Min
Slope y
Slope 1:12
If x > 48" Slope y = 1:10If x < 48" Slope y = 1:12
Building
x
Building
Well defined edgeparallel to directioof pedestrian flo
48" Min
Building
24" Min. long segmentof straight curb
48" Min.Flared side
Example: Typical intersection with bike lanes and turn lanes.
Where ROW permits, bike lane should continue up to stop bar orcrosswalk.
Pedestrian Crossing at Intersections
Curb Return Radius Min. Max.
Local - Local 10 25Local - Collector 15 25
Collector - Collector 15 25
Collector - Arterial 20 50
Arterial - Arterial 20 50
* Allow encroachment into adjacent lane by designvehicles when turning on low volume streets.
Intersection design should safe
accommodate both vehicles andpedestrians.
To comfortably accommodatepedestrians, minimize the curbreturn radius and intersection
pavement width to the greatesextent possible.
Source: Main Street.. .When a Highway Runs ThroughIt : A Handbook for Oregon Communit ies
24
Source: ADA Standards for Accessible Design
Note: The dotted lines in cases A and B are optional (see case C) Source: AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Appendix
(4' 6') S T bl S T blS T bl
Appendix: Roadway Design Elements - Medians
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48" Min
2'
4'
8.
5'
Bottom oftree canopy
Top ofgroundcover
Distance from facof non-mountablecurb, when treediameter is greatthan 4 inches
measured 6 incheoff the ground.
Travel Lane Travel LaneMedian
Planting in Medians
(4'-6')
TravelLane
TravelLane
See Table
TravelLane
TravelLane
TravelLane
TravelLane
11' - 14'
12' - 14'
Urban Activity Center
Industrial
Rural Cluster
Rural Agricultural
4' - 6'
4' - 6'
12' - 30'
12' - 30'
Optional In Narrow MedianContinuous Left-Turn Wide Median Rural Median
Arter ia ls
10' - 12'
10' - 12'
Urban Activity Center
Rural Cluster
10' - 16'
10' - 16'
Col lec tors
14
14
See Table
Continuous Left-turnUsed on arterial streets in commercial areas withfrequent driveway. If blocks are larger than 600,
place pedestrian crossing with special treatmentas well as pedestrian refuge island at intervals of600 to 1420 (where possible).
Narrow MedianUse on collector and arterial streets with in-frequent driveways and intersections. Most
commonly used for retrofit project wherethere is limited ROW. Landscape wherefeasible.
Wide MedianUse on arterial streets with less frequent
driveways and intersections.
Rural Median
See Table
PedestrianCrossing with
SpecialPavement
avelLane
TravelLane
8' Min.
48" Min
.
20' Min.
RaisedMedian
Tr
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Appendix
Appendix: Roadway Design Elements - Sidewalks
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Sidewalk(see table)
4 ' Min.' Min.Plant ingl an t ing
Str ipt r ip4' Min.
Plant ingStr ip
HorizontalC learanceHorizontalC learance
Sidew alk(see table)
HorizontalC learanceHorizontalClearance
Sid
Side
STOPMore Intense Development
Off Curb On Curb
Width of Sidewalks
Less Intense Development
Sidewalk Widths by Classi f icat ion
Location and Design of Sidewalks
Functional Classification
Off and On Curb Sidewalk Widths
Landmark Historic
District
Neighborhood
Historic District
Traditional
Neighborhoods Village Centers
Suburban
Communities Gated Communities Scenic Corridors
Rural or
UndevelopedCorridors
Arterial 10-16 8-15 8-15 10-15 6-8 6-8 5-6 No
Major Collector 10-16 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-15 No
Minor Collector or Main Street 8-15 8-15 8-15 8-15 6-8 6-8 No No
Offset Sidewalk IntersectionTreatment
(Referenced from Design Guidelines in Section 6.0 of this manual.)
On arterial and collector streets, sidewalks should be located at theoutside edge of the road right-of-way, except at intersections wherethey should be located as shown in the adjacent graphic.
The sidewalk grade should remain consistent along a roadwaycorridor. At locations where a driveway crosses a sidewalk, thegrade of the driveway shall match that of the sidewalk.
Minimum Horizontal Clearance WidthPosted Speed < 25 mph: 1.5 feet from face of curbPosted Speed > 25 mph: 4 feet* from face of curb* 1.5 feet under constrained conditions
Roadway ReconstructionProvide sidewalk on both sides of the roadway for:Arterial in Urban Activity Centers and Rural ClustersCollectors in Urban Activity Centers, Village Centers, and Rural ClustersNeighborhood streets in Urban Activity Centers, Village Centers, and Neighborhood Centers
If ROW is constrained, may provide sidewalks on only one side of the roadway for:Arterials in Industrial land use typeCollectors in Industrial land use typeNeighborhood streets in Neighborhoods, Rural Clusters, and Rural Agricultural land use types
Context Sensitive Design ManualSavannah / Chatham County
Appendix
Appendix: Roadway Design Elements - Tree Spacing in Sight Triangle
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Source: FDOT
Desc r ipt ion Speed (m ph)
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Maximum caliper(diameter) within limitsof sight window (mm)
Minimum spacing(c. to c. of trunk) (ft)
22 91 27 108 33 126 40 146 45 165 52 173 60 193
>
11 < 18
d
Sizes and spacing are based on the following
conditions:A. A single line of trees in the median parallel to but not
necessarily colinear with the centerline.
B. A straight approaching mainline within skew limits
C. 1. Trees and palms less than or equal to 11 in diametercasting a vertical 6 wide shadow band on a vehicle entering atstop bar location when viewed by mainline driver beginning atdistance d.
2. Palms with diameters greater than 11 up to 18spaced at intervals providing a 2 second full view of enteringvehicle at stop bar location when viewed by mainline driverbeginning at distance d (see perception diagram).
Location of Shade Trees
Shade trees shall be located to provide shade to users of the sideand multi-use trails. On arterial and collector roadways, shadeshould be located between the travel lane and the sidewalk. To prpersonal security, users of the sidewalks must be visible from vein the travel lane. Landscaping located between the travel lanethe sidewalk must not block these views. Therefore, shrubs ancanopies should be pruned to allow visibility from vehicles in the lane to users of the sidewalk.
Location of Traffic Control Devices, Light Poles,Above Ground Utilities
Traffic Control Devices will be designed and located with the Mof Uniform Traffic Control Devices and Roadway and Traffic DStandards
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Encouraging the Right Land U
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Appendix
An example of form-based codes that require building placement against the street. In this redevelopment site in Orlando, Florida, the placement of newbuildings against a network of streets being added to the block defines the street space and makes future widening difficult, if not completely impractical.This is an appropriate street treatment for an urban context.
Form-based codes accomplish several benefits for the transportation system as first and foremost, their streamlining of mixed-use development through emphasproper physical form encourages shorter trips, many on foot, as a decreased relon the nature of the land use means that complementary uses can locate closerone another. They also separate the distribution of trips, allowing service-orientetrips to keep off of main streets, facilitating traffic flow by removing vehicles makfrequent turns and increasing the space available for on-street parking (thus decing dependence on on-site parking to meet an establishments needs).
It must be noted that such a system applies to all context types. Encouraging thright land use does not necessarily mean the land use must be the same in all pof Chatham County, but rather fits the context and the vision for future developm
Indeed, the form-based code does not need to disallow land use and building typthat are commonly developed today. The intent of this type of code is not to discage particular kinds of development, but rather to bring that development in line a communitys vision for its physical environment and to use it to define neighbohoods and commercial districts.
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