saurashtra university - connecting repositories · 2013-07-15 · 3 mom'v hþb' h¢...
TRANSCRIPT
Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93)
Dave, Dipikaben V., 2009, “म न भडारी क गघ सािह य का म याकन”, thesis
PhD, Saurashtra University
http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/681 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.
Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu
© The Author
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d H$hVt -
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OmAm A[Zm H$m_ H$am''4
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6
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[yU© H$s $& dht g Am[Z gZ≤ 1945 _| _°oQ≠>H$ oH$`m $& gZ≤ 1945
7
47 VH$ A[Z AO_a H$ H$mbO g hr BßQ>a oH$`m $& H$mbO _|
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J`m V] A[Zr b∂S>H$s H$ Bg Jm°ad_` H$m`© g d \y$b CR> $&6
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oH$`m $&
8
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gZ≤ 1952-61 VH$ bJ^J 9 gmb A‹`mo[H$m H$m H$m`© oH$`m $&
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N>mÃdÀgb Wt $& oH$Vm]| [∂T>mZ H$m C›h| ]hX em°H$ Wm $& BgrobE
ÒHy$b H$ [wÒVH$mb` H$m ma C›ht [a gm¢[m J`m $&7
M amO›– mXd g oddmh :-
]mbrJßO oejm gXZ ÒHy$b H$ A‹`j lr JdVr ‡gmX IVmZ
W $& d ]∂S> gmohÀ`-‡_r W $& lr amO›– `mXd emYH$m`© H$aZ
H$bH$Vm [whwßM W $& [∂T>Z-obIZ Am°a bIH$ ]ZZ H$s YwZ CZ [a
gdma Wr $& gmohÀ` _| ÈoM aIZ H$ H$maU lr JdVr ‡gmXOr g
CZH$m [naM` h˛Am $& C›hm|Z ÒHy$b H$m [wÒVH$mb` A⁄VZ H$aZ H$
obE amO›– Or g H$hm Am°a dhmß [wÒVH$m| [a MMm© H$aV-H$aV CZH$m
_›Zy ßS>mar g [naM` h˛Am $& [wÒVH$ bIH$ Am°a gmohÀ` H$s MMm©
MbV-MbV d bmJ qOXJr H$s MMm© H$aZ bJ $& Yra-Yra CZH$m
[wÒVH$ [naM` OrdZ-[naM` _| [nadoV©V hmVm J`m Am°a XmZm| H$m
ogodb _°aO h˛Am $& h AßVOm©Vr` oddmh Wm $& amO›– mXd g
oddmh hmZ H$ [ÌMmV≤ _›Zy ßS>mar H$m bIZ VWm A‹`m[Z Am°a AoYH$
oZIa Am`m $& mXdOr H$ AZw^dm| Am°a gwPmdm| Z _›ZyOr H$ bIZ
_| ZB© M_H$ CÀ[›Z H$s $& Am°a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m D™$M gmohÀ`H$mam| g
[naM` h˛Am $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$m gÀ ›– eaV, _mhZ amH$e, H$_bÌda
AmoX bmJ Xda-OR> H$ Í$[ _| ‡mflV h˛E $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m [wÃr h˛B© CgH$m Zm_ gmohoÀ`H$ _mVm-o[Vm Z
"aMZm' aIm qH$Vw Ka _| Cg fl`ma g d "qQ>Hy$' [wH$maV h¢ $&
9
M ‡m‹`m[H$s` OrdZ :-
lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar gZ≤ 1961 _| A‹`mo[H$ g ‡m‹`mo[H$m
]Zt $& gZ≤ 1964 VH$ H$bH$Vm _| "amZr o]∂S>bm H$mbO' _| C›hm|Z
A‹`m[Z H$m`© oH$`m $& B›ht oXZm| lr amO›– mXdZ oXÎbr OmH$a
dhm ÒWm`r hmZ H$m oZU©` ob`m $& AVï gZ≤ 1964 _| _›Zy ßS>mar
H$m oXÎbr _| AmJ_Z h˛Am $& V] g _›Zy ßS>mar oXÎbr H$ ‡og’
gmo\$oÒQ>H$Q> S> H$m©bO "o_amßS>m hmCg' _| ‡m‹`mo[H$m H$ Í$[ _|
H$m`©aV h¢ $& gflVmh _| EH$ oXZ "oXÎbr odÌd od⁄mb`' _| r [∂T>mZ
OmVr h¢ $&
M Ï`o∑VÀd :-
Ï`o∑V H$m "Ï`o∑VÀd' [nade g ]ZVm h° $& Om A[Z gmW
gm_moOH$ odf_VmAm Edß _mZdr` gßdXZmAm| H$m EH$ [yam gßgma
ob` ahVm h° $& Bg [nade g Om ∂S>Zm Am°a Ow∂S>H$a obIZm Òd`ß
A[Zr gOrdVm H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° $& dÒVwVï [nade $ha Ï`o∑V
H$m o_bVm h°, qH$Vw Cg mJZ H$s ‡oH´$`m ha EH$ H$s AbJ-AbJ
h˛Am H$aVr h° $& [nade H$ ¤mam hr Ï`o∑V H$m oZ_m©U `m odKQ>Z
gß^d hmVm h¢ $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ Ï`o∑V _| _mVm H$ [yU© g_o[©V Edß o[Vm H$ —∂T>
gßH$Î[Zm Edß AhßdmXr gßÒH$mam| H$m Am°oMÀ`[yU© g_ßOZ h° $& Bgr
gßdXZerb Òd^md, ›`m`moMV oddH$, oZÓH$m_ g_mOgdr _oÒVÓH$
Z EH$ g_W© boIH$m ]ZZ H$ obE [•ÓR>^yo_ oZo_©V H$s oOgg CZH$s
aMZmAm| _| A‡oV]’Vm, g_mO gm[jVm, ›`m`[j KaVm Am⁄›V
—oÓQ>JV hmVr h° $& Oybyg oZH$mbZm, ‡^mV\$na`m| _| goÂ_obV hmZm,
ÒdV›ÃVm-gßJ´m_ _| OyPZ H$m H•$V gßH$Î[r hmZm, OZ g_yh _| mfU
10
XZm, AÀ`mMma H$ odÈ’ ÒdamX≤Kmf H$aZm AmoX JoVodoY`m™ CZH$s
‡maoÂ^H$ oO›XJr H$m Img ohÒgm ahr h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ]M[Z _|
amOZroVH$ MMm©Am| _| gh^mJr hmZ H$m gwAdga ‡mflV h˛Am $&8
[amYrZ ^maV _| Zmar-oejm H$s gwodYmE™ BVZr ghOVm g
C[b„Y Zht Wr $& AmO r Zmar-oejm H$m ‡gma odoeÓQ> _‹`dJ©
H$ [nadmam| VH$ gro_V h¢ $& Ohm™ VH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$s oejm H$m ‡ÌZ h°,
CZH$s oejm Am°a A‹``Z H$m AJ´ga H$aZ H$m l` CZH$ gwgßÒH•$V
Am°a Jna_mdmZ≤ o[Vm H$m h¢ $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m O] g AoÒ_Vm ]mY hAm V] g Òd ß H$m [wÒVH$m|,
[oÃH$mAm|, amOZroVH$, gm_moOH$ MMm©Am| H$ ]rM [m`m $& Bgg
CZ_| EH$ —oÓQ>-AmbmH$ bIZ-jà _| AdVnaV hmZ g [yd© hr
Ò\w$naV hm MwH$m Wm, Om CZH$s aMZmAm| _| Am⁄›V _hgygm Om
gH$Vm h° $& hr —oÓQ>-qMVZ CZH$s H$hmZr H$s A^roflgV C[bo„Y
h° Am°a hr CZH$s bIH$s` oZoY h¢ $&
Zmar A[Z OrdZ _| _m™-]Q>r, ]hZ, [ÀZr AmoX ^yo_H$mE™
oZ^mVr h° _›Zy ßS>mar Z h yo_H$mE™ A¿N>r Vah g oZ^m`r h° B›ht
yo_H$mAm| H$ gmW _›Zy ßS>mar boIH$m VWm A‹`mo[H$m H$r r yo_H$m
oZ^m ahr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Òd`ß H$hVr h° oH$ -
""BZ g] _| g _¢ XaAgb ∑`m hˇ ™ ? Vm `m| g_oP` oH$ BZ
g]H$m o_bm-Owbm Í$[ hr _am dmÒVodH$ Ï`o∑V h° Am°a _° dhr
]Zr r ahZm MmhVr hˇ™ $&''9
lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m Om H$mB© EH$ ]ma XIVm h° Vm Cg
CZH$ _mW H$s ]∂S>r-gr q]Xr `mX ah OmVr h° $& odÌd _| ^maVr`
Zmar H$s [hMmZ "q]Xr' h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar og\©$ q]Xr g hr Zht Ao[Vw
11
gß[yU© Ï`o∑VÀd g Am_ Kaby maVr` Zmar H$m Ehgmg oXbmVr h¢ $&
lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar [rb ogÎH$ H$s gm∂S>r _| bmb ]mS>©a Am°a
emb Am ∂T> Egr oXIm`r XVr h° oH$ bJVm hr Zht oH$ d ‡og’
boIH$m h° $& dh EH$ gßdXZerbm Zmar AoYH$ bJVr h° $&
oJnaamO oH$emaOr Z "_›Zy ßS>mar qOXJr H$s g_PXmar' bI
_| obIm h° ........ ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$s [hMmZ Cg q]Xr g ewÈ h˛B© Wr
Am°a AmO aMZmAm| VH$ [h™M J`r h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$m [hbr ]ma XIH$a
`h ‡ÌZ hmVm h° oH$ ∑`m dm H$hmoZ`m™ obIVr h° ? _›Zy ßS>mar H$hmZr
boIH$m CVZr ZOa Zht AmVr oOVZr H$s EH$ Kaby ÒÃr $&''10
_›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr gß[moXV [wÒVH$ "A[Z g [a' _| obIm
h¢ oH$ - ""EH$ A¿N>m H$hmZr bIH$ ]ZZ g [hb AoZdm`© h° EH$
A¿N>m H$hmZr - [mR>H$ ]ZZm $&'' h EH$ gwPmd Zht h° $& gM ]mV
Vm h h° oH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$m AmO r H$hmZr-C[›`mg [∂T>Z _| Í$oM
h° & Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s bm`]´ar _ ß `e[mb, ‡_M›X g bH$a
Ao^_›`w AZV VH$ H$s g_ÒV [wÒVH$ C[b„Y h° $& dhm O`eßH$a
‡gmX, M›–H$mßV ]mßoS>dXH$a, am_ZJaH$a, __Vm H$mob`m, _rZmjr
[war, _•Xwbm JJ©, `mXd›– e_m©, A„Xwb o]oÒ_b AmoX g^r Z`
[wamZ MoM©V - AMoM©V gmohÀ`H$mam| H$s [wÒVH|$ XIr Om gH$Vr
h¢ & Am°a _›Zy ßS>mar Z e[mb, ‡_M›X, Ak` eaVM›– AmoX H$m
gÂ[yU© gmohÀ` [∂T>m h° Am°a CZg ‡^modV r h˛B© h° $& Am°a eaVMß–
H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r' [a Vm C›hm|Z Òdm_r Zm_H$ C[›`mg r obIm
h¢ & Am°a h_ Egm bJVm h° oH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$s aMZm-‡oH´$`m eaV≤ ]m]y
g OmZ-AZOmZ Ow∂S> J`r h° $& eaV gmohÀ` H$ g^r [mà `WmW©
12
bmH$ H$ h¢ Cgr Vah _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| VWm C[›`mgm| H$ g^r
[mà WmW© H$s O_rZ [a I∂S> h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZm ‡oH´$`m
H$ gßX^© _| "_ohbm C[moY _hmod⁄mb`' H$s N>mÃmAm| g ]mVMrV
H$aV h˛E H$hm oH$ - ""[wÈf-bIH$m| H$s ‡aUm Vm ‡o_H$mEß hmVr h°
boH$Z _am d°gm Hw$N> Zhr h° ]g Amg[mg H$s KQ>Zm Ï`o∑V `m
_mhm°b hr obIZ H$ obE ‡naV H$aV h° $&'' Hw$N> bmJm| Z amO›–
`mXd Am°a lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar H$ d°dmohH$ OrdZ H$ gß]ßY _| AZH$
‡H$maH$s o_œ`m ]mVm| H$m ‡Mma H$a XmZm| H$ oddmh-od¿N>X H$s
H$Î[ZmE™ r H$a S>mbr & CgH$ [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ H$s EH$ _hÀd[yU©
C[bo„Y CZH$ bIZ H$m`© g gß]ßoYV h° Am°a CZH$ bIZ H$m`© _|
oH$gr ‡H$ma H$s oeoWbVm Zht AmB© VWm C›h| oZaßVa ‡ogo’ ‡mflV
hmVr ahr $&
A] _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s A’©eVr [maH$a MwH$s h° [a ` oXÎbr
_hmZJa H$s AZH$ Ï`ÒVVmAm| H$ _‹` gwIr OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aV
h˛E bIZ H$m`© g OwQ>r h˛B© h° $& CZH$m Ï`o∑VÀd AÀ`ßV gab h°
Am°a CZH$ oZÌN>b Edß oZÓH$bwf Ï`dhma g g^r ‡^modV hmV h¢ $&
CZH$ OrdZ _| H$mB© ]ZmdQ> Zht h¢, Om Hw$N> d Zht h°, Cg oXImZ
H$ H$VB© H$mB© MÓQ>m Zht H$s $& d Zmar h° _mà Zmar Am°a h ZmarÀd
EH$ Ama maVr` [aÂ[amAm| VWm Xygar Am°a AmYwoZH$ [nade XmZm|
H$m ghO T>ßJ g AmÀ_gmV oH$E h˛E h° $& Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ßS>mar H$m
OrdZ [yU©V`m gwI_` hr _mZm OmEJm $&
gmohÀ`-g•OZ H$ ]ma _| _›Zy H$s _m›`Vm h° - ""bIZ EH$
AZdaV `mÃm h° oOgH$m Z H$mB© A›V h°, Z _ßoOb $& ]g oZa›Va
13
MbV Mb OmZm hr oOgH$s AoZdm`©Vm h° em`X oZ`oV r $&''11
M H•$oVÀd :-
ÒdmV›Õ`mŒma H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| oOZ _ohbm H$WmH$mam| Z
oO›XJr H$s od–x[VmAm|, odf_VmAm|, odH•$oV`m| H$m H$bmÀ_H$
Ao^Ï`o∑V Xr CZ_| H$Wm boIH$m _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ gdm©oYH$
MoM©V h° $& ghO gm_mZ` mfm _| oZÌN>Vr, ]]mH$ Ao^Ï`o∑V g
g_mO gm[j odf`m| H$ emÌdV gßX^m _| ‡ÒVwVrH$aU Am°a Zmar
_Z H$s [r∂S>m H$ AßH$Z g d oh›Xr [mR>H$m| _| AÀ`oYH$ bmH$o‡`
h¢ & CZH$s aMZmAm| _| odf`-d°od‹` H$ gmW-gmW CŒmamŒma
g•OZmÀ_H$ odH$mg od⁄_mZ h° $&
lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZm-‡oH´$`m H$ gß]ßY _|
"[mßMO›`' Zm_H$ [Ã _| obIm h° - ""_a ob` obIZm Xm Vah H$m
hmVm h° & EH$ dh Om _¢ H$b_ bH$a H$mJO [a obIVr hˇ ß Am°a
H$m\$s bÂ] A›Vamb H$ ]mX hr gß^d hm [mVm h¢ $& Xygam dh Om
o]Zm H$mJO-H$b_ H$ X°ZßoXZ H$m_m| H$ gmW-gmW ]°H$ J´mCßS>
Â`woOH$ H$s Vah _Z H$s [aVm| [a oZaßVa hr MbVm ahVm h° $& ]mha
dmbm| H$ obE _hÀd[yU© dh h° Om H$mJO [a obIm J`m Am°a CZ
VH$ [h˛ ™M J`m & boH$Z _a ob` Vm "_am _mZogH$ bIZ' hr
_hŒd[yU© h°, ∑`m|oH$ BgH$ Xm°amZ hr am-_°nQ>na`b H$m dh ^ßS>ma
O_m hmVm h° oOg_| g Hw$N> MrO| MwZH$a C›h| H$mQ>-N>mßQ> Am°a Vame
H$a V°`ma _mb H$s Vah _¢ ]mha bm [mVr h˛™ $&''
_›Zy ßS>mar bm°oH$H$ [mà Edß KQ>Zm g ‡^modV hmVr h° Am°a dh
‡^md CZH$ qMVH$ _Z-_oÒVÓH$ H$m _WVm ahVm h°, Cg _ßWZ g
O] ÒdmZw^yoV H$m ZdZrV V°`ma hmVm h° V^r dh H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _|
14
‡H$Q> hmVm h° $& `hr H$maU h° oH$ CZH$s H$hmoZ`mß gOrd hmH$a
OZgm_m›` g ]mV| H$aZ bJVr h° $& bIZ CZH$m Ï`dgm` Zht h°
Ao[Vw AZw^yoV Am°a qMVZ H$m odÒ\$mQ> h¢ $&
amO›– mXd Z obIm h° oH$ - ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$ oX_mJ _| flbmQ>
_m°obH$ Am°a ge∑V AmV h¢ $& Am°a dh obIZ g [yd© H$B© ]ma
amO›– H$m gwZmVr h° $$&''12
M _›Zy ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma :-
(1) H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡W_ gßÒH$aU
1. _¢ hma JB© gZ≤ 1957 B©.
2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s VÒdra gZ≤ 1959 B©.
3. `hr gM h° gZ≤ 1966 B©.
4. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] gZ≤ 1968 B©.
5. oÃeßHw$ gZ≤ 1978 B©.
6. AmßIm XIm PyR> (]mb H$hmoZ`mß) gZ≤ 1976 B©.
(2) C[›`mg ‡W_ gßÒH$aU
1. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ gZ≤ 1961 B©.
2. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r gZ≤ 1971 B©.
3. Òdm_r gZ≤ 1982 B©.
4. _hm^mO gZ≤ 1976 B©.
5. H$bdm gZ≤ 1971 B©.
(3) ZmQ>H$ ‡W_ gßÒH$aU
1. o]Zm Xrdmam| H$m Ka gZ≤ 1966 B©.
2. _hm^mO gZ≤ 1983 B©.
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m gmohÀ` bmH$o‡` VWm lÓR> og’ h˛Am h° $&
15
gmohÀ`H$ma H$ Í$[ _| C›h| gÂ_moZV H$a CZH$s H$B© aMZmAm| H$m
[waÒH$ma o_b MwH$m h° $& CZH$s H$B© H$hmoZ`m| H$m AZwdmX Xer
odXer ^mfmAm| _| hwAm h¢ $& [ßOm]r _| CZH$s ]rg H$hmoZ`m| H$m
AZwdmX H$a CgH$m EH$ gßH$bZ VWm _amR>r, H$›Z∂S>, _b`mb_,
VbwJw, qgYr Edß ]ßJbm mfm _| _›ZyOr H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ AZwdmX
hm MwH$ h° $& BVZm hr Zht odXer mfmAm| _| r odefVï S>M Edß
AßJ´Or _| r CZH$ AZwdmX h˛E h° CZH$ gw‡og’ C[›`mg Am[H$m
]ßQ>r H$m AZwdmX$ JwOamVr ^mfm _| oZaßOZ g≈>mdmbm Z _amR>r _|
B›Xw_Vr edS> Z VWm AßJ´Or _| O`aVZ Z oH$`m h° $& qgYr, [ßOm]r,
H$›Z∂S>, Co∂S>`m AmoX mfmAm| _| r C∑V C[›`mg H$ AZwdmX h˛E h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$m _ßMZ g]g [hb ]Xm yß _|
h˛Am $& CgH$ [ÌMmV≤ am`[wa _| h˛Am $& lr_Vr A_mb AbmZm Am°a
‡_ _oh`mZr H$ gh`mJ g C›hm|Z Òd`ß "_hm^mO' H$m ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa
oH$`m Am°a "amÓQ≠>r` ZmQ≤>`-od⁄mb`' Z ]∂S> Ome H$ gmW oXÎbr
H$ _ßM [a ‡ÒVwV oH$`m $& ]r.]r.gr. b›XZ Z 55 o_ZQ>m|dmb
"_hm^mO' H$ ZmQ≤>` Í$[m›Va H$m ‡ÒVwV Edß ‡gmnaV H$aZ H$ ob`
‡oV o_ZQ> 9.50 [m¢S> ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "o]Zm Xrdmam| H$ Ka' ZmQ>H$ H$m r _ßMZ Ωdmob`a,
oXÎbr, m[mb, XhamXyZ, CX`[wa AmoX ZJam| _| h˛Am $&''13
"o\$_b H$m°a∑Q>g© BZ qhXr emQ>© ÒQ>marO' [a A_naH$Z N>mÃ
lr OwoS>V A›Z ]ZmS> gwlr Cfm o‡`ßdXm H$ oZXeZ _| H$m`© H$a ah
h° oOg_| _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m C›hm|Z odef ÒWmZ oX`m h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$B© H$hmoZ`m| H$m _ßMZ r h˛Am h° $& "AH$br'
VWm "MÌ_' Zm_H$ H$hmoZ`m| H$m _ßMZ "AZmo_H$' gßÒWm H$bH$Vm
16
¤mam oH$`m J`m Wm $& "oÃeßHw$' Zm_H$ H$hmZr H$m _ßMZ ‡W_ o_amßS>m
H$m©bO oXÎbr ¤mam Am°a aMZm gßÒWm H$bH$Vm ¤mam h˛Am h° $& ]mX
_| Bgr H$hmZr [a amO›–ZmW ¤mam Q>r.dr. H$ ob` o\$Î_ r ]Zr $&
"EImZ AmH$me ZmB©' H$hmZr [a ]mgw MQ>OuZ e]mZm AmO_r
Am°a A_mb [mbH$a H$m bH$a "OrZm `hmß' Zm_H$ o\$Î_
]Zm`r h¢ $&
]r.]r.gr. bßXZZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s aMZmAm [a 14 OwbmB©
gZ≤ 1982 B©. _| EH$ "\$sMa' r ‡ÒVwV oH$`m Wm $&
_›ZyOr Z [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´hm H$m g•OZ oH$`m $& C›h| g\$bVm
"_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZr g o_br $& A] VH$ C›hm|Z 50 H$hmoZ`m™
obIr h¢ $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z [m™M C[›`mgm| H$s aMZm H$s $& BZ_| g EH$ C[›`mg
[oV H$ gh`mJ g obIm $& Xygam C[›`mg "H$bdm' oH$emam[`mJr
h° $& _hm^mO Am°a "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg bmH$o‡` hm J` $&
_hm^mO C[›`mg _| amOZroVH$ [VZ Vm "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg _|
gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m oMoÃV H$s h° $& Am°a "Òdm_r' C[›`mg [a
AmYmnaV "Òdm_r' o\$Î_ ]Z MwH$s h¢ $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ g_ÒV H$hmZr-gmohÀ` g M`Z H$a VrZ AbJ
AbJ ‡H$meH$m| Z CZH$ odef H$hmZr-gßJ´h ‡H$moeV oH$` h¢ $&
H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡H$meH$ gZ≤
1. _ar o‡` H$hmoZ`mß Aja ‡H$meZ oXÎbr 1969
2. lÓR> H$hmoZ`mß amO[mb E S> gO. oXÎbr 1979
3. gflV[Um© ZeZb [oR>b qeJ hmCg oXÎbr 1982
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s [hbr H$hmZr "Z`m g_mO' _| 54 N>[r boH$Z
17
`h "_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZr g o_bm Om 1956 _| ‡H$moeV h˛B© $&
_ohbm H$hmZr boIH$mAm| _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ gdm©oYH$
_hŒd H$m h° $& C›hm|Z oh›Xr H$hmZr H$m Èo∂T>`m| g _w∑V ahZ H$
gßH$Î[ H$ gmW ZyVZ e°br _| H$Wm aMZm H$s h° $& ghOVm _›Zy ßS>mar H$
gmohÀ` H$m ‡mU VÀd h° $& A[Z A›Xa obIZ H$s Om eo∑V oZohV
hmVr h° CgH$ ]ma _| CZH$m _›VÏ` h° - OrdZ H$s Y∂S>H$Z g a[ya
pÒWoV`m™, odMma `m g_Ò`mE™ hr _wP obIZ H$ obE ‡naV
H$aVr h¢ $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr [hbr H$hmZr "_¢ hma JB©' obIZ H$ ]ma _|
H$hm h° - o]Zm oH$gr r ‡aUm Am°a ‡mÀgmhZ H$ _¢Z A[Zr [hbr
H$hmZr "_°ß hma JB©' H°$g obIr _¢ IwX Zht OmZVr $& "H$hmZr' Zm_H$
[oÃH$m _| N>[ JB© A[Zr [hbr H$hmZr H$m XIH$a C›h| Om
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18
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19
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20
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21
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23
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24
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25
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odÌdmg Z h˛Am $&
AmJ _›Zy ßS>mar Am[Z ]ma _| H$hVr h° oH$ Cg g_` AmµOmX
oh›Xr \$m°O H$ _wµH$X_ H$m ogbogbm Wm $& g^r H$m©bOm|, ÒHy$bm|,
XwH$mZm| H$ obE h∂S>Vmb H$m Amh≤dmZ Wm $& em_ H$m ^mfU]mOr
h˛B© $& o[VmOr H$ EH$ o_ÃZ Ka AmH$a o[VmOr H$m H$hm oH$ _›Zy oH$
Vm _V _mar JB© h° Am[Z b∂S>oH$`m| H$m AmµOmXr Xr [a H°$g b∂S>H$m
H$ gmW h∂S>Vmb| H$admVr h° dh XIV h° Am[ h_ma Kam| H$s b∂S>oH$`m|
H$s em^m XVm h° g] ? d Vm AmJ bJmH$a Mb JE Am°a o[VmOr
gma oXZ ^H$V ah ]g A] Bg _›Zy H$m Ka g ]mha oZH$bZm ]›X
H$am $&
Bg ]mV g ]ò]a _| amV H$m Ka bm°Q>r Vm o[VmOr H$ EH$ o_Ã
Ama AO_a H$ g]g ‡oVoÓR>V Am°a gÂ_moZV S>m™. AÂ]mbmbOr
]°R> W _wP XIV hr ÒdmJV oH$`m -
""AmAm AmAm _›Zy $& _¢ Vm Mm°[∂S> [a VwÂhmam mfU gwZV hr
grYm ßS>mar Or H$m ]YmB© XZ Mbm Am`m $& Am` E_ naAbr ‡mCS>
Am\$ `y. ∑`m Vw_ Ka _| ahV hm ^ßS>mar Ka g oZH$bm ^r H$am,
26
d ]mbV Om ah W Am°a o[VmOr H$ Mha H$m g›Vmf Jd© _| ]XbVm
Om ahm Wm $&''22
boIH$m H$hVr h° oH$ Cg g_` erbmOrZ gmhg Am°a
AmÀ_odÌdmg g aH$a MbZ H$ obE EH$ oXem Xr Wr OrdZ H$m
AW© oX`m Wm $& C›hm|Z _ar ^rVar eo∑V Am°a Ï`o∑VÀd H$ gma
gH$mamÀ_H$ [hbwAm| H$m COmJa oH$`m Wm $&
27
gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
1. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 1
2. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 2
3. _. ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ ‡Xr[ gr. bmS> 14
‡_wI [mÃ
4. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 4
5. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 5
6. _. ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ ‡Xr[ gr. bmS> 15
‡_wI [mÃ
7. _. ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ ‡Xr[ gr. bmS> 16
‡_wI [mÃ
8. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 7
9. oJnaamO oH$ema _Zma_m (1977) 6
10. oÃeßHw$ (H$hmZr gßJ´h) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 15
11. EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 13
12. _. ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ ‡Xr[ gr. bmS> 18
‡_wI [mÃ
13. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 14
14. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 18
15. _. ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ ‡Xr[ gr. bmS> 19
‡_wI [mÃ
16. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 14
17. oh. gm. H$m. B©. S>m∞. ZJ›–
18. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 16
19. _›Zw ^ßS>mar H$m H$Wm gnhÀ` ‡m. oH$ema oJaS>H$a 2
20. EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r _›Zw ^ßS>mar 20
21. EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r _›Zw ^ßS>mar 23
22. EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r _›Zw ^ßS>mar 25
ïï o¤Vr` A‹`m` ïï
a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m aMZm gmohÀ`
1. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m gmohÀ` gßojflV [naM`
2. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ`
3. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZr gmohÀ`
4. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ZmQ≤>` gmohÀ`
28
29
o¤Vr` A‹`m`
B _›Zy ßS>mar H$m gmohÀ` gßojflV [naM` :-
(1) C[›`mg gmohÀ` :
oh›Xr gmohÀ` OJV _| H$Wm boIH$m _›Zy ßS>marH$m Zm_ ]∂S>
AmXa g ob`m OmVm h° $& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| d°`o∑VH$ g oZd`o∑VH$
hmZ H$s `wJY_u `mÃm gd©Ã A›VoZ©ohV h° $& ghO, gab Am_
]mbMmb H$s ^mfm _| _mZdr` A›V©d•oŒm`m| H$m oZÈo[V H$aZ _|
_›Zy ßS>mar A›`V_ h¢ $& CZH$m g_ÒV aMZm gßgma C[›`mg, H$hmZr,
ZmQ>H$ BZ VrZ od⁄mAm| _| J´ßoWV h¢ $&
oh›Xr C[›`mg J⁄ gmohÀ` H$s ZÏ`od⁄m h° $& C[›`mg
AmYwoZH$ wJ H$s XZ h° $& _mZdOrdZ H$s AZH$ CbPZm| H$m CgH$
amOZ°oVH$, gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, Ymo_©H$ emfU H$m hr AmO
C[›`mg _| H$›–ÒWmZ Zht o_bm, ]oÎH$ AmYwoZH$ [nade _|
_ZwÓ` H$s AOZ]r`V Ï`o∑V H$ Ï`o∑VÀd AmoX H$m C[›`mg _|
ÒWmZ o_bm h° $& J⁄ gmohÀ` _| C[›`mg H$m ÒWmZ g]g _hÀd[yU©
BgobE h° $& Cg_| _mZd OrdZ H$ WmW© Í$[ H$m ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m
gm_œ`© h¢ $& odÒV•V \$bH$ h° _mZd OrdZ H$ _m‹`_ g g_mO H$
ododY Í$[m| H$m CX≤KmoQ>V H$aH$ gÀ` H$s ImO H$aZm C[›`mgH$m
‡_wI b˙` ahm h° $&
C[›`mg g_´mQ> ‡_MßXOr Z Bg Am°a ^r Ò[ÓQ> ]Vm`m h¢ -
""gmohÀ` H$r AmYma OrdZ h° $& Bgr Ztd [a gmohÀ` H$s Xrdma
I∂S>r hmVr h°, CgH$s AQ>mna`m™, _rZma Am°a Jwß]X ]ZV h¢ $&''1
AmMm`© hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr H$ AZwgma -
""C[›`mg H$m O›_ hr g_mO H$s WmW© [napÒWoV`m| H$ rVa
30
g h˛Am h° $& C[›`mg H$ A‹``Z H$ _Vb] hmZm MmohE, oH$gr
OmoV m ]∂T>V h˛E odMmam| Am°a oZa›Va CÀ[›Z hmVr ahZdmbr OrdZ
H$s WmW© [napÒWoV`m| g gÂ[H©$ ÒWmo[V H$aV ahZ H$ ‡`ÀZm| H$m
A‹``Z $&''2
_›Zy ßS>marZ A[Z C[›`mgm| ¤mam maVr` g_mO H$ ]XbV
Mha H$m Ord›V ]Zm`m h° $& oH$gr r g_mO _| ImgH$a maVr`
g_mO _| wJ [nadV©Z H$s ‡oH´$`m g°H$∂S>m| dfm VH$ MbVr h¢, BgobE
_›ZyOr ¤mam ‡oV‹doZV hmZdmbr mdZmE™ AmZdmb bÂ] g_`
VH$ _hÀd[yU© ]Zr ah|Jr $& o\$a ^r CgH$ ^md JÂ^ra Am°a
Vr˙U h¢ $& CZH$m gm_moOH$ dJ© ÒWyb Í$[ _| _‹` dJ© h¢ Am°a gy˙_
Í$[ _| C¿M _‹`dJ© h° $& XmZm| H$m A›Va Vm h h° oH$ C¿M _‹`_
dJ© _| AmH$mßjmE C¿MdJm H$s hmVr h¢ [a Ï`dhma C¿MdJ© H$s
Am°a oZÂZ _‹`dJ© _ ^r AmH$mßjmE™ C¿M dJ© H$s Vah hmVr h¢
[a›Vw Ï`dhma oZÂZ dJ© H$s Vah hmV h¢ $&
ÒdmVßÕ`mVa oh›Xr C[›`mgH$mam| _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m CÎbIZr`
ÒWmZ h° $& CZH$ C[›`mg gm_moOH$ C[›`mgm| H$s H$moQ> _| AmZdmb
h¢ $& gm_moOH$ C[›`mgm| H$ b˙` H$ ]ma _| S>m™. oÃ^wdZ qgh Z
obIm h° -
gm_moOH$ odf_VmAm|, ´ÓQ>mMmam| VWm d°`o∑VH$ ÒdmWm g
AmH´$m›V [ro∂S>V g_mO H$s X`Zr` [napÒWoV`m| H$m CgH$ dmÒVodH$
Í$[ _| g_mO H$ gm_Z ‡ÒVwV H$aZm gm_moOH$ C[›`mgm| H$m ‡YmZ
b˙` h¢ $& gM_wM boIH$m H$ g^r C[›`mg Bgr b˙` H$s [yoV©
H$aZdmb h¢ $& BZH$ [m™M C[›`mg h¢ $& hm™ CZ C[›`mgm| H$m gßojflV
[naM` oX`m Om ahm h° $&
31
1. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z aMZmH$ma [oV amO›– `mXd g o_bH$a
‡ÒVwVr C[›`mg 1961 _| obIm h¢ h EH$ gh`mJr C[›`mg h° $&
302 [•ÓR>m|dmb Bg C[›`mg H$ Ap›V_ mJ _| amO›– mXd Am°a
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z-A[Z odMma ‡ÒVwV oH$E h¢, oOgg
C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| Hw$N> OmZH$mar ‡mflV hmVr h° - O°g (1) AÀ`›V
gßKf©erb [napÒWoV`m| _| ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$s aMZm h˛B© h° $& (2)
BgH$s H$WmdÒVw _wª` Í$[ g _›ZyOr Z hr obIr Wr $& ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg
_| Mm°Xh [na¿N>X h¢ $& oOZ_| [hbm, Vrgam, [m™Mdm AmoX [na¿N>X
amO›– `mXd Or ¤mam oboIV h¢, Am°a Xygam, Mm°Wm, N>«>m AmoX
[na¿N>Xm| H$s aMZm _›ZyOr Z H$s h¢ $& C[›`mg H$ A›V _| `h ^r
obIm h° oH$ O] `h C[›`mg YmadmohH$s Í$[ _| "kmZmXm`r' _|
‡H$moeV h˛Am Wm V] _›ZyOr ¤mam oboIV mJ H$m [mR>H$m| Z AoYH$
[g›X oH$`m Wm $&
"EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' _| _wª`Í$[ g VrZ [mà h° - A_a, aßOZm
Am°a A_bm $& BZ VrZm| [mÃm| H$ BX©oJX© H$WmZH$ Ky_Vm ahVm h° $&
A_a H$ _ZmodkmZ H$m amO›– mXd Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°, Am°a aßOZm,
A_bm H$s Ama g _›Zy ßS>marZ obIm h° $& A_a EH$ bIH$ h° Am°a
aßOZm CgH$s [ÀZr h¢ $& boH$Z A_a A[Zr g•OZ H$s ‡aUm
A_bm H$m _mZVm h°, Om CgH$ C[›`mgm| H$s [moR>H$m h°, C¿M
dJ© H$s h°, Am°a [oV ¤mam [naÀ`∑Vm h° $& A_bm A[Zr gß[oŒm,
gw›XaVm AmoX H$ ¤mam A_a H$m A[Z de _| H$a bVr h° $& [naUm_
ÒdÍ$[ A_a Am°a aßOZm H$ d°dmohH$ OrdZ _| Xama [∂S>Vr h° $&
O] oH$ aßOZm H$s gÂ[yU© Xw]©bVmAm| H$ gmW Cg MmhZdmbr Wr $&
32
A[Z _m™-]m[ g b∂S>H$a CgH$ gmW AmB© Wr $& aßOZm [aÂ[amJV
gßÒH$mam| g ‡^modV g_o[©V Zmar hmZ H$m H$maU h MmhVr h° oH$
CgH$m [oV H$db CgH$m hmH$a ah $& O] CgH$s Bg B¿N>m H$m ßJ
hm OmVm h°, Vm dh A_a H$m N>m∂S>H$a OmVr h¢ $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Am°a amO›– mXd Z ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg _| h oXIm`m
h° oH$ ]wo’Ordr bIH$ H$m ‡_ oddmh, J•hÒWr AmoX mdZmÀ_H$
gÂ]›Ym| g Xya hr ahZm MmohE, Zht Vm dh g\$b H$bmH$ma Zht
]Z [mV $& A_bm r A_a H$ OrdZ g Mbr OmVr h° A_bm YZr,
AhßJ´ÒV Am°a AmYwoZH$ odMma YmamAm| g gh_V Zmar h¢ $& BgobE
dh A[Z [oV g g_Pm°Vm Zht H$a [mVr VWm [naÀ`∑Vm hmZ H$
]mdOyX H°$bme H$ oddmh ‡ÒVmd H$m Rw>H$am XVr h° H$B©]ma MmhH$a
^r A_a H$ g_[©U H$aH$ H$aOma Zht ]ZZm MmhVr $&
Bg ‡H$ma ""A_bm Am°a aßOZm [napÒWoV`m| _| AoYH$ Am°a
_ZpÒWoV`m| _| H$_ OrodV ahVr h¢ $& XmZm| Zmna`m™ ‡Vmo∂S>V Wr
A_bm H$s C¿MdJ© H$s odS>Â]ZmZ _mam Wm Am°a aßOZm H$m EH$
"gZH$s' Am°a ‡dM©Vm Z AWm©V≤ [mR>H$ XmZm H$m ghmZw^yoV X ahm
Wm $&''3
2. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg Bg ZH$br AmYwoZH$Vm
g Xya AmO H$s _hmZJar oO›XJr H$ EH$ [hby H$s VrIr dmÒVodH$Vm
H$m ghr ]mY H$amZdmbm C[›`mg h¢ $& Bg_| EH$ "]ßQ>r' Zm_H$
]¿M H$s _ZïoWoV H$m oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m h¢ $& h CZH$m ‡W_ ÒdVßÃ
C[›`mg h¢ $& EH$ ]¿M H$m CZH$ _mVm-o[Vm H$ AZ]Z H$ H$maU
Om `mVZm ghZ H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° CgH$m `WmW© T> ßJ g oZÈ[U Bg
33
C[›`mg _| oH$`m h° $&
"g_rjm' H$ OwbmB© 1971 AßH$ _| gß[mXH$ Jm[mbam`Z ‡ÒVwV
C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| obIm h° - oh›Xr H$m h [hbm C[›`mg h° oOg_|
EH$ odef [napÒWoV _| [∂S> h˛E ]¿M H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m BVZ odÒV•V
\$bH$ [a oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m J`m h° $&''4
lr_Vr H$_b Hw$_maZ A[Zm bI g_H$mbrZ _ohbm
C[›`mgH$mam| H$ C[›`mgm| H$m [nade _| "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$ ]ma _|
H$hm h° - ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$m "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' AmO H$ AZH$ [nadmam|
_| gm™g b ahm h° AbJ-AbJ g›X^m _| AbJ-AbJ pÒWoV`m| _|
AbJ Vah g $&''5
]ßQ>r H$ _mVm-o[Vm eHw$Z Am°a AO` h¢ Om AmOH$s AmYwoZH$
ÒdVßà odMma Ymam g ‡^modV h¢ Am°a XmZm| Ahß mdZm g J´ÒV h°
oOgH$s dOh g VZmd CÀ[›Z hmVm h° $& oejm H$ ‡^md g eHw$Z
A[Zm EH$ ÒdV›Ã Ï`o∑VÀd oZo_©V hmVm h° $& \$bÒdÈ[ dh A[Z
[oV AO` H$m gmW Zht oZ^m [mVr h° Am°a ]¿M (]ßQ>r) H$m bH$a
AbJ hr ahVr h¢ $& AO` g AbJ hmZ H$ ]mX ]ßQ>r hr CgH$m
EH$_mà ghmam ah J`m $& ⁄o[ ]ßQ>r H$m AO` ]h˛V fl`ma H$aV h¢
[a CgH$ Vm _Â_r H$ gmW ahZm hr [g›X h° $& AO` eHw$Z H$m
VbmH$ XZ g [hb hr _ram Zm_H$ Xygar ÒÃr g oddmh H$a
bVm h¢ $& BgobE XmZm| _| VbmH$ AoZdm`© hmVm h° $& eHw$Z ^r
Xygar emXr H$a bVr h° V] ]ßQ>r H$m odÓ` AßYa _| [∂S> OmVm h¢ $&
]ßQ>r Z Vm S>m™. Omer H$m oOgg eHw$Z Xygar emXr H$aVr h°, A[Z
o[Vm H$ È[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a gH$Vm h°, Z AO` H$s Xygar [ÀZr
_ram H$m A[Zr _m™ H$ È[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a [mVm h° $& \$bÒdÈ[ Cg
34
hmÒQ>b _| ahZ H$ obE O XV h¢ $&
AO`, eHw$Z Am°a ]ßQ>r BZ VrZm| MnaÃm| H$ ]ma _| "O›_[Ãr ï
]›Q>r H$s' _| _›ZyOr Z Òd`ß H$hm h° - "g_ar A[Zr YmaUm h° oH$
_¢Z Z eHw$Z H$m JbV H$hm, Z AO` H$m, ]ßQ>r Vm JbV h°
hr Zht $& JbV Am°a ghr AJa H$mB© hm gH$V h° Vm d h¢ AO`,
eHw$Z Am°a ]ßQ>r H$ Am[gr gÂ]›Y $&''
Bg C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| S>m™. AZrVm amOyaH$_ Z A[Zr [wÒVH$
"H$WmH$ma _›Zy ßS>mar'' _| obIm h° - ""C∑V C[›`mg AmO H$s Cg
gm_mnOH$ g_Ò`m H$m grYm Ò[e© H$aZdmbm h° Om "dw_|g ob]' H$
H$maU Am°a AWm©OZ H$s ÒdV›ÃVm H$ H$maU CÀ[›Z h˛B© h° $&''6
_›Zy ßS>marZ eHw$Z H$ Mnaà H$ ]ma _| "O›_[Ãr ]ßQ>r H$s' _|
H$hm h° - eHw$Z M∏$s [rgH$a ]Q> H$m OrdZ ]ZmZ _| A[Z Am[H$m
Òdmhmï H$a XZdmbr _m™ Zht Wr, ]oÎH$ ÒdV›V Ï`o∑VÀd
AmH$mßjmAm| Am°a AmOrodH$m H$ gmYZm| g —flV _m™ Wr $& Bg Zmar
Am°a _m™ g Am[gr ¤›¤ H$m A‹``Z hr eHw$Z H$m CgH$m dV©_mZ
Í$[ XVm h° $&''7
_›Zy ßS>marZ ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| EH$ gmjmÀH$ma _| ]Vm`m
h° - gmam C[›`mg H|$o–V h° AmR> gmb H$ ]ßQ>r [a $& C[›`mg H$
Amaß^ _| ]ßQ>r H$ [mg "A[Zm Ka h¢', "A[Zm ]JrMm h¢', "A[Zr
__r h¢', "A[Zr \yß$\$s h°', [m[m gmW Zht ahV [a [m[m H$m Agr_
fl`ma h¢, oXE h˛E T>a gma oIbm°Z h¢, boH$Z oH$g Vah EH$ gmb _|
CgH$ hmW g EH$ EH$ MrO gaH$Vr MbVr h¢ - \y$\$s JB©, Ka J`m,
_Â_r JB© Am°a [m[m r [hbdmb [m[m Zht ah $& mZr gma gÂ]›Ym|
g Jha Ow∂S>m ]¿Mm gÂ]›Y hrZ hmVm Mbm J`m $&
35
C[›`mg H$s AßoV_ [ßo∑V "[m[m H$m Mham r AOZo]`m| H$
Mham| _| o_b J`m'8 mZr oH$ gÂ]›Y H$m AßoV_r gyà r AOZ]r
hm J`m $&
oZïg›Xh C[›`mg _Z Am`r J`r g_Ò`m Qy>Q>V h˛E d°dmohH$
gÂ]›Ym| _| gßdXZerb ]¿M H$s X`Zr` pÒWoV EH$ odoeÓQ> g_Ò`m
h° oOg oh›Xr _| em`X [hbr ]ma CR>m`m J`m h¢ $&
3. _hm^mO :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m 1979 _| ‡H$moeV 151 [•ÓR>m|dmbm _hŒd[yU©
amOZroVH$ C[›`mg h° _hm^mO $& amOZroVH$ [nade H$m AmYma
]ZmH$a "_hm^mO' H$m g•OZ _›Zy ßS>mar Z oH$`m h¢ $& dmÒVd _| h
CZH$s H$hmZr "AbJmd' H$m odÒVma[yd©H$ dU©Z h¢ $&
‡ÒVwV C[›`mgm| _| Am[mVH$mbrZ pÒWoV H$ ]mX Xe H$s ]Xbr
h˛B© amOZroVH$ [napÒWoV`m™ Am°a VÀH$mbrZ emgZ H$m oMÃU _›ZyOr
Z oH$`m h° $& Egm _mZm OmVm h° oH$ h C[›`mg oh›Xr H$s C[›`mg
Ymam _| EH$ ZE _m ∂S> H$s Vah h¢ - oh›Xr _| Am_Vm°a [a obI
OmZdmb C[›`mgm| _| EH$X_ o^›Z $&
‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$ _m‹`_ g MwZmd H$ ]rM _mZdr` ÃmgXr
H$ÈUm Am°a [r∂T>r H$s oZ`oV H$s g¿MmB© H$m Ao^Ï`ßoOV H$aZH$m
ge∑V ‡`mg boIH$m Z oH$`m h¢ $& amOZroVkm| H$s D$[a _hmZVm
Am°XmÀ` VWm JÂ^raVm ^a IS>b H$ A›Xa g CZH$s Om oKZm°Zr
VÒdra C^aVr h° dh N>mQ> g N>mQ> Ï`m°a H$ _m‹`_ g C^mar h° $&
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| Am[mVH$mb H$ ]mX H$m™J´g H$s [amO`
Am°a OZVm [mQ>u H$ emgZH$mb H$s [•ÓR>^yo_ ‡ÒVwV H$s JB© h°,
"_hm^mO' H$m [nade h_mam AmYwoZH$ amOZroVH$ OrdZ h¢ $&
36
dV©_mZ _| Ï`mflV amOZroV H$m boIH$m Z Bg C[›`mg _| Iy]r g
]m™Ym h° $& Bg H•$oV H$m amOZroVH$ [nade AÀ`›V ^´ÓQ> oKZm°Zm
Am°a bo¡OV H$aZdmbm h° $&1 _hm^mO EH$ dmVmdaU ‡YmZ C[›`m
h¢ $& "_hm^mO' AH$bm[Z Am°a mVZm H$s H$Wm h° Om ]hX odjw„Y
Ag›VwÓQ>r Am°a gßKf© d AoZdm`© gO©ZmÀ_H$ oH´$`m H$ Í$[ _|
‡ÒVmodV H$aVm h° $& Bg C[›`mg _| o]gy, o]›Xm, ÈH$_m Am°a g∑g°Zm
H$m oZohVmW© H$a ‡^w eo∑V`m| Z Xm gmh] H$s gm°Â` oH$›Vw AMyH$
_ma g AH$bm Am°a ›ÃUmJ´ÒV ]ZmH$a N>m∂S> oX`m h¢ $&9
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| H$WmdÒVw H$ Zm_ [a ]h˛V AoYH$
[MrXoJ`mß Zht h° $& ÒdmYrZVm H$ ]mX ^maV H$m EH$ XhmV Cg
XhmVr VH$ [h˛ßMr h˛B© XbJV amOZroV, MwZmdm| H$ obE A[Zm`
OmZdmb hWHß$∂S>, A[amYr VŒdm| H$m amOZroV _| XIb, [wobg H$s
A[Z hr bm^ [a H|$o–V —oÓQ>, ]wo’Orod`m| H$s VQ>ÒWVm Am°a
[ÃH$mam| H$s AdgadmoXVm - "" gma VŒd Bg C[›`mg H$s H$WmdÒVw
_| _wIa hmH$a C^a h¢, ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg _| Xm gmh] _wª`_ßÃr h¢ Am°a
gwHw$b ]m]y odamYr [j H$ ZVm, Omamda amOZroVH$ gwajm _|
[bZdmbm Jw ßS>m Am°a hÀ`mam h° $& g∑gZm Am°a og›hm [wobg
AoYH$mar h¢ $& X`m]m]y gß[mXH$ $& _he d_m© ]wo’Ordr h¢ Om Bg
]mV H$s ImO H$aZ XhmV [h˛™MVr h¢ oH$, "∑bmg ÒQ≠>Jb Am°a H$mÒQ>
ÒQ≠>Jb' ∑`m hmVm h° $&''10 Am_ MwZmd g Hw$N> hr oXZ [hb EH$ XhmV
_| o]gga Zm_H$ wdH$ H$s hÀ`m hm OmVr h¢ Am°a Cg hÀ`m H$ ]mX
g bH$a Cg hÀ`m H$ AmÀ_hÀ`m KmofV hmZ VH$ BVZm Hw$N> JwOa
OmVm h° oH$ oOg [∂T>H$a [mR>H$ XßJ ah OmVm h° $& EH$ hÀ`m H$m
AmÀ_hÀ`m H$ Í$[ _| KmofV hmZm oOg g\$X PyR>> H$m ‡_mU h° Cg
37
g\$XPyR> H$m gÀ` og’ H$aH$ H$mbr-H$byQ>r amOZroV H$ oKZm°Zr
H$aVodH$Vm Bg C[›`mg _| AßoH$V h˛B© h° $& Cg [∂T>V h˛E ha [mR>H$
oZïgßXh gh_oV AZw yV H$aVm h°, Bgg h_ "_hm^mO' H$s H$WmdÒVw
H$ WmW© oMÃU H$m AZw_mZ H$a gH$V h¢ $&11
4. Òdm_r :
]ßJbm H$ odª`mV H$hmZrH$ma eaV≤Mß– H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r'
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m gß^dVï BVZr AoYH$ [gßX AmB© oH$ C›hm|Z BgH$s
H$WmdÒVw H$m Xm-Xm ]ma Í$[mßVnaV H$s $& EH$ ]ma H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _|
obI ob`m Am°a Bgg O] gßVmf Z h˛Am Vm Cg C[›`mg H$m Í$[ X
oX`m $& ""Egm bJVm h° _›ZyOr H$s H$hmZr "EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s
H$hmZr' eaV≤Mß– H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r' H$m AZOmZ _| oH$`m h˛Am
^mdmZwdmX h° Am°a _›Zy Or H$m "Òdm_r' C[›`mg Cgr H$hmZr H$m
OmZm-_mZm È[mßVa h¢ $&''12
odª`mV o\$Î_r oZXeH$ ]mgy MQ>Ou eaV≤ H$s ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr
[a o\$Î_ ]ZmZm MmhV W Am°a CZH$ AZwamY [a _›ZyOr Z Bg
H$hmZr H$m o\$a g obIm $& eaV]m]y H$s _yb H$hmZr H$m C[›`mg _|
È[mßVnaV H$aV h˛E _›ZyOr Z CgH$s e°br H$m hr Zht CgH$ CXÌ`
H$m r È[mßVnaV oH$`m $& _›Zy ßS>marZ BgH$ ]ma _| H$hm h¢ - ""_¢
`oX H$hˇ™Jr oH$ eaVM›– H$s H$hmZr AmÀ_oY∑H$ma Am°a [m[-]mY
H$s H$hmZr Wr _¢Z Cg ghO _mZdr` A›V¤›¤© H$s H$hmZr H$m Í$[
oX`m h° $&''13 Bg o\$Î_ H$ ]ma _| _›ZyOr Z EH$ gmjmÀH$ma _| ]Vm`m
h¢ - "Òdm_r' o\$Î_ ]h˛V A¿N>r ]Zr h¢ $&
"Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$ _wª` [mà h° - ""gm°Xmo_Zr CgH$m ‡_r
Za›– Am°a [oV KZÌ`m_r $& Za›– o_Zr H$m [∂S>mgr h° $& Za›– Am°a
38
o_Zr XmZm| EH$ Xyga H$m MmhV h¢ $& o_Zr [∂T>r-obIr hmZ H$ H$maU
A[Z _m_m g Am°a Za›– g IwbH$a ]hg H$aVr h¢ $& Am°a o_Zr
A[Z A[Z _m_m H$ ¤mam oZoÌMV gÂ]›Y H$ AZwgma _O]ya hmH$a
KZÌ`m_ g emXr H$aVr h° $&''14 o_Zr oddmh H$ ]mX r A[Z ‡_r
Za›– H$m wbm Zht [mVr $& \$bÒdÈ[ o_Zr H$ _Z _| A[Z [oV H$
‡oV oH$gr Vah H$m AZwamJ CÀ[›Z Zht hmVm $& KZÌ`m_ Vm Kadmbm|
H$s —oÓQ> _| Wm $& EH$ oXZ CgH$s ghZeoH$V H$s gr_m Qy>Q> JB© Am°a
dh [oV H$m Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h¢ $& BgH$ ]ma _| _›ZyOr Z H$hm
h° - ""[mnadmnaH$ H$bh Am°a A[_mZ Z CgH$ AmÀ_gÂ_mZ H$m Bg
Vah AmhV oH$`m oH$ CgZ Ka N>m ∂S> oX`m $& boH$Z ÒdVßà oZU©`
bZ H$s A[Zr Bg j_Vm H$ H$maU dh Za›– H$ gmW OmZ H$ obE
^r A[Z H$m V°`ma Zht H$a [mB© $& o_Zr A[Z _m™ H$ Ka JB© $&''15 dh
Za›– H$ gmW OrZ H$m gmMVr h°, boH$Z A[Z [oV KZÌ`m_ H$s
oZarhVm, ‡aUm AmoX g dh oO›XJr _| bm°Q> AmVr h° [hb
KZÌ`m_ H$ ‡oV CgH$ _Z _| ‡oVemY Am°a od–mh hr ahVm h°, Om
Yra-Yra H$ÈUm, ÒZh, gÂ_mZ Am°a AmXa g hmVm h˛Am [yOm H$
^md VH$ [h˛™M OmVm h° $&
`hr "Òdm_r' erf©H$ [oV H$ obE [maÒ[naH$ gß]mYZ _mà Z
ahH$a C¿MŒma _ZwÓ`Vm H$m odefU ]Z OmVm h°, Egr _ZwÓ`Vm Om
B©Ìdar` h¢ $&
5. H$bdm :
_›Zy ßS>mar ¤mam odaoMV "H$bdm' C[›`mg ]mb[`mJr h° $&
`h C[›`mg H$s H$Wm [ßMVßà H$s H$Wm g o_bVr ‡VrV hmVr h° $&
Bg N>mQ> g C[›`mg _| _›ZyOr Z OrdZ H$ H$Qw> gÀ`m| H$m COmJa
39
H$aZ H$s H$moee H$s h° $& Bg_| H$bdm Zm_H$ M_ma H$s H$hmZr h° $&
CgH$s H$Wm amO[wÃ, gmh˛ H$ [wà Am°a M_ma H$ [wà H$ MnaÃm| H$m
COmJa H$aVr h° $& BZ VrZm| oeÓ`m| g JwÈOr Z ‡ÌZ oH$`m oH$ -
""XwoZ`m _| g]g eo∑Vembr H$Vm© H$m°Z h° ? Vw_ AmJ OmH$a ∑`m
H$amJ ? ∑`m ]ZmJ ? BgH$m CŒma amOHw$_ma H$s –oÓQ> g - XwoZ`m _|
g]g ]∂S>r eo∑V ^mΩ` g]g ]∂S>r Xw]©bVm h° Ag›Vmf $& g]g
]∂S>m H$Vm© h° BÌda $& _wP A[Z o[Vm H$m am¡` MbmZm h° $& _¢ H$moee
H$Íß$Jm oH$ o[Vm g o_b A[Z am¡` _| d•o’ H$Èß $&''16 Bg H$ ]mX
gmh˛H$ma H$ [wà Z CŒma oX`m - XwoZ`m _| g]g ]∂S>r eo∑V h° YZ $&
oOgH$ [mg YZ h° Cgg JdmZ r ‡g›Z hmV h° Am°a XwoZ`m r $&
_ZwÓ` H$s g]g ]∂S>r Xw]©bVm h° mdwH$Vm Za_ oXbdmbm AmX_r
XwoZ`m _| H$^r Hw$N> Zht H$a gH$Vm $& g]g ]∂S>m H$Vm© _ZwÓ` H$s
]wo’ $& A[Z o[VmOr H$s [m™M hOma Jm™dm| H$s OmJraH$m Xg hOma
H$s H$a Xy™ hr _ar B¿N>m h° $& H$bdm M_maZ H$hm - XwoZ`m _| g]g
]∂S>r eo∑V h° _ZwÓ` Am°a g]g ]∂S>m H$Vm© h° _ZwÓ` H$m A[Zm
[m°Èf $& _ZwÓ` H$s g]g ]∂S>r Xw]©bVm h° B©Ìda Am°a mΩ` _| CgH$m
odÌdmg $& B©Ìda Z H$^r Wm, Z AmO h° $& _° EH$ Egr XwoZ`m ]ZmZm
MmhVm hˇ™ $& Ohm™ AmX_r Z mΩ` H$m ]Zm`m Im`, Z ]m[ H$m oX`m
^mJ $& VrZm| oeÓ` JwÈ H$m Amerdm©X [mH$a A[Z-A[Z Ka
OmV h° $& amOHw$_ma A[Z hr –oÓQ>H$mU H$m AmJ ]∂T>mVm h˛Am am¡`
H$aVm h° $& dh ‡Om H$m emfU H$aVm h° $& gmh˛H$ma o_Ã Z CgH$s
M_MmoJar H$aH$ 200 Jm™d ^|Q> _| b ob`m Am°a amOm H$m CÎby
]ZmVm h° $& amOmZ ‡Om H$m emfU oH$`m Bg H$maU ‡Om yfr, ZßJr
Ky_Vr ahVr h° $& Eg g_` _| [∂S>mgr am¡` H$m amOm h_bm H$aVm h°
40
Am°a amOm Ord ]Mm H$ OßJb _| mJ OmVm h° $& AVï mΩ` H$ amg
OrZdmbm AmX_r Hw$N> H$aZ bm`H$ Zhr ahVm dh K_ßS>r amOHw$_ma
Kmg N>rbVm h˛Am oXZ H$mQ>Vm h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z H$bdm M_ma H$m
CÎbI H$aV h˛E obIm h° dh g¿MmB©, B©_mZXmar [m°Èf H$ ]b [a
AmJ ]∂T>Vm h° $& Am°a CgH$ BZ JwUm| H$ H$maU amOm H$s b∂S>H$s g
oddmh hmVm h° $& amOm ]ZZ [a ^r H$bdm M_ma H$s odMmaYmam
[nadoV©V Zht hmVr $& dh A[Zr ‡Om g H$hVm h° - ""Am[ JdmZ
H$m ^r ^yb OmAm $& ^mΩ` H$m ^r ^yb OmAm, Am°a amOm H$m ^r
^yb OmAm $& h_ g^r ^JdmZ h° $& A[Zm-A[Zm ^mΩ` ]ZmZm
A[Z hr hmW _| h° $& _¢ Am[H$m amOm Zht, gdH$ H$s Vah _¢ Am[H$
gwI XwI H$m I`mb aIy™Jm $& oOg oXZ Am[H$m _a H$m_ H$s oeH$m`V
hm, Am[ _wP hQ>m XroOE Am°a A[Z ob` H$mB© `mΩ` gdH$ MwZ
broOE $& gdH$ MwZZ H$m hH$ Am[H$m h° Am°a MwZm h˛Am gdH$
Am[H$m gwI XwïI ]™Q>m` h H$V©Ï`m CgH$m h° $&''17
`h C[›`mg CXÌ`[aH$ h° $& ]mbH$m H$m oejm o_bVr h° oH$
^mΩ` H$ amg Zhr ahZm MmohE A[Zr _hZV, g¿MmB© Am°a bJZ
H$ gmW AmJ ]∂T>V ahZm MmohE $& H$bdm [nal_ _| odÌdmg H$aVm
h° $& ^mΩ` H$m Òd`ß ]ZmZm MmhVm h° $& Bgr ]mV _| "BH$]mb' H$s
[ßo∑V mX AmVr h° -
""IwXr H$m H$a ]wÎZX BVZm oH$ ha VH$Xra g [hb,
IwXm ]›X g IwX [wN> ]Vm Var aOm ∑`m h° $&''18
M Amg_mVm :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m ]mbm[`mJr C[›`mg h° $& _›Zy ßS>marZ H$hm±
oH$ _ar _m™ Amg_mVm H$m d´V H$aVr Wr $& h C[›`mg amOÒWmZ H$s
41
bmH$H$Wm [a AmYmnaV h° $& Amg mZr oH$ Om OrdZ _| Amem aI
H$ MbV h° Cgr H$s Amem [yar hm OmVr h° $&
`h N>mQ>m C[›`mg h° $& Bg _¢Z A[Z A‹``Zr H$s gr_m _|
Zht aIm h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z [m±M C[›`mgm| H$s aMZm H$s h° $& CZ_| g VrZ
_m°obH$ Edß ÒdV›Ã h°, EH$ gh`mJr "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' amO›– mXd
Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z o_bH$a obIm h° $& Xygam "Òdm_r' AZyoXV
H$hmZr H$m odÒVma h° $& BZ_ g odª`mV Xm C[›`mg "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r'
Am°a "_hm^mO' Z hr _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m g\$b C[›`mgH$ma ]Zm
oX`m h° $&
(2) _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZr gmohÀ` :
"C[›`mg' Am°a "H$hmZr' XmZm| H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ ‡H$ma h° $&
VÀdVï XmZm| _| H$B© g_mZVmE™ h°, oH$›Vw Hw$N> AßVa ^r XIm Om
gH$Vm h° $& ]rgdr eVr H$ CŒmamY© H$s ]h˛MoM©V _ohbm H$hmZrH$mam|
_| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ AmXa g ob`m OmVm h° $& d°g oh›Xr _| H$hmZr
obIZdmbr _ohbmAm| H$m AZw[mV [hb g hr ]h˛V H$_ ahm h°
Cg_| _›Zy ßS>mar H$s Vah Ï`o∑VÀd _| H´$mßoVH$mar VŒdm H$m ob`
h˛E AmYwoZH$Vm ]mY H$amZdmbr H$hmoZ`m™ obIZdmbr Zhr H$
]am]a h° $& _›ZyOr A[Z g_` H$s CZ ‡og’ H$hmZr-boIH$mAm|
_| g h° oOZH$s aMZmE™ [wÈf H$s AmH$mßjmAm| g ‡naV hmH$a
Zmar H$m oMÃ C[pÒWV Zhr H$aVr, ]oÎH$ Zmar H$m Zmar H$s –oÓQ> g
oMÃU H$aVr h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$s ‡_wI odefVm
AZw^dm| H$s g¿MmB© Am°a gßdXZerbVm h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z gmohÀ` H$s VrZ od⁄mAm| _| A[Zr ‡oV^m oXImB©
42
h° Vm r CZH$s odef ª`mVr (‡ogo’) H$hmZrH$ma H$ Í$[ _| h° $&
Hw$N> g_rjH$mZ _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmZr`m| H$m _wª`Vï d°`o∑VH$
MVZm [a AmYmnaV hr _mZm h° $& O°g
S>m©. B›–ZmW _XmZ Z obIm h° -
""_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmZrH$bm H$m _yb Òda ^r d°`o∑VH$
MVZm g ‡arV h° $& BZH$s H$hmZr`m| _| gX°d Ï`o∑V H$s
Hw$ÓR>mAm| H$m oMÃU VWm am_mßoQ>H$ ‡_ H$m Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$ oZÈ[U h°,
KwQ>Z, [amO` VWm oddeVm H$s Ao^Ï`o∑V h° $&''19
`⁄o[ BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _yb Òda d°`o∑VH$ MVZm [a
AmYmnaV h° oH$›Vw Cg_| odamQ>Vm Am°a Ï`m[H$Vm BVZr AoYH$
h° oH$ `ht d°`o∑VH$ MVZm AmJ MbH$a ghgm _hmZ gm_moOH$
g›X^m g Ow∂S> OmVr h° $&
S>m©. ^°Èbmb JJ© Z H$hm oH$ - ""_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m™
gmXÌ` hmVr h° Am°a OrdZ H$ oZH$Q> H$hmoZ`m| _| AZw^yoV H$s JhZVm
Am°a ZE _yÎ`m| H$m C^maZ H$s j_Vm r $&''20
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ [m™M H$hmZrgßJ´h ‡H$moeV hm MwH$ h° Cg_|
bJ^J 48 H$hmoZ`m™ obIr JB© h° $&
"H$hmZr' m "H$Wm' e„X H$m emo„XH$ AW© h° - H$hZm $& Bg
AW© H$ AZwgma Om Hw$N> r H$hm Om` H$hmZr h° oH$›Vw odoeÓQ> AW©
_| h_ oH$gr odef KQ>Zm H$ amMH$ T>ßJ g dU©Z H$m "H$hmZr' H$hV
h° $& H$Wm Am°a H$hmZr [`m©`dmMr hmV h˛E r XmZm H$ AW© _| gy˙_
A›Va Am J`m h° $& H$Wm Ï`m[H$ h° Bg_| g^r ‡H$ma H$s H$hmoZ`m™
VWm C[›`mgm| H$m g_mde oH$`m OmVm h° O] o] H$hmZr H$ A›VJ©V
bKwH$WmAm H$m hr ob`m OmVm h° $&
43
""A[Zr H$hZm Am°a Xyga H$s gwZZm h _ZwÓ` H$m Òd^md h°
BgobE H$hmZr ‡mMrZ H$mb g gd©o‡` odYm ahr h° $& amO-Xa]mam|
_| r oH$ÒgmJmB© H$hmZr-H$WH$ H$m gÂ_mZ[yd©H$ aIm OmVm Wm $&''21
""ÒdmVßÃVm H$ ]mX ]XbVr h˛B© [napÒWoV`m| _| gmohÀ` H$s
‡MobV od⁄mAm| _| AZH$ ‡H$ma H$ [nadV©Z bojV h˛E oH$›Vw CZg
AÀ`oYH$ ‡^modV h˛B© H$db Xm odYmE™-H$odVm Am°a H$hmZr $&''22
""ZB© H$hmZr Ï`o∑V H$s Zht Ï`o∑V[Z H$s H$hmZr h°
g_mO H$s Zht g_mO H$ ]ßYZ H$ ]XbV h˛E Í$[ H$s H$hmZr h°,
KQ>Zm H$s ‡YmZVm H$m oMoÃV H$aZdmbr Zht oH$›Vw [nade H$m
‡YmZVm XZdmbr H$hmZr h° $& Bg_| gße`J´ÒVVm, AH$bm[Z,
Ï`W©Vm, gßÃmg, KwQ>Z AmoXH$m oMÃU ‡YmZÍ$[ g h˛Am h° $&''23
odÌd ‡og’ H$hmZrH$ma ES>Ja EbZ m Z H$hmZr H$s [na^mfm
XV h˛E H$hm h° oH$ - ""H$hmZr AmY K Q> g bH$a EH$ m Xm K Q>
H$ ]rM [∂T> ob`m OmZdmbm J⁄ d•VmßV h° $& H$hmZr dh EH$ J⁄mÀ_H$
H$Wm h¢ Om EH$ ]°R>H$ _| hr [∂T> br Om gH$ $&''24 `hm™ ]b gßojflVVm
[a h° dh A[Z Am[ _| EH$ ÒdVßà od⁄m h° $&
‡_M›XZ H$hm h° oH$ - ""H$hmZr EH$ aMZm h° oOg_| OrdZ H$
oH$gr EH$ AßJ m oH$gr EH$ _Zm^md H$m ‡Xoe©V H$aZm hr bIH$
H$m CXX≤Ì` ahVm h° dh EH$ a_Ur` C⁄mZ Zht, oOg_| m™oV-^m™oV
H$ \y$b, ]b ]yQ> gO h˛E h°, ]oÎH$ EH$ Egm J_bm h°, oOg_| EH$
hr [m¢Y H$m _mYw`© A[Z g_wbV Í$[ _| –oÓQ>JmMa hmVm h° $&''25
H$hmZr H$m odf` BVZm gßojflV hmZm MmohE H$s oZoÌMV
gr_mAm| Am°a AdoY H$ AßXa AÀ`oYH$ ‡^mdembr T>ßJ g C[pÒWV
H$aZ _| oZ`mOZ H$s H$mB© joV Zht [h˛ ™M $& H$hmZr _| H$Wm H$m
44
^mar[Z Am°a gmohpÀ`H$ ]mP Zhr hmVm Am°a Z WH$mZ D$]mZdmbr
^mdwH$Vm hmVr h° Z bß] VZmddmbm H$m °Vyhb AZw^d H$s
Hw$emJ´Vrd´Vm ag H$m Jham $&''26
""J⁄ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ EH$ A›`V_ ^X H$ Í$[ _| H$hmZr
g]g AoYH$, oH$gr Aße _| C[›`mg g ^r AoYH$ bmH$mo‡`
gmohÀ` H$m Í$[ h° $& AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr gmohÀ` _| `h Í$[ ^r
]ßJbm H$ _m‹`_ g [m¸mÀ` gmohÀ` g Am`m h° $& AßJ´Or _| oOg
"emQ>© ÒQ>mar' H$hV h°, dhr ]ßJbm _| JÎ[ VWm oh›Xr _| "H$hmZr'
Zm_ g ‡MobV h° $&''27 H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ ]∂S> Í$[m| C[›`mg Am°a
C[›`mogH$m H$s Vah H$hmZr _| ^r H$WmgyÃ, H$WmZH$, [mà Am°a
XeH$mb H$m [napÒWoV CgH$ ‡_wI VÀd ]Vm` J` h° VWm Bg_| r
[mÃm| H$ [maÒ[naH$ AWdm [napÒWoV H$ odÈ’ ¤›¤ `m gßKf©,
gßKf© H$s [amH$mÓR>m, Ma_gr_m VWm gßKf© H$s OoQ>bVmAm| H$
odKQ>Z _| H$hmZr H$ A›VH$s odH$mg aIm ]Vm`r J`r h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡H$moeV hm MwH$ h° BZ
H$hmoZ`m| H$m gßojflV [naM` oZÂZÍ$[ g oX`m J`m h° $&
1. _¢ hma JB© gZ≤ 1957 B©.
2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra gZ≤ 1959 B©.
3. `hr gM h° gZ≤ 1966 B©.
4. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] gZ≤ 1968 B©.
5. oÃeßHw$ gZ≤ 1976 B©.
BgH$ Abmdm amYmH•$ÓU ‡H$meZ, amO[mb E S> g›g Am°a
ZeZb [o„bqeJ hmCgZ CZH$s lÓR> H$hmoZ`m| H$m MwZH$a VrZ
Am°a gßJ´h oZH$mb h°, _ar o‡` H$hmoZ`m™, lÓR> H$hmoZ`m™ Am°a
45
gflV[Um© $& h H$hmZr [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´h _| H$hr Am JB© h° Vm _°Z
AbJ g CgH$m [naM` Zhr oX`m $&
(1) _¢ hma JB© : (H$hmZr gßJ´h)
`h gZ≤ 1957 _| ‡H$moeV _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ‡W_ H$hmZr gßJ´h
h° $& ‡ÒVwV gßH$bZ _| CZH$s ]mah H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $& BgH$s
AßVr_ H$hmZr h° "_¢ hma JB©' Bg H$hmZr H$ AmYma [a Bg H$hmZr
gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU h˛Am h° $& Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s g_J´ H$hmoZ`m|
H$m gßojflV [naM` Bg ‡H$ma oX`m h¢ $&
(1) B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ (2) JrV H$m MwÂ]Z
(3) OrVr ]mOr H$s hma (4) EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr
(5) g`mZr ]wAm (6) Ao^ZVm
(7) Ì_emZ (8) Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV
)9) [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr (10) H$sb Am°a H$gH$
(11) Xm H$bmH$ma : (12) _¢ hma JB©
1. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ :
`h _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ ‡W_ H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s ‡W_ H$hmZr h° $&
`h H$hmZr A¿N>r Am°a _Zmd°kmoZH$ H$hmZr h° $& oOg_| boIH$m Z
Y_© H$ Zm_ [a hmZdmb Zmar _Z H$s Am‰`›VnaH$Vm H$s Vbme H$s
h° $& B©Ìda Y_©, g_mO, [nadma ÒÃr-[wÈf gÂ]›Y Ï`o∑V, Hwß$R>m H$
‡oV Z`m –oÓQ>H$mU Bg H$hmZr _| A[Zm`m h° $& [hmo∂S>`m g oKa
eha _| o_eZar b∂S>oH$`m| H$m H$m©bO h° $& AoYH$Va ÒQ>m\$ Z›g H$m
h° H$m©bO H$ gm_Z hr Ob h° $& Ob H$ H°$oX`m| Am°a o_eZar
b∂S>oH$`m| H$ OrdZ H$s boIH$mZ EH$ g_mZ oXIm`m h° $-
""o_gO ew∑bm H$s H$mo›VhrZ Am™I Ob H$s D™$Mr D™$Mr
46
Xrdmam [a oQ>H$m dmbr O] garZ AmB© Wr Vm CgZ ^r `hr ]mV
[yN>r Wr [Vm Zht ∑`m| H$m©bO H$ obE h OJh MwZr JB© h° $&''28
H$m©bO _| Hw$N> b∂S>oH$`m A›` Y_© H$s r h° $oOZ_| aÀZm Z`r
h° $& Cg H$m©bO Am°a \$mXa H$ ‡oV ]hX H$m°Vyhb VWm ` h° $& dhm
`Zr ZZ EßoObm \$mXa H$ ∂T>m|J H$m [Xm©\$me H$aVr h° $& dh ]mbr -
""_wP H$mB© Zht amH$ gH$Vm, Ohm™ _am _Z hmJm _¢ OmD™$Jr $&
_¢Z VwÂhma \$mXa... A] d H$^r Egr µ\$mbVw H$s ]mV ß Zht
H$a|J $&''29
Bg ‡H$ma EßoObm Z \$mXa H$m Zem S>mCZ H$a oX`m $& Bg
H$hmZr H$m b˙` h° ‡mH•$oVH$ bmbgmAm| H$m Hwß$oR>V H$aZ g Ï`o∑V
_| odH$ma Am OmV h° $& AVï AV•flV H$m_ZmAm| H$m V•ÓQ>r H$aH$ ghO
Edß ÒdÒW OrdZ OrZm MmohE $& h b˙` \´$m`S> H$ OrdZ-Xe©Z
g ‡^modV h° $&
2. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ h H$hmZr gwoeojV gßÒH$ma gÂ[›Z AmYwoZH$
`wdVr H$ AÏ`∑V ‡_ H$s Hw ß$R>m H$m ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h° & `h EH$
_Zmd°kmoZH$ H$hmZr h° $& oOg_| boIH$m Z Zmar H$ _mZogH$
A›V¤©›¤ H$m ]∂S>r ]marH$s g oMoÃV oH$`m h°$ & `h H$hmZr ÒÃr
[wÈf gÂ]›Ym| H$m Z°oVH$Vm H$s gr_m _| ]m™YH$a CbPr h˛B© oXImB© X
ahr h° CgH$m [naM` H$od oZoIb g hmVm h° $& oOgH$s H$odVmAm|
H$ AZH$ JrV H$oZH$m JmVr h° $& oZoIb H$s –oÓQ> _| ÒÃr-[wÈf H$
g^r ‡H$ma H$ gÂ]›Y Z°oVH$ W $& dh H$oZH$m g g^r ‡H$ma H$
gÂ]›Y ÒWmo[V H$aZm MmhVm Wm, boH$Z H$oZH$m H$m VH©$ Wm oH$ -
""]mV h_ oH$VZr hr ]∂S>r-]∂S>r ]Zm b oZoIb-Xm [a Ï`dhma
47
_| AmJ Zht ]∂T> [mV h° $&Am[ Om hm™ ]°R>H$a BVZr bÂ]r-Mm°∂S>r
]mV H$aV h° _mZ bm H$b H$m Am[H$s ]rdr AmE Am°a oH$gr Xyga
[wÈf H$ gmW dh A[Zm emarnaH$ gÂ]›Y aI Vm ]Xm©ÌV H$a gH|$J
Am[ ?''30
AmoIa EH$ oXZ oZoIb Z Cg ]mhm| _| ^a H$a My_ ob`m
oOg oZoIb _| Cg BVZm odÌdmg Wm, oOg dh BVZm ÒZh H$aVr
Wr, CgH$s Bg haH$V H$m dh ]Xm©ÌV Z H$a [m`r, CgZ oZoIb H$m
EH$ MmßQ>m _ma oX`m Am°a H$hm -
""VwÂhma ob` h Oam gr ]mV hmJr _a ob` Zhr Vw_Z _wP
∑`m Egr d°gr b∂S>H$s hr g_P aIm h° ?''31
Xwga oXZ oZoIb Z H$oZH$m g _m\$s _mJ br Am°a dh Mbm
J`m $& oZoIb Z Cg EH$ [Ã obIm - ""gM Vw_Z _ar Am™I Imb
Xr oH$ emarnaH$ gÂ]›Y H$ [a r b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$s H$s o_ÃVm H$m H$mB©
Am°a AmYma hm gH$Vm h° _wP Vw_ [a Oam-gm JwÒgm Zhr, A[Z [a
hr ΩbmZr h¢ $&''
[aÂ[am Am°a AmYwoZH$Vm H$ ]rM CbPr h˛B© Zmar H$ _Z H$s
Agob`V H$m _›Zy ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| Ï`∑V oH$`m h° $& oZoIb
[m¸mÀ` gßÒH•$oV H$m A›YmZwH$aU H$aZdmbm h° Am°a H$oZH$m
^maVr`Vm H$m ‡VrH$ h° $&
3. OrVr ]mOr H$s hma :
Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s Vrgar H$hmZr h° "OrVr ]mOr H$s hma'
Bg_| boIH$m Z _hmZJar` ]mY H$ EH$ A›` Am`m_ H$m ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>marZ Egr oeojV Zmna`m| H$s
_ZïpÒWoV H$m oMoÃV H$aZ _| g\$b ahr h° Om CoMV OrdZgmWr
48
H$ Vbme _| EH$ H$ ]mX Xyga [wÈfm| H$m "naOH$Q>' H$aVr Mbr OmVr
h° Am°a A›VVï CZH$ ÒdflZ O] [Œm H$ _hb H$s Vah ∂T>h OmV h° Vm
C›h AH$b[Z H$s ÃmgX AZw^yoV`m| H$ AoVna∑V Hw$N> r hmW Zht
bJVm $&
ZobZr, Amem, _wabm VrZm H$m©bO _| o_Ã Wr $& BZH$ obE
oddmh, [oV, ]¿M C[hmgmÒ[X bJV h° boH$Z [∂T>mB© [yar hmZ g
[hb hr Amem Am°a ZobZr H$m oddmh hm J`m Am°a _wabm Z
g^r H$m ZH$ma oX`m Am°a emYH$m`© _| bJ J`r $& _wabm H$hVr h° -
""∑`m XoµH$`mZygr bmJm| O°gr ]mV| H$aVr h° $& ghmam Cg MmohE
Om A[Z H$m A]bm g_P $& _¢ g]bm hˇ™, _wP oH$gr H$m ghmam
Zht MmohE $& ]¿Mm| H$m Vm _¢ A[Zr C›ZoV H$m ]mYH$
g_PVr hˇ™ $&''
H$hr gmbm ]mX _wabm Bbmhm]mX JB© A] dh oejm
od^mJ H$ D™$M [X [a Wr $& AmemZ _wabm H$m oddmh H$aZ H$s
gbmh Xr Wr _wabmZ B›H$ma H$a oX`m XmZm| _| eV© bJr oH$ _wabm
AoddmohV ahJr Vm Amem Cg _w™h _m™Jm BZm_ XJr, O] Amem g
_wbmH$mV h˛B© Vm Amem Z eV© H$s mX oXbdmB© Am°a Hw$N> _mßJZ H$m
_wabm H$m AmJ´h oH$`m Vm _wabmZ Amem H$s [m™M gmb H$s N>mQ>r
fl`mar gr b∂S>H$s _mßJ br $&
Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m _mV•Àd [a Zmar Ï`o∑VÀd H$m ›`m°N>mda
H$a XVr h° CgH$m H$hZm h° oH$ _mV•Àd H$ ]J°a Zmar AYyar h° $&
dmÀgÎ` CgH$m ÒWm`r md h° $&
`hr "OrVr ]mOr H$s hma' h° oOg_| _wabm eV© Vm OrV JB©
[aßVw dÒVwVï CgH$s hma hm JB© $&
49
4. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| "Í$[' H$ ¤mam Zmar H$s
_ZïpÒWoV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& Í$[ ]h˛V A¿N>r b∂S>H$s h° $& ]M[Z
_| CgH$s _mß H$s _•À`m hm JB© Vm o[VmZ Xygar emXr H$a br $& Z`r
_m H$ H$maU Í$[ A[Z oZïgßVmZ _m_m H$ [mg ahZ bJr $& CZH$
`hmß EH$ AZmW b∂S>H$m Wm $& oOgH$m Zm_ h° bobV _m_m Cg ]M[Z
g ]Q> H$ O°gm MmhV W Am°a aIV W $& bobV Í$[ H$ ‡oV A[Zm
‡_ ‡H$Q> H$a C¿Moejm H$ ob` odXe Mbm J`m $& Í$[Z Z MmhV
h˛E r Kadmbm| H$ H$hZ [a dH$sb gmh] g emXr H$a br $& [aßVw
‡_r Am°a [oV XmZm| H$ ‡oV B©_mZXma ahZm MmhVr h° $& AßV _| dh
‡_r H$m [yU© Í$[ g À`mJ H$a dH$sb gmh] H$s [ÀZr ]Z ahVr h° $&
Í$[ H$s H$_Omar `h h° oH$ dh oZU©` Zhr b [mVr Am°a A[Zr
B¡OV H$ ob` bmJ CgH$ ]ma _| A¿N>r ]mV H$h CgH$ obE dh
A[Zr gmar Ao^bmfmAm| H$m ZÓQ> H$aVr h° $& dH$sb gmh] A[Z
o_Ã H$s ]mV H$aV h° oH$ -
""]∂S>r _wgr]V _| Wm ]Mmam CgH$s ÒÃr A[Z oH$gr AmoeH$
H$ gmW mJ JB© $&''32
`h ]mV gwZV h° Í$[Z A[Zm bobV H$ gmW ^mJ OmZ H$m
\°$gbm ]Xb oX`m $& Í$[ od–mh H$aZ _| H$_Oma [∂S>Vr h° $& dh
A[Zr ^mdZmAm| H$m hm_ H$a XVr h° $& oZU©` Z H$a [mZm Am°a
gm_moOH$ od–mh Z H$a [mZm CgH$s H$_Omar h°ß $&
5. g`mZr ]wAm :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr g_` H$s [m]ßX Am°a AoVÏ`dÒWm g ]Yr g`mZr
]wAm H$s h° $& [nadma H$ g^r bmJm| [a CZH$m H$∂S>m oZ`ßÃU Wm $&
50
g`mZr ]wAm H$s [mJb[Z H$s gr_m VH$ Ï`dÒWm Am°a g_` H$s
[m]›Xr _ZwÓ` H$m _erZ ]Zm XVr h° hr boIH$m H$m H$hZm h° $&
]wAm A[Zr [m™M dfu` ]r_ma ]¿Mr A›Zy H$ gmW IyX Z OmH$a
^mB© gmh] H$ gmW Cg ^OV h˛E H$hVr h° $& EH$ ^r MrµO ImZr
Zhr MmohE - ""XIm h \´$mH$ _V Im XZm, gmV È[E _¢Z BgH$s
ogbmB© Xr h° `h fl`mb _V Vm ∂S> XZm, daZm [Mmg È[`m H$m gQ>
o]J∂S> OmEJm $& Am°a hm™ Ωbmg H$m Vw_ Vw¿N> g_PV hm CgH$s [admh
hr Zht H$amJ [a XIm h [›–h ]ag g _a [mg h° Am°a H$ht Iam|M
VH$ Zht h°, Vm∂S> oX`m Vm R>rH$ Z hmJm $&''33
Am°a A›Zy oH$g oXZ, oH$g g_` ∑`m ImEJr CgH$m _rZy ]Zm
oX`m $& H$] oH$VZm Ky_Jr ∑`m [hZJr g] Hw$N> oZoÌMV H$a
oX`m $& Am°a O] ^mB© gmh] A›Zy H$m bH$a Mb Vm ]wAmOr amB©
CZH$m amZm ZB© ]mV Wr Cgr oXZ Egm bJm oH$ CgH$s H$R>maVm _|
H$ht H$m_bVm ^r oN>[r h° $& ^mB© gmh] H$ [Ã amO AmV W Am°a
]wAmOr ^r amO EH$ [Ã obIVr Wr oOg_| A[Zr CZ _m°oIH$
ohXm`Vm| H$m oboIV Í$[ _| XmhamVr Wr $& EH$ _hrZ VH$ ^mB©
gmh] H$m H$mB© [Ã Zhr Am`m $& ]wAmOr oMo›VV hm CR>r $& V]
Zm°H$a [Ã bm`m $& Cg_| gQ> H$ Xm fl`mb Qy>Q>Z H$m g_mMma Wm $&
[m™M AmZ H$s gwamhr Vm∂S> XZ [a Zm°H$ar H$s ]war Vah [rQ>Zdmbr
]wAmOr [Mm` Í$[` H$ gQ> H$ fl`mb Qy>Q> OmZ [a r h™g ahr Wr $&
]wAmOr H$m gßdXZ ey›` OJV o\$a M°V›` hmVm h° $& ]wAm H$
_m‹`_ g boIH$m gm_moOH$ Í$o∂T> [a ‡hma Am°a _m°Z Ï`ßΩ` H$aZ
_| g\$b h˛B© h° $& AÀ`oYH$ AZwemgZ _ZwÓ` H$m gßdXZ ey›` ]Zm
XVm h° $&
51
6. Ao^ZVm :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ Ao^ZVm h° boH$Z H$Wm EH$
Ao^ZÃr H$s Ï`Wm H$s h° $& aßOZm Zm_H$ EH$ Ao^ZÃr H$s
H$Wm h° $& dh H$bm Am°a gm¢X`© H$s _yoV© h° $& ‡_ H$m Ao^Z` H$aV
CgH$m Or V∂S>[ OmVm oH$ H$me H$mB© hmVm oOgg dh dmÒVodH$ ‡_
H$a gH$Vr Eg _| dh oXbr[ Zm_H$ wdH$ H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr
h°$ & oXbr[ [hb CgH$s C[jm H$aVm h° $& EH$ oXZ dh o\$a g
H$mo_Zr H$ Ka o_bV h° Cg g_` ]h˛V gmar ]mV| CgH$ ]rM hmVr
h° BgH$ ]mX aßOZm Am°a oXbr[ H$s _wbmH$mV| ]∂T>Vr JB© $& oXbr[
o]µOZg H$ H$m_ g `hm™ Am`m Wm $& Cg ZmQ>H$ [gßX Zhr aßOZm
H$hVr h° oH$ _¢ Cg N>m∂S> Xy™Jr -
""AmOH$b _¢ ZE H$m™Q≠>∑Q> r Zht bVr $& VwÂh| oM∂T> Z Vm A]
`h g] N>m∂S> Xy™Jr $&''34
oXbr[ oddmohV hmH$a r aßOZm H$m PyR> ]VmH$a emXr H$ ÒdflZ
oXImVm h° Am°a CgH$m AmoW©H$ emfU r H$aVm h° boH$Z EH$ oXZ
CgH$ PyR> H$m [Xm©\$me hm OmVm h° oH$ oXbr[ emXrewXm h° `h
OmZH$a aßOZm Qy>Q> OmVr h° ∑`m|oH$ dh Cg ]h˛V fl`ma H$aVr Wr $&
oXbr[ Cg N>bVm h° dh oXbr[ g EH$ [Ã _| obIVr h° -
""_¢ Vm H$db aßJ_ßM [a hr Ao^Z` H$aVr hˇ™ [a VwÂhmam Vm
gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` h° $& ]∂S> D™$M H$bmH$ma Am°a gY h˛E An^ZVm
hr Vwa_ Vm _a XmÒV $&''35
Bg H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ "Ao^ZVm' gmW©H$ h° oXbr[ H$m ZmQ>H$
[gßX Z Wm Am°a IwX EH$ Ao^ZVm ZrH$bm Om aßOZm H$ gm_Z
‡_ H$m Ao^Z` H$aVm h¢ $&
52
7. Ì_emZ :
Bg H$hmZr _| _›ZyO Z _mZdr` gßdXZm VWm _Zm^mdm| H$m
oMÃU oH$`m h°$ & CgH$m _m‹`_ h° Ì_emZ $& ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr H$m
Zm`H$ VrZ ]ma emXr H$aV h° Am°a VrZm| ]ma [ÀZr _a OmVr h° $&
boH$Z dh O]-O] Ì_emZ AmVm h° V] V] H$hVm h° oH$ -
Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a H$hm™ Mbr JB© ? A] _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm OrodV
Zht ah gH$Vm $& Vw_ _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm, Zht Vm _wPhr VwÂhma
[mg AmZ H$m H$mB© C[m` H$aZm [∂S>Jm $& Vw_ Zht Vm _a OrdZ H$m
H$mB© AW© Zht, H$mB© gma Zht, H$mB© ag Zht VwÂht Vm _am OrdZ
Wr, _ar ‡aUm Wt _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm Zht ah gH$Vm $&''36 Bg ‡H$ma
odbm[ H$aVm h° Ì_emZ Bg —Ì` H$m XIVm ahVm h° $& Am°a [hm∂S>r
g H$hVm h° Bg Ï`o∑V H$s Ï`Wm Z _a ˆX`H$m _W S>mbm $& amO
oH$VZ hr Ï`o∑V AmV h° [a OmZ ∑`m| BgH$ XwI _|, BgH$s dXZm _|
Egm ∑`m Wm, Om _° H$^r Zht ^yb gHy™$Jm $& A] `h OrodV Zht
ahJm $& boH$Z VrZ-]ma Egm h˛Am Vm Ì_emZ AdmH≤$-gm ah
OmVm h° $&
`h H$hmZr dmÒVodH$ gÀ` H$s CX≤KmoQ>V H$aVr h° oH$ _ZwÓ`
‡_ H$s Ò_•oV [a hr oO›Xm Zht ahVm $& dh OrdZ H$s [yU©Vm H$
obE o\$a g ‡_ H$aVm h°, OrodV ahZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aVm h°, dh XwïI
H$m gh bVm h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| ‡H•$oV H$m _mZdr`H$aU ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m J`m h° $& boIH$m Z Bg emÒdV gÀ` g h_| AdJV H$am`m h°
oH$ Zmar Vm [wÈf H$ OrdZ H$s Ï`dÒWm Am°a B¿N>m [yoV©H$m gmYZ
_mà h° ÒWm`r ‡_^md A[dmX ÒdÈ[ hr [wÈf _| [m`m OmVm h¢ $&
53
8. Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| Zmar H$m Ka-[nadma VWm
VÀH$mbrZ AmXe© [aÂ[amAm| g D™$Mm CR>mH$a AoYH$ma gßbΩZ
oXIm`m h° $& Xygar Ama AoeojV Zmna`m| H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m WmW©
oMÃU oH$`m h° $& _mhÎb H$s AoYH$mße oÒÃ`m™ AZ[∂T> h° Am°a
Xm[ha H$m Xygam| H$s h™gr _µOmH$ H$aZ H$ Ï`m[ma _| bJr h˛B© h° $&
Bg _mhÎb _| EH$ neojV XÂ[oV ahZ AmV h° $& Bg_| [ÀZr boIH$m
h° EH$ em_ H$m dh oH$gr _rqQ>J _| OmVr h° Xa g AmVr h° [oV
[ÀZr H$ ]rM PJ∂S>m hmVm h° [ÀZr oeojVm Edß _moZZr hmZ H$
H$maU [oV H$m N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h° $& Bg ]mV H$m bH$a AZ[∂T>
_ohbmE™ hÎbm _MmVr h° $& ""AmX_r WH$m-_m™Xm bm°Q> Vm Ka _|
Am°aV Vm ahZr MmohE oH$ Zht $& A] Vw_ OmZm|, ]Xm©ÌV H$s r EH$
hXX hmd h°, H$b AmX_r r Vmd Im J`m $& amV _| O] bm°Q>r Vm
AmX_r Z ^r Pm¢Q>m [H$∂S>H$a Xm Pm[Q> aI oXE Am°a H$h oX`m,
oZH$b Om _a Ka g $&''37
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>marZ ]Vm`m h° oH$ AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$s
`h odS>Â]Zm h° nH$ Cg EH$ Ama [wÈf g_mO g b∂S>Zm [∂S>Vm h° Vm
Xygar Am°a [aÂ[amJV Èo∂T>`m| _| ]™Yr Zmar g_mO g $& A[Z ÒdVßÃ
Ï`o∑VÀd Am°a ApÒVÀd H$s ajm H$ ob` neojV Zmar H$m gßKf©
Ò[ÓQ> h° $&
9. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr :
Bg H$hmZr _| [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr "Ahß' H$ H$mf _| ob[Q>
ahV h° $& AmYwoZH$ bIH$m| [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m J`m h° Om _m°obH$Vm H$
A^md _| VÒH$a d•oŒm J´hU H$aV h˛E AmÀ_ ‡eßgm ¤mam A[Z H$m
54
lÓR> gmohÀ`H$ma og’ H$aZ H$ ‡`mg _| ahV h° $& emÒÃr H$s aMZm
N>mÃm[`mJr [oÃH$m N>[ OmZ g dh Òd`ß H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma
g_PV h° $& hoH$H$V _| ]mX _| dh [oÃH$m ]›X r hm OmVr h° $& [yar
H$hmZr AmÀ_ÌbmYm AhßH$ma g J´ÒV AmX_r H$s H$hmZr h° $&
[ßoS>VOr AhßdmXr W $& EH$ ]ma d [war H$ g_w– oH$Zma J` W, dhm™
EH$ gmohÀ`H$ma g CgH$ |Q> h˛B© oOZH$ VrZ H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡H$moeV
hm MwH$ W $& [ßoS>VOr A[Zm [naM` XV h˛E H$hV h° oH$ - _¢ hˇ ™
H$hmZr bI [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr $& `oX oh›Xr gmohÀ` g Am[H$m
[naM` hm Vm Am[Z _am Zm_ AdÌ` gwZm hmJm $& gm_Zdmbm
Ï`o∑V r gmohÀ`H$ma Wm $& AmÀ_-‡eßgm _| obflV AmMmam| Am°a
odMmam| _| o^›Z h [mà AZOmZ hr Cg bIH$ H$s H$hmZr H$ EH$
[mà ]Z JE $&
[ßoS>VOr H$hV h° - ""_ar A^r H$mB© N>[r Zht h° [a erK´ hr
VrZ-Mma N>[Zdmbr h° $& AmO g gmV gmb [hb "aoÌ_' _| EH$
H$hmZr oZH$br Wr "A_rar Jar]r' $& A] Am[H$m ∑`m ]VmD™$,
BYa dh oZH$br Am°a CYa _ar _wgr]V Am JB© $& oh›Xr H$r e`X hr
H$mB© Egr [oÃH$m hmJr, oOgH$ gÂ[mXH$ H$m [Ã Z Am`m hm oH$
erK´ hr A[Zr aMZm oOE $& Am°a ]¿M-]¿M H$ _w™h [a _am Zm_
hm J`m $& bmJ D™$Jbr CR>mH$a H$hV, h XIm $& A_rar-Jar]r H$
bIH$ [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr Om ah h° $&''38
10. H$sb Am°a H$gH$ :
Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z Egr Zmar H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° Om
A[Z [oV H$s C[jm H$ H$maU H$ht Am°a AmH$of©V hmVr h° qH$Vw
[am` [wÈf g ^r Bo¿N>V `mJ ‡mflV Zhr H$a [mVr, oOgH$ H$maU
55
dh hVmem g AmH´$mßV hmH$a AmH´$me H$aVr h° $& Bg H$hmZr _|
_Zmd°kmoZH$ –oÓQ> A A^mdO›` Hwß$R>m H$ AoVaH$ g AdMVZ H$s
odamYmÀ_H$ ‡oH´$`m AÀ`›V _mo_©H$ È[ g Ï`∑V h˛B© h° $& amZr H$m
oddmh H$mb Am°a MH$ H$ XmJmdmb H°$bme g hmVm h° $& dh amV
oXZ H$m_ H$aVm h° Cg [a H$Om© h° $& H°$bme EH$ _erZ ]Z J`m Wm,
^mdZmhrZ, aghrZ Cg Z amZr _| oXbMÒ[r Wr, Z Ka _| $& H$O© H$m
^yV H$m∂S> bJm-bJmH$ma Cgg H$m_ H$admVm Wm $&
amZr H$ hm™ EH$ [BßJ JÒQ> AmVm Wm oOg H$m Zm_ eIa Wm
dh gwßXa Wm [oVH$s AÀ`›V Ï`ÒVVm H$ H$maU amZr eIa H$s Ama
AmH•$ÓQ> hmVr h° $& eIa H$m „`mh hm OmVm h° Vm amZr H$ _Z _|
eIa H$s [ÀZr H$ ‡oV gm°oV`m S>mh CÀ[›Z h˛Am $& amO em_ eIa
A[Zr ]r]r H$m Kw_mZ b OmVm Vm dh CgH$s AmbmMZm H$aVr
ahVr, o]Zm dOh Cgg PJ∂S>m H$aVr h¢ $& amZr H$hVr h° - ""^bm
H$aZ H$m O_mZm Zhr ahm $& Aa gmb-^a VH$ amoQ>`m™ ]ZmH$a
oIbmB©, CgH$s H$m°Z H$h ? Mma oXZ Bg AmE Zhr h˛E oH$ g]
oH$E-H$amE [a [mZr o\$a J`m $& Eg Z_H$ham_ r Zhr XI hm|J
H$ht ? ''39
amZr ]mV-]mV [a eIa H$s [ÀZr g PJ∂S>Vr h° AßV_| [aemZ
hm H$a H°$bmeZ _H$mZ ]Xb ob`m $& amZr A[Zr AV•flV
B¿N>mAm| H$m bH$a amVr ahr $& AV•flV B¿N>mAm| H$s H$sb H$s
dXZm_`r H$gH$ g Cg _wo∑V Vm Zht o_b [mB© $&
11. Xm H$bmH$ma :
`h H$hmZr o^›Z Ï`o∑VÀddmbr Xm wdoV`m| H$s H$hmZr h° $&
EH$ ‡eßgm H$s A[jm H$_© H$m _hŒd XVr h° Am°a Xygar oZaW©H$
56
H$bm H$s A[jm OrdZm[`mJr H$_© H$m _hŒd XVr h° $& XmZm|
H$bmH$ma h° oMÃm oMÃH$ma h° dh _•V o^ImnaZ H$m oMÃ ItMVr h°,
"o^ImnaZ Am°a Xm AZmW ]¿M' Zm_ g $& Cg ‡Xoe©Zr _| [waÒH$ma
^r ‡mflV hmVm h° $& boH$Z Xygar H$bmH$ma AÈUm Vm CZ AZmW
]¿Mm| H$m gM_wM JmX bVr h° Am°a CZH$m [mbZ H$aVr h° $& oMÃm
odXe Mbr OmVr h° dhm oMÃm H$ "o^I_ßJr Am°a Xm AZmW ]¿M'
oMÃ Z Yy_ _Mm Xr $& ‡Xe©Zr _| Cg oMÃZ ‡W_ [waÒH$ma ‡mflV
oH$`m Cgg H$ÈUm gmH$ma hm CR>Vr h° $& CgH$s EH$ ‡Xoe©Zr _|
oXÎbr _| AÈUm g _wbmH$mV h˛B© $& CgH$ gmW Xm fl`ma fl`ma ]¿M
W ""oMÃm Z [yN>m - `h ]¿M oH$gH$ h° ? CgZ H$hm _a h° $&
AÈUm Z oMÃm H$m ]Vm`m oH$ ` d hr ]¿M h° oOZH$m oMÃ `
o^ImnaZdmbm h° ?''40
Ohmß oMÃm H$Î[Zm H$ oMÃbmH$ _| odhma H$aVr ahr h° AÈUm
dhmß WmW© H$s R>mg O_rZ [a H$_© _| _ΩZ h° $&
12. _¢ hma JB© :
"_¢ hma JB©' Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h° $& Bg_|
boIH$m Z AmOH$mb H$ amOZroVkm [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Am°a CgH$m
H$hZm h° oH$ AmO H$ `wJ _| AmXe© ZVm H$s [naH$Î[Zm H$aZm ^r
Agß^d h¢ $& AmO H$m ZVm gwam-gwßXar H$m C[Xe XVm h° $& AmO Vm
Hw$gu Am°a gŒmm H$s _ßoOb VH$ [h˛ ßMZm h°, Mmh oOg amÒV g
[h˛ßM $&
""H$od gÂ_bZ _| EH$ H$od "]Q> H$m ^odÓ`' Zm_H$
H$odVm gwZmV h° Cg_| ]Q>m Ao^ZÃr H$s \$mQ>m H$m My_Vm h°, eam]
[rVm h° Am°a Wm∂S>r Xa ]mX AÀ`ßV JÂ^raVm g "JrVm' obE ]mha
57
oZH$bVm h° ]Q> H$ Ï`dhma H$m XIH$a ]m[ H$hVm h° - h gmbm
Vm AmOH$b H$m ZVm ]ZJm $&''41
(2) VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :
Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| AmR> H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h¢ -
(1) VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra (2) AH$br
(3) AZMmhr JhamB`m™ (4) ImQ> og∑H$
(5) KwQ>Z (6) hma
(7) _O]war (8) MÌ_|
1. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m Xygam H$hmZr gßJ´h h° - VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$
VÒdra $& `h gßJ´h 1959 _| ‡H$moeV h˛Am Wm $& Bg_| AmR>
H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $& "VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra' [mnadmnaH$
‡_ Am°a XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Y H$s H$hmZr h° `h H$hmZr Xe©Zm H$s h°
VÒdra h° Xe©Zm H$s oOgH$m VrZ oZJmh| A[Z-A[Z T>ßJ g XIVr
g_PVr h° $& h VrZ oZJmh| h°, Z°Zm, hare Am°a Òd`ß Xe©Zm H$s $&
hare oH$gr [oÃH$m _| H$hmZr N>[dmH$a Xe©Zm H$m _ZmodÌbfU
H$aVm h° $& Z°Zm Z ]M[Z g A[Zr Xe©Zm _m°gr H$ gß]ßY _| naÌVXmam|
g gwZm h° $&
""Xe©Zm Z oddmh H$ VwaßV ]r_ma [oV H$s gdm H$aZm ewÈ
oH$`m $& A[Z Ka H$m EH$ H$_am oH$am` [a X aIm Wm, oOg_| AH$bm
hae ahVm Wm $& `hr XwoZ`m ^r Xe©Zm H$s $& Xe©Zm H$m __Àd hr
Zht ZmarÀd ^r fl`mgm Wm $& eara Am°a _Z XmZm| AV•flV W $& dh
hare H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° CgH$m [oV ghZ Zhr H$a [mVm Cg
_ma H$a Ka g oZH$mb oX`m Am°a gmW hr Xe©Zm H$s _mß, °`m, XrXr
58
g] H$m [Ã obIH$a CZH$s _m°oIH$ ghmZw^yoV H$m K•Um _| [nadoV©V
H$a oX`m $& [oV _a J`m Xe©Zm H$m gßJrV H$m [wamZm em°H$ AmO
OrodH$m H$m gmYZ ]Z J`m dh ÒHy$b _| gßJrV H$s oeojH$m
]Z JB© $& boIH$mZ Xe©Zm H$ _Zm^mdm H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° h H$hmZr
S>m`ar e°br _| h° $&''42
2. AH$br :
`h H$hmZr gm_m ]wAm ]woT>`m H$s h° Om [naÀ`∑Vm h° Am°a
AH$br h° $& CgH$m OdmZ ]Q>m _a J`m Vm CgH$s OdmZr Mbr JB©
[oV [wà od`mJ _| Ka-]ma N>m ∂S>H$a Mb J` $& gm_m]wAm A[Zm
EH$mH$s[Z Xya H$aZ H$ ob` [mg [∂S>me g Ow∂S>Z H$s H$moee H$aVr
h° $& boH$Z gmb _| EH$ ]ma Ka AmZdmb [oV H$m h [gßX Zhr Wm
BgobE ]wAm g PJ∂S>m H$aV ahV W $& EH$oXZ ]wAm A[Z
naÌVXma H$ `hm™ emXr [a OmZm MmhVr h° Am°a ›`m°Vm Z AmZ [a
oZame hm OmVr h° $&
""]wAm Z gm∂S>r _| _m™ ∂S> bJmH$a gwIm oX`m amYm ^m^rZ
]wAm H$m Mm™Xr H$s EH$ og›Xya-XmZr EH$-gmS>r Am°a EH$
„bmCO H$m H$[∂S>m bm oX`m $& ]wAm Z bmb-har Myo ∂S>`m
[hZ br $&''43
]wAm OmZ H$m Am`mOZ H$a ahr Wr oH$ gß›`mgr [oV Z H$hm
`oX H$mB© ]wbmZ Z AmE Vm Mbr _V OmZm Zht Vm R>rH$ Z hmJm $&
]wAm oXZ^a ›`mVm H$s amh XIVr h° Am°a amYm g H$hVr h° -
""Z` \$eZdmbm| H$s _V [yN>m, EZ _mH$m| [a ]wbmdm
AmVm h° $& [m™M ]OH$m _wh≤aV h° oXZ _| H$^r r Am OmdJm $&''44
boH$Z em_ VH$ ]wbmdm Z Am`m $& ]wAm oZame hm OmVr h° $&
59
dh XwïIr hmVr h° $& ]wAm AH$br h° [a g]H$m A[Zm _mZVr h°
Am°a g]H$m gwI XwïI _| gmW XVr h° [a Xygam g N>br OmVr h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z d•’m Zmar H$s A›V[u∂S>m Am°a AH$b[ H$m
_mn_©H$ oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° Ï`o∑V Ah_ d gm_moOH$
[nadeO›` odgßJoV`m| g CgH$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m odKQ>Z AmoX
pÒWoV`m| H$m gy˙_ Edß `WmW©[aH$ oMÃU Bg H$hmZr_| XIZ H$m
o_bVm h° $&
3. AZMmhr JhamB`m™ :
Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s Vrgar H$hmZr "AZMmhr JhamB`m™' EH$
gmYmaU H$hmZr hmV h˛E r [mR>H$ H$ _Z H$m Ny> bZdmbr H$hmZr
h° $& Bg_| EH$ Xna–, oOkmgw, mdwH$ oedZmW Zm_H$ od⁄mWu H$m
oMÃU boIH$m Z oH$`m h° $& boIH$mZ ^mdZm H$m hr H$hmZr _|
oea_ma ]Zm oX`m h° $& oedZmW H$m A[Zr oeojH$m H$ ‡oV A‡À`j
ÒZh Cg OrZ Zhr XVm Am°a oeojH$m H$m A[Zr JbVr [a [ÌMmVm[
hmVm h° $& oedZmW A[_moZV hmZ [a XwïIr hmVm h° A[Z
A[_mZ H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zhr H$a [mVm Am°a AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a bVm h° $&
gwZßXm A‹`mo[H$ h° $& dh A[Z °`m m^r H$ [mg ahVr h° $&
dh Jar] od⁄mWu`m| H$m AoYH$ g_` [∂T>mVr h° $& oedZmW H$s
AmoW©H$ pÒWoV XIH$a Cg Q>`weZ XVr h° Cg gflVmh _| VrZ oXZ
AmZ H$m H$hVr h° $& EH$ ]ma gwZßXm H$m ]wIma Am`m $& gwZßXm AH$br
gmB© Wr H$_a _| H$mB© Zhr Wm $& oedZmW Am`m BVZ _| gwZßXm H$s
^m^r ^r AmB© CgZ oedZmW H$m gwZßXm [a PwH$m h˛Am XIm,
oedZmW ^r Mm¢H$ J`m $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX ^°`m-^m^r Z
oedZmW H$m [∂T>mZ H$m gwZßXm H$m B›H$ma oH$`m $& oedZmW oZame
60
hm J`m [yN>Vm h° -
""Vm ∑`m Am[ _wP o]ÎHw$b Zhr [∂T>m`m H$aJr ?''
hm™ A] Zht [∂T>m gHy™$Jr Vw_ H$mB© Am°a ‡]›Y H$a bm $&
"∑`m Xm VrZ oXZ ^r Zhr X gH$Jr ?' gwZßXm AoYH$ H$R>ma
Zht hm gH$s - R>rH$ h°, [agm Am OmZm $& _¢ [∂T>m Xy™Jr [a h g_P
bm oH$ dh AmoIar oXZ hmJm $&''45
oedZmW Z Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB`mß hb H$aZ H$ ob` A[Zr oH$Vm]
gwZßXm H$m Xr Wr Cg_| EH$ ‡_[Ã Wm $& gwZßXm Z CgH$ Qw>H$∂S>-Qw>H$∂S>
H$a oX` Am°a oedZmW H$m VrZ-Mma V_mM _ma oX` $& Xyga oXZ
oedZmW Z ab H$s [Q>ar [a AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a br $&
Xm oXZ ]mX EH$ b∂S>H$Z gwZßXm g H$hm oH$ CgH$r [wÒVH$
oedZmW Z gwZßXm H$m Xr h°, Cg_| _am [Ã h° $& _a [Ã oedZmW
obIVm Wm $& V] gwZßXm A[Z Am[ H$m hÀ`mnaZ g_PZ bJr $&
boIH$m Z oedZmW H$m A¿N>m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
4. ImQ> og∑H$ :
`h H$hmZr Q>H$gmb _| H$m_ H$aZdmb _OXyam| H$ emfU H$s
H$hmZr h° $& I›Zm gmh] Q>H$gmb H$ C¿M [XmoYH$mar h° $& d bIZD$
H$ H$m©bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m Q>H$gmb XIZ H$s AZw_oV XV h˛E Òd`ß
Q>H$gmb oXImZ bJV h° $& C›hm|Z H$¿M YmVw H$m «>r _| JbmH$a
oH$g ‡H$ma og∑H$ V°`ma hmV h° h ]Vm`m $& I›Zm gmh] N>mÃmAm|
g ]∂S> ÒZh Am°a KoZÓR>Vm g _wbm`_ e„Xm _| ]mV H$aV h° $& ]∂S>r
]∂S>r _erZm| H$ ]rM H$m_ H$aV _OXyam| H$m XIH$a N>mÃmE™ [yN>Vr h°
oH$ hm™ _OXya A[Zr OmZ OmoI_ _| S>mbH$a H$m_ H$aZ ∑`m| AmV
h° ? V] I›Zm gmh] Z H$hm -
61
""H$m_ H$aZ $& Aa, EH$ hr OJh Imbr hmVr h°, Vm [Mmgm|
Qy>Q> [∂S>V h° $& Am[ OmZVr Zht, h_ma Xe _| B›gmZ H$s OmZ ]∂S>r
gÒVr h° $&''46 dht EH$ _OXya H$s Am°aV amV h˛E AmVr h° A[Z
[oV H$ Cgr \$∑Q>ar _| H$m_ H$aV XmZm| Q>m™J H$Q> OmZ [a ]°R>-]°R>
ImQ> og∑H$ MwZZ H$ H$m_ H$s _m™J H$aVr h°$& Vm dhr I›Zm gmh]
H$s ^md ^ßoJ_m VWm dmUr H$s _YwaVm H$H©$e Í$[ YmaU H$a
bVr h° $& boIH$m Z AmO H$s pÒWoV AmoW©H$ gßH$Q>, ]amOJmar
VWm Ï`dÒWm [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $& boIH$m Z _OXyam| H$ emfU H$m
‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
5. KwQ>Z$ :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| Xm pÒWoV`m| _| OrZdmbr Xm Zmna`m| H$s
KwQ>Z H$m boIH$m Z oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& EH$ h° oddmohVm ‡oV_m Am°a
Xygar gm°^mΩ` H$mßjmUr Hwß$dmar _mZm $& XmZm| H$s A[Zr Ï`Wm h° $&
‡oV_m [oV H$s ]m™hm| H$s OH$∂S> g _w∑V hmZm MmhVr h° Vm _mZm
oH$gr H$s ]mhm| _| OH$∂S> OmZH$s B¿N>m aIVr h° Bg_| AZw^yoV H$s
JhamB© h° & _mZm m°a ‡oV_m [∂S>mgZ h° $& ‡oV_m H$m [oV Zdr _| h° dh
gmb _| EH$ _hrZm CgH$ [mg ahVm h° $& EH$ ]ma h [oV H$ gmW
OhmO [a JB© Wr qH$Vw [oV XmÒVm H$ gmW [J [a [J [∂T>mZm Am°a
JßX _OmH$ H$aVm VWm [ÀZr H$m XoH$`mZyg H$hVm V] Cg h A¿N>m
Zht bJm $& CgH$m [oV AmZdmbm h° qH$Vw Cg_| oH$gr ‡H$maH$m
CÀgmh Zhr $& dh [oV H$s ]mßhm _| OH$∂S> JB© ‡oV_m _wo∑V H$ obE
V∂S>[ ahr Wr h V∂S>[ KwQ>Z _| V„Xrb hm gH$Vr h° $& qH$Vw _wo∑V _|
Zhr $& _mZm AÈ[ g ‡_ H$aVr h° $& CgH$s ]r_ma odYdm _m CgH$s
emXr Zhr hmZ XVr ∑`m|oH$ H$_mZdmbr AH$br _mZm h° $& EH$ oXZ
62
dh AÈU H$ gmW mJ OmZdmbr h° qH$Vw ‡oV_mZ XIm oH$
""_mZm Ka H$ AmßJZ _| ImQ> [a [∂S>r oggH$ ahr h°, XadmO [a
Vmbm bJmH$a AÂ_m gmB© h° $& _mZm Zhr Om gH$s _mZm XwïI ‡oV_m
OmZVr h° $&''47 g] H$s A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`mEß h° $& ‡oV_m
oddmohVm h° qH$Vw [oV g AgßVwÓQ> h° Vm _mZm H$m oddmh Zhr hm
ahm h° hr Cg XwïI h° $& XmZm| Xo_H$ Hwß$oR>V KwQ>Vr h˛B© gmßg b ahr
h° $& boIH$mZ XmZm| H$s KwQ>Z H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $&
6. hma$ :
ÒdV›Ã Ï`o∑VÀd MmhZdmb [oV [ÀZr H$ ¤ß›¤ H$m Bg H$hmZr
_| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° $& Xr[m amOZroVH$ dmVmdaU _| [br h° $&
CgH$ o[Vm H$ Ka g^r amOZroVH$ Xbm| H$ ‡_wI Ï`o∑V AmV W $&
Xr[m EH$ amOZroVH$ Xb H$s goH´$` gXÒ` ]Z JB© CgZ A[Zr
B¿N>m g odamYr [mQ>u H$ gXÒ` H$m A[Zm OrdZgmWr ]Zm`m $&
emXr H$ ]mX XmZm| A[Zr [mQ>u`m| H$m H$m_ H$aZ bJV h¢ $& MwZmd
AmVm h° Am°a XmZm| EH$ Xyga H$ odamY _| I∂S> ahV h° Xr[mZ H$hm -
A^r VH$ VwÂhmar [mQ>u H$s odamoYZr Wr, A] VwÂhmam r
odamY H$aZm [∂S>Jm $&
Xr[mZ eIa H$m A[Z o_Ã g h H$hV h˛E gwZm -
""_ar OrV H$s gß^mdZm hr _wP oI›Z ]ZmE X ahr h° $& gmMVm
hˇ™ _¢ hma r J`m Vm Cg b¡Om H$m gh by™Jm $& [a OrV J`m Vm Xr[m
H$m ∑`m hmJm $&''48 BgobE _¢ MmhVm hˇ ™ oH$ _¢ hma OmD™$ dh
hma H$m Y∑H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zht H$a gH$Jr $& Xr[m Am°a eIa amOZroVH$
jà _| EH$ Xyga g AbJ hmZ [a ^r oO›XJr _| [aÒ[a
MmhZdmb h° $&
63
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z maVr` Zmar H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m
gw›Xa oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
7. _O]yar$ :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s h H$hmZr Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$ d°MmnaH$ gßKf© H$s
H$hmZr h° $& gßKf© ^mdZm Am°a odMma H$m h° $& H$hmZr H$s ]y ∂T>r
AÂ_m Jm™d _| ahZdmbr AZ[∂T> Am°aV h° ]Q> H$m oddmh hm OmZ g
dh eha Mbm OmVm h° dh AH$br hm OmVr h°$ & EH$ ]ma [wà eha
g AmVm h° Vm dh CgH$ ]Q> H$m Jm™d _| aIVr h° CgH$m [mbZ H$aVr
h° boH$Z ]w∂T>r AÂ_m H$ bm∂S>-fl`ma Z Cg ]¿M H$m AZwemgZhrZ
]Zm oX`m h° ]¿M H$m Egm XIH$a JwÒg _| AmH$a [∂T>r obIr ]hˇ
A[Z ]Q> H$m XmXr A AbJ H$aH$ eha b OmVr h° $& Vm dh AH$br
hm OmVr h° $& boIH$mZ Bg H$hmZr _| _mV•Àd _mh H$m oMÃU oX`m
h° [mV H$m AbJ H$aZ H$s oddeVm CgH$s AßV¤©›¤ oXIm`m h°
[mV H$ ‡oV XmXr H$m dmÀgÎ` ^md ]Vm`m J`m h° $& ]wT>r _m H$
A›VgßKf© H$m __©Ò[eu oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
8. MÌ_$ :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| AVrV Am°a dV©_mZ H$m gßKf©
oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& Am°a [wÈf H$ AmÀ_H$o›–V d•oŒm [a Ï`ßΩ`
oH$`m h° $& ‡À`H$ _ZwÓ` H$m A[Zm AVrV hmVm h° AVrV H$s KQ>ZmE™
hmVr h° BgH$m oMÃU o_. d_m© H$ ¤mam oH$`m h° $&
o_. d_m© H$s [ÀZr H$hmZr obIVr h° boH$Z Cg gwZZ H$m
_m°H$m o_. d_m© H$m Zht o_bVm $& EH$ oXZ dh o_. d_m© H$m MÌ_m
oZH$mb bVr h° Am°a Cg A[Zr H$hmZr gwZmVr h° $& H$hmZr gwZV
gwZV o_. d_m© H$m A[Zr [wamZr ‡o_H$m H$s mX Am OmVr h° CZH$m
64
Zm_ e°b Wm Cg Q>r.]r. hm J`m Wm $& d_m© H$m Zm_ oZ_©b Wm $&
oZ_©b Am°a e°b oddmh H$aZdmb W qH$Vw e°b H$s ]r_mar H$ H$maU
oZ_©b H$m _Z CMQ> J`m dh Q≠>qZJ H$m ]hmZm H$a H$ [ß–h oXZ Mbm
OmVm h° $& Am°a e°b H$s 23 _B© H$m _•À`w hm J`r $& H$hmZr gwZV
d_m© AMmZH$ oMÎbmV h° -
""_¢ H$hVm hˇ™ _am MÌ_m Xm Zhr Vm _am X_ KwwQ> OmEJm $&''49
o_gµO d_m© H$ hmW g MÌ_m bH$a C›hm|Z Am™Im [a M∂T>m`m
Vm C›h| bJm _mZm oH$gr AVb g_w– H$s JhamB© _| g Ohm™ H$db
A›YH$ma Wm Am°a CZH$m X_ KwQ> ahm Wm d ]mha oZH$b AmE h¢ $&
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr [wÈf H$ oddmh [yd© ‡_ g gÂ]o›YV h°ß $&
(3) `hr gM h°$ :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ V•Vr` H$hmZr gßJ´h "`hr gM h°' _| AmR>
H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° Om oZÂZoboIV h° $&
(1) j` (2) Vrgam AmX_r
(3) gOm (4) ZH$br hra
(5) Zem (6) B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX
(7) amZr _mß H$m M]yVam (8) `hr gM h° $&
1. j`$ :
_›Zy ßS>mar Z j` H$hmZr _| Hwß$Vr H$ OrdZ gßKf© H$m oMÃU
oH$`m h° $& gmar C_´ OrdZ H$ WmW© g b∂S>Vr ahVr h° BgobE dh
gmMVr h° - ""Ky_Zm-o\$aZm, g°a-g[mQ>, h™gr-_OmH$ CgH$ OrdZ
_| Vm `h g] h° hr Zht ∑`m|oH$ [nadma H$m AmoW©H$ ^ma Hw ß$Vr
[a h° $& Ka _| Q>r. ]r. g ]r_ma o[Vm Am°a AmR>dr H$jm _| [∂T>Zdmbm
N>mQ>m mB© Xw›Zr h° Am°a Ka gß^mbZ H$m a_m]wAm H$m ]wbm`m h° $&
65
Hwß$Vr ÒHy$b _| [∂T>mVr h° Xw›Zr [∂T>Z _| H$_Oma Wm Vm CgH$ [m[m
]¿Mm H$m A[Zr Am™Im g Xya aIZm Zhr MmhV o\$a r H$hV h° -
""_¢ H$m°Z hmVm hˇ™ Hw$N> H$aZdmbm ? A] Vm VwÂht g]Hw$N> hm Om
Mmhm H$am $& _¢ j` H$m amJr $&'' EH$ ]ma H$moee H$aH$ Bg M∂T>dm
Vm X Var h°S>_mÒQ>a g A¿N>r OmZ-[hMmZ h° dhm™ r Om` Vm EH$
gmb Vm ]M Om` $&''50
""Hwß$Vr o[Vm H$s o]_mar H$ BbmO H$ ob` VWm N>mQ> mB© H$m
[∂T>mZ H$ obE Q>`yeZ ^r H$aVr h° dh gmodÃr Zm_H$ EH$
_ßX ]wo’ H$s b∂S>H$s H$m [∂T>mVr h° Om EH$ YZdmZ o[Vm H$s
]Q>r h° $& gmodÃr H$s _m™ gmMVr h° oH$ [°g H$ ]b [a XwoZ`m _|
g]Hw$N> IarXm Om gH$Vm h° BgobE dh dmof©H$ [arjm H$ ]mX
Hw$›Vr g g^r A‹`mo[H$mAm| g o_bH$a AmZ H$m H$hVr h° Bg
]mV g AmXe©dmZ o[Vm H$s ]Q>r Hwß$Vr H$m Y∑H$m gm bJm $& [a›Vw
dh odde Wr $& [napÒWoV`m| H$ X]md _| Hw$›Vr A[Zr B¿N>m H$
odÈ’ Òd`ß H$ AmMaU ¤mam Hw$›Vr _Z g j`J´ÒV hm J`r Hw$›Vr H$
o[Vm H$s emarnaH$ j` CgH$ Z°oVH$ j` _| ]Xb OmVm h° $&''51
Bg H$hmZr _| _‹`dJu` g_mO H$ `WmW©[aH$ oMÃU g
[mR>H$m| H$ _Z H$m Jhar gßdXZm g gam]ma H$a XVm h° $&
2. Vrgam AmX_r$ :
"Vrgam AmX_r' H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z [oV-[ÀZr H$ ]rM EH$
Vrga AmX_r H$ AmZ g gÂ]›Ym _| Om Xama [∂S>Vr h° CgH$s
Ao^Ï`o∑V H$s h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| ‡mMrZ Am°a ZdrZ _yÎ`m| H$s
Q>H$amhQ> h° $& ‡mMrZ OrdZ _yÎ`m| H$ AZwgma [am` [wÈf g EH$mßV
_| ]mVMrV H$aZ _mà g [oV A[Zr [ÀZr [a bmßN>Z bJm gH$Vm Wm
66
oH$›Vw dV©_mZ gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm _| oX [oV [a [wÈf g ]mV H$aZ
[a [ÀZr [a eH$ H$a Vm dh hmÒ`mÒ[X ]ZJm $&
Bg H$hmZr _| gVre Am°a eHw$Z [oV-[ÀZr h° $& gVre A[Zr
[ÀZr [a eH$ H$aVm h° $& gVre H$ AßV¤©›¤ H$m H$hmZr _| AßoH$V
oH$`m J`m h° $&
""AmbmH$ Or, Am[H$m em`X odÌdmg Zht hmJm Am[ [hb
AmX_r h° oOgH$ AmZ [a eHw$Z m| Iwe hm ahr h°, daZm eHw$Z H$m
Bg Ka _| Vrga AmX_r H$s C[pÒWoV VH$ ]Xm©ÌV Zht hmVr $&''52
3. gOm$ :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| ^maV Xe _| Mb ah AmO H$s
›`m`-Ï`dÒWm [a VrIm Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Vm Xygar Am°a AmoW©H$
A^md H$ H$maU [nadma _| AmZdmb o]Iamd H$m __©Ò[eu oMÃU
oH$`m h° $& gOm oH$gr EH$ Ï`o∑V H$m Zhr [a›Vw gß[yU© [nadma H$m
o]Zm oH$gr A[amY H$ wJVZr [∂S>Vr h° Am°a EH$ gwIr [nadma Qy>Q>H$a
o]Ia OmVm h° $&
Amem H$ o[Vm [a ]rg hOma È[` Mmar H$aZ H$m BÎOm_
bJm`m OmVm h° Cg Zm°H$ar g hQ>m oX`m OmVm h° $& Amem H$s _m™
]r_ma h° ]¿M A[Z MmMm H$ Ka ahZ Mb OmV h° $& Amem H$ o[Vm
Ka g ]mha Zht oZH$bV $& AßV _| H$B© ]agm| H$ ]mX AXmbV H$m
\°$gbm AmVm h° oH$ d oZXmf h° $&
""fl[m Am[ ]ar hm J` ! gwZV h°, Am[H$m gOm Zht h˛B©, gOm
Zht h˛B© Am[H$m ! [a [m[m o\$a r d°g hr ah, _mZm C›h| odÌdmg
hr Zht hm ahm oH$ C›hß gOm Zht h˛B© h° $&''53
H$mQ>© H$s gOm g ]∂T>H$a Om gOm CZH$m [nadma wJV MwH$m h°
67
CgH$m oMÃU boIH$mZ oH$`m h° $&
4. ZH$br hra :
Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$mZ ]m¯mS>Â]am| H$s oZaW©H$Vm H$m gmo]V
H$aZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h° $&
o_gg gaZ Am°a B›Xw Xm ]hZ h° $& BZH$ [m[m EH$ ]∂S>r
ÒQ>Q> H$ ^yV[yd© ‡YmZ_ßÃr W $& gaZ H$s emXr EH$ YZr [nadma g
hmVr h° Am°a CgH$s ]hZ B›Xw Z A[Zr [g›X H$ AZwgma EH$ ÒHy$b
_mÒQ>a g emXr H$s Wr $& dh A[Z [oV H$ EH$ oZÓR> ‡_ g Iwe
ahVr h° $& o_gg gaZ H$ [mg g]Hw$N> h° boH$Z CgH$ [mg [oV H$m
EH$ oZÓR> ‡_ Zht $& gaZZ A[Z Ï`ÒV [oV H$m \$mZ oH$`m -
""hbm ! _¢ o_gO gaZ... H$m°Z am_qgh ? gmh] H$m Xm, gmh]
H$m, h_ Oam ]mV H$a|J $& am_qghZ H$hm gmh] Vm h˛Oya AoZVm __
gmh] H$ gmW S>mßg [a J` h°, AmZ g h_ ]mb XJm $&''54
o_gO gaZ Am°a B›Xw g_mO H$ Xm dJm H$ ‡oVoZoY h° EH$
C¿MdJ© H$s Vm Xygar _‹`dJ© H$s $& Bg H$hmZr _| C¿MdJ© H$
OrdZ H$m ImIbm[Z COmJa h˛Am h° $&
5. Zem :
`h H$hmZr EH$ AbJ ‡H$ma H$s H$hmZr h° $& Bg_| boIH$m Z
^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _| T>br h˛B© EH$ Zmar H$m X`-Ò[eu oMÃU oH$`m
h° $& EH$ H$m [rZ H$m Zem h° Vm Xyga H$m o[bmZ H$m $& eßH$a Am°a
AmZ›Xr [oV [ÀZr h° $& eßH$a H$m eam] [rZ H$r AmXV h° Am°a AmZ›Xr
Cg [°g XVr ahVr h° $& eßH$a H$s [rZ H$s bV _| Ka H$m YZ,
AmZ›Xr H$s oH$Ò_V Am°a ]¿Mm| H$m odÓ` Mbm J`m $& eßH$a A[Zr
[ÀZr H$m _maVm-[rQ>Vm h° $& eßH$a Ze _ YwŒm ]mbm -
68
""_°ß EH$-EH$ H$m IyZ [r OmD™$Jm $& XIy™ H$m°Z _mB© H$m bmb b
OmVm h° _ar OmÈ H$m $& Am°a CgZ AmZßXr H$m ]∂S>r ]ah_r g [rQ>Zm
ewÈ H$a oX`m $& dh H$hVr h° ]¿Mm ]Q> oH$eZ≤ ]Mm $&''55
AmZ›Xr [oV H$s _ma[rQ> ghVr h° boH$Z ^maVr` Zmar H$
gßÒH$ma dh A[Z [oV H$m N>m ∂S>Z H$m V°`ma Zhr hmVr dh [oV H$m
[a_Ìda _mZVr h° $& Bg ]mV H$m boIH$mZ "Zem' H$hmZr _| MnaVmW©
H$a oX`m h° $&
6. B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX :
Bg H$hmZr _| ´ÓQ>mMm© Am°a CgH$ ododY È[m| H$m oMÃU h˛Am
h° $& Am°a J´mÂ` Am°a ehar gßÒH•$oV H$ ^X H$ gmW-gmW Xm
[ro∂T>`m| H$ AßVa H$m ^r Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& g‰`Vm Am°a gßÒH•$oV _|
]Xbmd g_` H$s _m™J h° Cg [yam H$aZm MmohE $& A›`Wm Ï`o∑V
hmÒ` Ï`ßΩ` H$m [mà ]ZVm h° hrZ J´ ßWr g J´ogV hmVm h° BgH$m
CXmhaU h° S>m™. X`mb ‡gmX MVwdXr hmo_`m[oWH$ ]mbamJ
odefk$ &
S>m™. X`mb [wamZ odMmam| H$ ‡oVH$ h° Vm S>m™. _oh_m AmYwoZH$
odMmam| H$s $& _oh_m CgH$s VrOr h° _oh_m H$ emXr gß]ßYr odMma
C›h| AmÌM`© _| S>mbV h° $& dh A[Zr ]Q>r gamO H$m _°oQ≠>H$ H$ ]mX
ggwamb OZ H$s ]mV H$aV h° -
""bIZD$ ∑`m o]Q≤>Q>r, A] Vm ggwamb hr ^|OJ $& h_ Vm
^mB© _°oQ≠>H$ H$ ]mX b∂S>H$s H$m Ka aIZ _| odÌdmg Zht H$aV EH$
]h˛V hr A¿N>m b∂S>H$m h° _aR> _| BßOroZ`a h° Ka r A¿N>m h° ]g
]MwAm Oam XI Am` Vm AmVr gXu _| emXr H$a Xy™ $&''56
S>m™. X`mb AmÀ_gÂ_mZ Ahß Am°a A[Z ]∂S>fl[Z H$m ‡ÒWmo[V
69
H$aZm MmhV h° $& Am°a C[hmg H$ [mà ]ZV h° S>m ™. X`mb
_ZmodH$ma H$ oeH$ma h° $&
7. amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| oZÂZdJ© H$s Zmar H$ Mnaà H$m
COmJa oH$`m h° h H$hmZr Òdmo^_mZ, B©_mZXma, H$V©Ï`[am`U,
AmÀ_oZ^©a, odYdm Jwbm]r H$s H$hmZr h° oOg H$^r amZr _m™ H$
M]yVa [a OmZ H$s OÍ$aV Zhr [∂S>r $& Cg A[Z hmWmß [a odÌdmg
Wm $& ZJa eR> H$s _mVm H$s `mX _| ]ZmE M]wVa [a ha [yZ_ H$m
Am°aV Xr`m ObmH$a ]¿Mm| H$ obE _Zm°Vr _mZVr h° [a Jwbm]r
oH$gr H$s ghmZw^yoV [a OrZm Zhr MmhVr dh H$hVr h°
""oH$gr H$ XmZ-[w›Z [a [bZdmbr Zhr h° Jwbm]r, WyH$Vr h°
VwÂhma MßX [a ...''57
J´mÂ` OrdZ, O∂S> _m›`VmAm| H$m oeH$ma h° Vm Jwbm]r AH$br
Cg O∂S> _m›`VmAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aVr h° $& g]g [hb Vm dh A[Z
eam]r [oV H$m Ka g oZH$mb XVr h° $&
Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ Z`r odMmaYmam H$m Jwbm]r bmJm| VH$
[h˛™MmZm MmhVr h° $&
8. `hr gM h° :
boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr H$ AmYma [a hr gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU
oH$`m h° Am°a Bg H$hmZr [a "aOZrJßYm' o\$Î_ r ]Z MwH$s h° $&
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Zmar _Z _| [wÈf H$ ‡oV Om
^md-CÀ[›Z hmV h° C›h| S>m`ar-e°br _| Ï`∑V oH$`m h° $& AZH$
Zmna`m| H$ ‡oV EH$ hr g_` AmH$of©V hmZ H$m EH$moYH$ma [wÈf
dJ© H$m h° Am°a Zmar H$m EH$ g_` EH$ [wÈf H$m MmhZm MmohE $& Bg
70
Xmha _m[X S> b hr ‡H$Q> Í$[ g hm oH$›Vw [wÈf _Z Am°a Zmar _Z
XmZm _| _Z Vm EH$ hr h° $& ^maVr` Zmar A[Z _Z [a gßÒH•$oV,
g_mO oZgJ© Am°a _mV•Àd H$ ]ßYZ H$m [napÒWoVde Am°a [aÂ[am
H$s _mZogH$Vm H$ H$maU ÒdrH$ma H$aVr h° oH$›Vw AmYwoZH$ Zmar
A[Zr Bg _mZogH$Vm H$ Xm`a g ]mha ZrH$bZ H$s gmM ahr h° $&
Xr[m Bg H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m h° dh oZerW g ‡_ H$aVr h°
Cgg AZ]ß hm OmVr h° Vm dh A[Z emY-H$m`© _| brZ hm
OmVr h° $& CgH$ OrdZ _| gßO` Zm_H$ wdH$ Am`m dh oZerW H$m
^yb OmVr h° -
""_¢ VwÂh| fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™ ]h˛V-]h˛V fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™ odÌdmg H$am
gßO` _am VwÂhmam fl`ma hr gM h°, oZerW H$m fl`ma Vm N>b Wm, ´_
Wm, PyR> Wm $&''58 O] H$bH$Vm OmVr h° dhm™ oZerW g _wbmH$mV
hmVr h° o\$a g Xr[m H$ _Z _| oZerW H$ obE fl`ma C_∂S> OmVm h° $&
V] dh gmMVr h° - ""‡W_ ‡_ hr g¿Mm ‡_ h° ]mX _| oH$`m h˛Am
‡_ Vm A[Z H$m wbmZ H$m a_mZ H$m ‡`mg _mà hmVm h¢ $&''59
Bg ‡H$ma Xm Zm`H$m H$ ]rM Zn`H$m H$ A›V¤©›¤ H$m oMoÃV
oH$`m J`m h° $&
(4) EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h MVwW© H$hmZr gßJ´h EH$ flb°Q> g°bm] h° $&
Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| Hw$b 9 H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $&
(1) ZB© Zm°H$ar (2) ]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW
(3) EH$ flbQ> g°bm] (4) N>V ]ZmZ dmb
(5) EH$ ]ma Am°a (6) gߪ`m H$ [ma
(7) ]mhm H$m Kam (8) H$_a, H$_am Am°a H$_a
(9) D™$MmB©
71
1. ZB© Zm°H$ar :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›ZyOr Z [wÈf H$s ^m°oVH$dmXr –oÓQ> Am°a
Cg_| ]br hmVr h˛B© Zmar H$s oZ`oV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° ""Hwß$XZ H$s
ZB© Zm°H$ar h°, dh ]∂S>r VOr g m°oVH$ g_•o’ ‡mflV H$aZm MmhVm
h° $& BgH$ obE amO a_m H$m Hwß$XZ H$ gmW [mQ>u _| OmZm [∂S>Vm h° m
Ka [a [mQ>u H$s Ï`dÒWm H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° $& a_m [∂T>r-obIr hmZ [a
^r Hwß$XZ CgH$s Zm°H$ar Nw>∂S>m XVm h° dh Hwß$XZ H$ OrdZ _| EH$ em
[rg _mà ]Z OmVr h° $&''60 a_m H$ _mZogH$ VZmd H$m _›ZyOr Z
oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
2. ]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›ZyOr Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ oddmhr [yd© ‡_r
[mnadmnaH$ odKQ>Z H$m H$maU ]Z gH$Vm h° $& Am°a d°dmohH$ OrdZ
H$db AmH$f©U H$ ghma Zht Mb gH$Vm [aÒ[a g_Pm°V H$s d•oŒm
g gmhM`© ]Zm ahVm h° $&
""A[Z [oV odo[Z H$ gmW gwI[wd©H$ OrdZ o]VmZdmbm
_ßOar H$m oOg oXZ [oV H$ oddmh[yd© ‡o_H$m H$m [Vm MbVm h¢
oOgg oddmh H$ ]mX r dh gÂ]›Y aIVm h° Cg oXZ _ßOar A[Z
]¿M H$ gmW odo[Z g AbJ hm OmVr h°ß $&''61 boIH$m Z _ßOar H$s
_ZmXem H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $&
3. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :
Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ hmQ>b _| Ow ∂S> Ï`o∑V`m| H$s ndo^›Z
_mZogH$Vm H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h° $& _›ZyOr Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ ha
C_´ H$s A[Zr XwoZ`m Am°a A[Zr g_Ò`m hmVr h° Am°a C_´ H$ gmW
g_Ò`mE™ [nadoV©V hmVr h° $& h H$hmZr oH$gr EH$ [mà g [mR>H$
72
H$s gßdXZm H$m Zht Om ∂S>Vr Ao[Vw Ï`mdhmnaH$ OJV H$m Xe©Z
H$amVr h° $&
4. N>V ]ZmZ dmb :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$mZ ehar Am°a XhmVr ‡mMrZ Am°a ZB©
[r∂T>r H$ OrdZ Xe©Z H$m ^X Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& ""ImZ-[mZ, ahZ
ghZ, oejm, aroV-nadmO g^r _| X h°, AßVa Am`m h° eaX bIH$
h° $& O] eaX Zm° ]ag H$m Wm V^r CgH$ o[Vm am_Ìda bIZD$ _|
Om ]g Am°a ehar hm J` h¢ $& C›hm|Z A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m [∂T>m`m h¢ $&
eaX Ky_Z _aR> Am`m h¢ dhm™ CgH$ VmD$Or ahV h° ß $& VmD$Or Z
CgH$s A[Zr _Ou g emXr H$am Xr gß[yU© [nadma VmD$Or H$ AmXe
[a MbVm h¢ $&''62
5. EH$ ]ma Am°a :
Bg H$hmZr _| [aÂ[amJV Z°oVH$Vm H$ ‡oV Iwbm od–mh Am°a
AmXe© h° $& maVr` g_mO ‡_ H$s [naUoV oddmh _| MmhVm h° Am°a
‡_ H$s AZw^yoV H$m emÌdV _mZVm h° $& Bg Ï`dÒWm _| [br Zmar
A[Z [hb ‡_ H$m g¿Mm _mZVr h° $& Am°a Bg ‡_ _| Ag\$bVm
hmZ g oZame hm OmVr h° Am°a oH$gr Xyga g Oy∂S>Zm CgH$ obE
_woÌH$b hm OmVm h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z Zmar-_Z H$s Bgr mdZm H$m oMoÃV
oH$`m h° $&
6. gߪ`m H$ [ma :
_›Zy ßS>marZ ]Vm`m h° oH$ _ZwÓ` _Z H$ Hw$N> md Eg hmV h°
Om [°g g oJZ Zht Om gH$V $& __Àd H$ gm_Z gߪ`m H$_ hmVr h°
`h ]mV ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| H$hr JB© h° $& XwoZ`m _| fl`ma Am°a dmÀgÎ`
AZ_mb h° C›h È[`m| g Vmbm Zht Om gH$Vm $& Bg_| EH$ Egr
73
`wdVr H$ OrdZ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° oOg _m™ H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm $&
""‡o_bm H$ ‡oV CgH$s _mß H$m __Àd Am°a CgH$ XmXm H$m CgH$s
_mß H$ ‡oV dmÀgÎ` Am°a o[V•Àd g_mZ h°, qH$Vw CgH$m ‡H$Q> H$aZ
H$m VarH$m o^›Z h° $& ‡o_bm H$m ]m]m _m™ H$s __Vm H$m È[`m| g
Vm°bZm MmhVm h°, Cg 10,000 H$m MH$ XZm MmhV h¢ boH$Z _m™
A[Zr ]Q>r H$m [m™M È[` H$m ZmQ> XH$a Wm ∂S>m fl`ma XH$a Mbr
OmVr h° $&''63
boIH$m Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ [m™M È[` O°g N>mQ>r aH$_ Am°a
Xg hOma O°g ]∂S>r aH$_ H$ [a _m™ H$s __Vm hr _yÎ`dmZ h°, oOg
È[`m| g Zht Vm°bm Om gH$Vm $&
7. ]mhm H$m Kam :
^maVr` Zmar H$ gßÒH$ma [oV H$ ‡oV g_o[©V md aIV h° $&
`h EH$ AV•flV Zmar H$ _mZogH$ Vm°a[a Q>H$Z H$s ge∑V H$hmZr
h° $& Zmar H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m CgH$ Òdm^modH$ Ï`dhma H$m Zmar gwb^
_oh_m H$m, CgH$s AV•flV AmH$mßjmE™ odH•$V ]Zm bVr h°, hr Bg
H$hmZr H$m H$Wmgma h¢ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AV•flV H$Â_m H$ _mZogH$
Ï`m[ma H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
8. H$_a, H$_am Am°a H$_a :
`h H$hmZr Zmar H$ gro_V-Agro_V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMoÃV
H$aVr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z EH$ Egr Zmar H$s ]mV H$s h° Om ""A[Zm OrdZ
ewÈ g AßV VH$ H$_am| _| hr og_Q>Vm Am°a o]IaVm h˛Am AZw^d
H$aVr h° $& [hb Zrby [m™M H$_am| _| ]›X ahr ]mX _| Zm°H$ar H$ obE
JB© V] hmÒQ>b _| EH$ H$_a _| ahZ bJr emXr H$ ]mX ‚b°Q> _| ahZ
bJVr h° Bg ‡H$ma [hb H$_a o\$a H$_am Am°a o\$a H$_a _| CgH$m
74
A[Zm OrdZ ]rIa OmVm h° $&''64 [maß[naH$ _mZogH$Vm Zmar H$s
B¿N>mAm| Edß CgH$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m Xo_V H$aVr h° $&
9. D™$MmB© :
Bg_| AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$ AßVï gßKf© H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& Bg
H$hmZr _| Zmar-[wÈf gÂ]›Ym H$ ÒWmo[V _yÎ` Am°a Z` OrdZ
_yÎ`m H$ ]rM Q>H$amd H$m _›ZyOrZ ]Vm`m h° $& AVrV H$ Qy >Q>
gß]ßYm H$m o\$a g Om∂S>Z g dV©_mZ [oV-[ÀZr gß]ßYm _| Om Co¤ZVm
AmVr h° Cgr H$m oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m J`m h° $&
oedmZr Am°a oeoea H$ XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| gwIr W $& oedmZr
Ω`mah df© H$ ]mX A[Z oddmh[yd© ‡_r g o_bVr h¢ Am°a oeoea
H$m Bg ]mV H$m [Vm MbVm h° V] H$hVr h° oH$ - ""_a OrdZ _|
VwÂhmam Om ÒWmZ h° Cg H$mB© Zhr ßb gH$Vm''65 Am°a XmZm| o\$a
g gwIr OrdZ o]VmV h° $&
(5) oÃeßHw$ :
"oÃeßHw$' _›ZyOr H$m [ßM_ H$hmZr gßJ´h h° Bg_| 10 H$hmoZ`mß
gßJ´hrV h¢ $& Om Bg ‡H$ma h¢ $&
(1) AmV OmV m`mdma : (2) Xama aZ H$s Xama
(3) ÒÃr gw]moYZr (4) em`X
(5) oÃeßHw$ (6) aV H$s Xrdma
(7) Vrgam ohÒgm (8) AbJmd
(9) EIm Z AmH$me ZmB© (AmH$me H$ AmBZ _|)
(10) Agm_`oH$ _•À`w :
1. AmV OmV m`mdma :
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ ""[wÈf ‡H•$oV g
75
`m`mdma h° Am°a ^maVr` Zmar g_mO_m›` [maß[naH$ gßÒH$ma Am°a
Èo∂T>`m| g ]ßYr h˛B© h¢ $& dh BZ ]ßYZm H$m Vm ∂S>Zm MmhH$a ^r Zht
Vm ∂S> gH$Vr $& d°MmnaH$ YamVb [a [wÈf OmoV g ]Xbm bZ H$s
^mdZm aIV h˛E r ‡À`j _| CgH$s X`Zr` pÒWoV g –odV hmVr h°
qH$Vw [wÈf o\$a Cg N>bVm h° Am°a A[Z `m`mdar d•oŒm H$m og’
H$aVm h° $& Ao^Z` CgH$m Y_© h°, Zmar H$m N>bZm CgH$m
oZ`_ h¢ $&''66
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>marZ [wÈf ¤mam N>br JB© Zmar H$
A›V©¤›¤ H$m oMoÃV H$aV h˛E [wÈf H$ dmÒVodH$ È[ H$m oMÃU
oH$`m h¢ $&
2. Xama aZ H$s Xama :
Bg_| XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| OrdZ _| hmZdmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$s MMm©
H$aV h˛E _›Zy ßS>mar Z _ZwÓ` H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m oMÃU H$aZ H$m ‡`mg
oH$`m h° $&
""ZßoXVm H$s KoZÓR> o_Ã h° lwoV $& lwoV A[Z [oV g AbJ
hmZm MmhVr h° $& [a ZßoXVm XmZm| _| g_Pm°Vm H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVr
h° $& boH$Z lwoV AbJ Ka bH$a [oV g AbJ ahZm MmhVr h°, Vm
ZßoXVm CgH$ obE Ka r Ty> ™T> bVr h¢ $& Bgr ]rM [oV-[ÀZr XmZm|
o\$a EH$ hm OmV h° Am°a ZßoXVm H$ obE o_R>mB© Am°a gmS>r bH$a
AmV h¢ V] ZßoXVm A[Z H$m ]h˛V A[_moZV-gm _hgyg H$aVr h° $&
CZH$ Mb OmZ H$ ]mX ZßoXVm H$m bJVm h° - ""O°g ]¿M H$m [hb
Vm H$mB© ]h˛V AmÌdmgZ X Am°a o\$a EH$ Xm hmH$s g ]hbmH$a
MbVm ]Z $&''67
76
3. ÒÃr gw]moYZr :
Bg H$hmZr _| oddmohV [wÈf ¤mam N>br JB© Zmar H$m oMÃU
_›ZyOr Z oH$`m h° $& e°br Bg H$hmZr H$ ¤mam g›Xe XVr h° oH$ -
""^ybH$a r emXrewXm AmX_r H$ ‡_ _| _V [oS>E $& A›` H$hmoZ`m|
g Bg H$hmZr H$s e°br o]ÎHw$b AbJ h° $& dh Am`H$a od^mJ _|
H$m_ H$aVr h° dhm™ A[Z ]mg oeßX H$ ‡oV AmH$of©V hmVr h° $&
]mX _| Cg [Vm MbVm h° oH$ qeX oddmohV hr Zht EH$ ]¿M H$m
o[Vm ^r h° Vm dh Cgg AbJ hmZm MmhVr h°, boH$Z qeX Cg
g_PmVm h° oH$ emXr XwïI[`©dgm`r h° BgobE dh A[Zr [ÀZr g
VbmH$ bZm MmhVm h° $& [a Egm H$aVm Zht Am°a CgH$m V]mXbm r
hmVm h° $& e°br Cgg AbJ hm OmVr h° [a CgH$ EH$ J•h‡de H$
Adga [a Cg ]wbmVm h° Vm e°br dhm™ OmVr h° Am°a CgH$s ‡g›Z
[ÀZr Edß gw›Xa ]¿M H$m XIH$a IwX H$m gß^mbVr h° $&''68 e°br
g_mO H$s A›` _mgy_ wdoV`m| H$m [wÈf-Òd^md g AdJV H$amZm
MmhVr h° $&
4. em`X :
Bg H$hmZr _| AmoW©H$ [napÒWoV`m™ oH$g ‡H$ma EH$ [nadma
H$m ZÓQ> H$a XVr h°, CgH$m oMÃU _›ZyOr Z oH$`m h¢ $&
amImb OmhO [a _°H$oZH$ Wm $& Bg ]ma VrZ gmb H$ ]mX Xm
_hrZm| H$s Nw>≈>r [a dh Ka Am`m h° $& dh am_mßoQ>H$ _yS> _| h°, [a
[ÀZr CgH$ am_mßg H$m ]mP CR>mZm Zht MmhVr $& VrZ gmbm| H$
]rM H$ [mnadmna XwI Am°a ]¿Mm| H$s g_Ò`mZ Cg `mo›ÃH$ ]Zm
oX`m h° $& dh Zm°H$ar H$aZ H$m r _O]ya hm JB© h° $& amImb H$ Ka
AmZ [a CgH$s [ÀZr _mbm A[Z mB©-^m^r, _H$moZH$ eßH$a VWm
77
A›` [S>mog`m| H$s gˆX`Vm H$s ]mV H$aVr h° Vm amImb H$m A[Z
hr Ka _| [am`m[Z _hgyg hmZ bJVm h° $& O] Nw>≈>r g_mflV hmZ [a
OhmO [a bm°Q>Vm h° Vm dhm™ Cg gwZmB© [∂S>Vm h° - ""`ma Vw_ O°g
bmJm| H$m ]h˛V KwbZm o_bZm Zht MmohE ]r]r ]¿Mm _|, ]Q>m
A[Zr oO›XJr Vm BZ _erZm| H$ gmW h° g_P ! BZH$m Vb o[bmAm
Am°a MbmAm $&''69
5. oÃeßHw$ :
"oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr _| _mß Am°a ]Q>r H$ —oÓQ>H$mUm| g Xm [ro∂T>`m|
H$ A›Va H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& _mß Z ‡_oddmh oH$`m Wm Am°a
ZmZm Z BgH$m odamY oH$`m Wm $& BgobE _mß A[Zr ]Q>r [a AßHw$e
bJmZm Zht MmhVr $& ha [r∂T>r A[Z AmJ AmZdmbr [r∂T>r H$m Ny>Q>
XZm MmhVr h°, boH$Z BgH$s EH$ gr_m hmVr h° [a BZ gr_mAm| _|
]ßY ahZm AJbr [r∂T>r Zht MmhVr h° V^r gßKf© hmVm h¢ $& Bg
]mV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
6. aV H$s Xrdma :
`h H$hmZr ]amOJmar H$ H$maU AmO H$ gwoeojV `wdm
_mZg H$s Hwß$R>m Am°a oZamem H$m C’V H$aVr h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$ ¤mam
boIH$m Z h_| h grI Xr h° oH$ ]¿Mm| H$ odÓ` H$ ]ma _| g[Z
XIZm aV H$s Xrdma H$s Vah h° Om H$^r r Qy>Q> OmZ H$s AdÒWm _|
h¢ $& aV g Xrdma MwZZm Agß^d h° d°g hr ]Q> H$s oejm ¤mam
^odÓ` H$ _hb H$s Amem r Ï`W© h° $&
7. Vrgam ohÒgm :
"Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z gß[mXH$ H$ Io S>V
Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $& AmO g_mO H$m H$mB© ^r jÃ
78
^´ÓQ>mMma g _w∑V Zht h° g] H$ht _ZwÓ` H$m YZ H$ Zm_ [a _yÎ`
oX`m OmVm h° $& Eg ´ÓQ> g_mO B©_mZXma Ï`o∑V H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m
ohÒgm _| ]m™Q> XVm h° $& Bg g] H$ ]rM Hw$N> bmJ Eg h¢ Om
g_`mZwgma A[Z H$m ]Xb Zht [mV h¢$ & Egm Ï`o∑V h° eam ]m]y $&
^´ÓQ> emgH$m| H$ ‡oV dh IwÎb_-IwÎbm A[Z g_mMma-[Ã _|
obIVm h°, [a›Vw g^r H$ ¤f AmoX H$ H$maU dh AI]ma hr ]›X
hm OmVm h° $& dh o\$a g H$Î[Zm H$aVm h° oH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$ odamY _|
dh Hw$N> H$aJm $& [a g] CgH$s H$Î[Zm _mà ah OmVm h° $& dV©_mZ
_| dh Hw$N> H$a hr Zht [mVm h° $&
8. AbJmd :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m ]M[Z g amOZroV g odef bJmd ahm h° $&
Am` oXZ OZ gmYmaU [a hmZdmb AÀ`mMma H$s I]a| [∂T>H$a CZH$m
_Z odMobV h˛Am Am°a "]b N>r' H$ hÀ`mH$mßS> Z Vm C›h| ohbm
oX`m $& Bg H$mßS> H$m AmYma ]ZmH$a _›Zy ßS>mar Z "AbJmd' H$hmZr
obIr Am°a AmJ MbH$a BgH$m "_hm^mO' Zm_H$ C[›`mg _|
Í$[mßVnaV H$a oX`m $&
AmO H$s amOZroV H$s Agob`V H$m CKm∂S>Zdmbr AZw[_
H$hmZr h° "AbJmd' $&
9. EIm Z AmH$me ZmB© : (AmH$me H$ AmBZ _|) :
Bg H$hmZr _| _›ZyOr Z ehar Am°a J´m_rU [nade _|
AbJ-AbJ H$mUm| g Zmar H$s g_Ò`mE™ [mR>H$m| H$ gÂ_wI aIr
J`r h° $& XmZm| [nadem| _| Zmar AgßVwÓQ> XrIVr h¢ $& O°g gwaojV h¢,
Òdmdbß]r h¢, oddmohV h¢, OrdZ g [yU© gßVwÓQ> h¢, qH$Vw oVhar Ka
Zm°H$ar Am°a [∂T>mB© H$s oOÂ_Xmna`m| Z CZH$m ag oZMm∂S> ob`m h¢
79
Am°a dh ho»>`m| H$m T>mßMm _mà ah J`r h¢ $&
Bg H$hmZr H$g r [mà Iwb AmH$me H$ ZrM Amem-AmH$mßjm
H$ AZwÈ[ OrZm MmhV h¢, boH$Z CZH$s MmhV-MmhV hr ah OmVr
h° $& eha hm m Jm™d Zmar H$s A[Zr -A[Zr g_Ò`mE™ hmVr h° $&
bIm eha _| ahVr h°, Vm eha g D$] OmVr h° dh H$hVr h° -
""`hm™ Z Iybr, Z gm\$ hdm o_bVr h°, Z A¿N>m ImZ-[rZ H$m hr
C[b„Y hm [mVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma dh oOg YmaUm H$m bH$a JB© Wr,
dh PyR>r og’ h˛B© $& Cg Jm™d H$m OrdZ eha g ]wam bJZ bJm $&
Jm™d _| g]H$s A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`m h° Am°a g^r H$m X_ KwQ> ahm h°
Cg dmVmdaU _| $& bIm dhm™ g ^mJZm MmhVr h° $& dh ]∂S>r
Vrd´Vm g A[Z [oV H$s amh XI ahr h° VmoH$ hm™ g OÎXr H$hrß Xya
[hm∂S> [a Om gH$ $&70 Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z EH$ ]ßJmbr JrV
H$s [ßo∑V`m| H$m oMÃU r oH$`m h° -
""emZm ]›Yw emZm ‡mUhrZ h ehaa BoVH$Wm
B™Q>a [mßOmS> bmhma ImßMmE XmÈU __© Ï`Wm
EImZ AmH$me ZmB©, EImZ AmH$me ZmB©,
EImZ A›YJbra ZaH$ _wo∑Va Ï`mHw$bVm $&''71
10. Agm_`oH$ _•À`w :
"oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr H$s h H$hmZr _›Zy ßS>mar H$s gwßXa H$hmZr
h° $& g_mO _| _‹`dJ© H$ AWm©O©Z H$aZdmb _wª` Ï`o∑V H$s _•À`w
hmVr h° Vm [yam Ka amÒV [a Am OmVm h° $& h Xr[y H$ H$bm Í$[ H$s
Agm_mo`H$ _•À`w H$s H$hmZr h° $& CgH$ o[Vm _he ]m]y H$s _•À`w
44 gmb H$s Am`w _| Amo\$g _| H$m_ H$aV-H$aV hm OmVr h° $&
Xr[y H$m ZmQ>H$ _| ¡`mXm ÈoM Wr $& ZmQ>H$ H$ OmZ _mZ H$bmH$ma
80
CÀ[b XŒm Z Cg Q≠ >m\$s XV h˛E ‡mÀgmohV oH$`m Wm $& C›hm|Z
[yZm H$s Ao^Z` gßÒWmZ H$m ‡de-[Ã ^r _™Jdm`m Wm, oH$›Vw
AMmZH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w Z Xr[y H$s XwoZ`m H$m ]Xb oX`m $& Xr[y H$
H$bmH$ma H$s _•À`w hm JB© $& Bgr ]mV H$m boIH$m Z oMÃU Bg
H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° $&
C[`w©∑V [m™Mm H$hmZr-gßJ´hm| H$ Abmdm "AmßIm XIm PrR>'
]mbm[`mJr H$hmZr-gßJ´h h° CgH$m ‡H$meZ 1976 _| h˛A Am°a
Bg_| gmV H$hmoZ`m™ gßH$obV h° $& Bg _¢Z A[Z A‹``Z H$s gr_m
_| Zhr aIm h° $&
B ZmQ>` gmohÀ` :-
B ZmQ>H$H$s [na^mfm :
[moUZr ZmQ>` H$s CÀ[oŒm "ZQ≤>' YmVw g _mZV h° Am°a am_M›–
JwUM›– Z "ZmQ>`X[©U' _| BgH$m CX≤^d "ZmQ≤>' YmVw g _mZm h° $&
"ZQ≤ >' YmVw H$m AW© JmÃodj[U Edß Ao^Zd XmZm | Wm $&
XeÍ$[H$H$maZ Z•V, Z•À` Am°a ZmQ>` H$m A›Va Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& Z•Œm
Vmb-b` H$ AmolV hmVm h°, Z•À` mdmolV hmVm h°, oH$›Vw ZmQ>`
agmolV hmVm h° $& gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _| ZmQ>H$ H$m H$mÏ` hr _mZm J`m
h° $& CgH$m CX≤Ì` AmZ›X ‡moflV ]Vm`m J`m h° $& ZmQ>H$ gmohÀ` H$s
dh od⁄m h°, oOgH$s g\$bVm H$m [arjU aßJ_ßM [a hmVm h° $&
ZmQ≤>`H$bm H$s [na^mfm XV h˛E adr›–ZmW Z H$hm h° oH$ odo^›Z
de^yfm Am°a AßJ odj[ H$ AZwH$aU ¤mam ‡H•$oV ‡oVo]oÂ]V
H$aZdmbr H$bm ZmQ>H$ h° $& dÒVwVï ZmQ>H$ XIZ H$s MrO h° $& CgH$
Xe©H$ Am°a lmVm hmV h°, Om [mÃm| ¤mam MnaÃm| H$ Ao^Zd g ‡^modV
hmV h° BgobE AmMm`m Z Cg –Ì`H$mÏ` H$s gßkm Xr h° $& ZmQ>H$
81
e„X, [mÃ, de-^yfm, AmH•$oV, md^ßJr Am°a oH´$`mAm| AmoX H$
AZwH$aU ¤mam VWm mdm| H$ ‡Xe©Z ¤mam Xe©H$m| H$m WmW© OrdZ H$
oZH$Q> bmVm h° $& Ao^Z` ZmQ>H$ H$m ‡YmZ AßJ h° $& g\$b ZmQ>H$
dh h° oOg XIV h˛E Xe©H$ h AZw^d Zhr H$a [m` oH$ dh ZmQ>H$
XI ahm h° $& ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m g]g ‡YmZ JwU `h h° oH$ dh _mZd
_ZmodkmZ H$m gy˙_ [maIr hm $&
^maVr`-g_rjm-emÒÃ H$ AZwgma ZmQ>H$ H$ VrZ ‡_wI VÀd
h° - dÒVw, Zm`H$ Am°a ag $& [a [mÌMmÀ` g_rjm emoÒÃ`m| Z N>h
VÀd ÒdrH$ma oH$` h° $& H$WmdÒVw, [mÃ, H$Wm[H$WZ, XeH$mb,
CX≤XÌ` $& e°br, qhXr H$ AmYwoZH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| BZ XmZm| ‡H$ma H$
VÀdm| H$m g_mamh hm J`m h° $&
(1) o]Zm Xrdmam H$ Ka :
`h _›ZyOr H$s _m°obH$ aMZm h° $& XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| od\$b
h˛E Xm d°dmohH$-Om∂S>m H$s h gß`w∑V H$hmZr h° $& em^m Am°a AoOV
VWm _rZm Am°a O`ßV [oV-[ÀZr h° $& em^m A[Z Mhma Xrdmar _|
]ßX Í$[ H$m À`mJH$a H$m_H$mOr Zmar H$m Í$[ YmaU H$a bVr h¢ $&
BgH$ obE CgH$s AmoW© [napÒWoV ]h˛V hX VH$ oOÂ_Xma h° $&
dÒVwVï AmoW©H$ _mM [a od\$b og’ hmZ H$s Ï`Wm [wÈf H$m CVZr
hr Q>rgVr h° oOVZr H$m_jà _| A[Z [wÈfÀd H$ Xw]©b hmZ H$s
^mdZm $& em^m A‹`mo[H$m h° Am°a ]mX _| q‡gr[b ]ZVr h° AoOV
oddeVm H$ H$maU [ÀZr H$ H$m_H$mOr Í$[ H$m ]XbH$a o\$a g
J•ohUr H$ Í$[ _| Zht bm°Q>m gH$Vm $& Am°a AoOV H$s h oddeVm
odH•$oV H$m Í$[ YmaU H$a em^m H$ H$m_H$mOr Í$[ H$s H$È AmbmMZm
H$aZ [a Cg CH$gmVr h°$ & Bg odS>ß]Zm H$m [hb Zht H$a [mV r $&
82
AVï XmZm| H$ ]rM Xama CÀ[›Z hmVr h° $&
em^ Am°a AoOV H$ ]rM CÀ[›Z Xama H$m [mQ>Z H$m ‡`mg
AoOV H$s ]hZ OrOr H$aVr h° [a›Vw dh ‡`mg od\$b hm
OmVm h° $& O`ßV H$ ‡`mg od\$b hr Zht hmV ]oÎH$ Cg Xama H$m
Am°a AmoYH$ Mm° ∂S>m H$aZ _| ghm`H$ hmV h¢ $& BgH$ ob`
AoOV H$s gße`d•oŒm H$maU^yV h° $&
O`ßV em^m Am°a AoOV XÂ[oV H$m A›VaßJ o_Ã h¢ $& O`ßV
A[Z o_Ã Am°a o_Ã-[ÀZr H$ ]rM gm°XmB©-gß]ßY MmhVm h°, BgH$
obE dh CZ XmZm| H$ ]rM C^aZdmb _V^Xm| H$m g_mflV H$aZ H$
obE H$^r-H$^ma em^m H$ [jm H$m g_W©Z ^r H$aVm h° $& CgH$m
`h g_W©Z AoOV H$ _Z _| em^m Am°a O`ßV H$ ]rM AZwoMV ÒVa
VH$ ‡Jm∂T> gß]ßY hmZ oH$ eßH$m OJmVm h° $& odS>ß]Zm h hmVr h° oH$
AoOV H$ hmW g EH$ Zm°H$ar oZH$b OmZ H$ ]mX CgH$ obE Xygar
Zm°H$ar H$m ‡]ßY H$aZ _| em^m Am°a O`ßV H$m gß`w∑V ‡`mg g\$b
hm OmVm h° Cg g\$bVm H$ ‡oV AoOV H$m Am^mar ahZm Wm dhmß
dh Cg g\$bVm H$m em^m Am°a O`ßV H$ ]rM H$ AZwoMV gß]ßYm H$
‡_mU H$ Í$[ _| _mZ ]°R>Vm h° $&
AoOV H$s Bg Ma_ gße` d•oŒm H$ H$maU em^m H$m Ka À`mJZ
[a odde hmZm [∂S>Vm h¢ $&
(2) _hm^mO H$m ZmQ≤>` Í$[m›Va :
gZ≤ 1982 _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$m ZmQ≤>`
Í$[m›Va oH$`m $& lr_Vr A_mb AbZm, Cfm JßJmbr, ‡_ moQ>`mZr
AmoX H$ oZXeZ _| Cg "amÓQ≠>r` ZmQ≤>` od⁄mb`' Z ]∂S> CÀgmh H$
gmW oXÎbr H$ _ßM [a ‡ÒVwV oH$`m $& Òd`ß _›Zy ßS>marZ gmjmÀH$ma
83
_| _wP H$hm oH$ "_hm^mO' H$m _ßMZ ]h˛V gr g\$b ahm $& "_hm^mO'
_| boIH$m Z A[Z Ï`o∑VdmXr OrdZ-Xe©Z H$m À`mJH$a ]•hV≤
g_mO
Am°a Xe H$s Ama ‹`mZ oX`m h° Am°a g_mO H$m dmÒVodH$ oMÃ
h_ma gm_Z ‡ÒVwV H$aV h˛E h r Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° oH$ amOZroV H$m
ÒdÍ$[ oH$VZm K•oUV hm J`m h° $& AmO H$ht r _mZd _yÎ`m| Am°a
_mZd OrdZ H$ obE H$mB© _hŒd Zhr ahm $&
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| hr ZmQ>H$s`Vm gßdmXmÀ_H$Vm Am°a
MnaÃ-oMÃU H$s Hw$ebVm od⁄_mZ h° C∑V g^r JwU "_hm^mO'
ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa _| r h° $& ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa H$s g\$bVm BZ oXZm| _ßMr`Vm
H$ JwU [a oZ^©a _mZr OmVr h° Bg H$gm°Q>r [a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ‡ÒVwV
ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa Iam CVam h° $&
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| odÒV•V MMm© H$s h° BgobE `hm± Bg
]mV H$m XmhamVr Zht hˇ± $&
84
gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
1. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m™. ]rZm B©fl[Z 63
2. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m™. ]rZm B©fl[Z 64
3. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 96
4. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m©. __Vm ew∑bm 58
_ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
5. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m©. ]rZm B©fl[Z 30
6. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 78
7. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr C[›`mg S>m©. oZ_©bm O°Z 285
8. _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ A‹``Z _mYyar ]mO[`r 80
9. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 25
10. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 64
11. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 7
12. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 131
13. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m©. __Vm ew∑b
_ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
14. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar
15. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AoZVm amOyaH$a
16. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m©. ]rZm B©fl[Z
17. H$bdm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 41
18. H$bdm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 43
19. ZB© H$hmZr oXem, Xem, gß mdZm S>m©. B›–ZmW _XmZ 207
20. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma ‡oVoZoY H$hmZrH$ma S>m©. °Èbmb JJ©
21. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma oh›Xr H$hmZr S>m™. am_Hw$_ma JwflV 19
22. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma oh›Xr H$hmZr S>m™. am_Hw$_ma JwflV 24
23. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma oh›Xr H$hmZr S>m™. am_Hw$_ma JwflV 25
85
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
24. ]mY Am°a Ï`mª`m S>m™. H$m_Ìda e_m© 88
(gmohoÀ `H$ oZ]›Y)
25. ]mY Am°a Ï`mª`m S>m™. H$m_Ìda e_m© 89
(gmohoÀ `H$ oZ]›Y)
26. ]mY Am°a Ï`mª`m S>m™. H$m_Ìda e_m© 92
(gmohoÀ `H$ oZ]›Y)
27. gmohpÀ`H$ H$me [moa^mofH$ 181
e„Xmdbr
28. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 10
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
29. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
30. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
31. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 29
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
32. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 33
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
33. OrVr ]mOr H$s hma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 40
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
34. H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 63
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
35. g`mZr ]wAm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 68
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
36. Ao^ZVm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 77
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
86
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
37. Ao^ZVm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 82
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
38. Ì_emZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
39. Xrdma ]¿M Am°a ]agmV _›Zy ^ßS>mar 98
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
40. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 103
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
41. H$sb Am°a H$gH$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
42. Xm H$bmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 138
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
43. _¢ hma JB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 140
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
44. VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra _›Zy ^ßS>mar 19
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
45. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar 31
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
46. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar 31
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
47. AZMmhr JhamB©`m _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
48. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 57
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
49. KwQ>Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 61
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
87
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
50. hma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 81
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
51. MÌ_ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 111
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
52. j` _›Zy ^ßS>mar
(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)
53. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m™. ]rZm B©fl[Z 46
54. Vrgam AmX_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 39
(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)
55. gOm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 72
(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)
56. ZH$br hra _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85
(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)
57. Zem _›Zy ^ßS>mar 95
(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)
58. B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX _›Zy ^ßS>mar 103
(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)
59. amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam _›Zy ^ßS>mar 122
(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)
60. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| S>m©. oXbr[ _ham 73
_mZdOrdZ H$s g_Ò`mAm| H$m
oZÈ[U
61. `hr gM h° _›Zy ^ßS>mar 134
(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)
62. `hr gM h° _›Zy ^ßS>mar 135
(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)
88
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
63. ZB© Zm°H$ar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 11
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
64. ]ßX XamOm H$ gmW _›Zy ^ßS>mar 23
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
65. N>V ]ZmZdmb _›Zy ^ßS>mar 49
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
66. gߪ`m H$ [ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
67. H$_a H$_am Am°a H$_a _›Zy ^ßS>mar 107
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
68. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m™. ]rZm B©fl[Z 54
69. AmV OmV `m`mda _›Zy ^ßS>mar 13
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)
70. Xama ^aZ H$s Xama _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)
71. ÒÃr gw]moYZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 39
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)
72. em`X _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)
73. EImZ AmH$me ZmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 126
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)
74. EImZ AmH$me ZmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 131
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)
75. o]Zm oXdmamß H$ Ka _›Zy ^ßS>mar 15
76. _hm^mO H$m ZmQ≤>`Í$[mßVa _›Zy ^ßS>mar 8
ïï V•Vr` A‹`m` ïï
a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` odfX≤ [naM`
H _›Zy ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ`
1. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ
2. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r
3. _hm^mO
4. Òdm_r
5. H$bdm
H _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZr gmohÀ`
1. _¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h
2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra H$hmZrgßJ´h
3. `hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h
4. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h
5. oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h
H _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ZmQ≤>` gmohÀ`
1. o]Zm Xrdmam| H$ Ka
2. _hm^mO ZmQ≤>` Í$[m›Va
89
90
V•Vr` A‹`m`
B _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m odfX [naM` :-
M C[›`mg gmohÀ` :
C[›`mg AmO gmohÀ` H$s AÀ`ßV bmH$o‡` Edß ge∑V od⁄m
h¢ $& _ZmaßOZ H$m VŒd Cg bmH$o‡`Vm Am°a OrdZ H$m Ï`m[H$ AßH$Z
eo∑V gß[›ZVm XVm h¢ $& ZmQ>H$ Am°a H$hmZr r AmX_r H$m _ZmaßOZ
H$aV h¢, [aßVw ZmQ>H$ Ohm™ aßJ_ßM H$s gr_mAm| g ]™Ym h˛Am h¢, dhm™
H$hmZr r OrdZ H$ gßoÌbÓQ> Edß d°od‹`[yU© [jm| H$m oMoÃV H$aZ
_| Aj_ h¢ $& C[›`mg H$s g\$bVm OrdZ H$m CgH$s g_J´Vm Edß
Ï`m[H$Vm H$ gmW g_mhma H$aZ H$s —oÓQ> g _hmH$mÏ` H$ g_H$j
h¢ $&
C[›`mg OrdZ H $ ha Jbr-Hy $M _ | K y_ gH$Vm h °,
AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma ha N>mQ>r-]∂S>r MrO H$m oMÃ AßoH$V H$a gH$Vm
h¢ $& AWm©V≤ CgH$m _yb CXÌ` hmVm h¢ - ""`WmW© H$m odÌdmg oXbmV
h˛E AmJ MbZm $&'' C[›`mg H$m _mà _ZmaßOZ H$s dÒVw _mZZm
CgH$s _yb eo∑V Am°a _hŒd H$s Ad_mZZm H$aZm h¢ $&1
qhXr C[›`mg _ybVï gm_moOH$ WmW© H$m gßdmhH$ ahm h¢ $&
qhXr H$ [hb C[›`mg "[arjm JwÈ' _| VV≤`wJrZ maVr` g_mOH$m
oMÃ, [wZOm©JaU H$s MVZm Am°a _yÎ`m| H$s ‹doZ PßH•$V hmVr h° $&
BgH$ ]mX _ZmaßOZ ‡YmZ oVobÒ_r, EÊ`mar Am°a Omgygr C[›`mg
obI JE, [aßVw qhXr C[›`mg H$s odH$mg-`mÃm _| CZH$m _hŒd
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‡_M›X Z g]g [hb gm_moOH$ `WmW© H$m [hMmZ,
_mZd-_Z H$s Xw^Y Vhm| _| Pm™H$m Am°a Ï`o∑V VWm g_mO H$m
91
gm[ojH$ oMÃ ‡ÒVwV H$aV h˛E qhXr C[›`mg gmohÀ` H$ ßS>ma H$m
^am $&
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MVZm H$ C›Zm`H$ C[›`mgH$mam|Z oH$`m $&
gmohÀ`H$ma gßdXZerb ‡mUr h° $& gm_moOH$ Vm dh hmVm hr
h° $& gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV`m™ A[Z KmV-‡oVKmV g Cg oZaßVa
‡^modV H$aVr h¢ $& A[Zr Ao^Ï`o∑V H$ obE dh gmohÀ` H$s
oH$gr r od⁄m H$m ‡l` ∑`m| Z b, wJ-MVZm H$ Òdam| H$m CgH$s
aMZm _| oZZmoXV hm CR>Zm AdÌ`ß^mdr h° EH$ hr `wJ-MVZm ^r
o^›Z-o^›Z odMmaYmam H$ Ï`o∑V`m| ¤mam A[Zr oZOr gßdXZm H$
AZwÈ[ J´hU H$s OmVr h¢ $&
gmohÀ`H$ma wJrZ WmW© H$m A[Zr gßdXZm Edß Ï`o∑VÀd H$
gm™M _| T>mbH$a Cg EH$ Z`m Í$[, Z`m _mX©d XVm h° $& C[›`mg
Mmh gm_moOH$ hm, _Zmd°kmoZH$ m EoVhmogH$ hm, dhr bIH$
H$s gßdXZm H$m _wIa ]`mZ H$aVm h° $&2
C[›`mg e„X gßÒH•$V H$m h° oOgH$m AW© h° - oZH$Q> aIZm $&
ZmQ≤ >`emÒÃ _| ‡oV_wI gßoY H$m EH$ C[^X ^r Bgr Zm_ g
Ao^ohV h° -
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AWm©V≤ wo∑V`w∑V Í$[ _| ‡ÒVwV AW© C[›`mg _mZm OmVm h° $&
VbwJy AmoX XojU maV _| C[›`mg H$ obE "Zdb' e„X H$m ‡`mJ
hmVm h° $& Om AßJaOr H$ "Zmdb' [a AmYmnaV h° $& _amR>r _|
"H$mXÂ]ar' H$ Zm_ g (Novel) OmZm OmVm h° $&
oh›Xr H$ [mÌMmÀ` Am°a maVr` g_rjH$m Edß gmohÀ`H$mam| Z
C[›`mg H$s odo^›Z [na^mfm Xr h° -
92
M ‡_MßX :
""_¢ C[›`mg H$m _mZd Mnaà H$m oMà _mà g_PVm hˇ ™ $&
_mZdMnaà [a ‡H$me S>mbVm Am°a CgH$ ahÒ`m H$m ImbZm hr
C[›`mg H$m _yb VŒd h° $&''4
M S>m™. oÃ^wdZ qgh :
""gmohÀ` jà _| C[›`mg hr EH$ Egm C[H$aU h° $ oOgH$
¤mam gm_yohH$ _mZd OrdZ A[Zr g_ÒV mdZmAm| Edß qMVmAm
H$ gmW gÂ[yU© Í$[ g Ao^Ï`∑V hm gH$Vm h° $& _mZd OrdZ H$
ododY oMÃm| H$m oMoÃV H$aZ H$m oOVZm AoYH$ AdH$me C[›`mgm|
_| o_bVm h° CVZm A›` gmohpÀ`H$ C[H$aUm _| Zht. $&''5
M Ì`m_gw›Xa Xmg :
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_mZV h° $&
M ]m]w Jwbm]am` :
]m]y Jwbm]am` H$s [na^mfm [yU©Vm H$ oZH$Q> h° $& ""C[›`mg
H$m`©-H$maU l•ßIbm _| ]ßYm h˛Am dh J⁄ H$WmZH$ h°, oOg_|
A[jmH•$V AoYH$ odÒVma VWm [MrXJr g gÂ]p›Y dmÒVodH$
H$mÎ[oZH$ KQ>ZmAm| ¤mam _mZd-OrdZ H$ gÀ` H$m agmÀ_H$ Í$[ g
CX≤KmQ>Z oH$`m OmVm h° $&''6
C[›`mg od⁄m _| oOVZr JoVerbVm, ododYVm Am°a Ï`m[H$Vm
h° Am°a oH$gr gmohpÀ`H$ H$s gw‡og’ Edß ]h˛V MoM©V H$WmH$ma
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m H´$_eï odÌbfU oH$`m Om ahm h° $&
M _›Zy ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ [mßM C[›`mg ‡H$moeV h˛E h° $& EH$ C[›`mg
93
amO›– mXd H$ ghbIZ _| ob`m J`m h° Am°a EH$ ]mb[`mJr C[
h¢ $&
(1) EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ :
_›Zy ßS>mar Z _wª` Í$[ g H$hmoZ`m| H$s aMZm H$s h°, oH$›Vw
A[Zr [oV amO›– mXd H$ gmW goÂ_obV Í$[ g "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ'
C[›`mg H$s r aMZm H$s h¢ $& Bg C[›`mg g [hb qhXr _| "]mah
Iß]m' H$m ‡`mJ gh`mJr C[›`mg H$ Í$[ _| oH$`m J`m Wm $& qH$Vw
[m™M-N>ï Iß]m g AmJ ‡JoV Zht H$s Om gH$s Wr $&
"Ω`mah g[Zm| H$m Xe' AdÌ` [yam hm gH$m Wm $& CgH$ ]mX
"EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' ‡H$moeV h˛Am $& oOg_| 302 [•ÓR> h¢ $& A›V _|
25 [•ÓR>m| _| amO›– mXd Am°a _›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zm-A[Zm dH$VÏ`
obIm h¢, oOZg Bg Vœ`m| H$m ]mY hmVm h° -
(1) Ambm¿` C[›`mg H$s aMZm AÀ`ßV gßKf©ÌVb [naoÒWoV`m| _|
h˛B© h° $&
(2) BgH$m H$WmZH$ _wª` Í$[ g lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Wm
(3) O] `h C[›`mg YmamdmohH$ Í$[ g "kmZmX`' _| ‡H$moeV
h˛Am Wm V] boIH$m ¤mam oboIV [na¿N>X [mR>H$m| Z
A[jmH•$V AoYH$ [g›X oH$` W $&
Bg C[›`mg _| Mm°hX [na¿N>X h¢, oOZ_| odf_ gߪ`H$
[hbm, Vrgam, [m™Mdm..... [na¿N>X amO›– `mXd ¤mam oboIV
h¢ Am°a g_gߪ`H$ [na¿N>Xm| H$s aMZm _›Zy ßS>mar Z H$s h¢ $&7
‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$m _ybVï _›Zy ßS>marZ obIm Wm $& Cg _yb
Í$[ H$m Zm_H$aU amO›– mXd Z oH$`m Wm $& _›Zy H$ C[›`mg H$s
H$hmZr _ybVï "A_bm H$s H$hmZr' Wr qH$Vw gh`mJr C[›`mg _|
94
dh H$hmZr "A_a H$s H$hmZr' ]Z JB© h¢ $&
F$ΩdX H$m EH$ _ßà h¢, oOg_| h H$hm J`m h° oH$ EH$ d•j [a
Xm [jr ahV h¢ $& CZ_| g EH$ [jr d•j H$ ÒdmoXÓQ> \$bm| H$m C[^mJ
H$aVm h¢ VWm Xygam –ÓQ>m _mà ]Zm ahVm h¢ $& H$bmH$ma Ï`o∑V H$
gß]ßY _| h _ßà ‡`w∑V oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° $& CgH$s Xh _| EH$ gmW
o[Vm, [wà AmoX gß]ßYm H$ _m‹`_ g OrdZ H$m mJZdmbm "AmX_r'
Am°a Bg AmX_r H$m VQ>ÒW Í$[ g XIZdmbm H$bmH$ma XmZm| hmV
h¢ $& "AmX_r' H$m –ÓQ>m ]ZZ ]mbm Ï`o∑VÀd mJZdmb Ï`o∑VÀd
g gd©Wm A‡^modV ]Zm ah, h H$db H$Î[Zm _| hr gß^d h¢ $&
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hm, V^r dh A[Zr H$bm H$m oZIma gH$Vm h¢ $& H$bVa jà H$s
oOÂ_Xmna`mß Cg H$bmH$ma H$s oZÒgßJ —oÓQ> g dßoMV aIVr h° $&8
BgobE H$bmH$ma H$m oOÂ_Xmna`m| g _w∑V ahZm MmohE $& Egm _mZm
OmVm h° $& AJa oOÂ_Xmar g _w∑V ahZ H$ obE Zm°H$ar Zht H$aVr
Am°a Ahß H$s gwajm H$ obE oH$gr H$m AmolV ]ZH$a Zht ahZm, Vm
EH$_mà _mJ© bIZ H$m [em h¢ $& `h [em ^r gÂ_mZOZH$ ]Z
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boZZZ H$bm-gmYZm H$m ÒdVßà Ï`dgm` H$ Í$[ _| _m›`Vm Zht Xr
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AmeßoH$V Wm $& Om r hm, "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' H$m A_a bIZ H$m
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Am°a A_bm $& g_ÒV H$WmZH$ _| VrZm [mÃm H$s [naoÒWoV`m|,
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95
A_a H$ _ZmodkmZ H$m amO›– mXd Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° Am°a aßOZm
Am°a A_bm H$s Ama g _›Zy ßS>mar Z obIm h° $& A_a EH$ bIH$
h° dh ]m¯ [napÒWoV`m| H$s A[jm A[Zr _mZogH$ ‡oVoH´$`mAm|
_| AoYH$ OrVm h° $& aßOZm CgH$s ‡`gr Wr, Om CgH$ Ï`o∑VÀd
H$m CgH$s gÂ[yU© Xw]©bVmAm| Edß g]bVmAm| H$ gmW MmhVr Wr $&9
A_aZ r [hb Cg A[Zm [yaH$ _mZm Wm, Cg bH$a oddmh VWm
A›` gwI-gwodYmAm| H$ ÒdflZ g™Om` W $& Cgr H$s ‡g›ZVm H$
ob` aßOZm A[Z _mVm-o[Vm g b∂S>-PJ∂S>H$a oXÎbr Mbr AmB©
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oddmh Z H$aH$ ÒdV›Ã OrdZ-`m[Z H$a Vm CgH$m g•ÓQ>m Ï`o∑VÀd
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BVZr N>m JB© oH$ o\$a CgZ Mmh A[Z KoZÓR> o_Ã Q>ßS>Z Am°a CgH$s
[ÀZr _ßXm H$ AmJ´h g aßOZm g oddmh H$a ob`m, oH$›Vw CgH$m
oddmohV OrdZ gwIr Z hm gH$m $& CgH$m OrdZ _mZogH$ A›V¤›¤
H$m ÒWmZ ]Z J`m $& EH$ Ama Wr aßOZm, CgH$m ‡_, g_mO-gßÒH$ma
Am°a Xygar Ama Wr A_bm H$s gm`mg _wÒH$mZ Om Cg Xygar Ama g
_w∑V hm OmZ H$s mdZm g aVr h˛B© g•OZ H$s ‡aUm XVr Wr $& Bg
ItMmVmZr H$m [naUm_ `h h˛Am oH$ A›V _| CgH$s [ÀZr aßOZm
oZame hmH$a Cg À`mJ H$a Mbr JB© $& CYa ahÒ`_`r A_bm Z r
EH$ oXZ OrdZ g D$]H$a AmÀ_KmV H$a ob`m $&
A_a C[›`mg H$m Zm`H$ h°, CgH$m "Ï`o∑V' IßoS>V, ÒIobV
96
Edß ¤›¤_` h° $& A[Z "bIH$' Ï`o∑VÀd H$m gdm[na aIZ H$s Mmh
Cg_| BVZr ‡]b h° oH$ CgH$m "Ï`o∑V' A_a odef C^a hr Zht
[mVm Am°a A›V VH$ CZH$m OrdZ EH$ XwïI_`r odS>Â]Zm ]ZH$a
ah OmVm h¢ $& ‡_r, [oV, bIH$, o_Ã oH$gr Í$[ _| r dh odef
g\$b Zht h¢ $& A_bm Am°a aßOZm o^›Z Òd^md Edß o^›Z dJm H$s
Xm ‡Vmo∂S>Vm Zmna`m™ h¢ - ""A_bm H$m C¿M dJ© H$s odS>Â]Zm Z
_mam Wm Am°a aßOZm H$m EH$ gZH$s H$s ‡dßMZm Z $&10 m| [mR>H$m H$s
ghmZw^yoV XmZm| H$ gmW h°, oH$›Vw A_bm H$m Ï`o∑VÀd EH$ Hwß$oR>V
ahÒ`-gm ]ZH$a ah J`m h¢ $&11 g_mO VWm [aÂ[amJV gßÒH$mam H$m
CgH$ [mg H$mB© _yÎ` Zht $& dh A[Z "Ahß' _| OrVr h° Am°a A[Z
gÂ[H$© _| AmZdmb ‡À`H$ [wÈf H$m A[Z g ‡^modV XIZm MmhVr
h¢ & CgH$s dmgZm ‡naV _mZogH$ J´o›W`m™ CgH$ _Z_| AZH$ AZ°oVH$
^mdZmAm| H$m O›_ XVr h° Am°a CZH$s V•oÓQ> H$ ob` dh A[Z gÂ[H©$
_| AmZdmb [wÈfm| H$m gmYZ ]ZmVr h¢ $&12 aßOZm [aÂ[amJV gßÒH$mam|
g ‡^modV EH$ grYr Edß g_o[©Vm Zmar h¢ $& dh A_a g ‡_ H$aVr
h° Vm CgH$ ob` _mVm-o[Vm, YZ, gwI-EÌd`© g] H$m Rw>H$am XVr
h° & A›` [oÀZ`m| H$s mßoV CgH$s r h B¿N>m h° oH$ CgH$m [oV
H$db CgH$m hmH$a ah, CZH$m gw›Xa Am°a Òd¿N> Ka hm, ]¿M hm|
oH$›Vw "A_a' H$s "gZH$' H$ ahV CgH$s H$mB© H$m_Zm V•flV Zht hm
[mVr $& Zrag OrdZ H$m ]mP T>mZ g D$]H$a A›V _| [oV-J•h H$m
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BZ XmZm| Zmo`H$mAm| H$ _Z H$s Ï`mª`m H$aZ _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m
g\$bVm o_br h¢ $&
oddmh H$ ]mX aßOZm H$ [Oogd Í$[ H$m A_a Zht gh gH$m $&
97
dh Xmß[À` OrdZ H$m V›_` hmH$a Zht Or gH$m $& BgobE aßOZm
H$m oeH$m`V ahr ........
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oH$`m h°, Cg J_u H$m H$^r Ahgmg hr Zht h˛Am Om fl`ma g CÀ[›Z
hmVr h° Am°a oOg_| _Z H$s O∂S>Vm Jb OmVr h° Am°a AbJmd H$s
gr_mEß Sy>] OmVr h¢ $&''?13
A_a Z aßOZm g oddmh H$aZ H$ ]mX [m`m oH$ aßOZm Am°a
CgH$m bIZ [yaH$ Z hm gH$Jm $& A_a H$s _ohbm - o_Ãm| H$m
aßOZm ghOVm g A[Zm Z gH$s $& h H$hm OmE oH$ aßOZm A_a H$s
H$bm H$m Z g_P [mB© $& Xygar Ama A_a O°g Ï`o∑V H$ obE oddmh
gmYZ Wm$ & aßOZm H$ g_mZ dh oddmh H$m gm‹` Zht _mZ gH$Vm
Wm $& A_a Z aßOZm H$m BgobE Mmhm Wm oH$ dh ""A[Zr gmYZm
H$m XwJwZr eo∑V Am°a oZÓR>m g MbmE aI gH$ $&''14
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z [mÃm| H$ _ZmodkmZ H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ H$ obE
CZH$s oM›VZm H$m Ï`∑V oH$`m h°, dhm™ gßdmXm Z r mJ oX`m h¢
CZH$ H$Wm[H$WZ _| H$ht d gm_m›` h¢, H$ht odef H$ht bKw h°
Am°a H$ht XrK© $& gßdmXm H$s odefVm h h° oH$ d gd©Ã dH$Vm H$
Ï`o∑VÀd H$m gmH$ma H$aZ _| gh`mJr ah h¢ $& gßdmXm| H$s mfm r
‡m`ï [mÃmZwÈ[ h¢ $& dmVm©bm[ H$aV h˛E [mÃm| H$s _wImH•$oV, md
^ßoJ_m AmoX H$m BVZm gOrd CÎbI h˛Am h° oH$ [mR>H$ H$m g]
Hw$N> ‡À`j ‡VrV hmZ bJVm h¢ - O°g
""VwÂhma OmZ H$ Hw$N> Xa ]mX hr AMmZH$ A_bm Am JB©
A[Zr Ama XIVr aßOZm H$s —oÓQ> g ]MZ H$ obE hr O°g A_aZ
H$hm - Am[ Vm H$Ì_ra JB© Wr Z ? BVZr OÎXr bm°Q> AmB© ? o\$a
98
I]a gyMZm Hw$N> r Zht ? aßOZmZ Hw$N> Bg T>ßJ g [yN>m _mZ, A_a
H$ "AMmZH$' e„X H$s gÀ`Vm H$m A¿N>r Vah OmZ bZm MmhVr
hm $& "_a ‡mJ´m_ Vm _ar gZH$ [a oZ^©a H$aV h° Am°a gZH$ hajU
]XbVr ahVr h¢ $&' o\$a gm\$ [a ]°R>Vr h˛B© ]mbr, "I]a-gyMZm Vm
_¢ H$^r XVr Zht - AMmZH$ o_bH$a gm_Zdmb H$m ÒVoÂ^V H$a
XZ H$m ^r EH$ AmZ›X hmVm h¢, aßOZm $&' Am°a A_bm _wÒH$am
Xr $&''15
^mfm Am°a e°br H$s –oÓQ> g XI Vm XmZm| bIH$m| _| o^›ZVm
h¢ - amO›– `mXd H$s ^mfm ‡m`ï ‡m° ∂T> Edß JÂ^ra h°, oH$›Vw _›Zy
^ßS>marZ gag, amMH$ Edß ‡dmh[yU© ^mfm-e°br H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m
h¢ $& BgH$m _yb H$maU `h h° oH$ _›Zy AoYH$ ^mdwH$ h¢ VWm
amO›– H$s ‡H•$oV AoYH$ qMVZerb $& _›Zy H$ A‹`m`m| H$ AßV
‡m`ï ^mdwH$Vm H$ H$maU [mR>H$m| H$m A[Z gmW ]hm b OmV h¢
O°g - Mm°W A‹`m` H$ AßV H$m ‡gßJ - aßOZm gmMVr h¢ - ""A_a
H$m CgH$s AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht Vm Cg ^r AZMmh Ï`o∑V H$s Vah
oH$gr H$ OrdZ _| ‡de H$aZ H$m em°H$ Zht $& _am r AmÀ_gÂ_mZ
h°, A[Zm Ahß h¢, Zht Zht Zht ! _am H$mB© AmÀ_gÂ_mZ Zht, H$mB©
Ahß Zht _am Vm A_a h°ß ........ H$db A_a h¢ ........ $&''16
amO›– mXd H$s e°br _mZogH$ ¤ß¤m H$ H$maU ‡dmh H$s –oÓQ>
g Jß ra h¢ $& [hbm hr A‹`m` _mZogH$ ¤ß¤ H$m oZXe©H$ h¢ $& C[›`mg
H$ ‡maß^ _| hr Bg XIm Om gVm h¢ A_a gmMVm h° - ""`h gmJa
[mZr H$m Zht Vab AßYH$ma H$m h¢........ Am°a h Vab AßYH$ma
]mha Zht, ^rVa hr H$ht Xya-Xya H$ ojoVO ]hmVm Mbm Am`m
h¢ $&''17
99
h_ H$h gH$V h° oH$ amO›– `mXd H$s e°br _| gmJa H$m
Ambm∂S>Z h¢ Am°a _›Zy H$s e°br _| ZXr H$m ‡dmh $&
‡ÒVwV C[›`mg _| amO›– mXd Z odo^›Z bIH$m| H$ C’aUm|
H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h¢ $& A_aZ aßOZm H$ [Oogd fl`ma H$ ‡gßJ _|
hmCg_°Z H$s [ßo∑V`mß [∂T>r h¢ - E\$ ma h¢S> Ama \w$Q> Am∞\$S> y $&
H$Q> BQ> Am\$, b¢S> E S> ]r hmb $&''18
A_a H$ AßV¤©¤ H$ gßX^© _| [ßo∑V`m™ _hŒd[yU© h¢ $& A_a Z
EH$ ]ma JmZm gyZm $& - ""C_´ XamO _mßJ H$ bmE W Mma oXZ Xm
AmaOy _| H$Q> JE Xm BßVOma _| $&'' Bg JrV H$s [ßo∑V`m™ CgH$ rVa
CVa JB© $& ""gM_wM, CgZ ]Mmar aßOZm H$ gmW YmIm hr Vm oH$`m
h¢ ........ H$h Xm BZ hgaVm| g H$ht Am°a Om ]g| - BVZr OJh
H$hmß h¢ oXb XmJXma _| .......'' Cg ]Mmar Z A_a H$ obE ∑`m
Zht oH$`m ? h° oH$VZm ]XZgr] O\$a X\$Z H$ obE ....... Xm JO
O_r r o_b Z gH$s Hy$E ma _| ........'' Aghm` ........ AH$bm
....... AZg_Pm $&''19
_›Zy ßS>mar Am°a mXd Z [Ãm| H$m C[`mJ oH$`m h¢ $& "EH$ BßM
_wÒH$mZ' H$m ]mahdmß A‹`m` [Ãm| H$ Í$[ _| h¢ $& A_a Am°a A_bm
H$ [Ã AmÀ_r`Vm[yU© e°br _| C[›`mg _| Ohmß-Vhmß h¢ $& S>m`ar
e°br H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h¢ $& Zm°dmß [na¿N>X [yam H$m [yam A_a H$s
S>m`ar H$ Í$[ _| obIm J`m h° $& A_a H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m g_PZ H$
obE aßOZm Z A_a H$s S>m`ar Mmar g [∂T>r h¢ $&
e°br H$s —oÓQ> g h EH$ ZyVZ ‡`mJ h° oH$ EH$ hr C[›`mg _|
[wÈf bIH$Z [wÈf [mÃm| H$ _ZmodkmZ H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° Am°a
_›Zy ^ßS>marZ ÒÃr [mÃm H$ A›VO©JV≤ Edß ]ohO©JV≤ H$s oH´$`mAm|
100
‡oVoH´$`mAm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $& boIH$m H$ Ao^Ï`ßOZm-oeÎ[
H$s odefVm h h° oH$ d [mÃm| H$ gmW EH$mH$ma hmH$a CZH$m OrdZ
AßoH$V H$aVr h¢ BgH$ ]ma _| amO›– mXd Z H$hm h° -
""_a Am°a _›Zy H$ bIZ _| hr _m°obH$ A›Va h¢ dh H$Wm H$
[mÃm H$ gmW BVZr AoYH$ EH$mH$ma hm OmVr h° oH$ CZH$m "Xw^m©Ω`'
Cg A[Zm "Xw^m©Ω`' bJVm h° $&''20
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z Bg C[›`mg H$ odf` _| Òd`ß obIm h°
oH$ - ""Bg_| g›Xh Zht oH$ [hbm A‹`m` _wP ]h˛V - ]h˛V [g›X
Am`m Am°a Xygam A‹`m` A¿N>r hr Zht Amem g AoYH$ A¿N>m
obIm J`m $& ........ dhr Vrgam Am°a Mm°Wm A‹`m` oeoWb ]Z
J`m $& A[Z-A[Z dH$VÏ` H$ A›VJ©V boIH$mZ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m
h° oH$ dh h_em A_bm Am°a aßOZm H$ ]rM _| hr ahr h° $& aßOZm H$
‡oV A_a H$m Ï`dhma Cg ]hX H$ÓQ> XVm Wm $& aßOZm Z Xm A‹`m`m|
_| _wP gM_wI ]h˛V Èbm`m, A_bm O]-O] AmVr _Z EH$ Jha
AdgmX EH$ AOr]-gr oI›ZVm, CXmgr Am°a oda∑Vr g ^a
CR>Vm $& h _¢ AmO r Zht OmZVr oH$ [mÃm| H$ gmW A[Z H$m y
EH$mEH$ H$a XZ H$ d•oŒm bIZ _| ghm`H$ h° m ]mYH$ $& dh ]ZmVr
h° m o]Jm∂S>Vr [a Bg EH$mÀ_H$Vm H$m Bg ]ma _¢Z AZw^d oH$`m
Am°a ]∂S>r JhamB© g ....... EH$ Am°a r AZw^d oH$`m dh CVZm hr
Z`m Wm $&''
_›Zy ^ßS>mar A_bm H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zht H$a [mB© dh oOg Í$[ _|
A_bm H$m MmhVr Wr dh Cgg gdWm© o^›Z Wr $& A_bm H$ odf`
_| CgZ obIm h° oH$ odoeÓQ> dJ© _| Mbr ]wo’dmnXZr Ah_≤dmoXZr
A_bm O] g]H$m hr PwR>bmVr, AÒdrH$maVr Mbr JB© m bm _a
101
de _| ∑`m| AmVr $&........
AbßH$ma ‡`mJ H$s —oÓQ> g odMma H$a Vm C[›`mg _| AbßH$mam
H$m ‡`mJ H$ht r ÒdVßà hmH$a AbJ g Zht h˛Am A_bm Z A[Z
EH$ [Ã _| A_a H$m obIm h¢ -
""Bg g_` Vm h_ma oX_mJ _| YwAmßYma H$s gßJ_a_a H$s M≈>mZ|,
CZH$ ]rM N>mQ>r gr "Prb' Am°a AH$br S>m|Jr ........ eaX[yoU©_m
H$s amV H$s CßJob`m| _| oWaH$Vm, gwZham eam]^am o]Îbm°ar
[°_mZ $&''21
aßOZm H$m oddmh oZoÌMV hmZ [a CgH$s$ ‡g›ZVm - ""aßOZm
Amg_mZ H$s Ama VmH$Vr h¢, Vm gVaßJr Bß–YZwf oIb CR>V h¢ Am°a
ZrMH$s Am°a oZhmaVr h° Vm ∑`mna`m| _| aJß-o]aßJ \y$b Py_Py_H$a
_wÒH$am CR>V h¢ $&''22
C[›`mg H$ erf©H$ [a odMma H$a Vm "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' _|
"g•ÓQ>m Ï`o∑VÀd H$s C¿MVa _wo∑VH$m_Zm' H$s Ao^Ï`o∑V h˛B© h¢ $&
Bg C[›`mg H$s aßOZm H$m ‡_ g¿Mm Am°a Jham h° qH$Vw CgH$m ‡_
Zm h¢ $& XIm| Am°a Hy ß$ Zm VwP XIZ XDß$' H$ Í$[ H$m h° $& "—ÓQ>m'
H$bmH$ma ]ohaßJ Am°a AßVaßJ AmßIm| H$m ]ßX H$a b Vm g•ÓQ>m H°$g
]Z gH$Vm h¢ ? oH$gr H$s XX© g ]ßYr o]Iar _wÒH$mZ Cg AmßI
ImbH$a XIZ H$m odde H$a XVr h¢ $&
"EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' _| H$bmH$ma H$ OrdZ H$s g_Ò`m [a ]∂S>r
JhamB© g odMma oH$`m J`m h¢ $&
erf©H$ H$ odf` _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZ h° oH$ - ""`h erf©H$
_wP Bg C[›`mg H$ obE gmW©H$ Zht bJVm $& Am°a amO›– A^r r
Bg gmW©H$ _mZV h¢ $&''23
102
(2) Am[H$m ]›Q>r :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m `h C[›`mg "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' Bg ZH$br
AmYwoZH$Vm g Xya AmO H$s _hmZJar oO›XJr H$ EH$ [hby H$s VrIr
dmÒVodH$Vm H$m ghr ]mY H$amZdmbm C[›`mg h¢ $& oh›Xr H$m h
[hbm C[›`mg h° oOg_| EH$ odef [napÒWoV _| [∂S> h˛E ]¿M H$s
_ZïnÒWoV H$m BVZ odÒV•V \$bH$ [a oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m J`m h¢ $&
"" "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' _| ]ßQ>r Zm_ H$ EH$ Eg ]mbH$ H$s H$Wm h°
oOg A[Z o[Vm H$m ÒZh [napÒWoVde Zht o_b [mVm Am°a _mVm
H$ bm∂S>-fl`ma g CgH$ ÒdVßà Ï`o∑VÀd H$m odH$mg hr Zht hm
[mVm $& AßVVï dh A[Zr _mVm H$ obE Egr H$Qw>oÒWoV oZ_m©U H$a
XVm h° oOgH$ H$maU H$h Cgg _w∑V hmZ H$s ]mV gmMZ H$ obE
odde hm OmVr h¢ $$&''24
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h gd©‡W_ _m°obH$ C[›`mg h¢ $& Bg_| C›hm|Z
XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Ym| H$ odKQ>Z Am°a mdr [r∂T>r [a CgH$ ‡^mdm| H$m
‡ÒVwV oH$`m $& ]ßQ>r H$s _mZogH$ pÒWoV H$m bJ^J Xm gm° [•ÓR> _|
Ao^Ï`∑V oH$`m h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$ _mVm o[Vm eHw$Z Am°a AO` h° Om
oH$ AmYwoZH$ ÒdVßà odMma Ymam g ‡^modV h¢ $& XmZm| Ahß mdZm
g J´ÒV h° $& eHw$Z Am°a AO` H$^r g_Pm°Vm Zht H$a [mV h¢, oOgH$
H$maU VZmd CÀ[›Z hm OmVm h¢ [naUm_Vï XmZm| EH$ Xyga g H$Q>H$a
ahZ bJV h¢$ & eHw$Z AO` H$m N>m ∂S>H$a, oXÎbr _| ]ßQ>r H$ gmW
ahZ bJVr h¢ $& dhm™ EH$ H$m∞bO _| q‡gr[b h¢$ & q‡gr[b __r
oOVZr gªV h°, ]ßQ>r H$s __r H$ Í$[ _| CVZr hr H$m_b $& eHw$Z
]ßQ>r H$ gmW gmV dfm g ahVr h° $& AO` H$bH$Vm g ]ßQ>r g o_bZ
A∑ga Am`m H$aVm Wm, dh oIbm°Z BÀ`moX r |Q> H$aVm Wm VWm
103
Kw_mZ r b OmVm Wm AO` ]ßQ>r H$m H$bH$Vm MbZ H$m r H$hVm
h° $& ]ßQ>r __r g ]hX fl`ma H$aVm h° BgobE __r g Xya Zht ah
gH$Vm $& [oV g AbJ ghO AbJ h˛B© [ÀZr g›VmZ H$ gmW ahZ
[a ^r Cg __Àd H$m ghO XÒ` Zht X [mVr m Vm H$_ XVr h° m
AoVna∑V $& ]ßQ>r MmhVm h° oH$ __r-[m[m gmW-gmW ah $& dh A[Z
__r-[m[m H$s b∂S>mB© Am°a VZmd H$m Zht g_P [mVm h° $& AO`
eHw$Z AbJ Vm [hb hr hm MwH$ W $& [a›Vw Hw$N> g_` [ÌMmV
VbmH$ hm OmVm h° $& eHw$Z ]ßQ>r H$m Z Vm hoW`ma H$ Í$[ _| hr
C[`mJ H$a gH$s Am°a Zhr Cg "Q>mM©a' H$a gH$s $& ]ßQ>r H$m dh gVw
H$ Í$[ _| ^r XIVr h° Om AO` Am°a CgH$s Xyar H$m o_Q>m XJm $&
[a›Vw "]ßQ>r' gVw ^r Zht ]Z [mVm $& eHw$Z H$m [oV AO` CgH$
VbmH$ XZ g [hb hr _ram Zm_H$ Xygar ÒÃr g oddmh H$a bVm
h° $& BgobE XmZm| _| VbmH$ AoZdm`© hmVm h° $& AO` g VbmH$
bZ H$ ]mX eHw$Z Z r AO` H$s Vah A[Zr oO›XJr H$m ]XbZ
H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m eHw$Z r Xygam „`mh H$aVr h°, V] ]ßQ>r H$m odÓ`
A™Ya _| [∂S> OmVm h° $& ]ßQ>r Z Vm S>m∞. Omer H$m - oOgg eHw$Z
Xygar emXr aMVr h¢ A[Z o[Vm H$ Í$[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a gH$Vm h°, Z
AO` H$s Xygar [ÀZr _ram H$m A[Zr _m™ H$ Í$[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a
[mVm h° $& \$bÒdÍ$[ Cg hmÒQ>b _| ahZ H$ obE ^Om OmVm h¢ $&
eHw$Z S>m∑Q>a Omer g oddmh H$aVr h° h oXImZ H$ obE oH$ oX
AO` _ram H$ gmW oddmh H$a gH$Vm h° Vm ∑`m dh oddmh Zht H$a
gH$Vr ? \y$H$s Bg oddmh [naUm_ H$m OmZV h˛E od–mh r H$aVr h°
[a›Vw eHw$Z S>m∞. Omer g oddmh H$a bVr h° S>m∞. Omer odYwa h°
VWm [hbr [ÀZr g CZH$ EH$ [wà Ao_ VWm [wÃr OmV h¢ $& CgH$m
Ï`o∑VÀd AmH$f©H$ VWm gwbPm h˛Am h¢, dh H$oR>Z g H$oR>Z g_Ò`m
104
H$m ^r AmgmZr g VWm ghO T>ßJ g hb H$a XV h¢ B›ht JwUm| g
eHw$Z S>m∑Q>a Omer g AmH$of©V hmVr h° $&
S>m∑Q>a Omer g oddmh H$aZ H$ [ÌMmV eHw$Z A[Zr H$mR>r
N>m∂S>H$a Omer H$s H$mR>r _| ]ßQ>r H$ gmW ahZ bJVr h° $& ]ßQ>r g]H$
]rM ^r AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVm h° ∑`m|oH$ CgH$m \y$b, _mbr,
]mJ ]JrM oOZg CgH$m odef bJmd Wm dh g] [rN> hr Ny>Q> JE
W $& ]ßQ>r _hgyg H$aVm h° oH$ EH$ __r hr Vm CgH$s Wr [a›Vw bJVm
h° dm ^r CgH$s Zht ahr h° $& Ao_-OmV, eHw$Z H$m _m™ H$ Í$[ _|
ÒdrH$ma H$a bV h¢ [a›Vw ]ßQ>r S>m∞. Omer H$m [m[m H$ Í$[ _| ÒdrH$ma
Zht H$a [mVm $& Omer g OwS>Z H$ [ÌMmV≤ ]›Q>r H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$ H$B©
[hby C^a H$a AmV h° $& CgH$ gmMZ H$m —oÓQ>H$mU ]Xb OmVm
h° $& dh Òd`ß H$m A[ojV _hgyg H$aVm h° $& Am°a ]ßQ>r H$m Ï`dhma
o]ÎHw$b ]Xb OmVm h° Am°a __r H$m XwI [h˛™MmZ _| Cg gwI H$s
AZw^yoV hmVr h° Am°a S>m∑Q>a Omer H$ e„Xm| _| hr g dh "Wm∂S>m
‡m„b_ MmBÎS>' ]Z OmVm h° $&
]ßQ>r A[Z [m[m (AO`) H$m Zht wbm [mVm h° VWm EH$m›V _|
C›h| [Ã r obIVm h° $& ]ßQ>r H$s _ZmoÒWoV g_PV h˛E eHw$Z Cg
CgH$ [m[m H$ gmW H$bH$Œmm ^OZ H$m amOr hm OmVr h° $& AO`
]ßQ>r H$m H$bH$Œmm b OmVm h¢, ]ßQ>r dhmß r A[Z H$m AH$bm _hgyg
H$aVm h° dh __r H$ Í$[ _| _ram H$m Zht A[Zm [mVm $& [m[m H$
[mg AmH$a ]ßQ>r H$m __r H$s ]h˛V `mX AmVr h° [a dh Hw$N> H$h
Zhr [mVm $& dh rVa hr rVa KwQ>Z bJVm h°, ghO qOXJr Zht Or
[mVm $& H$^r od–mh, H$^r CXmgr, H$^r AH$bm[Z Cg gßÃÒV ]ZmE
aIVm h¢ $&
105
]ßQ>rH$s [r∂S>m H$ ‡oV A[Zr gßdXZerbVm H$s dOh boIH$mZ
IwX ]VmB© h° ....... ""Bg [yar pÒWoV H$s Bg odS>ß]Zm h h° oH$ Bg
gß]ßYm|ß H$ obE g]g H$_ oOÂ_Xma Am°a g] Ama g ]JwZmh ]ßQ>r hr
Bg Q≠> OS>r H$ Ãmg H$m g]g AoYH$ mJVm h° $& eHw$Z-AO` H$
gß]ßYm H$m VZmd Am°a MQ>I ]ßQ>r H$s Zg-Zg _| hr ‡oV‹doZV hmVr
h° $& pÒWoV H$s Bg odS>ß]Zm Z hr _a _Z _| EH$ AmVßH$ OJm`m
Wm $& eHw$Z-AO` H$ Am[gr gß]ßYm _| ]ßQ>r Mmh oH$VZm hr \$mbVy
Am°a AdmßN>Zr` hm J`m hm, [aßVw _ar —oÓQ> H$m g]g AoYH$ CgrZ
AmH$of©V oH$`m $& dÒVwVï C[›`mgH$ma H$ obE A‡oVam‹` MwZm°Vr,
ghmZw^yoV Am°a _mZdr` H$ÈUm H$ H$›– og\©$ d hr bmJ hm [mV h°,
Om H$ht Z H$ht \$mbVy hm JE h¢ $&'' ]ßQ>r H$ [m[m (AO`) Cg
hmÒQ>b OZ H$s Ï`dÒWm H$a ah h¢ $& __r g Vm dh [hb hr H$Q>
MwH$m hmVm h° Am°a `hm™ AmH$a dh [m[m g ^r H$Q> Om`Jm $& dh
AH$bm hr ah Om`Jm $&
""`h AmYwoZH$ OrdZ H$s OoQ>bVm H$m em[ h° oOg h_
[hMmZV Vm h° [a›Vw oOgH$m g_woMV hb m oZXmZ h_ma [mg Zht
h¢ $&''25
`hm™ EH$ ‡ÌZ h CR>Vm h° oH$ ]ßQ>r dJ©JV [mà h° m Ï`o∑VJV
[mà ? boIH$m Z Vm Cg dJ©-[mà hr ]ZmZm Mmhm h°, V^r dh
"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' hm J`m h° $& boH$Z ^maVr` g_mO _| Z Vm `
[mnadmnaH$ pÒWoV`m™ AoYgߪ` o_bVr h° Am°a Z hr ha ]mbH$ _|
EH$ AoVna∑V OrdZ gßdXZm hr hmVr h° $& qH$Vw ]ßQ>rZ A[Z [nade
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[mà hr AoYH$ h¢ $&
106
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A[Z rVar AgßVmf Am°a AmH´$me H$m g_[©U md _| ]XbZ H$s
H$moee H$aV h¢ $& CZH$m oZÓRw>a Ahß ]ßQ>r H$ gßdXZerb Ï`o∑VÀd
H$ H$m_b VßVwAm| H$m Yra-Yra ZÓQ> H$aVm ahVm h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$ obE
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qH$Vw __r Zht $& BgobE CgH$s oZ`oV dhm™ ahZ _| h¢ Ohm™ XmZm| _|
g H$mB© Zht Am°a em`X dh IwX r Zht h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$m hmÒQ>b O
oX`m OmVm h° $& Bg [nadV©Z H$m ]ßQ>r Zht MmhVm, [a Bg_| CgH$s
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g] Hw$N> Z`m IarX oX`m J`m h° $& O°g ]ßQ>r H$s A] VH$ H$s gmar
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Bg C[›`mg _| oMoÃV h° $& EH$ Am°a AmO H$s Zmar H$s [r∂S>m H$m
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107
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h° $& Bg ‡oH´$`m _| dh gdm©oYH$ ‡oV^m gß[›Z m AZw^yoV-‡dU
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[m[m H$m [nadoV©V [napÒWoV`m| _| odÒVma g oddMZ H$aZm, H$bH$Œm
OmZ [a A[Zr ZB© _Â_r H$m "d' H$m gß]mYZ XZ H$m Jmß^r`© ]h˛V
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]mbH$ H$s m™oV XIZ, gwZZ, _hgyg H$aZ Am°a hm™ VH$ oH$ OrZ
^r Zht XVr $& ""]ßQ>r dJ©-[mà Z ahH$a Ï`o∑V [mà h¢ $& A[Z T>ßJ H$m
AH$bm h_mam-Am[H$m-g]H$m ]ßQ>r hmV h˛E r boIH$m H$s oZVmßV
oZOr H$bmH•$oV $& O] CgH$s [naoÒWoV`m™ Am_ ]¿Mm| H$s O°gr
Zht h¢, Vm CgH$m Ï`dhma Am_ ]mbH$m| O°gm H°$g hm gH$Vm
h¢ ?''26
_›Zy ßS>mar Z AO` H$m oMÃU AhßJ´ÒV [wÈf H$ Í$[ _| oH$`m
h¢ [ÀZr g d°MmnaH$ odf_Vm hmZ [a dh Cgg A[Z gÂ]›Y g_mflV
H$a XVm h° boH$Z [wà ]ßQ>r H$ ‡oV CgH$ _Z _| ]hX fl`ma hmVm h° $&
dh A∑ga ]ßQ>r g o_bZ OmVm h° qH$Vw eHw$Z H$ obE CgH$ _Z _|
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108
ahVm h° $& eHw$Z H$ odf` _| AO` H$m _V EH$ "S>mo_ZqQ>J ÒÃr' H$
Í$[ _| Wm $& oZa›Va VZmd H$s pÒWoV _| [aemZ hmH$a AbJ ahZ
bJV h¢ $& AbJmd H$ Bg Xm°a _| hr AO` _ram H$ gÂ[H©$ _| AmVm
h° [a ]ßQ>r H$m _mh Cg h_em hr ahVm h° $&27 O] dh VbmH$ H$s
H$m`©dmhr H$ obE eHw$Z H$ eha AmVm h° ° Vm dh ]ßQ>r H$m A[Z
gmW H$bH$Œmm b OmZ H$ obE dh Cg Vah Vah H$ ‡bm^Z r XVm
h° $& oOgg Ò[ÓQ> hr ‡VrV hmVm h° oH$ dh eHw$Z g gÂ]›Y [yar Vah
Vm∂S> H$a ]ßQ>r H$ Í$[ _| r dh Òd`ß H$m eHw$Z H$ [mg _m°OwX Zht
ahZ X gH$Vm Am°a AmJ MbH$a g\$b r hmVm h¢ $&
AO` H$m _ram gm_m›` Kaby ÒÃr H$ Í$[ _| hr o_bVr h° AVï
_ram Am°a AO` H$m [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ gm_m›`Vï A¿N>m hr
ahVm h° $& _ram eHw$Z H$ od[arV oH$gr hX VH$ AO` H$ Ahß H$m
V•oÓQ> ‡XmZ H$aVr h° Am°a BgrobE XmZm _| ]ZVr r h° $& eHw$Z H$m
[Ã [mH$a AO` ]ßQ>r H$m bZ S>m∞. Omer H$ Ka AmVm h° $& [a ]ßQ>r
H$ EH$mEH$ H$bH$Œmm OmZ H$ oZU©` H$m bH$a CgH$ _Z_| ]ßQ>r H$s
XwadÒWm H$m g›Xh hmVm h° oH$ H$hr ]ßQ>r ‡Vmo∂S>V Vm Zht oH$`m Om
ahm $& dh EH$m›V _| ]ßQ>r g [yN>Vm h° - ""A¿N>m ]ßQ>r ` S>m∑Q>a
gmh] VwÂh¢ H°$g bJV h° ?28 CZH$ ]¿Mm| H$ odf` _| r [wN>Vm h°
[a ]ßQ>r ¤mam g^r H$ obE "A¿N> h¢' H$h OmZ [a CbPZ _| [∂S>
OmVm h° oH$ dh H$maU Zht OmZ [m gH$m ]ßQ>r o\$a CZH$ gmW ahZm
∑`m| Zht ]Zm [mVm AVï Cg hmÒQ>b OZ H$m oZU©` bVm h° AO`
H$m ]ßQ>r H$s Mwfl[r ]war Vah IbVr h° $& "∑`m hmb hm J`m h° ]¿M
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109
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OmVm h° $&
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gßÃmg Am°a Hwß$R>m AmB©, CgH$ _yb _| eHw$Z Am°a AO` H$m Qy>Q>Vm
gß]ßY h° $& ]ßQ>r H$m OrdZ mVZmJ´ÒV hm OmVm h° $&
eHw$Z H$m OrdZ Qy>Q>Z, KwQ>Z, VZmd, o]Iamd Am°a mVZm g
J´ÒV h° $& [naoÒWoV`m™ H$ MH´$dmV _| ]war Vah \™$gZ H$ H$maU dh
odde Am°a Aghm`-gr ]Z JB© h° $& A¿N>r oejm VWm ]∂S>m AmhXm
([X) ‡mflV H$aZ H$ ]mdOyX _Z g eHw$Z XwïIr h° CgH$ X` _|
EH$ ‡H$ma H$s hbMb gr [°Xm hmVr ahVr h° $& [oV H$ Qy >Q>V h˛E
gÂ]›Ym| H$ H$maU CgH$m A›V_©Z Kma mVZm H$m oeH$ma ]Z OmVm
h° VWm CgH$ A›Xa EH$ nag ]am]a gmbVr ahVr h° $& [oV H$ fl`ma
H$m ]ßYZ T>rbm hmZ H$ H$maU CgZ ]Q> H$m H$gH$a [H$∂S>
ob`m Wm $& [oV ¤mam oVaÒH•$V fl`ma H$m r CgZ ]Q> [a hr C™∂S>b
oX`m Wm $& AVEd ]ßQ>r H$ ‡oV CgH$m ‡_ md Xw>ham Wm $& dÒVwVï
A[Z [oV AO` H$ Í$[ H$m| r dh ]ßQ>r _| XIm H$aVr h°, ∑`m|oH$
dh OmZVr h° oH$ ]ßQ>rZ AO` H$m ¡`m| H$m À`m| BZhnaQ> H$a
ob`m h° $& [napÒWoV`m| Z eHw$Z H$m Bg Vah PH$Pma oX`m h° oH$
dh EH$X_ odde Am°a Aghm`-gr ]Z JB© h¢ $& CgH$s oO›XJr
H$B©-H$B© ÃmgoX`m| H$ ]rM OyPVr h˛B© Pyb ahr h° $& A[Z A›Vï H$m
gÂ^mb [mZm CgH$ obE _woÌH$b h° $& CgH$ _Z H$m Vm Zht, oH$›Vw
ˆX` Am°a ^mdZm H$m g›VwbZ Iam] hm J`m h° $& BgobE dH$sb
MmMm H$s H$hr h˛B© ]mV [wZï Cg mX hm AmVr h° oH$ ........ ""AO`
110
]h˛V BJmBÒQ> ^r h° Am°a ]hwV [Oogd ^r $& A[Z Am[ H$m [yar
Vah g_mflV H$aH$ hr Vw_ Cg [m gH$m Vm [m gH$m $& A[Z H$m
]MmE aIH$a Vm Cg ImZm hr [∂S>Jm $&''29
eHw$Z A[Z H$m g_mflV Zht H$a gH$s Wr, BgobE Cg AO`
H$m ImZm [∂S>m $& dH$sb MmMm H$ [am_e© H$ AZwgma eHw$Z VbmH$
H$ H$mJO [a hÒVmja H$a XVr h° $& dH$sb MmMm Z S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$
‡oV CgH$s gwfwflV ‡U`-gßdXZm H$m CH$gmH$a d°dmohH$ gÂ]›Y
ÒWmo[V H$aZ H$m gßH$V oX`m Wm $& g_` Am°a [naoÒWoV`m| H$s
gm[jVm _| CgH$s ‡_-gßdXZm AßHw$naV-odH$ogV hmV hmV EH$
oXZ d°dmohH$ gÂ]›Y _| [naUV hm OmVr h° $& eHw$Z Z`r [napÒWoV
_| AmH$a WmS>r-]h˛V Iwe r hmVr h° oH$›Vw ]ßQ>r H$ H$maU CgH$s
[aemZr ]∂T>Vr hr JB©, hm™ VH$ oH$ CgH$m g›VwbZ r T>rbm [∂S>Vm
J`m $&
Zmar Mmh [X Am°a ‡oVÓR>m _| oH$VZr r ]∂S>r hm Om` oH$›Vw
dh Cg dÎbar H$ g_mZ hmVr h°, Om oH$gr [wÈf Í$[r d•j H$m
AmqboJV H$aH$ hr g›VwobV Ï`o∑VÀddmbr ]Z [mVr h° $& AO`
¤mam [naÀ`∑V hmZ H$ ]mX CgH$m Ï`o∑VÀd na∑V-gm hm J`m h° $&
Cg na∑VVm H$m ^aZ H$ obE dh S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$ gmW d°dmohH$
gÂ]›Y ÒWmo[V H$a bVr h¢ $&
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AO` H$s mX AmVr h° $& hmbm™oH$ S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$m AO` H$ ÒWmZ
[a [oV H$ Í$[ _| CgZ daU H$a ob`m h°, o\$a r _m°H$-]_m°H$ Cg
CgH$s Ò_•oV hm AmVr h° $& dh _Z hr _Z gmMVr Am°a H$hVr
111
h° oH$ - ""S>m∞∑Q>a OmZ b| oH$ Bg Ka H$ obE ]ßQ>r Mmh AZmdÌ`H$
hm, \$mbVw hm [a H$mB© h° EH$ Egm ^r Ka h° Ohm™ ]ßQ>r H$s
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Xyga H$m Q>mM©a H$ obE $& `h EH$ _Zmd°kmoZH$ Vœ` h° $& XmZm| _|
XwïIA_ybH$ ‡d•oŒm H$m_ H$aVr h° AWm©V≤ EH$ Xyga H$ XwI _| gwI
H$s AZw^yoV H$aV ah $&
eHw$Z Z emXr H$a br Am°a Bgg AO` H$ Ahß H$m H$ht MmQ>
bJr h° ]ßQ>r H$m b OmH$a dh H$db A[Z Cg AmhV Ahß H$m
ghbmZm MmhVm h° $& dh eHw$Z H$m Q>mM©a H$aZm MmhVm h¢ $&
eHw$Z A[Zr ÒdmW©[yoV© H$ obE Am°a [oV g ‡oVemY bZ H$
obE ]¿M H$ ]ma _| gmM o]Zm S>m∞. Omer g emXr H$aVr h° $& dh
]¿M H$m [oV g ‡oVemY bZ H$m _m‹`_ r g_PVr h° $& BgobE
dh ]ßQ>r H$m hmÒQ>b ^r Zht ^OVr h° oOgg oH$ AO` ]Q> g
ÒdV›Ãm[yd©H$ o_b Z gH$ $& dh gmMVr h° - ""dh ]Q> H$m H$^r r
hmÒQ>b Zht OJr dh OmZVr h° AO` ]ßQ>r H$m ]h˛V fl`ma H$aVm
h°, [a A] g dh ]ßQ>r H$m o_bZ r Zht XJr $& Am°a ]ßQ>r g Z o_b
[mZ H$s dOh g AO` H$m Om mVZm hmJr CgH$s H$Î[Zm _mà g
Cg EH$ H´y$a gm g›Vmf o_bZ bJm $&''30
eHw$Z ÒdmW©[yoV© Am°a ‡oVemY H$ obE S>m∞. Omer g emXr
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AmVr h° -
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∑`m| Zht H$a gH$Vr $&''31
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h° oH$ Zmar [hb _mà eara Wr, A] Vm dh AW© ^r h° $& CgH$s
AoO©V gÂ[oV [oV Am°a [nadma H$s h° [a CgH$m odH$ngV hmVm
hwAm Ï`o∑VÀd VZmd H$m H$maU h° $& CgH$m Ï`o∑VÀd CgH$s MVZm
CgH$ oZU©` oH$gr H$m ÒdrH•$V Zht h° $& BgobE A] [nadma Qy>Q>Z
bJ h° $& AmO H$s Zmar H$m Am›VnaH$ gßH$Q> [wÈf H$ gmW ]ZV
o]J∂S>V gÂ]›Ym| H$m bH$a C[›`mg _| ‡H$Q> h˛Am h° $&
M S>m∞∑Q>a Omer :
S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$m ‡W_ [naM` eHw$Z g ]ßQ>r H$s ]r_mar H$
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gÂ]›Ym| H$m ]∂T>mZ H$ ghm`H$ hmVm h° $& Omer A[Zr [hbr
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[ÀZr H$s _•À`w H$s gyMZm eHw$Z H$ OrdZ H$ AH$b[Z H$m b˙` H$a
H$hr Wr $& boIH$m H$ e„Xm _| - C›hm|Z o]Zm Hw$N> H$h hr ]h˛V
Hw$N> H$h oX`m Wm $& em`X Egr ]mV| H$^r e„Xm| H$s _whVmO Zht
ahVr $& boH$Z eHw$Z H$s Ama g H$mB© ÈoM ‡Xoe©V Z oH$E OmZ [a
eHw$Z ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$s mdZm g ‡naV hmH$a S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$s Ama
PwH$md ‡Xoe©V H$aZm Amaß^ H$aVr h° Vm CZH$s [aÒ[a AmÀ_r`Vm
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g ‡^modV hmH$a Cgg g_mZ ÒVa [a [e AmV h¢ Cg EH$ Jß^ra
Am°a gwoeojV _ohbm H$ Í$[ _| A[Zm H$a [ÀZr H$ A^md H$s [yoV©
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Am°a H$MH$mZm[Z Zht h° d AÀ`ßV gwbPr h˛B© _Zmd•oŒm H$ Ï`o∑V
h° $& CZH$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$s Jß^raVm, CXmaVm H$ gÂ_wI eHw$Z ZV hm
113
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Cg ]h˛V gr CbPZm| g C]ma bVr h¢ $&''
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CoMV Zht g_PVm $& BZ bmJm| H$m ∑`m hH$ h° VwÂhma Ï`o∑VJV
OrdZ _| hÒVj[ H$aZ H$m $&''
Cg ]mV H$m eHw$Z Z oOVZr Jß^raVm g br Wr S>m∞. Omer Z
CVZ hr hÎH$ Í$[ _| ob`m Am°a A[Zm gwbPm h˛Am _V eHw$Z H$m
oX`m $&
S>m∞. Omer Z ]ßQ>r H$s _mZogH$ OoQ>bVm H$m ^r _hgyg
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Omer H$ _VmZwgma eHw$Z ]ßQ>r [a OÍ$aV g ¡`mXm hmdr ahr V^r
dh [yar Vah g b∂S>H$m Zhr ]Z [m`m [a eHw$Z H$s mdZmAm| H$m
ª`mb H$aH$ ] H$hV h° - ""_¢ VwÂh| Xmf Zht X ahm, Bg Vah H$s
pÒWoV _| Egm hm Om`m H$aVm h°, _¢ Vm pÒWoV ]Vm ahm Wm ]ßQ>r
Am°a eHw$Z H$ gÂ]›Ym| H$m odÌbfU r d H$aV h¢ - "`h Vw_ _mß
114
]Q>m| H$m My_Z Am°a Jb _| ]mßh S>mb-S>mbH$a ob[Q>Zdmbm Om
ad°`m h° dh A] ]ßX hmZm MmohE $&'
Bg H$WZ _| ]ßQ>r H$ Agm_m›` hmV OmZ H$ H$maUm| H$s Ama
gßH$V h° $& ]ßQ>r H$m o[Vm H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm Wm [a _mß H$m fl`ma
AmdÌ`H$Vm g AoYH$ o_bm hr H$maU h° oH$ eHw$Z H$s S>m∞. Omer
g oZH$Q>Vm ]ßQ>r H$m IbVr Wr $& ]ßQ>r H$m h md eHw$Z H$s [r∂S>m
H$m H$maU ]ZVm h° $& boH$Z S>m∞∑Q>a H$ AZwgma MrOm| H$m ghr T>ßJ
g ob`m Om` Vm oH$gr XwodYm H$s gß^mdZm Zht ahJr $& ]ßQ>r H$m
bH$a eHw$Z H$s [aemZr r dh ghOVm g bV h˛E H$hV h¢ -
""XIm eHw$Z Vw_ A[Z [oV H$s ameZr _| ]ßQ>r H$m XImJr Vm
em`X Hw$N> JbV H$a ]°R>m $& _¢ OmZVm Zhr, [a gmM gH$Vm h˛™ oH$
CZH$ obE em`X VwÂhma _Z _| H$Qw >Vm hmJr ..... AZOmZ hr
Vw_ Cgr H$Qw>Vm ..... [a h R>rH$ Zht hmJm $&32
Bg d∑VÏ` _| S>m∞∑Q>a H$s g_P Am°a CXmaVm –ÓQ>Ï` h° $& eHw$Z
H$s jw„YVm Ohm Cg ghr T>ßJ g gmMZ H$m _m°H$m Zht XVr $& S>m∑Q>a
dhm™ Y°`©[yd©H$ H$m_ bV h¢ $& S>m∑Q>a MmhV h° oH$ AVrV H$s gmar
µH$∂S>dmhQ> H$m ybH$a dh ZB© oO›XJr H$s ewÈAmV H$a ]ßQ>r H$m AO`
H$ [wà H$ Í$[ _| Z bH$a A[Z ]Q> H$ hr Í$[ _| b Vm eHw$Z H$ obE
¡`mXm ]hVa hmJm $& eHw$Z H$s AÀ`oYH$ [aemZr XIH$a g_Ò`m
H$m hb ImOV h˛E H$hV h° -
""A¿N>m Vw_ ]ßQ>r H$s ]mV _wP [a N>m ∂S> Xm $& Bg ]mV H$m
bH$a A] VwÂh| ¡`mXm [aemZ hmZ H$s OÍ$aV Zht h° $&''33
S>m∞., eHw$Z H$m CgH$s gÂ[yU©Vm _| gwI-XwïIm| H$ gmW A[Zm
ah h¢ Am°a CZH$s `hr gˆX`Vm Am°a g_PXmar eHw$Z H$m A[Z
115
AZwHy$b ]Zm gH$Z _| g_W© hmVr h° $&
S>m∑Q>a, Mß–H$mßV dmßoXdS>H$a Z R>rH$ hr obIm h° oH$ -
"S>m∞. Omer Z [yar g_PXmar Am°a oOÂ_Xmar H$ gmW Cg A[Zm`m $&
S>m∞. Omer _| oO›XmoXbr h°, oO›XJr H$ ‡oV Í$oM h°, OrZ H$s
H$bm h° $& dh Eg oH$gr ‡gßJ H$m Ò_aU Zht H$aZm MmhV oOgg
_Z H$m VH$br\$ hm hrZVm H$m ]mY hm $& d eHw$Z g CgH$ odJV
Xmß[À` OrdZ H$ odf` _| H$^r r [yN>-VmP Zht H$aV $& d eHw$Z
g oddmhm[am›V CgH$ ÒdmJV _| A[Zr H$mR>r ZE T>ßJ g gßdmaV
h° $& eHw$Z Am°a ]ßQ>r H$m g[nadma Am°a AmÀ_r`Vm[yd©H$ ÒdmJV
H$aV h¢ $& ]ßQ>r CZH$ obE dhr h° Om Ao_ Am°a OmV h¢ $& d ]ßQ>r H$
obE A[Zr XdmAm| H$s Amb_mar Imbr H$a XV h¢ $& CgH$ [∂T>Z H$
obE Z`r _O ]Zdm XV h¢ $& ]ßQ>r ¤mam Z`r _O AÒdrH•$V H$aZ [a
dh ]ßQ>r g S>mßQ>V h° - ""]ßQ>r o\$a Vw_Z dhr oH$`m ? R>rH$ h¢, VwÂhmar
_O h_ H$b hr dm[g o^Odm X|J $& Vw_ O_rZ [a hr H$m_ H$amJ
g_P $& Am°a AmJ Bg Vah H$s oOX H$amJ Vm h_ o]ÎHw$b ]Xm©ÒV
Zht H$a|J $& g_P $&''34
S>m∑Q>a H$m h H$WZ ]ßQ>r H$m AßoV_ oZU©` H$s pÒWoV _| [h˛™Mm
XVm h° $& ]ßQ>r H$s _mZogH$ CbPZ H$m _hgyg H$aV h˛E Omer Z
CZH$ _Z_| Ka H$ ‡oV bJmd Am°a A[Z[Z H$m [°Xm H$aZ H$s H$moee
^r H$s $& C›hm|Z ]ßQ>r H$m dhm™ H$ _mhm°b _| o\$Q> H$aZm Mmhm $&
BgrobE _Odmbr KQ>Zm H$ ]mX d Cg AH$b bÂ]r S≠>mBd [a b
OmZ H$m dmXm H$aV h¢ VmoH$ AH$b _| Cgg Kwbo_b H$a ]mV H$a
gH|$ Am°a Cg VgÎbr X gH$, CgH$s _ZïpÒWoV g_P gH|$ $& S>m∞.
Omer hr gÂ[yU© C[›`mg _| EH$ _mà Eg [mà h¢ Om gmar pÒWoV H$m
116
EH$X_ VQ>ÒW hmH$a XIV h¢ oZ_©bm O°Z H$ e„Xm _| -
""d eHw$Z Am°a CgH$ Mmam| Ama H$s g›VwobV oO›XJr H$m
^agH$ T>hamd XV h¢ $&''35
AO` H$ gmW ^r gma g_` CZH$ Ï`dhma _| gm°O›`Vm
PbH$Vr h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$ ‡oV oH$gr ‡H$ma H$m Xwamd CZH$ _Z Zht
ahVm dm bJmVma eHw$Z H$m Bg g›X^© _| g_PmV h° oH$ ]ßQ>r H$
odf` _| dh H$ht JbV oZU©` Z b $& o\$a ^r AO` Am°a eHw$Z
o_bH$a Om r oZU©` b Cg_| dh H$mB© Am[oŒm Zht _mZV ∑`m|oH$
d A[Zr gr_mAm| H$m OmZV h¢ $&
\y$\$s eHw$Z H$ gmW CgH$s godH$m Am°a gßaojH$m H$ Í$[ _|
ahVr h° $& dh Ka H$ gma H$m_-H$mO H$ AoVna∑V ]ßQ>r H$s XI-aI
^r H$aVr h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$ ‡oV \y$\$r H$ _Z_| Om ÒZh h° dh _mV•ÒZh g
oH$gr ^r Í$[ _| H$_ Zht h° $& dh ]ßQ>r H$m ]hX fl`ma H$aVr h° $&
\w$g©V H$ jUm| _| dh ]ßQ>r H$m Vah Vah H$s H$hmoZ`mß r gwZmVr h°
Am°a ]ßQ>r H$s eßH$mAm| H$m g_mYmZ r H$aVr h° $& Am°a ]ßQ>r H$s oOX
H$m PbZm Vm \y$\$s H$m _mZm [a_ H$V©Ï` h° $& ]ßQ>r H$ ZmO-ZIa
VWm CgH$s ha CÎQ>r-grYr haH$V H$m dh ghO Òdm^modH$ Í$[ _|
J´hU H$a bVr h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$m H$^r CgH$s _m™ S>m™Q>Vr h° [aßVw \y$\$s
gX°d XwbmaVr-[wßMH$maVr h¢ Am°a ZB©-ZB© grI ^r XVr h° $& dh
[wamZ gßÒH$mam| g w∑V J´m_rU Zmar h° $& \y$\$s eHw$Z H$m gmW dht
VH$ XVr h° Ohm™ VH$ CgH$s –oÓQ> _| eHw$Z H$m AmMaU gm_moOH$
–oÓQ> g J´m¯ ahVm h° oH$›Vw O°g hr Cg bJVm h° oH$ eHw$Z g_mO
H$s gwÒWmo[V [aÂ[amAm| H$m AoVH´$_U H$a ahr h°, d°g hr dh Cg
[nadma g A[Zm ZmVm hr Vm ∂S> bVr h° Am°a gXm H$ obE hna¤ma
117
Mbr OmVr h° $&
\y$\$s H$ hna¤ma OmZ H$ oZÌM` H$m gwZH$a eHw$Z Cg [yN>Vr
h° oH$ ∑`m Am[ _wPg ZmaO h°, Vm \y$\$s H$hVr h° - ""Aa h_
Zm°H$a AmX_r, h_ H$Bg ZmaO hm|J ? [a JdmZ Or^ Vm Xr h° Vm
]mb|J OÈa $& AJa Am[ gm° OyVm _ma|Jr Vm h_ VoZH$m oM›Vm Zmhr
H$a|Jr, [a ]mb o]Zm h_g| ahm Zht Om`Jm ....... O] Am[ Om
H$a ahr h°, ]mbH$ ]¿Mm H$m bH$a, gm Am[H$m em^m XVm h¢ $&''32
\y$\$s H$m o]Xm H$aV g_` eHw$Z Cg gm° È[`m XZm MmhVr h°
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oZbm^r d•oŒm VWm ]ßQ>r H$ ‡oV AJmY __Àd PbH$ CR>Vm h° $& dh
H$hVr h° - ^JdmZ H$ Xa]ma _| Om ah h°, È[`m-[Bgm H$m hmJm
∑`m ? XZm hr h° Vm EH$ dMZ X Xm oH$ h_ma ]ßQ>r B`m H$m O°gm
Am[Z o]gam oX`m h° AmOH$b, d°gm Am°a _V H$aZm $& ]m[ H$ ahV
`h o]Zm ]m[H$m hm ahm $& A] _m™ H$ ahV `h o]Zm _m™ H$m Z hm
OmE $& Am°a \y$\$s Z gr∂S>r _| _w™h oN>[m ob`m $&''
"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$m dH$sb MmMm r Í$o∂T> H$m odamY H$aZdmbm
h° $& dh AO` Am°a eHw$Z H$ ]rM g›XedmhH$ H$m H$m_ H$aVm h° $&
O] CZH$m gÂ]›Y [yU© Í$[ g Qy >Q> OmVm h° Am°a eHw$Z o]ÎHw$b
Aghm` hmVr Vm MmMm Cg Xygar emXr H$aZ H$s gbmh XV h° $& -
""MrOm| H$m ghr VarH$m| g bZm grIm eHw$Z $& O] AmX_r EH$
OJh YmIm ImVm h° Vm Cg bJVm h° g] OJh YmIm hr YmIm h° $&
[a Egm Zht h¢ $& o\$a CgZ H$hm Vw_ H$db ]ßQ>r H$s _m™ hr Z hm
BgobE Vw_ H$db ]ßQ>r H$s _m™ H$s Vah _V oO`m eHw$Zr H$s Vah
^r oO`m $&''
118
AßV _| MmMm Z eHw$Z g MwZm°Vr H$m gm_Zm H$aZ H$ obE h
^r ]Vm`m - AJa AO` A[Zr oO›XJr H$s ZB© eÈAmV H$a gH$Vm
h° Vm Vw_ ∑`m| Zht H$a gH$Vr $& ∑`m| A[Z H$m BVZm ]m™Y-]m™YH$a
aIVr h¢ $& Vw__| ∑`m Zht h° ? ]wo’_mZ hm, [∂T>r obIr hm q‡gr[mb
hm gma eha _| VwÂhmam _mZ gÂ_mZ h° $&''
`m| dH$sb MmMm eHw$Z H$m ZB© oO›XJr ewÈ H$aZ H$s ‡aUm
XVm h¢ $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ Bg C[›`mg [a H´$m`∂S>, w ßJ, _m∑g©, gmé H$m
‡^md h° $& \´$m`∂S> H$ AV•flV-B¿N>m[yoV©H$m og’mßV Vm Bg C[›`mg
[a Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g XIm Om gH$Vm h° $& ES>ba Am°a wßJ ¤mam ‡oV[moXV
"bKwÀd H$s mdZm' VWm "Ahß mdZm' r ghO Í$[ _| oXImB© XVr
h° $& gmé H$ AoÒVÀddmX H$m ‡^md r Cg C[›`mg [a [yaOma Í$[
_| oXImB© [∂S>Vm h° $&
Í$[m dmham Am°a AÈU H$. gZ ¤mam oboIV "^maVr`
H$m_H$mOr Zmna`m| H$s g_Ò`m' Zm_H$ bI H$ R>rH$ hr bJVm h° -
""O°g hr Zmar H$_mZr bJVr h°, dh [wÈf H$ Ahß H$m R> g
[h˛™MVr h° VWm CgH$ _Z _| hrZVm H$s J´ß›Wr [°Xm hm OmVr h°, oOg
[a [aXm S>mbZ H$ obE dh ‡^wÀd J´o›W H$m YmaU H$aZ bJVm h°
Am°a OÈa h Zmar H$ obE AgwodYmOZH$ ]Z OmVm h° $&''
`h ]mV _›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg C[›`mg _| br^m™oV Xem©`r h¢ $&
"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$s eHw$Z Am°a AO` _| VZmd BVZm ]∂T> OmVm h° oH$
CZH$m EH$ gmW ahZm r gÂ^d Zht hmVm h° $& eHw$Z A[Z d°dmohH$
OrdZ H$ ]ma _| gmMVr h° -
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119
OmZ H$s AZw^yoV g o^›Z Wm $& AmO O°g EH$mEH$ CgH$ Ao›V_
N>ma [a Am JB© h° $& [a Am [h˛™MZ H$m g›Vmf r Vm Zhr h°, T>H$b
oXE OmZ H$s odde H$MmQ> ma h° $& [a H°$gm h° h N>ma ? Z ‡H$me
Z dh Iwbm[Z, Z _wo∑V H$m Ehgmg $&''36
eHw$Z EH$ AmYwoZH$ Zmar h° Om A[Z Ï`o∑VÀd H$m ÒWmo[V
H$aZ H$ obE VbmH$ Vm b bVr h° boH$Z CgH$ _Z _| AVrV H$s
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odo^›Z ]›YZm| _| ]m™Y XVr h¢ $&
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h¢ $& Bg C[›`mg H$ _m‹`_ g C›hm|Z O∂S>r^yV Am°a oZoÓH´$` [aß[am
g AbJ hQ>H$a Z` –oÓQ>H$mU VWm AmYwoZH$ [nade _| Z` _yÎ`m|
H$s ImO H$s h° $&
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MbVr h° $& "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$s mfm [mÃm| H$ AZwÈ[ h° $& Bg C[›`mg
_| gwoeojV Am°a AoeojV [mà h¢ $& oeojV [mÃm| H$ A›VJ©V eHw$Z,
S>m∞. Omer, AO`, dH$sb MmMm, ]ßQ>r, A_r, OmV AmoX Am°a
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\y$\$s J´m_rU [nade g Ow ∂S>r h˛B© h¢ $& Bg H$maU dh J´m_rU
^mfm H$m ‡`mJ H$aVr h° $& O°g -
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XmJ A[Zr _hVmar H$m $&''37
120
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VÀg_, VX≤^d, Aa]r, \$magr H$ e„Xm H$m gwßXa H$bmÀ_H$ T>ßJ g
‡`mJ oH$`m h° $& Bg C[›`mg H$ haH$ [mà H$ gßdmX h_ma X` H$m
PH$PmaV h°, O] \y$\$s hna¤ma Om ahr Wr, V] dh eHw$Z g AmoW©H$
_XX bZ H$ ]Om` dMZ bV h˛E H$hVr h° - ""XZm hr h° Vm EH$
dMZ X Xm oH$ h_ma ]ßQ>r ^°`m H$m O°gm Am[Z o]Iam oX`m h°
AmOH$b, d°gm Am°a _V H$aZm $& ]m[ H$ ahV h o]Zm ]m[ H$m hm
ahm A] _m™ H$ ahV h o]Zm _m™ H$m Z hm Om` $&''38
S>m∞. gwae og›hmZ "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aV h˛E H$hm
h° - Bg C[›`mg _| ^mdmo^Ï`ßOZm H$s gy˙_Vï Edß ^mfm H$s ZB©
AW©dŒmm H$m gm°›X`© oOgH$s odef MMm© hmZr MmohE $& BYa H$_
hr C[›`mg Eg h¢ - oOZ_| M_ÀH$mam| Edß H•$oÃ_ Xw]mYVm g ]MH$a
AmO H$s qOXJr H$m oMÃm| H$s mfm Am°a gmW©H$ ‡VrH$m| H$ _m‹`_
g ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg C[›`mg _| ‡VrH$, o]Â]
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VWm VZmd H$s _ZïpÒWoV _| mdwH$Vm g AmV‡mV mfm H$m ‡`mJ
oH$`m J`m h¢ $&
(3) _hm^mO :
"_hm^mO' _›Zy ßS>mar H$m amOZroVH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ [a AmYmnaV
h° Am°a Zm° [na¿N>Xm| _| od^›Z h° $& bJ^J EH$ gm° oVamgr [•ÓR>m| H$
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∑`m|oH$ boIH$m Z Bg C[›`mg _| g_H$mbrZ amOZroVH$ JoVodoY`m|
H$m gOrd oMÃU H$aV h˛E A[Z –oÓQ>H$mU H$m gßH$V r oH$`m h° $&
121
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$ ‡maÂ^ _| o]gga H$s bme H$m CÎbI
H$hVm h° oH$ bmdmnag bme Zht Wr ∑`m|oH$ o]gga H$ _m™-]m[
OrodV W $& oX dh bme bmdmoag hmVr Vm Cg oJ’ ZmM-ZmMH$a
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AoYH$mße bmJ O_m hm J` $& h gamhm Jm™d eha g bJ^J ]rg
_rb Xya Wm Am°a [hb Vm Jm™d _| KQ>r KQ>ZmAm| H$s Ama eha H$m
Oam r ‹`mZ Zht OmVm Wm [a›Vw A] Jm™d _| Om Hw$N> r KQ>Vm,
CgH$m bH$a A¿N> Img [°_mZ [a eha _| Ib]br _M OmVr $&
_hrZ a [hb Jm™d H$s gahX H$ [mgdmb hnaOZ Q>mbr H$s Hw$N>
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Cg_| ahZdmb r ObH$a amI hm J` $& bmJ Xm°∂S>H$a WmZ [h˛™M [a
WmZXma gmh] Z `h oXZ Nw>Q>r br Wr........ Am°a C[oÒWV Xm
bmJm| Z h H$hH$a ]mV Q>mb Xr oH$ WmZXma gmh] H$ AmZ [a hr
Om™M hmJr $& BgH$ ]mX Jm™ddmb emßV hm J` Am°a H$db CZH$s
gm™gm| H$ gmW oZH$bm h˛Am EH$ EH$ JwÒgm VWm Z\$aV hr ^mar
VZmd ]ZH$a hdm _| hm™ g dhm™ VH$ gZgZmVm ahm $&
Xygar Ama O] h g_mMma eha _| [h˛™Mm V] dhm™ g _o›Ã`m|,
ZVmAm| Am°a AI]maZ drgm| H$s Jmo∂S>`m| H$m VmVm gamhm Jm™d _|
bJ J`m VWm H$B© oXZm| VH$ CZH$m AmZm OmZm Mmby ahm $& ZVmAm|
Z È™Y h˛E Jb Am°a Jrbr Am™Im| g XwI ‡H$Q> H$aV h˛E H$B© AmÌdmgZ
oX` VWm g_mMma [Ãm| H$ gßdmXXmVm Cg amI H$ T> a H$s \$mQ>m
ItMH$a b J` $& C›hm|Z Xyga oXZ Bg KQ>Zm H$m goMÃ oddaU
g_mMma [à _| N>m[H$a h g_mMma Ka-Ka [h˛™Mm oX`m Am°a [mR>H$m|
H$ Mha [a odfmX H$s Jhar N>m`m [wV J`r [a Hw$N> g_` ]mX bmJ
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139
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VgÎbr XZr MmohE $$&''57
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H$a XVr h° Am°a `hr H$hmZr EH$ ¡`mXm Jham Am°a Ï`m[H$ AW©
‹doZV H$aZ bJVr h°, oOg_ gm°Xmo_Zr H$s h mÃm AodÌdmg g
147
odÌdmg AZmÒWm g AmÒWm Am°a ZmoÒVH$Vm g AmoÒVH$Vm oH$gr
H$mÎ[ZrH$ B©Ìda H$ gm_Z g_o[©V Zhr h° dh [aV Xa [aV _mZdr`
JwUm| Am°a Jna_m H$m A›dfU H$aVr h° $& KZÌ`m_ H$ ‡oV CgH$m
[hbm ^md ‡oVamY Am°a odamY H$m h° Om H´$_eï odao∑V Am°a
CXmgrZVm g hmVm h˛Am ghmZw^yoV, g_P, ÒZh, gÂ_mZ gr
gro∂S>`m| H$m bmßKVm h˛Am l’m Am°a AmÒWm VH$ [h˛ ™MVm h° $&
gm°Xmo_Zr H$s ggwamb _ VZmd H$s pÒWoV H$s Vrd´Vm XZ H$ obE hr
_°Z Qw>›Zr H$s H$Î[Zm H$s $& BgH$ _m‹`_ g [mnadmnaH$ gXÒ`m| H$
odo^›Z _ßVÏ`m H$m ghO hr gßKfm _ bmZ H$s gwodYm ^r o_b
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oY∑H$ma Am°a [m[ ]mY H$s H$hmZr Wr, _°Z Cg EH$ ghO _mZdr`
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148
M H$hmZr gmohÀ` :
A‹``Z Edß odÌbfU H$s gwodYm H$ obE ÒdmV›Õ`m|Va H$hmZr
H$m ZB© H$hmZr H$hm J`m h¢ $& "ZB© H$hmZr' _| WmW© H$s "‡_moUH$Vm'
[a AoYH$ ]b oX`m J`m h° $& BgobE H$hmZr _| ^mJ h˛E `WmW©
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g o^›Z Wr $& ÒdmV›ÃmŒma [napÒWoV`m™ ]Xb OmZ g [mR>H$m| H$s
_mßJ r ]Xbr $& dh AmXe© H$s Zht ]oÎH$ WmW© H$s H$hmZr MmhVm
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H$m H$hmZrH$ma A[Zr g_Ò`m H$m _mZd g_Ò`m ]ZmH$a oMoÃV
Zht H$a gH$Vm [a›Vw ÒdmV›Õ`mŒma H$hmZrH$ma H$s oZOr g_Ò`m
_mZd g_Ò`m ]Z gH$Vr h° $& H$hmZrH$ma g_mO H$m ‡oVoZoY ]ZH$a
149
A[Zr g_Ò`m H$m g_mO H$s g_Ò`m H$ Í$[ _| oMoÃV H$a
gH$Vm h¢ $&64
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AoYH$ g AoYH$ ÒVam| H$m C^maZ H$s H$moee hm ahr h° $& BgobE
ÒdmV›Õ`mŒma H$hmZr _| _mZdOrdZ H$m oOVZm Ò[ÓQ> oMÃU h˛Am h°
CVZm ÒdmV›Ã[yU© H$hmZr _| Zht h˛Am $&
H$_bÌda Z H$hm oH$ -
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H$aVm h° Am°a A[Zr ha H$hmZr _| WmW© H$m ImOVm Am°a Ao^Ï`∑V
H$aZm MmhVm h° $&''65
ZB© H$hmZr Z ]ßYr-]YmB© [na[mQ>r H$m Vm∂S>H$a ZE [na[˙` _|
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ZB© H$hmZr H$ `WmW©Z _mZd_Z H$s N>Q>[Q>mhQ>Vm, KwQ>Z,
gßÃmgZ¤f, d°_ZÒ` H$s A[jm _mh^ßJ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
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H$hm OmEJm $& oOg `wJ _| O°gr OÈaV hmVr h° Cgr –oÓQ>H$mU g
bIH$ A[Zr H$b_ MbmVm h° $& Òd`ß _‹`dJu` bIH$m| Z Bg wJ
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M H$hmZr H$s [na^mfm :
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150
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AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr gmohÀ` _| h Í$[ r ]ßJbm H$ _m‹`_ g [m¸mÀ`
gmohÀ` g Am`m h° $& AßJ´Or _| oOg "emQ>© ÒQ>mar' H$hV h° $& oh›Xr
_| JÎ[ Zm_H$m oH$gr _mÃm _| ‡MbZ ahm h° $& [a›Vw H$hmZr e„X hr
gdm©oYH$ ÒdrH•$V h° $& H$^r-H$^r bKwH$Wm r H$hm OmVm h° $&
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151
Zmar H$m Zmar H$s –oÓQ> g oMÃU H$aVr h° _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m|
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gmohÀ` H$s VrZ ‡_wI od⁄mAm| _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr ‡oV^m
oXImB© h° boH$Z CZH$s odef ª`mVr H$hmZrH$ma H$ Í$[ _| h° $&
Hw$N> g_rjH$m| Z _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _wª`Vï d°`o∑VH$
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H$db [oV hr Zht g_mO H$m ha [wÈf Zmar H$ ‡oV gßHw$oMV
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h° Cg [aÂ[am g [wÈf dJ© ]mha Zht oZH$b [m`m h° $& Mmh ÒÃr
H$_mZdmbr hm, amOZroV _| hm m gm_moOH$ gßÒWmAm| g Ow∂S>r hm
ha jà _| oÒÃ`m| H$ ‡oV [wÈfm gßH$sU© –oÓQ>H$mU hr aIVm h° $&
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ad°`m ]XbZ bJm h¢ $&
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H$ [mbZ-[mfU H$s g_Ò`m I∂S>r hm OmVr h° Bg gm_moOH$ WmW©
H$m _›Zr ßS>mar Z H$bmÀ_H$Vm g oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& "`hr gM h°'
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H$_Omar hr h° $&
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AmB© C›hm|Z "Am™Mb _| XyY Am°a Am™Im| _| [mZr' dmbr Zmar H$s
H$m_b VWm Jna_m_` ‡oV_m AoYH$ oMoÃV H$s $& boH$Z _›Zy H$m
Bg ‡oV_m g odef bJmd Zht Wm Am°a Bgr H$maU C›hm|Z Zmar _Z
H$s KwQ>Z-Qy>Q>Z VWm AmH´$me A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| oMoÃV oH$`m C›hm|Z
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153
oH$`m h° $&
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H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡W_ gßÒH$aU
1. _¢ hma JB© gZ≤ 1957
2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra gZ≤ 1959
3. `hr gM h° gZ≤ 1966
4. EH$ flb°Q> g°bm] gZ≤ 1968
5. oÃeßHw$ gZ≤ 1978
A] VH$ 50 H$hmoZ`m™ obIr h° $&
A] h_ EH$-EH$ H$hmZr H$m odÒVma g XI|J $&
(1) _¢ hma JB© :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m `h [hbm H$hmZr gßJ´h 1957 _| ‡H$moeV
h˛Am $& h H$hmZr Bg gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h° VWm Bgr H$hmZr
H$ AmYma [a H$hmZr gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU h˛Am h° Bg gßJ´h _| 12
H$hmoZ`mß gßJ´ohV h° $&
1. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ "_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZrgßJ´h H$s ` ‡W_ H$hmZr
h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| Ymo_©H$ Hw$‡d•oV`m| [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $&
[hmo∂S>`m| g oKa eha_| o_eZar b∂S>oH$`m| H$m H$m∞bO h° $&
g] OJh ham-^am oXImB© XVm h° $& gm_Z EH$ Ob h° $& garZ Ob
H$s D™$Mr-D™$Mr Xrdmam| H$m XIm H$aVr h° Am°a gmMVr h° oH$ H$m∞bO
H$ obE h OJh ∑`m| MwZr JB© ? Am°a H°$oX`m| H$ OrdZ H$s odoMÃ
H$Î[ZmE™ H$aVr ahVr h° $& H°$gm OrdZ hmJm CgH$m Z AmZ›X Z
154
CÎbmg Z ag $& Bgr H$m∞bO H$s _Xa ]h˛V A¿N>r h° Am°a ¡`mXmVï
ÒQ>m\$ Z›g H$m h° $& EZr Am°a ogÒQ>a O°Z ^r ]h˛V A¿N>r h° dh
h_em h™gVr ahVr h° $& aÀZm ogÒQ>g© H$m oh›Xr [∂T>mVr h° Cg H$m∞bO
Am°a \$mXa H$ ‡oV ]hX H$m°Vyhb Am°a ` h° $& EZr Am°a O°Z A[Zr
B¿N>m g g] Hw$N> N>m∂S>H$a ZZ ]Zr Wr $& B›hm|Z oO›XJr _| MM© Am°a
H$m∞bO H$ ogdm Hw$N> XIm hr Zht d H$m∞bO H$ [rN>dmb MM© _|
ahVr h° Am°a H$m∞bO _ H$m_ H$aVr h°, ]g hr h° CZH$m OrdZ _ar
Am°a bygr H$ Mham| [a _wX©Zr N>mB© ahVr h° Z oH$gr g ]mbVr h°, Z
h™gVr h° $&
""Oybr C_´ _| BZH$ ]am]a hmJr [a MhH$Vr ahVr h° ]mV H$a|Jr
Vm Egr b¿N>Xma oH$ Vo]`V ∂S>H$ CR> $& h™gJr Vm Eg oH$ gmam
ÒQ>m\$-È_ Jy™O OmE, CgH$m Vm AßJ-AßJ O°g oWaH$Vm ahVm h° $&''
EH$]ma Oybr \$mW© B`aH$m ∑bmg b ahr Wr Am°a H$sS>g H$s H$mB©
H$odVm g_PmV h˛E EH$ b∂S>H$s H$m My_ bVr h° $& _Xa ZmamO h˛B©
Am°a Oybr H$m MM© ^O oX`m d \$mXa H$ [mg JB© \$mXa CgH$s
AmÀ_m ewo’ H$aV h¢ $&
""`hm™ H$ \$mXa EH$ Abm°oH$H$ [wÈf h° EH$X_ oXÏ` ! H$mB©
H°$gm ^r [oVV hm m oH$gr H$m _Z Oam r odH$maJ´ÒV hm, BZH$
gÂ[H©$ _| AmZ g hr CgH$s AmÀ_m H$s ewo’ hm OmVr h° $& Xya-Xya
VH$ ]∂S>m Zm_ h° \$mXa H$m $& ]mha H$s o_eZarO g oH$VZ hr bmJ
AmV h° \$mXa H$ [mg AmÀ_mewo’ H$ obE $&''66
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\$mXa Z VrZ oXZ _| hr CgH$s H$m`m[bQ> H$a Xr $& \$mXa Mmb-T>mb
g EH$ ]∂S>r Ï` _yoV© bJV W Am°a Cg XIH$a _Z l’m g a CR>
155
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JB©, CgH$s gmar emIr, gmar h™gr, gmar _ÒVr O°g oH$grZ gmI
br hm $& `| Oybr H$m Z`m Í$[ Wm bJVm Wm O°g Oybr Zht CgH$s
oO›Xm bme Ky_ ahr h° $&
ogÒQ>a EZr Z H$hm oH$ - ""\$mXa Z CgH$s AmÀ_m H$m [odÃ
H$a oX`m CgH$s AmÀ_m H$ odH$ma o_Q> JE $&''67
MM© _| EH$ Iy]gyaV ZZ≤ EßoObm H$m bm`m OmVm h° $& dh [mJbm|
O°gm Ï`dhma H$aVr h¢ $& Bgr H$maU dh \$mXa H$ [mg Or OmVr h°
boH$Z dh \$mXa H$ H$m]y _| Zht AmVr $& dhr H$hVr h¢ - ""_wP
H$mB© Zht amH$ gH$Vm, Ohm™ _am _Z hmJm _¢ OmD™$Jr $& _¢Z VwÂhma
\$mXa ........ o\$a AmR> M]mH$a ]mV Vm∂S>H$a ]mbr ....... A] d
H$^r \$mbVy H$s ]mV| Zht H$a|J $&''68
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bygr ‡g›Z hmVr h° \$mXa H$s ZmH$m_`m]r [a $& Am°a EH$ oXZ bygr
MM© g mJ OmVr h° $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX MM© VWm H$m∞bO H$ Mmam|
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Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Y_© H$ Zm_ [a hmZdmb Zmar
emfU H$ oIbm\$ "EßoObm' ¤mam AmdmO CR>m`r h° $& _mZogH$
gßÒH$mam| Ed_≤ AmÀ_ewo’ H$ Zm_ [a MM© H$ \$mXa wdoV`m| g A[Zr
H$m_V•oflV H$a C›h| bme ]Zm XV h° $& EßoObm Bg A›`m` H$ ‡oV
od–mh H$aVr h° CgZ \$mXa H$m Zem S>mCZ H$a oX`m Am°a \$mXa H$m
^ßS>m\$mS> oH$`m $&
\$mXa Bg Ag\$bVm [a AmÀ_ΩbmoZ H$ _ma _a Om ah W $&
156
Bg ‡H$ma boIH$m Z B©gmB© o_eZar gßÒWmZm| _| MbZdmb
AZ°oVH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$m [Xm©\$me H$aH$ A[Zr ghr Y_© oZa[j –oÓQ>
H$m [naM` oX`m h¢ $&
2. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr AmYwoZH$ Edß ‡mMrZ [aß[am H$ ]rM N>Q>[Q>mVr
Zmar H$ AÏ`∑V ‡_ H$m oMÃU ]∂S> hr ge∑V T>ßJ g H$aVr h° $&
H$oZH$m Bg H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m h° dh A¿N>r Jmo`H$m h° &
_mWwa gmh] H$ hm™ g_mamh _| Ohm™ eha H$ H$od, gmohÀ`H$ma,
oMÃH$ma, Jm`H$ OwQ>Z dmb W dhm™ H$oZH$m H$m _m°grZ O oX`m
Bgr g_mamh _| H$oZH$m H$m [naM` H$od oZoIb g hm J`m oOgH$
AZH$ JrV dh JmVr Wr $& o_gO _mWwa H$ AmJ´h [a H$oZH$m Z
oZoIb H$m EH$ JrV Jm`m oOgH$m oZoIbZ ]h˛V [g›X oH$`m $&
oZIb H$oZH$m H$ Ka AmZ-OmZ bJm $& H$oZH$m aoS>`m [a
JmZ bJr $& H$oZH$m Am°a oZoIb AZH$ odf`m| [a MMm© H$aV h° $&
ÒÃr-[wÈf gß]ßYm [a r MMm© h˛B© $& H$oZH$m H$m H$hZm Wm -
""]mV h_ oH$VZr hr ]∂S>r-]∂S>r ]Zm b, oZoIb Xm [a Ï`dhma
_| h_ AmJ Zht ]∂T> [mV h° $& Am[ Om `hm™ ]°R>H$a BVZr bÂ]r
Mm° ∂S>r ]mV H$a ah hm _mZ bm H$b H$m Am[H$ ]rdr Am` Am°a
oH$gr Xyga [wÈf H$ gmW dh A[Zm emarnaH$ gÂ]›Y aI Vm ]Xm©ÌV
H$a gH|$J Am[ ? m| S≠>m|BJÈ_ _| ]°R>H$a ]mV ]ZmZm gab hmVm h° $&
[a d ]mV a hr ahVr h°, H$ma og’mßV $&''69
EH$ oXZ oZoIbZ H$oZH$m H$m ]mßhm_| aH$a My_ ob`m $& V]
CgZ oZoIb H$m EH$ MmßQ>m _ma oX`m $& gflVmh H$ ]mX oZoIb H$m
[Ã Am`m oOg_| obI Wm -
157
""gM Vw_Z _ar Am™I Imb Xr oH$ emarnaH$ gß]ßY H$ [a r
b∂S>H$ H$s o_ÃVm H$m H$mB© AmYma hm gH$Vm h°, Am°a Bgrob` _wP
Cg oXZ H$m A[Zm Ï`dhma H$MmQ> ahm h° $& _wP Vw_ [a Oam ^r
JwÒgm Zht, A[Z [a hr ΩbmoZ h° $&''70
`h H$hmZr [aß[am Am°a gßÒH$mam| _| OH$∂S>r Zmar H$oZH$m H$
‡_ H$s Hw ß$R>m H$m oMoÃV H$aVr h° $& dh oZoIb g ‡_ H$aVr h°,
boH$Z Ï`∑V Zht H$a [mVr $& BZ XmZm| H$ ‡_ H$ odH$mg _| oH$gr
Vah H$s [mnadmnaH$ `m AmoW©H$ ]mYm`| Zht hmJr BgH$ obE
H$oZH$m H$ gßÒH$ma oOÂ_Xma h¢ $&
AmO H$s Zmar [yU©Í$[ g Z Vm AmYwoZH$ ]Z [m`r h° Z A[Zr
g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH$ma H$m N>m∂S> gH$Vr h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$ ¤mam boIH$m
Z odOmVr` AmH$f©U Am°a Zmar X` H$ emÌdV gÀ` H$m ‡oV[moXV
oH$`m h° $&
3. OrVr ]mµOr H$s hma :
`h EH$ Zmar H$s Egr H$hmZr h° Om ‡H•$oV H$ odÈ’ OmH$a
OrVH$a r hma OmVr h° $&
VrZ b∂S>oH$`m™ Amem, ZobZr Am°a _wabm EH$ hr H$m∞bO _|
[∂T>Vr h° $& oddmh H$ ]ma _| BZ g^r H$m _mZZm Wm oH$ A[Z
Ï`o∑VÀd H$m IyZ H$aH$ Bg ‡H$ma [oV H$ aßJ _| aßJ OmZm CZH$s
H$Î[Zm H$ ]mha H$s ]mV Wr $& boH$Z Zmar gwb^ ^mdZm H$
\$bÒdÍ$[ Amem Edß ZobZr oddmh H$a bVr h¢ $& _wabm A[Z
og’mßVm [a A∂S>J ahVr h¢ $& dh E_.E. _| woZdog©Q>r _| ‡W_ ÒWmZ
‡mflV H$aH$ AmJ H$mg© H$aZm Amaß^ H$aVr h¢ $& dh AßV VH$
AoddmohV ahZm MmhVr h° Am°a Bg ]mV [a Amem g eV©
158
bJmVr h° $& AmemZ H$hm -
""BVZm OmZVr hˇ™ oH$ oOgg eV© bJm ahr hˇ™ dh g]Hw$N> hmH$a
^r Zmar h° $& Am°a Zmar H$m EH$ gmWr MmohE, EH$ ghmam MmohE,
[nadma MmohE Am°a MmohE ]¿M $& C¿M g C¿M oejm r CgH$s
Bg mdZm H$m Zht MwH$ gH$Vr $&71
_wabm H$hVr h° oH$ - ""∑`m XoH$`mZwgr bmJm| O°g ]mV| H$aVr
h° $& ghmam Cg MmohE Om A[Z H$m A]bm g_P ! _¢ g]bm hˇ™,
_wP oH$gr H$m ghmam Zht MmohE $&''72
_wabm AoddmohV Wr Am°a oejm-od^mJ H$ EH$ D™$M [X [a
[h˛™M JB© Wr $& dh EH$ g^m H$m g^m[oVÀd H$aZ Bbmhm]mX JB© oH$
[›–h dfm H$ ]mX CgH$s _wbmH$mV Amem g hmVr h° $& Amem Cg
A[Z Ka b JB© dhm™ Cg Amem H$m Ka CgH$ VrZm| ]¿M g^r Hw$N>
]h˛V A¿N>m bJm $& Amem OrVr ]mOr H$s mX oXbmH$a _wabm g
BZm_ _m™JZ H$ ob` H$hVr h°$ & V] _wabm Amem H$s [m™M dfu`
b∂S>H$s _m™JVr h° $&
""Vm A[Zr h o]oQ>`m _wP X X $&''73
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z Zmar [a _mV•Àd H$s odO` ‡ÒVwV
H$s h¢ $& H$mB© r Zmar A[Z Zmar-gwb^ mdZmAm| H$ H$maU [oV H$
Í$[ _| EH$ gmWr, EH$ ghmam, ^am-[yam [nadma Am°a ]¿M
MmhVr h° $& _wabm Bgr ‡H•$oV H$ odÈ’ OmH$a AßV VH$ AoddmohV
ahVr h° [a Cg emßoV hmogb Zhr hmVr $& Zmar H$m "ZmarÀd'
_mV•Àd g Am°a AoYH$ oZIa AmVm h° $& Zmar "_mV•Àd' H$ o]Zm
AYyar h°, ht _wabm H$s hma h° $& CgZ ]mOr Vm OrV br [a dÒVwVï
dh hma J`r h¢ $& dmÒVd _| h EH$ gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h¢ $&
159
4. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr :
_›Zy ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| ‡_ H$m Z [mZ H$s N>Q>[Q>mhQ>
Ï`∑V H$s h° $& Zmo`H$m "Í$[' h° dh d°MmnaH$ –oÓQ> g od–mh H$aVr
h°, [a WmW© _| H$_Oma [∂S> OmVr h° $&
"Í$[' A[Zr od_mVm H$ H$maU ÒHy$b N>m ∂S>H$a Ka _| [∂T>mB©
H$aZ bJVr h° $& gm°Vbr _m™ H$ H$R>ma oZ`ßÃU H$ H$maU dh h_em
S>ar S>ar gh_r-gh_r ahVr h° $& Bgr H$maU CgH$ o[Vm Í$[H$m
CgH$ _m_m-_m_r H$ [mg O XV h¢ $& dhm™ ahH$a Í$[ _°oQ≠>H$ H$s
[arjm [mg H$a bVr h° $& Ohm™ CgH$m [naM` EH$ AZmW b∂S>H$
"bobV' g hmVm h° $& Om _m_m H$m [mbH$ [wà h° CgH$ gmW Í$[ H$m
‡_ Yra-Yra ]∂T>Vm OmVm h° $& bobV È[ H$ ‡oV ‡_ ‡H$Q> H$aVm h°
Am°a Cg ohÂ_V XH$a C¿M oejm H$ ob` odXe Mbm OmVm h° $&
bobV H$ OmZ H$ ]mX Í$[ H$s emXr dH$sb gmh] g hm OmVr
h° $& Í$[ B¡OV IßoS>V hmZ H$ ` g Xygam| H$s Wm[r h˛B© B¿N>mAm|
H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a A[Z Aa_mZm| H$m Jbm Km|Q> XVr h° $& ÒHy$b H$s
[∂T>mB© g bH$a oddmh VH$ H$ _m_bm| _| dh Òd`ß oZU©` Zhr b
[mVr $& Cg ha ]ma o[VmOr H$s B¿N>m H$ AmJ PwH$Zm [∂S>Vm h° $&
o[VmOr H$s ]mV Cg od–mh H$aZ g amH$Vr h° -
""H$m°Z, Í$[ ]Q>r ! Aa h ]∂S>r g_PXma b∂S>H$s h°, _am H$hZm
dh H$^r Q>mb gH$Vr h° bm ! AmO H$ O_mZ _| Egr b∂S>H$s ]∂S>
^mΩ` g o_bVr h° $& Í$[ H$m bJm O°g CgH$m gmam odamY, gmam
H´$mY ]h J`m h° $&''74
Í$[ H$ [oV CXma oXb H$ B›gmZ h° $& [oV H$s Ï`ÒVVm H$
H$maU Am°a bobV H$s `mX g Ï`oWV hmH$a Í$[ A[Z Ka _|
160
AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVr h° $& A_arH$m g bm°Q>H$a bobV dH$sb
gmh] H$ Ka _h_mZ ]ZH$a ahVm h° $& Í$[ A] emXr-gwYm H$
H$maU bobV g EH$ Xyar ]Zm` ahVr h° Am°a CgH$ gmW ]h˛V H$_
]mbVr h° $& bobV Í$[ H$m XoH$`mZygr ]mVß À`mJ H$a A[Z gmW
^mJ oZH$bZ H$ obE CH$gmVm h° $& Í$[ bmH$bmO H$ S>a g [hb
_Zm H$a XVr h° $& [a bobV H$ g_PmZ [a Í$[ mJZ H$ obE V°`ma
hm JB© $& bobV Í$[ H$ _Z H$m [ya gflVmh ^a –∂T> ]ZmVm ahm $&
odXe H$s ]mV| ]VmH$a CgZ Cg [war Vah g_Pm oX`m oH$ Om Hw$N>
^r d H$aZm Om ah h¢ dh oH$gr ^r –oÓQ> g AZwoMV Zht h°, Am°a
Í$[ Z r A[Z Am[H$m [yar Vah V°`ma H$a ob`m, bobV Z H$hm -
""A¿N>m Í$[ ! H$b amV H$m h_bmJ Mb X|J $& _¢ gda hr
`hm™ g o]Xm bH$a Y_©embm _| Om oQ>Hy™$Jm $& Vw_ amV ]mah ]O H$
H$ar] ÒQ>eZ amS>dmb M]yVa [a _wP o_bmJr g_Pt ? S>amJr Vm
Zht Zm ?''75
Í$[ Z H$hm - ""Zht bobV EH$ ]ma H$_Omar H$m \$b wJV
MwH$s hˇ™, Cgg O›_ a H$ obE g]H$ o_b J`m $&''76 mOZm H$s
amV hr dH$sb gmoh] Í$[ H$m A[Z o_Ã H$s [∂T>r-obIr [ÀZr H$
^mJ OmZ H$m g_mMma gwZmV h¢ -
""]∂S>r _wgr]V _| Wm ]Mmam $& CgH$s ÒÃr A[Z oH$gr
AmoeH$ H$ gmW mJ JB© $&''77
Am°a Í$[ g dH$sb gmh] H$hV h° oH$ - ""[∂T>r-obIr Vm Vw_
^r hm, mJZ H$s ]mV Vm Xya ahr, Xm gmb hm J`, _wP H$^r mX
Zht AmVm oH$ Vw_Z Am™I CR>mH$a oH$gr A›` [wÈf g ]mV ^r
H$s h° $&''78
161
B›ht ]mVm| H$ [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Í$[ bobV H$ gmW ^mJ Zht
gH$Vr Am°a H$_µOma [∂S> OmVr h° Am°a AßV VH$ dH$sb gmh] H$s
[ÀZr ]Zr ahVr h° $&
`h H$hmZr Egr ^maVr` b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr h° Om ‡_r Am°a
[oV XmZm| H$ ‡oV B©_mZXma ahZm MmhVr h° $& Í$[ H$mB© odXer Zmar
Zht oH$ emXr H$ ]mX ^r ‡_r H$ gmW ^mJ OmE $& [aß[am Edß
gßÒH$mam| H$ H$maU hr Í$[ oeoWb [∂S> OmVr h° $& [aß[am Edß gßÒH$mam
H$m oZdm©h H$aZm ^maVr` Zmar H$s odS>Â]Zm h° Bgr CXÌ` H$m
‡oV[moXV H$aZm Bg H$hmZr H$m b˙` Wm $& gßÒH$ma Edß Í$oT>`m| H$
]›YZ Zmar H$m oH$gr H$Xa Xw]©b ]Zm XV h¢ $& BgH$s AZw^yoV Bg
H$hmZr H$ ¤mam Ï`∑V h˛B© h° $&
5. g`mZr ]wAm :
Bg H$hmZr _| AZwemgZo‡` "g`mZr ]wAm' H$m oMÃ boIH$mZ
oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
]M[Z g hr d g_` H$s oOVZr [m]›Y Wr A[Zm gm_mZ
gß^mbH$a aIZ _| oOVZr [Qw>Wr Am°a Ï`dÒWm H$s oOVZr H$m`b
Wr Cg XIH$a MoH$V hm OmZm [∂S>Vm Wm $& H$hV h° - ""Om [|ogb
dh EH$ ]ma IarXVr Wr dh O] VH$ BVZr N>mQ>r Z hm OmoV oH$
CZH$s [H$∂S> _| ^r Z AmE V] VH$ Cgg H$m_ bVr Wr $& Om a]a
C›hm|Z Mm°Wr H$jm _| IarXr Wr Cg Zdt H$jm _| AmH$a g_mflV
oH$`m $&''78
g`mZr ]wAm H$ oddmohV H$ g_` o_b H$m™M Am°a MrZr H$
]V©Z [›–h gmbm| H$ ]mX ^r ghr gbm_V aIVr h° $& [nadma H$
g^r bmJm| [a ]wAm H$m AmVßH$ N>m`m h˛Am h° $& ]wAm H$s AoV
162
AZwemgZ o‡`Vm H$m oeH$ma CZH$s [m™M dfu` [wÃr "A›Zy' ]Z
OmVr h° $& dh EH$ AkmV ^` g oKar ahVr h°, ImZ[mZ H$s
AÀ`oYH$ gVH©$Vm H$ ]mdOyX r "A›Zy' ]r_ma hm JB© $& S>m∞∑Q>a Z
am` Xr oH$ - ""]¿Mr H$m [hm∂S> [a b Om`m OmE Am°a oOVZm AoYH$
Cg ‡g›Z aIm Om gH$ aIm OmE $& g]Hw$N> CgH$ _Z H$ AZwgma
hm hr CgH$m ghr BbmO h° $&''79 S>m∞∑Q>a H$s gbmh H$ AZwgma
Cg [hm∂S> [a b Om`m J`m $& Hw$N> g_` bJmVma ]wAm H$m [Ã H$
¤mam g_mMma o_bV ah, [aßVw EH$ _ohZ H$ ]mX r [oV H$m H$mB©
[Ã Zht Am`m Vm dh qMoVV hm CR>r $& d amV H$m gm Z [mB© Am°a
gmar amV XwïÒdflZ XIVr ahr Am°a amVr ahr $& _mZm CZH$m dfm g
O_m h˛Am ZmarÀd o[Kb [∂S>m Wm Am°a A[Z [ya dJ H$ gmW ]h ahm
Wm $& dh XIVr h° oH$ CgH$ [oV AH$b Mb Am ah h°, A›Zy gmW
Zht h° Am°a CZH$s Am™I r bmb h° Am°a dh \y$Q>-\y$Q>H$a am [∂S>r $&
Cg d∑V [oV H$m obIm [Ã o_bVm h° $& [Ã H$s [hbr [ßo∑V [∂T>H$a
hr dh amZ bJr O°g H$mB© ]h˛V ]∂S>r XwK©Q>Zm KoQ>V hwB© hm $& ]mX _|
[Vm MbVm h° oH$ [oVZ Om obIm h° dh A›Zy H$ obE Z hmH$a
[Mmg Í$[`dmb gY H$ H$m fl`mb Qy>Q> OmZ H$s KQ>Zm H$ ]ma _| h° $&
`h dmÒVodH$Vm OmZH$a amV-amV ]wAmOr h™gZ bJr $& [m™M
AmZH$s gwamhr Vm∂S> XZ [a Zm°H$a H$m ]war Vah [rQ>Zdmbr ]wAmOr
[Mmg È[`mßdmb gQ> H$ Qy>Q> OmZ [a ^r hßg ahr Wr $& _mZm C›h|
ÒdJ© H$s oZoY o_b J`r hm $&
g`mZr ]wAm H$m Òd^md odef hr Bg H$hmZr H$m H$œ` h° $&
[mJb[Z H$s gr_m VH$ Ï`dÒWm Am°a g_` H$s [m]›Xr _ZwÓ` H$m
_ZwÓ` Zht _erZ ]Zm XVr h° $& _mZm "am]mQ>' hm Om g_` g H$m_
163
H$a $& ]wAm H$m Ka emÍ$_ H$s Vah gOm h˛Am ahVm Wm, Ohm Ï`dÒWm
H$ Zm_ [a g^r gXÒ`m| H$m Ob H$ H°$Xr H$ g_mZ ahZm
[∂S>Vm Wm $& em`X Bgr AmVßH$ g A›Zy ]r_ma [∂S>r Am°a ]wAm H$m
_me©b bm oeoWob hm J`m $& gªV _mß H$m __Àd OmJ•V h˛Am $&
gQ> H$ Xm fl`mb Qy>Q>Z [a g`mZr ]wAm oXb ImbH$a hßgZ bJr Am°a
gm_m›` B›gmZ ]ZZ H$m CÎbmg AZw^d H$aZ bJr $&
6. Ao^ZVm :
Bg H$hmZr _| ‡_r H$ ¤mam N>br JB© Zmar H$s Ï`Wm H$m ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m J`m h° $& AmYwoZH$ g_mO _| A[Z ZH$br AmMaU g
`wdoV`m| H$m R>JZdmb `wdH$m | H$s _mZogH$Vm H$m oMÃU
_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° $&
H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ h° - "Ao^ZVm' qH$Vw `h H$Wm h° EH$
Ao^ZÃr H$s Ï`Wm H$s $& aßOZm Ao^ZÃr h° Cg Ao^Z` H$m em°H$
ÒHy$b OrdZ g hr Wm $& H$m©bO H$ aßJ_ßM [a A[Z Ao^Z` H$m
oZImaV h˛E dh o\$Î_r ogVmam| H$s H$Vma _| Am JB© $& dh EH$ Zm_r
o\$Î_ Ao^ZÃr h° $& aßOZm H$m MmhZdmbm| H$s gߪ`m AoYH$ h°,
[aßVw oOg dh IwX ‡_ H$a gH$ Egm H$mB© Z Wm $& dh A[Z Imbr
OrdZ H$m oH$gr H$ ‡_ g a XZm MmhVr h° $&
aßOZm H$s o_Ã H$mo_Zr A[Zr gmboJamh H$s [mQ>u _| Cg b
J`r $& dhm oXbr[ g _wbmH$mV h˛B© $& dh o]OZg H$aZ ]Â]B© Am`m
Wm $& aßOZm oXbr[ H$s Ama AmH•$ÓQ> h˛B© $& oXbr[ H$m o]OZg O_
J`m Wm $& CgZ ]ßJbm-JmS>r b ob`m Wm Am°a amO em_ dh
aßOZm H$ gmW JwOmaVm Wm $& Cg Ao^Z` [gßX Zhr Wm $& aßOZm H$m
oddmh H$ ]mX H$m_ N>m∂S>XZ H$s ]mV H$aVm Wm $& aßOZm H$hVr h° -
164
""AmOH$b _¢ ZE H$m™Q≠> ∑Q> r Zhr bVr $& VwÂh| oM∂T> h° Z gm°
A] h g] N>m∂S> Xy™Jr $&''80
""Vw_ H$hm, Vm _¢ Eg gm° H$m_ Hw$]m©Z H$a gH$Vr hˇ™ $&''81
oXbr[ o]OZg H$ ob` Mbm J`m & [›–h oXZ ]mX bm°Q>
Am`m $& EH$ oXZ oXbr[ Z H$hm OmZVr hm H$mo_Zr VbmH$ XZ H$s
gmM ahr h° $& aßOZm H$hVm h° hmß amO H$s oH$Q>oH$Q> g EH$ ]ma hr
oH$Ògm IÀ_ & V] oXbr[ H$hVm h° - ""‡_ H$s EH$mo›VH$m _| _am
odÌdmg h° Vw_ Mmh _wP XoµH$`mZyg H$hm `m [wamU[›Wr [a b°bm
_OZy H$m ‡_ hr _a ‡_ H$m AmXe© h° $& H$b _mZ bm oH$gr H$maU
g _¢ VwÂh| Zhr [m gHy™$ Vm gM H$hVm hˇ™ OmZ X Xy™ ! VwÂhma o]Zm Vm
_¢ A[Z OrdZ H$s H$Î[Zm r Zhr H$a gH$Vm $&''82
oZÓH$[Q> aßOZm Z oXbr[ [a odÌdmg H$a ob`m $& Am°a [°g H$s
AmdÌ`H$Vm [a oXbr[ H$m H$mam MH$ ^r X oX`m $& Cg_| CgZ
]mah hOma È[` a Am°a [›–h oXZ H$ ob` XhamXyZ-oXÎbr Mbm
J`m $& oXbr[ H$ VrZ-Mma [Ã Am` Am°a CgH$ ]mX aßOZm ‡Vrjm
H$aVr ahr $& oXZ ]rVV J` $& aßOZm CgH$ Ka J`r Ka [a Zm°H$a Wm,
CgH$ [mg H$mB© I]a Zht Wr $& aßOZm K]am J`r $& H$mJO H$ ob`
_O H$s XamO Imbr $& Cg_| ∂T>a gma [Ã W $& XhamXyZ g aIm H$
‡_[Ã W $& EH$ [Ã oXbr[ H$ o[VmOr H$m Wm $& oOg_| CgH$s [ÀZr
Am°a ]¿M H$ g_mMma W, gmW hr oH$gr dH$sb gmh] g ]mah
hOma È[` bZ H$s ]mV Wr $& h XIV aßOZm H$m _mh^ßJ h˛Am $&
oXbr[ ÒÃr Am°a [°gm XmZm| —oÓQ> g ´ÓQ> Wm $& aßOZm Vm aßJ_ßM [a
Ao^Z` H$aVr Wr [aßVw oXbr[ H$m Vm gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` gmo]V
h˛Am $& AmMma Am°a odMma H$ Xmha ÒVa [a [wÈf ¤mam gßdXZerb
165
Zmar H$m _Z N>bm J`m h° $& aßOZm oXbr[ H$m [Ã obIVr h° -
""_¢ Vm H$db aßJ_ßM [a hr Ao^Z` H$aVr hˇß [a VwÂhmam Vm
gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` h° $& ]∂S> D™$M H$bmH$ma Am°a gY h˛E Ao^ZVm
hm Vw_ _a XmÒV $&''83
oXbr[ emXrewXm h° ` [Xm©\$me hm OmVm h° $& dh aßOZm H$m
odÌdmgKmV H$aVm h° $& h H$hmZr EH$ Zmar H$s Ï`Wm H$s H$hmZr h°
Am°a gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h° $&
7. Ì_emZ :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s Bg H$hmZr _| d°dmohH$ OrdZ _| ÒÃr Am°a
[wÈf H$ ]rM CÀ[›Z hmZdmb AmH$f©U H$s JhamB© H$m Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$
dU©Z h° $& _mZdr` gßdXZm VWm _Zm^mdm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m
J`m h° $& Cg_ Ì_emZ Am°a [hm∂S>r H$m gßdmX h° $&
Bg H$hmZr H$m Zm`H$ VrZ ]ma emXr H$aVm h° $& Am°a VrZm|
[ÀZr _a OmVr h° & boH$Z O] O] ed H$m ObmZ dh Ì_emZ OmVm
h° - V] V] H$hVm h° oH$ _¢ A[Zr [ÀZr H$m ]h˛V fl`ma H$aVm hˇ™ _¢
CgH$ o]Zm Zhr ah gH$Vm $& V] Ì_emZ AdmH≤$-gm ah OmVm h° $&
CgZ [hm∂S>r g H$hm - ""Bg Ï`o∑V H$s Ï`WmZ _a X` H$m
_W S>mbm $& `m| Vm `hm™ amO hr Eg oH$VZ hr Ï`o∑V AmV h°, [a
OmZ ∑`m| BgH$ XwI _| BgH$s dXZm _| Egm ∑`m Wm Om _¢ H$^r Zht
^yb gHy™$Jm $& Vw_ XIZm A] h OrodV Zhr ahJm $&''84
VrZ df© ]rV JE dh wdH$ oH$gr e] H$m obE Ì_emZ J`m $&
Ì_emZ Z gmMm dh A^r OrodV h° $& dh `wdH$ odbm[ H$aVm h°
Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmAmJr _°Z ÒdflZ _| r Zhr gmMm Wm $&
A] _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm H°$g OrodV ahˇ™Jm $& _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm $&
166
Cg wdH$ H$s Xygar [ÀZr _a JB© $&
Xm df© r Zht ]rV hmJ oH$ o\$a Ì_emZ H$ H$mZm| _| o\$a dhr
[naoMV Òda gwZmB© [∂S>m $& dh wdH$ Bg ]ma A[Zr Vrgar [ÀZr H$
ed H$m ObmZ Am`m Wm $& CgH$m H´$›XZ CVZm hr H$ÈU Wm $& CgH$
[hbdmb È[ _| Am°a AmO _| H$mB© A›Va Z Wm $&
EH$ hr [wÈf H$m A[Zr VrZ-VrZ [oÀZ`m| H$ [rN> EH$ hr
‡H$ma H$m odbm[ H$aV ZOa AmVm h° $&
""Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a H$hm™ JB© ? mX h°, oH$VZr ]ma Vw_Z H$g_|
ImB© Wr oH$ oµO›XJr-^a Vw_ _am gmW XmJr - Vw_ Vm _wP AH$bm
N>m ∂S>H$a Mbr JB© $& A] _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm OrodV Zht ah gH$Vr $&
Vw_ _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm Zhr Vm _wP VwÂhma [mg AmZ H$m H$mB©
C[m` H$aZm [∂S>Jm $& Vw_ Zht Vm _a OrdZ H$m H$mB© AW© Zht, H$mB©
gma Zht H$mB© ag Zht, VwÂht Vm _am OrdZ Wr, _ar ‡aUm Wr $&
A] _¢ OrodV ahH$a H$È™Jm hr ∑`m ? _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm, _¢
VwÂhma o]Zm Zht ah gH$Vm $&''85
dh wdH$ ha]ma odbm[ H$aV h˛E EH$ hr ]mV XmhamVm h° oH$
dh BgH$ o]Zm OrodV Zht ah gH$Vm $& Vrgar ]ma dh Xmd H$ gmW
H$hVm h° oH$ Vrgar [ÀZr g hr CgH$m g¿Mm ‡_ Wm $& [hbr CgH$s
AZwJmo_Zr Wr, Xygar ghJmo_Zr Vm Vrgar o‡` o_Ã oOgH$ o]Zm
dhr EH$ H$X_ ^r AmJ Zht ]∂ ∂T> gH$Vm $& ha ]ma EH$ hr ]mV
Hß$R>ÒW [mR> H$s Vah XmhamVm ahVm h° $&
Ì_emZ H$s ]mV| gwZH$a [hm∂S>r H$db _wÒH$amVr h¢ $&
Ì_emZ H$ _Z_| dfm g _ZwÓ` H$ Abm°oH$H$ ‡_ H$s Om YmaUm
O_r h˛B© Wr CgH$m Y∑H$m bJVm h° $& CgH$m [Vm Mb OmVm h° oH$
167
_ZwÓ` H$m ^mdZm H$ gmW H$mB© gß]ßY Zht h° $& B›gmZ H$ ÒdmWu
Abm°oH$H$ ‡_ H$m XIH$a Ì_emZ H$m X` [ÀWa hm CR>Vm h° $&
CgH$s hmbV XIH$a [hm∂S>r Cg g_PmVr h˛B© H$hVr h° -
""Vw_ BVZm hr Zht g_PV oH$ Om B›gmZ ‡_ H$aVm h° Cg
OrdZ g r H$_ fl`ma Zht hmVm dh H$mar mdwH$Vm [a oO›Xm Zht
ah gH$Vm $& dh OrdZ H$s [yU©Vm H$ obE o\$a ‡_ H$aVm h°, OrodV
ahZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aVm h° $& dh ha od`mJ Pb bVm h°, Ï`Wm gh
bVm h° $& ∑`m|oH$ g]g AoYH$ ‡_ Vm _ZwÓ` A[Z Am[g
H$aVm h¢ $&''86
Bg H$hmZr H$m H$œ` gd©Wm ZdrZ Am°a _m°obH$ h° & _›Zy ßS>mar Z
Ì_emZ Am°a [hm∂S>r H$m gOrd [mà H$ Í$[ _| oZo_©V H$a
_mZdOrdZ H$ emÌdV gÀ` H$m COmJa oH$`m h° $& dh oOVZr EH$
oZÓR>Vm Am°a V›_`Vm g ‡_ H$a gH$Vm h°, CVZr hr ghOVm g
CgH$ od`mJr H$m ^r gh bVm h° $& ha [wÈf H$ obE Zmar EH$
AmdÌ`H$Vm h° $& Bgr Vœ` H$m H$hmZr H$ _m‹`_ g C^mam J`m h° $&
_mZd H$s OrdZ OrZ H$s$ AmH$mßjm ‡_ ^mdZm g AoYH$
]bdmZ h° $& H$mar mdwH$Vm m ‡_ H$ ghma hr B›gmZ oO›Xm Zht
ah gH$Vm $& OrZ H$s AmaOy ‡_ mdZm g AoYH$ ‡]b hmVr h° $&
Bgr emÌdV gÀ` H$m boIH$mZ Bg H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
8. Xrdmar, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV :
boIH$mZ Bg H$hmZr _| [aÂ[am g OH$∂S>r AoeojV Zmna`m™
oeojV Zmar H$ gÂ]›Y _| Z OmZ ∑`m-∑`m MMm©E™ H$aVr ahVr h° $&
BZ AoeojV Zmna`m| H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m WmW© oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
e›Zm Am°a e°b oeojV b∂S>oH$`m™ h° $& e°b H$ Ka _| Am°aV|
168
Xw[ah _| h_em J[g[ H$aVr ahVr h° $& Cgr _mhÎb _| EH$ neojV
XÂ[oV ahZ Am`m h° $& [ÀZr gmohÀ` _| Í$oM aIVr h° Vm Cg
o_bZ H$ ob`| bmJ AmV-OmV h° $& CgH$ Zm_ [Ã AmV h° $& CgH$
bI AI]mam| _| N>[V h¢ $& [oV H$m `h g] [gßX Zhr Wm $& EH$
oXZ dh ImZm ]ZmH$a _rqQ>J _| Mbr OmVr h° Am°a amV H$m Xa g
bm°Q>Vr h° Vm [oV eH$ H$aVm h° $& [oV-[ÀZr _| H$hm-gwZr hm JB© $&
amV _| O] bm°Q>r Vm AmX_rZ r Pm¢Q>m [H$∂S>H$a Xm Pm[Q> aI oXE
Am°a H$h oX`m -
""oZH$b Om _a Ka g, oOZ `ma-XmÒVm _| Ky_Vr o\$a h°,
C›ht H$ Ka OmH$a ]°R> $&''87
^m^rZ H$hm [∂S>mg _| Egm H$mßS> hm Omd Vm [∂S>mgr hmZ H$
ZmV h_mam r Hw$N> Ya_ hm hr Omd $& gm° B©, _¢ r ohÂ_V H$aH$
JB© $& gmMm H$h Xy™Jr oH$ [°a [H$∂S>H$a _mµ\$s _m™J b $& [a dh Vm _a
D$[a ]agZ bJr ]mbr -
""]ohZOr ! JbVr H$È™Jr Vm gm° ]ma _mµ\$s _m™J byJr [a oOg
_¢ JbVr g_Py™ hr Zht, CgH$ obE ∑`m| _mµ\$s _m™Jy™ ? AmO _mµ\$s
_m™J by™ Am°a H$b o\$a dh H$È™ Bgg ∑`m \$m`Xm ? h_ XmZm| H$m
gmW oZ^ Z gH$ Vm gmW ahZ g ∑`m \$m`Xm ? ........ Mbm oH$Ògm
IÀ_ $&''88
[oVZ Cg Ka g oZH$b OmZ H$m AmXe oX`m $& dh [hZ h˛E
H$[∂S>m _| hr Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h¢ $&
`h EH$ ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ H$hmZr h¢ $& `hm™ Xrdma [wamZr Í$o∂T>`m|
H$m, ]¿M Z`r [r∂T>r H$m VWm ]agmV Z` odMma Am°a gm_moOH$
_yÎ`m| H$m ‡VrH$ h° $& _ßS>br ObmH$a X]r O]mZ Am°a ahÒ`mÀ_H$
169
T>ßJ g [am` Kam| H$ ]mV| CN>mbZm, [aqZXm H$aZm AmoX ^maVr`
oÒÕ`m| H$ ob` ZB© ]mV Zht h° $& AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$s `h XwI^ar
H$hmZr r ahr h° oH$ dh XmZm| Va\$ o[gVr ahVr h° $& EH$ Va\$ [wÈf
‡YmZ g_mO Am°a Xygar Am°a [aß[amJV Í$o∂T>`m| _| Am]’ Zmar
g_mO, Zmar hr Zmar H$m XwÌ_Z h° $& Zmar H$m D$[a CR>mZ _| _XX
Zht H$aVr, ]oÎH$ CgH$s A[jm H$aVr h° $&
oeojV Zmar A[Zm ÒdVßà Ï`o∑VÀd MmhVr h°, O]oH$ CgH$m
[oV Cg_| ]mYm CÀ[›Z H$aVm h° $& V] dh A[Z ÒdVßà Ï`o∑VÀd
H$s ajm H$ obE Ka N>m∂S> XVr h° $& Bgr ]mVH$m bH$a J™dma Í$o∂T>J´ÒV
Am°a AneojV Zmna`m™ Bg [∂T>r obIr Zmar H$s C[jm H$aVr h° $&
`hm™ _›Zy ßS>marZ Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$ gßKf© H$s ]mV ]VmB© h° $& EH$
Am°a [aß[amJV gm_moOH$ Z°oVH$Vm g ]mßYr [wamZr [r∂T>r H$s Zmna`m™
h° Vm Xygar Am°a [aß[amJV gßÒH$mam| H$m Vm ∂S> Z` _yÎ` ÒWmo[V
H$aZdmbr ZB© [r∂T>r h° $& [wamZr [r∂T>r H$s Zmna`m™ AmO r A[Z H$m
[wÈf H$s Xmgr Am°a mΩ`m hr _mZVr h° $& V^r Vm ΩJm H$hVr h¢ -
""Vw_ A[Z Ka _| _aXm H$m gOm| H$m gwI Zht X gH$m Vm VwÂh|
∑`m [yOZ H$m „`mh oH$`m h°ß $&''89
Bg H$hmZr _| Egr _ S>br H$m oMÃU h° Om [aß[amdmXr
hmZ H$ H$maU oH$gr ZE gm_mwoOH$ [nadV©Z H$m EH$X_ Zht
ÒdrH$maVm $& hm™ Z`-[wamZ AmXem H$ ]rM Vmb_b Z ]°R> [mZ H$
H$maU [oV-[ÀZr H$ gß]ßYm _| CÀ[›Z VZmd Am°a [mnadmnaH$
o]Iamd H$s pÒWoV H$m COmJa oH$`m J`m h¢ $&
9. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr :
`h H$hmZr A[Z Am[H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma g_PZdmbr
170
emÒÃrOr H$s Mnaà ‡YmZ H$hmZr h¢ $&
EH$ gmohÀ`H$ma g emÒÃrOr H$s _wbmH$mV g_ßXa H$ oH$Zma
[a hm OmVr h¢ $& [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr AhßdmXr h¢ $& [ßoS>VOr Òd`ß H$m
_hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma ]VmV h° -
""Vm _¢ hˇ ™ H$hmZr bIH$ [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr ! `oX oh›Xr
gmohÀ` g Am[H$m Wm ∂S>m ^r [naM` hmJm Vm Am[Z JOmYa
emÒÃr H$m Zm_ AdÌ` gwZm hmJm dh ZmMrZ _¢ hr hˇ ™ $&''90
gmohÀ`H$ma Z H$hm - ""`m| oh›Xr gmohÀ` Vm _am A[Zm odf` hr
h°, Bg Ama ÈoM r h° [a ]mV h h° oH$ Ò_aU eo∑V µOam H$_Oma
h°, BgobE Hw$N> mX Zht H$a [m ahm hˇ™ $& Am[ A[Zm oH$gr ‡H$moeV
[wÒVH$H$m Zm_ ]VmBE, em`X Cgg Hw$N> mX Am OmE™ $&''91 [ßoS>V
JOmYa emÒÃr Z H$hm gmohÀ` _| Am[ ZE oIbm∂S>r _mby_ [∂S>V
h¢, Am°a H$hm oH$ [wÒVH$ A^r VH$ Vm H$mB© N>[r Zht h¢, [a erK´ hr
VrZ-Mma N>[Zdmbr h¢ $& AmO g gmV gmb [hb "aoÌ_' _| EH$
H$hmZr oZH$br Wr "A_rar-Jar]r' $& oh›Xr H$s em`X hr H$mB© Egr
[oÃH$m hmJr, oOgH$ gÂ[mXH$ H$m [Ã Z Am`m hm| oH$ erK´ hr
A[Zr aMZm oOE $&
EH$ oXZ gmohÀ`H$ma Z XIm oH$ emÒÃrOr ]∂S> hr gßV•ÓU
ZÃm| g oH$gr wdVr hm ÒZmZ H$aV h˛E XI ah h° Am°a Cgr _| C›h|
H$hmZr H$m flbmQ> ZOa Am`m $& Xyga oXZ emÒÃrOr oÏh∑Q>a h˛Jm| H$
"bm o_Oa]b H$m Mmardmbm' ohÒgm ¡`m| H$m À`m| obIH$a A[Zr
H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _| bIH$ H$m X XV h¢ $& A[Zr H$hmZr _| Mma g
ghmZw^yoV OVmZdmb `h emÒÃrOr amV H$ AßYa _| ]V©Z CR>mZ
Am` hmQ>b H$ N>mH$a H$m Mma g_PH$a [rQ>V h¢ $&
171
AmO g_mO _| Eg AZH$ Ï`o∑V _m°OyX h¢, Om ]h˛V hr gm_m›`
bI m EH$mY aMZm H$ ¤mam A[Z H$m ]∂S>m gmohÀ`H$ma m bIH$
_mZ bV h¢ $& PyR>r ‡eßgm H$ ¤mam A[Z Mnaà H$s Xw]©bVm H$m
oN>[mZ H$m ‡`mg H$aV h°, oOgH$m CXmhaU emÒÃrOr h° $&
boIH$m Z AmO H$ bIH$m| H$s PyR>r Ah_dmoXVm [a Ï`ßΩ` H$aH$
CZH$m g¿Mm ‡oVq]] h_ma gm_Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Eg gmohÀ`H$ma
`m bIH$ CZH$s gmohÀ` gß]ßYr AÎ[kVm g g_mO H$m ZwH$gmZ
[h˛™MmV h¢ $& gmohÀ` H$ jà _| ¡`mXmVa bIH$ _m°obH$Vm H$ A^md
_| VÒH$a d•oŒm J´hU H$aV h˛E ZOa AmV h¢ $& boIH$m Z [ßoS>VOr H$
H$WZ H$ ¤mam hr A[Z CXÌ` H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$a oX`m h¢ $&
""JOmYa emÒÃrZ oI›Z _Z g H$hm ]∂S>m XwïI hmVm h°,
AmOH$b H$ bIH$m| H$m XIH$a H$mB© AZw^d Zhr, A‹``Z Zht,
gmYZm Zht ]g ‡oV^m H$m amJ Abm[-Abm[ H$a H$b_ MbmV h°
_mZm| gmohÀ` obIZm H$mB© Kmg H$mQ>Zm hm $&''92
_›Zy ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| Ahß g [ro∂S>V emÒÃrOr H$m MnaÃ
oMÃU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Cg gmohÀ` H$s H$mB© JßY Zhr h° Am°a h_em
AmÀ_-‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° Am°a Òd`ß H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma
g_PV h¢ $&
10. H$mb Am°a H$gH$ :
Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z EH$ oddmohV Zmar "amZr' H$s dXZm
^ar KwQ>Z oMoÃV H$s h¢ $&
amZr H$m oddmh H°$bme g h˛Am h° $& H°$bme WmW© _| H$mbm
h°, CgH$m Mham _w™hmgm Am°a MMH$ H$ XmJm| g am h˛Am h° $& CgH$
D$[a ]mah hOma H$m H$Om© h° $& Bgob` oXZ amV ‡g _| H$m_ H$aVm
172
ahVm h° $& dh Mm°]rgm| K Q> ‡g H$s _erZm| H$ ]rM H$m_ H$aV
H$aV Òd`ß _erZ ]Z OmVm h° $& mdhrZ Edß aghrZ H°$bme H$m Z
amZr _| oXbMÒ[r Wr, Z Ka _| H°$bme emXr H$ obE amOr Z Wm
CgH$s _m Z Oma-O]aXÒVr g emXr H$adm Xr $&
amZr H$ hmß EH$ [BßJ JÒQ> AmVm Wm $& oOgH$m Zm_ eIa Wm
dh gwßXa Wm $& amZr A[Z [oV H$s CXmgrZVm H$ H$maU eIa H$s
Ama AmH•$ÓQ> hmVr h° $& EH$ ]ma [mZr aZ amZr ZrM OmVr h° Am°a
^ar ]mÎQ>r obE D$[a M∂T>V oJa [∂S>r $& H°$bme ‡g OmZ H$ obE
ZrM CVa ahm Wm Cg Xa hm JB© Wr dh H$hVm h° XIH$a ∑`m| Zhr
MbVr hm ? dh Mbm OmVm h° $& V] eIa Am`m CgZ amZr H$m hmW
[H$∂S>H$a CR>m`m ]mbm -
""Aa h ∑`m ? Vw_Z Vm A™Jwbr H$mQ> br, Am°a O] g È_mb
oZH$mbH$a CgZ ]∂S> Xwbma g ]m™Y oX`m $& ‡_ g ]m™Yr JB© Cg Jm™R>
_| AZm`mg hr amZrH$m X` r ]™Y J`m $&''93
eIa H$m „`mh CgH$s OrOrZ EH$ gw ßXa b∂S>H$s g H$am
oX`m $& amZr H$ _Z _| eIa H$s [ÀZr H$ ‡oV gm°oV`mS>mh CÀ[›Z
h˛Am $& amZr d°g hr o]H$a OmVr h° O°g yIr eaZr H$m oeH$ma H$mB©
Am°a hoW`m b $& amZr A] ]mV-]mV [a eIa H$s [ÀZr g PJ∂S>Vr
ahVr h° $& EH$ oXZ Vm eIa g r CbP JB© $& eIa PJ∂S>m _| H$^r
Zhr AmVm [a O] amZr Z ]mar _| g H$m`b oZH$mb H$a \|$H$Z
AmaÂ^ oH$E Vm eIa H$m ]mbZm [∂S>m - hQ> OmAm hm™ g, A[Z
ohÒg H$s N>V [a ahm, Zhr Vm hmW [H$∂S>H$a oZH$mb Xy™Jm $&'' V]
amZr H$hVr h° b [H$∂S>, [H$∂S> Vm hmW Agb _aX H$m ]¿Mm h° Vm
[H$∂S>H$a hr oXIm X Am°a dh oMÎbmZ bJr $& eIa A›Xa Mbm
173
J`m [a amZr H$s MrI [wH$mam| Z gmar A∂S>mg-[∂S>mg BH$Q≤>R>m H$a
oX`m Bg PJ∂S> g VßJ AmH$a H°$bme _H$mZ ]Xb bVm h° $& amZr
A[Zr H$m_-AV•oflV H$m bH$a amVr ahVr h¢ $& AV•flV B¿N>mAm| H$m
H$b H$s H$gH$ g Cg AßVVH$ Nw>Q>H$mam Zht o_bVm $&
AmOH$s [napÒWoV H$m oZ_m©U [mÌMmÀ` ‡^md g h˛Am h° $&
AmYwoZH$ g_mO _| Ï`o∑V H$s Xm°∂S> È[`m| H$ [rN> h° $& Bg Xm°∂S> _|
A[Zr [ÀZr H$ ‡oV [oV oOÂ_Xmar H$m r yb OmVm h¢ $& [ÀZr Ka
_| [∂S>r AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVr h° [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ ÒÃr A›` [wÈf
H$m ghdmg Ty>™T>Vr h° Am°a O] ÒÃr H$s h B¿N>m [yU© Zht hmVr Vm
AV•oflV H$ H$maU Zmar AZH$ ‡H$ma H$s odH•$oV`m| H$m oeH$ma hm
OmVr h° $&
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]XbV h˛E _mZX S>m| Am°a ÒÃr-[wÈf H$ [nadoV©V gß]ßYm [a A¿N>m
‡H$me S>mbm h° $&
11. Xm H$bmH$ma :
bobV H$bm _| ‡drU oMÃm Am°a _mZd gdm H$aZdmbr AÈUm
BZ XmZm| H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m `WmW© oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z
‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
oMÃm VWm AÈUm XmZm| A¿N>r ghob`m™ Wr Am°a gmW-gmW
hm ÒQ > b _| ahVr h ¢ $& d °MmnaH$ _V^Xm | VWm Ï`dhmnaH$
o^›ZVmAm| H$ ]mdOyX r XmZm| _| ‡JmT> ÒZh h¢ $& oMÃm oMÃH$ma
h°, Vm AÈUm g_mO godH$m $& AÈUm CXma Ï`o∑VÀddmbr b∂S>H$s
h° Jar]m| H$ XwïI Xya H$aZm VWm CZH$ ]¿Mm| H$m [∂T>mZm Cg A¿N>m
bJVm h¢ $& AÈUm g o]bHw$b od[naV Òd^mdH$s oMÃm h° $& oMÃm
174
A_ra ]m[ H$s bm∂S>br ]Q>r h° $& dh EH$ gr_m VH$ ÒdmWu VWm
A›V_wIu b∂S>H$s h° $& Cg [Bo›Q>ßJ H$ Abmdm oH$gr ^r H$m`© _|
oXbMÒ[r Zht h° $&
EH$ oXZ _wgbmYma dfm© H$ H$maU EH$ o^ImnaZ H$s _m°V hm
OmVr h° $& XmZm| ghob`m o^ImnaZ H$ ]¿M| H$m A[Zr _m™ H$ ed
H$ [mg oM[H$m h˛Am XIVr h° $& oMÃm Cg –Ì` H$m A[Z H°$_a _|
H°$X H$aH$ H$bmÀ_H$ AmZßX H$m AZw^d H$aVr h° $& [aßVw AÈUm Cg
]¿Mm| H$m ghmam XVr h° CgH$s bmbZ [mbZ H$aVr h° $& oMÃm
o^ImnaZ H$s VÒdra odXe _| ^OVr h°, Ohm™ Cg ‡W_ [waÒH$ma
‡mflV hmVm h°, VrZ gmb ]mX EH$ ‡Xe©Zr _| oMÃm H$s |Q> AÈUm g
hmVr h° $& CgH$ gmW Xm N>mQ>-N>mQ> ]¿M h° $& Cg ]¿M H$ ]ma _|
[yN>Z [a AÈUm ]VmVr h° oH$ XaAgb `h dhr ]¿M h° oOgH$m
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Xm H$bm-‡o_`m| H$ OnaE H$mar ^mdwH$Vm Am°a oZaW©H$
H$bm H$s A[jm R>mg H$m`© Am°a _mZdVm H$ _hŒd H$m ‡oV[moXV[
oH$`m J`m h° $& H$hmZr _| dV©_mZ g_mO H$s odgßJoV`m| H$m ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m J`m h° $& oMÃm Ohm™ H$Î[Zm bmH$ _|, A[Z hr oMÃbmH$ _|
odhma H$aVr h° dhm™ Xygar Ama AÈUm WmW© _| A[Z H$m_ _| _ΩZ
h° $& _mZm H$_© hr CgH$m OrdZ hm $& ]m∂T> [ro∂S>Vm H$ oMÃ, o^I_ßJr
AZmW ]¿Mm| H$m oMÃ oMoÃV H$a CgH$m ‡Xe©Z H$a oMÃm ª`moV
‡mflV H$a bVr h° $& dht AÈUm CZ ]m∂T> [roS>Vm| H$s gdm H$aVr h¢ $&
CZ AZmW ]¿Mm| H$m JmX bVr h° $& H$mar mdwH$Vm g AmÀ_ gßVwÓR>r
Zht o_bVr oOVZr AÈUm H$m XrZ-XwïIr`m| H$s gdm H$aZ g CZH$s
XwïI Xwa H$aZ g AmÀ_mZßX o_bVm h¢ $& oMÃm XwïI H$m og\$© H$mJO
175
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Bgr Vah _›Zy ßS>mar Z oMÃm Am°a AÈUm BZ XmZm| H$bmH$mam|
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oH$`m h¢ $&
12. _¢ hma JB© :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr ¤mam _›Zy ßS>mar Z AmO H$ amOZroVkm| [a VrIm
Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $& `h H$hmZr AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _| obIr
J`r h° $&
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gwZmVm h¢ $&
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CgH$ H$_a _| EH$ Ao^ZÃr H$s VÒdra, EH$ eam] H$s ]mVb| Am°a
EH$ JrVm aIVm h¢ Am°a Òd`ß oN>[H$a I∂S>m hm OmVm h¢ $& ]Q>m AmVm
h° Am°a g]g [hb Ao^ZÃr H$s VÒdra H$m CR>mVm h° Am°a grZ g
bJmVm h°, Mw_Vm h° Am°a aI XVm h° CgH$ ]mX eam] H$s ]mVb g
Xm-Mma Ky™Q> [rVm h° $& WmS>r Xa ]mX _w™h [a AÀ`›V JÂ^raVm H$
^md bmH$a ]Jb _| JrVm X]mE ]mha oZH$bVm h¢ $& ]m[ ]Q> H$s h
H$aVyV XIH$a CgH$ odÓ` H$s KmfUm H$aVm h° -
""`h gmbm Vm AmOH$bH$m ZVm ]ZJm $&''94
H$hmZr H$m ‡maß^ ""]Q> H$m odÓ`' H$odVm g h°, Ohm™ ]Q> H$s
haH$Vm| _| AmO H$ ZVmAm| H$s dmÒVodH$ VÒdra oXImB© XVr h° $&
ZVm H$ Xm_Z [a bJ XmJ H$m o_Q>mZ H$ obE boIH$m Xm o^›Z dJ©
g Xm AmXe© ZVmAm| H$m oZ_m©U H$aVr h° $& XmZm| hr ZVm AbJ
AbJ H$maUm| g [X^´ÓQ> hmV h¢ $& CZH$s Ag\$bVm _| hr boIH$m
176
Z A[Zr hma oXImH$a H$hmZr H$ AßV H$m ]∂S>m hr MmQ>Xma ]Zm
oX`m h° $&
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hmVm h°' AZwgma A[Z [hb ZVm H$m O›_ oH$gmZ H$ gm_Z O]
VH$ amQ>r H$m ‡ÌZ Zht Wm V] VH$ ]∂S> AmXe© Xe-gdm, Zd
oZ_m©U VWm H´$mo›V H$s ]mVß H$aVm h¢ $& boH$Z o[Vm H$s _•À`w, _m™
Am°a j`J´ÒV ]hZ H$s Amhm| H$m gwZH$a A[Zr odYmVm g_mZ
boIH$m g CR> H$hVm - ""_¢ A[Zr AßYr _m™ H$s XX©-^ar Amhm| H$s
C[jm oH$gr ^r _yÎ` [a Zht H$a gH$Vm $& Vw_ _wP H$ht Zm°H$ar
∑`m| Zht oXbm XVr ? JwOma H$m gmYZ hm OmZ g _¢ ]mH$s gmam
g_` ghf© Xe-gdm _| bJm Xy™Jm $& VwÂhma g[Z g¿M H$a Xy™Jm $&
[a [hb _a [Q> H$m Hw$N> ‡]›Y H$a Xm $&''95
A[Zr Ag\$bVm [a CgH$m _Z ^∂S>H$ CR>Vm h° $& A[Zr
Z°oVH$Vm H$m X_Z H$aH$ Mmar O°gm OY›` H$m`© H$aZ [a _O]ya hm
OmVm h° $&
Xygam [mà Amo^OmÀ` dJ© g Ow ∂S>m h° $& Bg ZVm H$m O›_
H$am∂S>[oV H$ hm™ H$am XVr h° Ohm™ gwI hr gwI h° $& boH$Z AmoW©H$
gÂ[›ZVm hr CgH$ AYï[VZ H$m H$maU ]Z OmVr h° $& odbmogVm _|
Sy>]H$a dh ^r A[Zr Z°oVH$Vm, gdm, Xe-‡_ BÀ`moX H$m ^yb
OmVm h° CgH$m _mZZm h° oH$ -
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CR>m` m| hr OdmZr ∑`m| ]]m©X H$s Om` ? h g] H$aH$ ∑`m ZVm
Zht ]Zm Om gH$Vm ?''96
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AmO H$ wJ _| AmXe© ZVm H$s H$Î[Zm H$aZm r Agß^d h¢ $&
Ï`o∑VJV ÒdmWm Am°a odbmogVm _| obflV ahZ H$ H$maU AmO odew’
g_mO gdm H$aZ H$ obE ZVm Ag_W© h° $& dV©_mZ gm_moOH$ gßX^m
_| AmXe© Mnaà _yÎ`hrZ hm J` h¢ $& g_mO _| ‡_wI g_Ò`m AmoW©H$
Ag›VwbZ H$s h° $& g_mO _| AmoW©H$ gßVwbZ hmVm Vm oOZ
odH•$oV`m| H$m mJ XmZm| ZVm ]ZV h¢ d CZg ]M OmV $& AmO H$
XeÏ`m[r gm_moOH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$ _yb _| hr AgßVwbZ _wª` H$maU
h° $& dV©_mZ gm_mnOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m ^r gOrd oMÃ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m
J`m h° $& AmO H$ ZVmAm| H$m EH$ _mà CXÌ` odew’ amÓQ≠>gdm H$s
A[jm gŒmm `m Hw$gu H$m ‡mflV H$a Ï`o∑VJV ohÒg `m ÒdmWm H$
[yam H$aZm hr ah J`m h° $& g_mO Bgr Vah oXemhmam H$s Vah Q>H$Vm
ahm Vm Cg _ßoOb H$^r ‡mflV Zht hmJr _›Zy ßS>marZ A[Z Xmo`Àd
H$ ‡oV g_mO H$m OmJ•V oH$`m h¢ $&
(2) VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :
_›ZyOr H$m `h Xygam H$hmZr-gßJ´h h° Om gZ≤ 1959 _|
‡H$moeV h˛Am Wm $& Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| AmR> H$hmoZ`m™
gßH$obV h¢ $&
1. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :
boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _| "Xe©Zm' H$s AßV[uS>m H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m
h¢ $& Xe©Zm H$ ¤mam boIH$m Z EH$ Egr Zmar H$s H$hmZr ‡ÒVwV H$s
h° Om [oV H$s XrK© jUmdÒWm H$ H$maU Zm_ V•oflV H$ obE V∂S>[Vr
h¢ $& AV•flV bmbgm Cg [∂S>m°gr hare H$s Ama AmH•$ÓQ> H$aVr h° $&
Z°Zm "Xe©Zm' H$s ]∂S>r ]hZ H$s b∂S>H$s h° Am°a dh A[Zr ]r_ma
178
_m°gr H$m XIZ Am`r h° $& boH$Z Xe©Zm Z°Zm H$m [hMmZ Zht
gH$Vr $& AVï odde hmH$a Z°Zm dhr ÈH$Vr h° ∑`m|oH$ dh A[Zr
_m°gr g fl`ma H$aVr h° $& boH$Z AßV VH$ dh Cgg o_b Zht [mVr $&
Xe©Zm Z°Zm g o_b o]Zm hr X_ Vm ∂S> XVr h° $& Z°Zm Xe©Zm H$s
S>m`ar H$ Hw$N> [›Z VWm hnae Zm_H$ bIH$ H$s H$hmZr hmogb
H$aVr h° $& Am°a ht g Xe©Zm H$s H$hmZr eÈ hmVr h¢ $&
Xe©Zm Q>r.]r. g ]r_ma [oV H$s gdm H$aVr h° $& A[Zm gmam
g_` dh [oV gdm _| o]VmVr h° $& dh ]∂S>r bJZ Edß VÀ[aVm g
[oVH$s XI^mb H$aVr h° $& naÌVXmam| g og\©$ _m°oIH$ ghmZw^yoV
o_bVr h° $& d Q>r.]r. O°gr ]r_mar H$ H$maU CgH$s Am°a Pm™H$H$a
^r Zht XIV $& AmoW©H$ A^md H$ H$maU Xe©ZmZ EH$ H$_am oH$am`
[a X aIm h° $& Cg H$_a _| AoddmohV hare ahVm h°, Om bIH$
h¢ $& [napÒWoVde VZ-_Z g fl`mgr Xe©Zm hare H$s Ama AmH$of©V
hmVr h° $& Xe©Zm h_em hare H$m oZhmaVr ahVr h° $& oXZ-]-oXZ
[oV H$s oJaVr hmbV XIH$a Xe©Zm amVr h° $& V] hare gmMVm
h° oH$ -
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hwB© oH$ Cg amVr ]]g Zmar H$m OmH$a A[Zr ]mhm| _| a by™, A[Z
obE Zht CgH$ g›Vmf H$ ob`, CgH$s gmßÀdZm H$ ob`, boH$Z
o\$a ª`mb Am`m, Bg AmJ H$m ObmZ g bm^ ?''97
Xe©Zm H$m hare H$ ‡oV bJmd XIH$a CgH$m [oV Cg _maVm
[rQ>Vm h° Am°a Ka g ]mha oZH$mb XVm h° $& dh Xe©Zm H$s _m™,
]hZ, ^°`m AmoX gß]ßoY`m| H$m [Ã obIH$a CZH$s _m°oIH$
ghmZw^woV H$m r Z\$aV _| [nadnV©V H$a XVm h° $& Xe©Zm Ka N>m∂S>
179
XVr h° $& boH$Z hr Xe©Zm A[Z [oV H$s _•À`w H$m g_mMma gwZH$a
H$hVr h° -
""_ar Vm gmar ^mdZm`| hr O°g _a JB© h° $& _¢ hr OmZ ∑`m|
qOXm hˇ™ $&''98
AßV _| odde hmH$a Xe©Zm EH$ ÒHy$b _| gßJrV H$s oeojH$m
]ZH$a OrdZ mMZ H$aVr h¢ $&
Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ^ßS>marZ "‚b¢e ]¢H$' [’oV g H$hmZr
oMoÃV H$s h¢ $&
EH$ ÒdÒW Zmar A[Z ]r_ma [oV g B¿N>m V•flV Z hmZ H$
H$maU [a-[wÈf H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° $& oh›Xy [aß[am H$ AZwgma
oddmohV ÒÃr H$m A›` [wÈf H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmZm AZ°oVH$ _mZm
J`m h° $&
H$hmZr _| XmÂ[À` gr_mAm| _| ]ßYr ZmarH$s AV•flV H$m_
_ZmXem H$m oMoÃU oH$`m h¢ $& "VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra' Bg
H$hmZr _| VrZ oZJmh h¢, Z°Zm, hare Am°a Òd`ß Xe©Zm H$s $&
2. AH$br :
boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _| gm_m ]wAm H$m _mn_©H$ oMÃU ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m h¢ $&
gm_m ]wAm ]wo∂T>`m h°, gm_m]wAm [naÀ`∑Vm h° gm_m]wAm
AH$br h° $&
gm_m]wAm H$m OdmZ ]Q>m Mbm J`m Vm CgH$ [oV H$m Egm
gX_m [wh™Mm oH$ d gß›`mgr ]Z J` $& ha gmb EH$ _ohZ H$ obE
gm_m]wAm H$ [oV Ka AmH$a ahV h¢ $& [oV H$ ÒZh hrZ Ï`dhma H$
H$maU ]wAm H$m A[Zr oO›XJr [mg-[S>mgdmbm| H$ amg hr H$aZr
180
[∂S>Vr h° $& [mg-[∂S>m°g H$ Ka _wßS>Z hm, N>«>r hm, `m emXr ]wAm
dhm™ bJZ[yd©H$ H$m_ H$aVr h°$& O] CZH$ [oV g›`mgr _hmamO Ka
AmV Vm C›h| ]wAm H$m Bg H$Xa Xygam| H$ Ka H$m_ H$aZm A¿N>m Zht
bJVm $&
EH$ ]ma Xya H$ g_Yr H$ hm™ b∂S>H$s H$s emXr Wr $& ]wAm H$m
odÌdmg Wm oH$ g_oYZ AdÌ` ]wbm`|Jr $& g_Yr [°gdmb hmZ H$
H$maU ]wAm b∂S>H$s H$m A¿N>r |Q> XZm MmhVr h° BgobE AmoW©H$
gßH$Q>m| _| oKar ]wAm [wà H$s AßoV_ oZemZr È[r AßJwR>r H$m ]MH$a
Mm™Xr H$s qgXwaXmZr-gmS>r Am°a „bmCO _ßJdmVr h° $& Am°a ]wAm
H$bµ\$ bJr gmS>r Am°a ZB© MyoS>`m™ [hZH$a oZ_ßÃU H$s amh XIVr
h° $& ""nH$VZ ]O JE amYm ? ∑`m H$hm, VrZ ? gaXr _| Vm oXZ H$m
[Vm hr Zht bJVm h° $& ]O VrZ hr h° Am°a Yy[ gmar N>V [a g Eg
qg_Q> JB© _mZm $& em_ hm JB© hm $&''99
_whaV H$m g_` ]rV OmZ [a r ]wbmdm Z Am`m $&
gmV ]O amYmZ D$[a g XIm Vm N>V H$s Xrdma g ghr,
Jbt H$s Ama _w™h oH$E EH$ N>m`m _yoV© oXImB© Xr $& Vm CgH$m _Z
^a Am`m amYmZ BVZm hr H$hm - ""]wAm ! gXu _| I∂S>r-I∂S>r hm™
∑`m H$a ahr hm $? AmO ImZm Zhr ]ZJm, ∑`m ?''100
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obE C™JrR>r ObmZ ]°R> JB© $&
Bg H$hmZr _| gm_m]wAm H$ ¤mam Ï`o∑V H$ AH$b[Z H$s pÒWoV
H$m WmW© oMÃU oH$`m J`m h¢ $& Bg H$hmZr _| ]wAm EH$ Egr MnaÃ
h° Om gm_moOH$ gß]ßYm H$m oZaßVa ]Zm` aIZ H$ obE ‡`ÀZerb h°
EH$ OJh dh H$hVr h° -
181
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naÌVdmbm| g Hw$N> bZm-XZm Zht, [a _wP Vm g]g oZ^mZm [∂S>Vm
h° $& _° ^r g]g Vm ∂S>-Vm ∂S>H$a ]°R> OmD™$ Vm H°$g Mb $&........
gmam Ya_ H$a_ hr byQ>|J, gmam Og hr ]Q>ma|J Am°a _¢ AH$br
[∂S>r-[∂S>r `hm™ BZH$ Zm_ H$m am`m H$È™ $& Cg [a g H$ht AmD™$
OmD™$ dh r ]Xm©ÌV Zht hmVm $&''101
gm_m ]wAm H$s AßV[r∂S>m H$m gw›Xa oMÃ boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr
_| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
3. AZMmhr JhamB`m™ :
_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ Xna– kmZm[mgH$s b∂S>H$ H$m
‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
o_g gwZßXr A[Z ^°`m Am°a ^m^r H$ [mg ahVr h° $& dh
A‹`mo[H$m h° $& o‡›gr[mb H$ AmXemZwgma dh EH$ Jar] b∂S>H$
oedZmW H$m oh›Xr Am°a BoVhmg [∂T>mZ bJVr h° $& Cg EH$ Q>`weZ
^r oXbdm XVr h° $& H$^r H$^ma Cg [°g r XVr ahVr h° $&
oedZmW gwZßXm H$ hm™ gflVmh _| VrZ oXZ [∂T>mZ H$ obE AmVm
h° $& Hw$N> oXZm| H$ ]mX dh am O AmZ bJVm h° $& CgH$m
amO-amO H$m AmZm °`m-^m^r H$m [gßX Zhr $& dh gwZßXm H$m _OmH$
C∂S>mV h¢ $& EH$ ]ma gwZßXm H$m ]wIma AmVm h° $& oedZmW ha amO
AmH$a hmb [yN>H$a Mbm OmVm h° $& EH$ oXZ oedZmW gwZßXm H$
H$_a _| ‡de H$aVm h° $& H$_a _| H$mB© Zht $& gwZßXm H$s ^m^r
oedZmW H$m gwZßXm H$ [mg XIVr h° $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX °`m-^m^r
oedZmW H$m [∂T>mZ H$ obE gwZßXm H$m _Zm H$aV h¢ $& oedZmW [a
gwZßXm r H´$mnYV hm OmVr h° $& Am°a oedZmW H$m Ka AmZ H$ obE
182
_Zm H$a XVr h° -
""A] _¢ VwÂh [∂T>m Zht gHy™$Jr $& H$m∞bO H$ H$m_H$ ]mX _¢
]h˛V WH$ OmVr hˇ™ - BVZm "ÒQ≠>Z' _wPg ]Xm©ÌV Zht hmVm $&''102
EH$ oXZ oedZmW Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB`m™ hb H$aZ hVw EH$ oH$Vm]
gwZßXm H$m XVm h° oOg_| EH$ ‡_-[Ã Wm $& Cg [Ã H$m [∂T>H$a gwZßXm
Va-]Va hmVr h° Am°a oedZmW H$ Jmb [a V_mM O∂S> XVr h° $& Xwga
oXZ gwZßXm H$m∞bO Mbr OmVr h° Vm dhm™ Cg [Vm MbVm h° oH$
oedZmW Z AmÀ_hÀ`m H$s h° $& VrZ-Mma oXZ H$ ]mX EH$ b∂S>H$m
Cgg o_bZ AmVm h° $& dh H$hVm h° oH$ oedZmW Z Xr h˛`r nH$Vm]
_| CgH$m ‡_[Ã h° ∑`m|oH$ CgH$ ‡_[Ã oedZmW hr obIVm Wm $&
gwZßXm oedZmW H$m ]H$gya _mZVr h° Am°a A[Z H$_a _| OmH$a A[Z
XmZm| hmW H$m-H$mQ>H$a bh˛bwhmZ H$a XVr h¢ $& dmÒVd _| oedZmW
kmZ H$m fl`mgm h° $& kmZ [mZ H$ obE dh gwZßXm H$ Ka amO
AmVm h° $& Cg gwZßXm g bJmd h° boH$Z dh A[Zm AZmXa ]Xm©ÌV
Zht H$a [mVm $& AVï dh AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a bVm h° $& gwZßXm ‡W_ Cg
Obr-H$Q>r gwZmVr h° [a ´_ oZamg hmZ [a A[Z Am[H$m hÀ`mnaZ
g_PVr h° $&
4. ImQ> og∑H$ :
boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _| _OXyam| H$ emfU H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m
h° $& Q>H$gmb _| H$m_ H$aZdmb lo_H$m| H$ emfU H$m oMoÃV oH$`m
h° $& h EH$ gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h° $&
I›Zm gmh] Q>H$gmb H$ B¿M [XmoYH$mar h° $& d bIZD$ H$
H$m∞bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m Q>H$gmb XIZ H$s AZw_oV XV h° VWm
Òd`ß Q>H$gmb oXImZ bJV h¢ $& C›hm|Z CZ ^oR>`m| H$m oXIm`m
183
Ohm™ H$¿M YmVw H$m Jbm`m OmVm h° $& dhm™ EH$ ]∂S> hmb _| XÀ`mH$ma
_erZ h° Ohm™ _OXya r _erZ H$s Vah oZaßVa H$m_ H$aV h° $& Hw$N>
_OXya ImQ> og∑H$m| H$m AbJ oZH$mbZ H$m H$m_ H$aV h° $& N>mÃmE™
CZ _erZm| H$ ]rM PwbgV _OXyam| H$m XIH$a H$hVr h¢ oH$ -
""`h Vm ]∂S>m hr IVaZmH$ H$m_ h°, Oam-gr MwH$ _| Abmò
grYr Q>m™J [a hr Am oJa $&''103
I›Zm gmh] H$hV h° hm™ ]h˛V-gr XwK©Q>ZmE™ hmVr h° $& A^r
H$mB© Xm _hrZ [hb hr EH$ AmX_r H$s XmZm| Q>m™J H$Q> JB© $& N>mÃmE™
H$hVr h° - ""o\$a r bmJ hm™ H$m_ H$aZ AmV h°, A[Zr OmZ
H$m Omoò_ _| S>mbH$a $&104 V] I›Zm gmh] H$hV h° - ""H$m_ H$aZ
Aa, EH$ hr OJh Imbr hm Vm [Mmgm Qy>Q> [∂S>V h° $& Am[ OmZVr
Zht h_ma Xe _| B›gmZ H$s OmZ ]∂S>r gÒVr h¢ $&''105
BZ _OXyam| H$m _mogH$ dVZ 60 È[` o_bV h° `h OmZH$a
N>mÃmE™ AmÌM`© MoH$V hm OmVr h° $&
`hm™ boIH$m Z ]am OJmar ^r g_Ò`m H$m ^r oMoÃV
oH$`m h¢ $&
Bg Xm°amZ Q>m™J H$Q> h˛E _OXya H$s [ÀZr I›Zm gmh] g o]ZVr
H$aVr h¢ oH$ CgH$ [oV H$m ImQ> og∑H$ MwZZ H$m H$m_ oX`m
Om` $& boH$Z I›Zm gmh] Cg XwÀH$maV h° $& M[amgr Cg ]mha
YH$b XVm h° $& gmar N>mÃmE™ Cg –Ì` g Ï`oWV hm OmVr h° $&
""A] H$hm™ OmE™ gaH$ma ? ]rg gmb VH$ Am[ bmJm| H$s
Zm°H$ar H$s, Am[H$s Zm°H$ar _| hr Q>m ™J JB©, A] H$hm™-OmE™
gaH$ma ? h_ [a X`m H$naE, Zht Vm ]mb-]¿M ^yI| _a
OmE™J $&''106
184
I›Zm gmh]Z b∂S>oH$`m| H$ Mham| [a H$ÈUm H$m XIm Vm ‡gßJ
]XbH$a Eg MwQ>Hw$b gwZmZm ewÈ oH$`m oH$ b∂S>oH$`m™ h™g-h™gH$a
Qw>har hmZ bJr $&
Q>H$gmb _| H$m_ H$aZdmb _OXyam| H$s g_Ò`m H$s H$hmZr H$m
H$œ` ]ZmH$a boIH$mZ gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mAm| H$s l•ßIbm _| EH$
H$∂S>r Am°a Om∂S> Xr h° $& OmZ OmoI_ _| S>mbH$a mdey›` Mham| g
_erZdV H$m_ H$aZm Am°a XwK©Q>Zm J´ÒV hmZ [a _OXyam| H$s
C[`moJVm ImQ>-og∑H$ H$ g_mZ r Z hmZm AmoX ]mV oXImH$a
boIH$m Z H$hmZr _| OmZ S>mb Xr h¢ $&
Am°⁄moJH$aU H$ Bg wJ _| AmO r _OXya dJ© [yßOr[oV`m| H$
emfU H$m ghVm h˛Am ÃmgXr[yU© oO›XJr Or ahm h° $& A[Zr OmZ
XH$a IwZ-[grZm ]hmH$a [yßOr[oV`m| H$m g_w’ H$aZdmb _OXyam|
H$s OmZH$s H$s_V CZ [yßOr[oV`m| H$s ZOa _| oH$VZr gÒVr h° h
oXImH$a boIH$m Z h_mar gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm [a H$amar MmQ>
H$s h° $&
5. KwQ>Z$ :
_›Zy ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| Xm Zmna`m| H$s KwQ>Z H$m oMoÃV
oH$`m h° $&
‡oV_m A‹`mo[H$m h° $& CgH$m [oV Zdr _| h° Am°a gmb _| EH$
_ohZ H$ obE Ka AmVm h° $& CZH$s emXr H$m Mma gmb h˛` h¢ Am°a
C›h| EH$ N>mQ>r ]¿Mr ^r h° $& O] CgH$m [oV Ka AmVm h° ‡oV_m
CgH$ gmW ahZm MmhVr h° boH$Z CgH$ [oV H$m XmÒVm| H$ gmW
eam] [rZm, AÌbrb _OmH$ H$aZm Cg [gßX Zht h° $& BgobE dh
A[Zr ]¿Mr H$ gmW ahVr h° $& ‡oV_m H$ Bg Ï`dhma g [oV Cg
185
XoH$`mZygr Am°a Zrag H$hVm h° $&
‡oV_m [oV H$ AmJ_Z g Iwe Zht hmVr $& Cg_| A] dh
C_ßJ Am°a Ome Zht h° $& CgH$m [oV AmVm h°, A[Z ]Q>r H$m fl`ma
H$aVm h° Am°a o\$a Xe-odXe g bm`r MrO| oXImVm ahVm h° $&
amV _| ‡oV_m g eam] [rZ H$s oOX H$aVm h° -
""AmO Vm VwÂh| [rZm hr hmJm S>m±ob™J, Ka AmZ H$s Iwer _|,
o_bZ H$s Iwer _| AmO Vm _¢ o[bmH$a hr N>mSy>™Jm $&''107
‡oV_m CgH$s ]mV Q>mb XVr h° $& BgH$ ]mX dh Cg A[Zr
\$m°bmXr ]m™hm| _| OH$∂S>Vm h° $& ‡oV_m H$m X_ KwQ>Z bJVm h° dh
Cgg Nw>Q>H$mam [mZm MmhVr h° [a hma OmVr h° $&
_mZm ‡oV_m H$s [∂S>mgZ h° $& dh AoddmohVm h° Am°a AÈ[ g
‡_ H$aVr h° $& _mZm H$s odYdm _m™ CgH$s emXr Zht hmZ XVr _mZm
emXr H$a bJr Vm CgH$ N>mQ> mB©-]ohZm| H$m H$m°Z [mbJm ? ]w∂T>r
_m™ H$s o]_mar H$m IMm© H$hm™ g AmEJm ? Ka H$s g_Ò`m, ^mB©
]hZm| H$s g_Ò`m H$ AmJ _mZm H$m Ï`o∑VÀd hma MwH$m h° $& dh amV
^a amVr h°, oXZ-oXZ KwbVr Am°a KwQ>Vr h° [a BgH$ AmJ Hw$N> Zht
H$a gH$Vr $&
EH$]ma _mZm AÈ[ H$ gmW mJ OmZ H$s mOZm ]ZmVr h° $&
`h I]a dh ‡oV_m H$m ^r XVr h° $& amV _| J_u g VßJ AmH$a
‡oV_m-N>V [a Iwbr hdm _| Q>hbZ bJVr h° Am°a gmMZ bJVr h¢
oH$ em`X _mZm AÈ[ H$ gmW mJ J`r hmJr $& boH$Z CgZ XIm
oH$ _mZm Ka _| h° Am°a CgH$s _m™ Z ]mha g Vmbm bJm`m h° Am°a
_mZm am ahr h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| Xm Zmna`m| H$s KwQ>Z H$m oMoÃV
186
oH$`m h° $& EH$ h° oddmohV ‡oV_m Om A[Zr [oV H$ \$m°bmXr
]m™hm| _| OH$∂S> OmZ H$ ` g H$g_gmVr h° VWm KwQ>Z _hgyg H$aZ
bJVr h° $& Vm Xygar Zmar h° _mZm Om AoddmohV h° Am°a A[Z
‡_r H$ gmW ^mJ OmZm MmhVr h°, oddmh H$a A[Z [oV H$s
]m™hm _| g_mE OmZm MmhVr h° $& CgH$m oddmh Zht hm ahm h°,
BgobE dh KwQ>Vr Om ahr h° $&
boIH$m Z BZ Xm Zmna`m| H$ _ZmÏ`WmAmß H$m gw›Xa oMÃ oMoÃV
oH$`m h¢ $&
_mZm ¤mam EH$ gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& Zmar
H$m AWm[mO©Z H$^r-H$^r CgH$s mdZm Am°a Ï`o∑VÀd H$m _ma
S>mbVm h° $& Ka H$s AmoW©H$ oOÂ_Xmar H$ H$maU CgH$s _m™ CgH$m
oddmh ^r Q>mbVr ahVr h°¢ $& Egr pÒWoV _| b∂S>H$s H$s emXr H$s
C_´ r ]rV OmVr h° Am°a AßV _| odH•$oV H$m oeH$ma hm OmVr h¢ $&
6. hma :
boIH$m Z ÒdVßà Ï`o∑VÀd MmhZdmb [oV-[ÀZr H$ ¤›¤ H$m
Bg H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
Xr[m amOZroVH$ _mhm°b _| [br h¢ CgH$ o[Vm amOZroVH$
Xbm| _| oXbMÒ[r aIV h° Am°a CZH$s AmbmMZm H$aV h¢ $& Xr[m
A[Z o[Vm H$s AZw[pÒWoV _| odamYr Xbm| H$ bmJm| g ]mVMrV,
]hg Am°a AmbmMZm H$aVr h° Cg Òd¿N>ßXVm odamgV _| o_br h° $&
Hw$N> oXZm| H$ C[amßV dh EH$ amOZroVH$ Xb H$s goH´$` gXÒ` ]Z
OmVr h° $& CgZ amOZroV H$m hr OrdZ H$m jà ]ZmZ H$m gßH$Î[
oH$`m h° $& AVï dh odamYr [mQ>u H$ gXÒ` eIa g oddmh
H$aVr h° $&
187
Xr[m H$ [oV odamYr Xb g MwZmd _| I∂S> ah W $& ¡`m|-¡`m|
MwZmd ZµOXrH$ AmZ bJ odamYr [mQ>u H$ gmW-gmW dh [oV H$m
^r ndamY H$aZ bJr $& Xr[m eIa H$ oIbm\$ mfU XZ bJVr h° $&
dh CgH$s Yo¡O`m™ C∂S>mVr h° $& [oV-[ÀZr H$ ]rM VZmd [°Xm hm
J`m $& eIa Z Xr[m H$m Bg Ï`dhma [a H$mB© Am[oŒm Zht CR>m`r $&
Xr[m [wÈfm| H$s d•oŒm [a Ï`ßΩ` H$aV h˛E H$hVr h° - ""Mmh H$mB©
oH$VZm hr CXma hm, AmoIa [wÈf hr h¢ $& dh ]g hr MmhVm h° oH$
Zmar Cgr H$m AZwgaU H$a| $& H$hZH$m ]∂S>r-]∂S>r ]mV H$aV W,
[a O] _m°H$m Am`m Vm ghm Zht J`m $&''108
[oV-[ÀZr A[Z-A[Z VarH$ g EH$-Xyga H$m ZrMm
oXImZ H$s H$moee H$aV h° $& \$bÒdÈ[ CZH$ XmÂ[À` gß]ßY _|
hbH$m-gm VZmd CÀ[›Z hm OmVm h¢, [a Xr[m CgH$s [admh Zht
H$aVr $& Xr[m H$s A[Zr [mQ>u _| ‡eßgm hmVr h° $& MwZmd ‡Mma H$m
H$m_ oZ[Q>m H$a dh amV Xa g Ka bm°Q>Vr h° Cgr d∑V eIa A[Z
o_Ã g ]mV H$a ahm h° - ""_ar OrV H$s gß^mdZm hr _wP oI›Z
]Zm` X ahr h° $& gmMVm hˇ™ _¢ hma ^r J`m Vm Cg b¡Om H$m gh
by™Jm $& [wÈf hˇ™ Am°a ghZ H$m AmXr $& [a OrV J`m Vm Xr[m H$m ∑`m
hmJm $& Vw_ XIV hm - [Jbr hm J`r h° BgH$ [rN> dh hma H$m
Y∑H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zht H$a gH$Jr $Am°a g¿M [yN>m Vm BgrobE MmhVm
hˇ™ oH$ _¢ hma OmD™$ $&''109
eIa H$s ]mV| gwZH$a Xr[m ghgm AÒdÒW hm OmVr h° $& dh
gw]h A[Zm dmQ> [oV H$s [Q>r _| S>mb XVr h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z [oV-[ÀZr H$ ¤ß›¤ H$m A[Zr H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m h° $& [oV-[ÀZr AoYH$ma Am°a H$V©Ï` H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ ]ZH$a
188
EH$ Xyga H$ odamY _| I∂S> hmV h¢ $& d XmZm| Am[g _| fl`ma H$aV h¢
[a amOZroVH$ jà _| XmZm| EH$-Xyga g b∂S>V h¢ $& eIa H$hVm h°
oH$ dh hma r J`m Vm gh bJm Xr[m gmMVr h° ∑`m og\©$ [wÈf hr
ghZerb hmV h¢ Zmar Zht ? My™oH$ dh amOZroVH$ jà _| Cgg
odamY Xem©Vr h° Am°a A] ^mdZm H$ jà _| ^r dh Cgg AmJ
]∂T>Zm MmhVr h° $& BgrobE A[Zm dmQ> [oV H$s [Q>r _| S>mb
XVr h¢ $&
^maVr` Zmar H$ _ZmodkmZ H$m gw›Xa oMÃU boIH$m Z oH$`m
h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| "Ï`o∑V ÒdmVßÕ`' H$s mdZm Ï`∑V h˛B© h° $& Zmar
[wÈf [a hmdr hmZm MmhVr h° [a [wÈf hr A[Z CXÌ` _| g\$b
hmVm h° $&
AmYwoZH$ Zmar Z [mnadmnaH$ Xm`am| H$m Vm ∂S>H$a amOZroV _|
‡de Vm H$a ob`m h° [a CgH$s H$m_b mdZmE™, CgH$ [aß[amJV
gßÒH$ma hr Cg ]m™Y aIV h° $& Xr[m H$s hma Zmar g_mO H$s hma h¢ $&
7. _O]yar :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z ]y∂T>r AÂ_m H$m X`Ò[eu oMÃU
‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
]yT>r AÂ_m XhmV _| ahVr h° $& CgH$m ]Q>m am_Ìda ]ß]B© _|
Zm°H$ar H$aVm h° $& CgH$ [oV d°Y h° AVï oXZ^a Am°fYmb` _| ahV
h° $& ]Q>m-]hˇ VrZ ]ag ]mX Ka Am ah h° $& Bgr Iwer _| ]yT>r AÂ_m
XX© ^ybH$a CZH$ ÒdmJV H$s V°`mna`m™ H$a ahr h°, Img H$a [mVm
H$s $& am_Ìda H$m EH$ ]Q>m h° Am°a Xygam hmZdmbm h° $& ]Q>m, ]hˇ
Am°a [mVm VrZm| Am OmV h° $& ]yT>r AÂ_m AmZßoXV hmVr h° $&
]Q> H$m dh N>mVr g bJmVr h°, fl`ma Xwbma H$aVr h° $& A] ]Qy >
189
AÂ_m H$ [mg hr ahJm, ]hˇ H$ Bg oZU©` g AÂ_ AÀ`ßV [wboH$Vm
hm CR>Vr h¢ $& _mZm AÂ_m H$m ]M[Zm o\$a g bm°Q> AmVm h° $& dh
A¿N>r Vah g ]Qy> H$s XI^mb H$aZ bJVr h° $&
Xyga gmb ]hˇ Xyga ]Q> [fl[w H$m bH$a AmB© Vm ]Qy> H$s hmbV
XI [aemZ hm CR>r $& [a Xm ]¿Mm| H$m gß^mbZm _woÌH$b Wm $&
BgobE ]Qy> H$m AÂ_m H$ [mg hr N>m∂S>H$a Mbr JB© $& Xm gmb ]mX
dm[g AmB© Vm XIm [fl[y ]∂S> AX] g ]mV H$aVm h° [a ]Qy> d°gm hr
h¢, O°gm a_m Cg N>m ∂S> JB© Wr $& a_m ]Qy > H$m A[Z gmW eha b
AmB© $& ]Qy> H$m eha _mo\$H$ Zht AmVm Am°a ]yT>r AÂ_m H$s mX _|
]r_ma hm OmVm h° $& ]yT>r A_m H$m [Vm MbV hr dm[g ]Qy> H$m Jm™d
_| b AmVr h° $& EH$ gmb ]mX a_m o\$a ]Qy> H$m eha b AmB©, a_m
]Qy> H$m A[Z g ohbmo_bmZ H$ obE Cg Vm™Jm _| Kw_mZ bJVr h°,
o_R>mB©`m™ oIbmVr h¢ _Zm°Vr _ZmVr h° oH$ oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma ]Qy >
a_m g ohbo_b OmE $& ]Qy> a_m g H$m\$s Kwb o_b OmVm h° $& Bg
]ma AÂ_m™Z Hß$[mC›S>a oe„]y H$m ]hy H$ gmW eha OH$a H$hm oH$
]Qy> H$m _Z Z bJ Vm Cg dm[g b AmE™ $& gmV oXZ H$ ]mX oe„]yZ
AmH$a ]Vm`m oH$ A] ]Qy> VwÂh| ^yb J`m h° $& AÂ_m `h gwZH$a
H$hVr h° - ""∑`m H$hm ....... ]Qy> _wP yb J`m dhm™ O_ J`m ?
gM, _ar ]∂S>r oM›Vm Xya hwB© $& Bg ]ma JdmZ Z _ar gwZ br OÈa
[agmX M∂T>mD™$Jr $&''110
AÂ_m oe„]y H$m gdm È[`m XH$a ‡gmX bmZ H$m H$hVr h° $&
_O]yar H$hmZr H$m H$œ` EH$ dmÀgÎ`_`r d•’m _m™ H$
AH$b[Z H$s [r∂S>m g Ow∂S>m h˛Am h° $& ]yT>r AÂ_m EH$ __Vm_`r
Zmar h¢ $& AÂ_m A[Z ]Q> H$m J_ wbmZm MmhVr h° Om Xya eha _|
190
Om ]gm h° $& [mV H$s dOh g dh XwïI yb r OmVr h° boH$Z Cg
^r Or ^aH$a fl`ma-Xwbma Zhr H$a [mVr $& "AH$br' H$s gm_m
]wAm H$s Vah ]yT>r AÂ_m H$m Mnaà gw›Xa Edß _mo_©H$ ]Z [∂S>m h° $&
boIH$m Z ]y ∂T>r AÂ_m H$ AßV[u∂S>m H$m gw›Xa oMÃU ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m h° $&
8. MÌ_| :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s `h H$hmZr H$bmÀ_H$ h° o_. d_m©Z A[Zr
]r_ma ‡o_H$m e°br H$m À`mJ H$a oddmh oH$gr Ama g oH$`m $& Bg
KQ>Zm H$m Ò_aU H$a dh Òd`ß H$m Xmfr R>hamV h¢ $& o_. d_m© H$s
Bgr AßV[r∂S>m H$m oMÃU boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h¢ $&
o_. d_m© Am°a o_gO d_m© A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| gwIr h° $&
o_gO d_m© gmohÀ` ‡_r h° $& o_. d_m© ha g_` \$mBbm| _| Ï`ÒV
ahV h¢$& o_gO d_m©, o_. d_m© H$m H$hmZr gwZmZm MmhVr h° [a o_.
d_m© \$mBbm| _| CbP W $& Bgr H$maU o_gO d_m©Z o_. d_m© H$m
MÌ_m CVma oX`m, oOgg d_m© H$m\$s Aghm` hw` $& d H$hmZr gwZZ
bJ Am°a H$hmZr gwZV-gwZV C›h| A[Zm AVrV mX Am J`m Am°a
d Cgr _| Im J` $&
o_. d_m© V] oZ_©b d_m© W Am°a "e°b' g ]hX fl`ma H$aV W $&
oZ_©b H$m oMH$Z-[m™∑g oZH$bm Wm $& N>V-N>mV H$s o]_ma hmZ H$
]mdOyX r e°b CgH$s XI^mb H$aVr ahr $& ZVrOm h h˛Am oH$
dh ]r_ma [∂S> J`r $& Am°a Cg Q>r.]r. hm J`m $& XmZm| emXr
H$aZdmb h¢ $& boH$Z ]r_ma e°b H$m XIH$a oZ_©b AmJ Zht ]∂T>
[mVm $& dh Q≠>qZJ H$ obE Mbm OmVm h° $& S>m∑Q>am| H$m H$hZm Wm oH$
AJa e°b H$s emXr h˛B© Vm dh A¿N>r hm gH$Vr h¢ $& e°b H$ o[Vm Z
191
`hr I]a oZ_©b H$m Xr boH$Z oZ_©b Hw$N> Z H$a gH$m $& Am°a 23
_B© H$m e°b H$s _•À`w hmZ H$m g_mMma oZ_©b H$m o_bVm h° $&
o_. d_m© A[Z AVrV g OmJ [∂S> Am°a oMÎbmZ bJ -
""_¢ H$hVm hˇ™ _am MÌ_m Xm, Zht Vm _am X_ KwQ> OmEJm $&''111
O] Am™Im| [a MÌ_m MT>m`m V] o_. d_m© H$m amhV o_br $&
o_. d_m© dV©_mZ _| ]m[g bm°Q> Am` Am°a A[Z ]rdr-]¿M H$m
XIZ bJ $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AVrV Am°a dV©_mZ H$m gßKf© AÀ`›V
gw›XaVm g oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& [wÈf H$ ÒdH$o›–V d•oŒm [a boIH$m Z
VrIm Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $& AmYwoZH$ Ï`o∑V À`mJ H$s A[jm og\©$ gwI
^mJZm MmhVm h° $& Bgr H$maU dh XwïI g Xya mJVm h° $& AVrV H$m
XwïI dV©_mZ _| r CgH$m [rN>m Zht N>m∂S>Vm Am°a o_. d_m© Ï`oWV
hm CR>V h° $&
""_¢ hma J`r' Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s VwbZm _| "VrZ oZJmhm| H$s
EH$ VÒdra' Am°a "MÌ_' H$hmoZ`m| _| EH$ Z`m[Z h° A[Zr EH$
odefVm h° $& "VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra' H$hmZr _| "Xe©Zm' H$s
AßV[u∂S>m ‡ÒVwV H$s h° Vm "MÌ_' H$hmZr _| o_. d_m© H$s AßV[u∂S>m
‡ÒVwV H$s h° $& XmZm| H$s AßV[u∂S>m o^›Z-o^›Z h° $& "AH$br' Am°a
"_O]yar' BZ H$hmoZ`m| _| d•’m H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° Om bJ^J EH$
gm h° $& "ImQ>-og∑H$' _| _OXyam| H$m emfU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h¢ $& "KwQ>Z',
"hma' BZ H$hmoZ`m| _| Zmar H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m gw›Xa oMÃ boIH$mZ
C[pÒWV oH$`m h¢ $&
(3) `hr gM h° :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h Vrgam H$hmZr gßJ´h gZ≤ 1966 _| ‡H$moeV
192
h˛Am $& Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| AmR> H$hmoZ`m™ gßH$obV h¢ $&
1. j` :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _‹`dJu` [nadma H$s AmoW©H$ VßJr H$
\$bÒdÍ$[ Qy>Q>V _yÎ`m| H$m CX≤Kmf h° $& Hwß$Vr H$s B¿N>mE™ Edß AmXe©
Yra-Yra j`J´ÒV hmV Om ah h° $&
Hwß$Vr AmXe© Am°a Òdmo^_mZr A‹`mo[H$ h° $& gma [nadma H$m
CŒmaXmo`Àd Cgr [a h° $& Ka _| j`J´ÒV o[Vm Am°a N>mQ>m ^mB©
Xw›Zr h° $&
Hwß$Vr ÒZh Am°a ghmZw^yoV [yU© Ï`dhma g N>mÃm| H$ Im` h˛`
AmÀ_odÌdmg H$m OJmVr h° $& C›h| [yar _hZV g [∂T>mVr h° $& Bgr
H$maU N>mÃmAm| H$s "[a_ o‡` ]hZOr' ]Z OmVr h° $& dh AÎ[
dVZ [mVr h° Bgob` YZdmZ ]m[ H$s ]Q>r gmodÃr H$m Q>`yeZ bVr
h° $& gmodÃr H$s _m™ [°g H$ ]b]yV [a XwoZ`m™ H$s ha MrO IarXZm
MmhVr h°, hm™ VH$ H$s oejm r $& Ka, ÒHy$b Am°a Q>`yeZ g D$]
OmZ [a Hwß$Vr amV _| dm`obZ ]OmZm [gßX H$aVr h° $& XwoZ`mXmar
oZ^mV-oZ^mV Hw ß$Vr [yar Vah Qy>Q> MwH$s h° $& dh A[Z Am[ H$m
Aghm` _hgyg H$aVr h° $& Egr [napÒWoV _| CgH$ _w ™h g
oZH$bVm h° -
""h JdmZ A] Vm Vy [m[m H$m CR>m b $& _wPg ]Xm©ÌV Zht
hmJm $& _¢ Qy>Q> MwH$s h˛™ $&''112
BVZr ]∂S>r XwoZ`m _| ∑`m H$mB© r Egm Zht h° Om CgH$s [rR>
[a AmÌdmgZ-^am hmW aIH$a Xm e„X gmßÀdZm H$ H$h X ?
gmodÃr H$s _m™ Z [Vm bJm ob`m oH$ gmodÃr Xm odf`m| _|
\$b h° $& ""A] Am[ Hw$N> H$a ]hZOr Zht Vm h_ma BVZ È[`m| [a
193
[mZr o\$a Om`Jm $&''
gmodÃr H$s _m™ Hwß$Vr g CgH$s A‹`mo[H$mAm| g o_bH$a OÍ$aV
[∂S>Z [a È[`m [°gm IM© H$aH$ r Cg [mg H$admZ H$m AmJ´h aIVr
h° $& Hw ß$Vr Vm `h g] A¿N>m Zht bJVm, oH$›Vw dh gmodÃr H$r
_m™ H$ EhgmZm| g X]r hmZ H$ H$maU AoZ¿N>m hmZ [a ^r CgH$
ÒHy$b [h˛™MVr h° $& dhm™ [h˛™MH$a r AmXe©dmXr Hwß$Vr oH$gr g Hw$N>
H$h Zht gH$s $& O] dhm™ g ]mha oZH$bVr h° V] dh ]war Vah
Im™gZ bJr h° $& Hwß$Vr _Z hr _Z gmMZ bJVr h° -
""CgH$s h Im™gr, h ImIbr-ImIbr AmdmO [m[m H$s
Im™gr H$ oH$VZr o_bVr-OwbVr h° hˇ]hˇ d°gr hr Vm h¢ $&''113
Hwß$Vr AmoW©H$ [napÒWoV`m| H$ H$maU odde ]Z MwH$s h° $&
A[Zr B¿N>m H$ odÈ’ OmH$a AmMaU H$aVr h¢ Am°a Òd`ß hr XwïIr
]Z OmVr h° $& Hwß$Vr _Z g j`J´ÒV hm OmVr h¢ $&
boIH$m Z VÀH$mbrZ [nade H$ AZwÈ[ hr AmXe© Am°a
`WmW© H$ ]rM gßKf© oXImH$a AßV _| AmXe© H$s hma oXImB© h° $&
Bg_ h_| EH$ _‹`_dJu` [nadma H$s oO›XJr H$ Qy>Q>Z H$s Ma_mhQ>
gm\$ gwZmB© XVr h° $&
boIH$m Z oejm - OJV _| Ï`mflV ^´ÓQ>mMmam| H$s PbH$ ^r
‡ÒVwV H$s h° $&
2. Vrgam AmX_r :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| _ZmJ´ßoW`m| g J´ÒV "gVre' H$
AßV¤›¤ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& boIH$mZ [wÈf H$s hrZVm-J´o›W H$m
H$hmZr H$m H$œ` ]Zm`m h° $&
gVre Am°a eHw$Z [oV-[ÀZr h° $& d EH$ Xyga H$m ]h˛V MmhV
194
h° $& oddmh H$ VrZ gmb ]mX r gßVmZ ‡moflV H$m H$mB© oMhZ ZOa
Zht AmVm h° $& Bg H$maU eHw$Z A[Zr S>m∞∑Q>ar Om™M H$adm bVr h°,
boH$Z gVre _| A[Zr S>m∞∑Q>ar Om™M H$admZ H$s ohÂ_V Zht
hmVr $& Bgg gVre A[Z Am[ H$m Z[w ßgJ g_PZ bJVm h° $&
gVre H$m H$B© ]ma hmVm h° oH$ dh S>m∞∑Q>a g Om™M H$am b Am°a
eHw$Z H$m ]Vm X oH$ dh [yU© [wÈf h° - boH$Z [m°ÈfhrZVm H$s
J´ßWr g J´ÒV gVre S>m∞∑Q>a H$ [mg Zht Om gH$Vm $& gVre eHw$Z H$
H$m_ _| hmW ]™Q>mZ hVw A[Zr _m™ H$m A[Z Ka ]wbmZm MmhVm h°,
boH$Z eHw$Z _Zm H$aVr h˛B© H$hVr h¢ -
""Vw_ _wPg Mm°JwZm H$m_ H$adm bm [a amV H$m VwÂhmar ]m™h
Zht N>m∂S> gH$Vr $& dhm™ AmV hr gmar WH$mZ o_Q> OmVr h°, AJb
oXZ H$ obE VmµOJr Am OmVr h° $&''114
eHw$Z A[Z fl`ma _| gmg H$m ]mYH$ g_PVr h¢ $& EH$ ]ma
CgH$m EH$ [wamZm o_Ã AmH$a oQ>H$ J`m Wm $& eHw$Z oeÓQ>Vm H$s
gr_m bm™KH$a CgH$ gmW [e Am`r V] gVre H$m JwÒgm ^r
Am`m Wm $&
eHw$Z H$m EH$ [naoMV "AmbmH$' Vrgam AmX_r ]ZH$a CZ
XmZm| H$ OrdZ _| C[pÒWV hmVm h° $& AmbmH$ bIH$ h° $& eHw$Z
Am°a AmbmH$ _| gnhoÀ`H$ [Ã Ï`dhma MbVm ahVm h° $&
"AmbmH$' H$ Am OmZ g gVre odMobV hm OmVm h° $& A[Zr
[ÀZr H$ Mnaà H$ ]ma _| Z OmZ ∑`m-∑`m gmMVm h° $& dh eHw$Z
Am°a AmbmH$ H$m aßJ hmW [H$∂S>Zm MmhVm h° $& AVï odde hmH$a
g∂S>H$m| [a ^Q>H$Vm ahVm h° $& dh H$^r A[Z Am[ _| [m°ÈfVm H$m
A^md _hgyg H$aVm h° Vm H$^r eHw$Z H$m Ï`dhma Cg CoMV bJVm
195
h° $& AmbmH$ dm[g Mbm OmVm h¢ $& gVre o\$a g A[Zr [ÀZr H$m
MmhZ bJVm h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| ÒÃr-[wÈf H$ ]XbV gÂ]›Ym| [a
‡H$me S>mbm h° $& `h EH$ Xwb©] Ï`o∑V H$s H$hmZr h° $& [m°Èf
hrZVm H$s J´ßoW g J´ÒV gVre A[Zr [ÀZr [a eH$ H$aVm h° $& boH$Z
dh eH$ H$m ‡H$Q> H$aZ _| Ag\$b ahVm h° $& gVre O°g Ï`o∑V H$
_Zm^mdm| H$m gw˙_ odÌbfU H$aZm boIH$m H$m CXÌ` ahm h° $&
gm_moOH$ gßX^© _| XI Vm ‡mMrZ Edß ZdrZ _yÎ`m| H$
Q>H$amhQ> H$s H$hmZr h° $& AmO Zmar-[wÈf H$ [aß[amJV ÒWyb gß]ßYm
_| H$m\$s [nadV©Z Am`m h° $&
3. gOm :
gOm H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z AmO H$ ›`m`Vßà [a VrIm Ï`ßΩ`
oH$`m h° $& `h H$hmZr gm_m›` [nadma H$s `mVZm[yd©H$ OrdZ H$m
‡ÒVwV H$aVr h° $&
Amem H$ o[Vm [a ]rg hOma È[` J]Z H$aZ H$m BÎOm_
bJm`m OmVm h° $& H$mQ>© _| H$g Mb ahm h° $& Amem H$ XmXmOr Ka
J•hÒWr MbmZ H$ obE [¿Mrg È[`m| _| ohgm] obIZ H$m H$m_
H$aZ bJ Am°a A[Z ]Q> H$m [°g OZ bJ $& AmoW©H$ A^md H$
H$maU ]¿M A[Z MmMm H$ hm™ _wgr]Vm| _| oXZ H$mQ>V h¢ Am°a _m™
A[Z ^mB© H$ Ka Mbr OmVr h° $& Bg Vah EH$ gwIr [nadma
›`m` H$s ‡oH´$`m H$s b[Q> _| \™$gH$a CO∂S> OmVm h° $& AmemZ ÒHy$b
]g N>m∂S> Xr $& Amem H$s _m™ A∑ga ]r_ma ahZ bJr boH$Z BbmO
H$aZm Agß^d Wm $& o[VmOrZ Mwfl[r gmY br Wr $& XmXmOr H$m H$m_
Ny>Q>Z [a d A[Zr [›eZ _| g [›–h È[` OZ bJ $& Amem brbm
196
MmMr H$R>ma Wr Bgr H$maU _w›Zw H$ XI^mb H$ obE MmMm H$ dhm™
J`r $& Amem Z A[Zr [∂T>mB© N>m ∂S> Xr Am°a Ka H$m gmam H$m_ H$aZ
bJr $&
AßV_| Amem H$ o[VmOr H$m oZXmf H$ama oX`m OmVm h° $& Amem
Iwer g CN>b [∂S>Vr h° Vm XmXm XmXr \y$Q>H$a am [∂S>V h¢ $&
AmemZ H$hm - ""_w›Zy [m[m nahm hm J` ....... nahm hm
J` .......'' ]m]mZ H$hm - ""_¢ H$hVm Z Wm ]Q> JdmZ H$ Ka _|
Xa h°, AßYa Zht $&''115
^maVr` H$mZyZ H$s bÂ]r Am°a IMubr ‡oH´$`m™ _| h _‹`_
dJu` [nadma ]war Vah ]a]mX hm OmVm h° $& Amem H$ o[Vm H$m H$g
H$mQ>© _| [m™M gmb VH$ MbVm ahmß ›`m`-Ï`dÒWm ]∂S>r AmgmZr g
B_mZXma Ï`o∑V H$m r _wOna_ H$ama XH$a Cg H$Q>Ka _| I∂S>r H$a
XVr h° $& gmam g_mO Cg Ï`o∑V H$s Ama VWm CgH$ [nadma H$s
Ama K•Um^ar ZOam| g XIVm h° $& CZH$s C[jm H$aVm h° $&
Bg ‡H$ma H$mQ> © H$s "gOm' g ^r ]∂T>H$a `hr "gOm' o]Zm
oH$gr A[amY H$ gma [nadma H$m wJVZr [∂S>Vr h¢ $& Bgg EH$ gwIr
[nadma Vhg-Zhg hm OmVm h° $& Am°a Cg Ï`o∑V VWm CgH$
[nadma H$m AßVhrZ mVZmAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°ß $&
^´ÓQ> Ï`dÒWm Am°a Vßà H$s Am_ Ï`o∑V Am°a g_mO H$m oH$g
Vah oZÓ‡mU Am°a gßkm ey›` ]Zm XVr h° BgH$m `h H$hmZr EH$
CXmhaU h° $& Amem H$ ` ‡ÌZ Bg ]mV H$s Jdmhr XV h¢ - ""[a
[fl[m H$m ∑`m h˛Am h° ? dh Iwe ∑`m| Zht hm ah h° ? CZH$m mdhrZ
Mham J∂T> _| Y™gr h˛B© oZÒVO, oZOud Am™Im _| g Iwer H$s M_H$
∑`m| Zht Am ahr ?''116
197
Bg odH•$V ›`m`-[’oV H$ H$maU Z H$db Amem H$ [m[m H$m
[nadma o]Iam ]oÎH$ g_mO _| Cg O°g Z OmZ oH$VZ hr [nadma
Qy>Q>H$a o]Ia J` hm|J $&
4. ZH$br hra :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z C¿M dJ© H$ EH$ Egr Zmar H$s
H$Wm dUuV H$s h° oOgH$ [mg gwI-gwodYmE™ h° boH$Z dh [oV
‡_ g dßoMV ahVr h° $& [oV ‡_ H$ A^md _| Cg gmam EÌd`© PyR>m
Am°a ZH$br bJVm h° $&
o_gO gaZ Am°a B›Xw XmZm| ]hZ h¢ $& BZH$ [m[m ]∂S> am¡` H$
[yd© _wª`_ßÃr h° $& o_gO gaZ H$m oddmh [m[m H$s B¿N>m H$ _wVmo]H$
o_b _mobH$ g h˛Am Wm, O]oH$ B›Xw A[Zr B¿N>m g hr EH$
ÒHy$b _mÒQ>a g oddmh H$a bVr h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ o[Vm-[wÃr _|
VZmd [°Xm hm OmVm h° $& B›Xw A[Zr Ka-J•hÒWr _| Iwe h° $& CgH$m
[oV Cg ]h˛V MmhVm h° $& B›Xw Hw$N> oXZm| H$ obE gaZ H$ Ka ahZ
AmVr h° $& ]hZ H$ Ka Am` [m™M oXZ r Zht h˛E Am°a CgH$ [oV H$
[m™M [Ã r Am J` $& o_gO gaZ B›Xw H$ obE hma bZm MmhVr h°
[a B›Xw Cg _Zm H$a XVr h° $& dhr hma dh A[Z obE IarXVr h° $&
B›Xw H$m dm[g ]wbmZ H$ obE [oV H$m Q>brJ´m_ AmVm h° $& B›Xw Ka
OmZ g [hb OrOm g ]mV H$aZ \$mZ H$aVr h° [a d AZrVm Zm_H$
EH$ b∂S>H$s H$ gmW ]mha Mb J` h¢, gwZH$a dh CXmg hm OmVr
h° $& B›Xw H$ Mb OmZ [a gaZ hra H$m hma oZH$mbVr h° [a [oV H$
EH$oZÓR>m ‡_ H$ A^md _| Cg dh hma ZH$br bJVm h° $&
""BZ hram| _| Vm M_H$ hr Zht, Vm ZH$br h¢ $& H$hr Om°har
CZH$ gmW YmIm H$a J`m $& BVZ odÌdmg H$m Om°har Am°a YmIm !
198
H$b OmZ H°$g C›h| ^´_ hm J`m $& C›hm|Z o\$a EH$ ]ma Jm°a g
XIm - Zht-Zht, ` hram Zht hm gH$V $& BVZ \$sH$ Am°a
_ßX ....... o]ÎHw$b gmX H$m™M H$ Qw>H$S>m| H$s Vah ........ ! ''117
Bg H$hmZr _| Xm ]hZ g_mO H$ Xm dJm H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVr
h° $& o_gO gaZ C¿M dJ© H$m, Vm B›Xw _‹` dJ© H$m $& C¿M dJ© H$s
Zmna`m™ m°oVH$ gwI-gwodYm H$m hr OrdZ H$m Ma_m gwI _mZ bVr
h° $& [aßVw gmYmaU OrdZ mMZ H$aZdmbr Zmar H$ XmÂ[À` gwI H$m
XIH$a hr CZH$m _mh ßJ hmVm h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| ^m°oVH$ gß[›ZVm [a ^mdmÀ_H$
g_•o’ H$s odO` oXImB© h¢ $&
5. Zem :
_›Zy ^ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ ‡m°∂T>m H$m A[Z [oV H$ ‡oV
Agr_ ‡_ VWm ghmZw^yoV H$m Ï`∑V oH$`m h° $&
Xg dfu` AmZßXr H$m oddmh eßH$a g h˛Am $& eßH$a Hw$N> H$_mVm
Zht Wm $& AmZßXr Om Hw$N> H$_mH$a bmVr h° dh N>rZ bVm h° Am°a
eam] [rVm h° $& AmZßXr H$s gmg oXZ^a Cgg H$m_ H$admVr VWm
VmZ _maVr h° $& gmg H$s _•À`w H$ ]mX Ka H$s [yar oOÂ_Xmar
AmZßXr H$m CR>mZr [∂S>r ∑`m|oH$ eßH$a eam]r Wm $& AmZßXr H$ Xm
]¿M _a J` Am°a o\$a AH$bm oH$eZ≤ ah J`m $& _m™ oXZ^a o[Vm H$m
_ma ImH$a Am™gy ]hmVr h° h XIH$a oH$eZy Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbm OmVm
h° $& bmJm| H$s _OXyar H$a Om r [°g ‡mflV hmV dh eßH$a H$m eam]
[rZ H$ obE X XVr h° $& AmZßXr A[Z hmS> Jbm-JbmH$a eßH$a H$m
eam] o[bmVr ahr Am°a eßH$a [rVm ahm $&
oH$eZy ]mah dfm H$ ]mX _m™-]m[ H$s gwY bVm h° $& eßH$a ]Q>
199
H$ AmZ H$s I]a AmZßXr H$m XVm h° Am°a Cgg [°g bH$a, eam]
[rZ Mbm OmVm h° $& AmZßXr gmMVr h° oH$ - ""eßH$a AmO H$ oXZ
^r eam] [rZ J`m $& ∑`m| Zht gma _whÎb _| Xm° ∂S>Vm o\$am ? ∑`m|
Zht CgZ Ka-Ka OmH$a I]a Xr oH$ oH$eZy Am ahm h¢ ?''118
oH$eZy AmVm h° Am°a XIVm h° oH$ CgH$m o[Vm A] r eam]
[rVm h° $& Am°a _m™ H$m [rQ>Vm h° $& AmZßXr amZ bJr - Am°a
H$hVr h¢ -
""_wP hm™ g b Mb, oH$eZy ....... hm™ g b Mb ! _¢ A]
EH$ oXZ ^r Bg Ka _| ahZm Zht MmhVr $& _¢Z ]h˛V ghm h°, A]
Am°a Zht ghm OmVm, _wP hm™ g b Mb AmO hr $&''119
oH$eZy Z H$hm™ AmO hr VwP b MbyßJm _m™ AmO hr H$∑H$m H$m
^r b Mby™Jm ` gmMm Wm [a A] Zht ` CgH$ bm`H$ Zht h° $&
oH$eZy A[Zr _m™ H$m bH$a Ka g ZrH$b J`m $& ]hˇ-]Q>m AmZßXr
H$m A¿N>m ª`mb aIV W $& o\$a ^r AmZßXr CXmg ahVr Wr $&
A∂S>mg-[∂S>mg H$ hm™ OmH$a dh ogbmB©-]wZmB© H$aZ bJr $& Am°a
Om [°g o_b dh eßH$a H$m OVr Wr $& O] oH$eZy H$m Bg ]mV H$m
[Vm Mbm Vm CgZ H$hm oH$ ogbmB©-]wZmB© H$aZ H$s ∑`m
AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, Cgg H$h XVr Vm dh È[` X XVm $&
A[Zm [oV eam]r hmV h˛E ^r AmZßXr Cg "[a_úa' _mZVr
h° $& Am°a A[Z hm∂S> Jbm-Jbm H$a eßH$a H$m eam] [rZ H$ [°g XVr
h° $& eßH$a H$m [rZ H$m Zem h° Vm AmZßXr H$m o[bmZ H$m `h Zem
XmZm| H$m h° $& EH$ H$m A[Zr H$V©Ï` mdZm H$m Vm Xyga H$m A[Zr
JbV AmXV H$m $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Am`©Zmar H$s
]mV H$s h° Om maVr` gßÒH•$oV g ]›Yr h° $&
200
6. B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX :
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z _‹`dJu` [nadma H$ Ï`o∑V H$
]ma _| ]Vm`m h° $& Om rVa g ImIbm hmH$a r o_œ`m AmÀ_gÂ_mZ
H$ H$maU hßgr H$m H$maU ]ZVm h° $& H$hmZr _| Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$
]rM H$ AßVa H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h° $&
S>m∞. X`mb ‡gmX MVwdXr ]mb odefk h¢ $& Jm™d _| CZH$ [mg
]h˛V H$_ _arO AmV h¢ oOgH$ H$maU AmoW©H$ A^md ]Zm ahVm Wm
boH$Z Bg ]mV H$m ÒdrH$ma Zht H$aV $& CZH$ mB© bIZD$ _| ahV
h° $& CgH$s VrOr _oh_m Ebm[Wr H$s S>m©∑Q>a h° $& S>m™. X`mb H$m
]Q>m _oh_ CgH$m h_C_´ h° $& dm Bg ^r S>m©∑Q>a ]ZmZm MmhV W
qH$Vw S>m™. X`mb H$m Ebm[Wr _| odÌdmg Zht Am°a d Cg BOroZ`a
`m dH$sb ]ZmZm MmhV W $& _oh_ B›H$_-Q>°∑g ]MmZ H$ ob`
ohgm] obIZdmbm ∑bH©$ ]Z J`m $& S>m™. X`mb [wamZ odMmam H$ h°
CgH$s ]Q>r gamO _°oQ≠>H$ _| [∂T>Vr h° CgH$ obE b∂S>H$m XIV h°
CgH$ odMma g b∂S>oH$`m J•hH$m`© _| Xj hmZr MmohE $& d gmMV
h° 26 dag H$s o]Zm „`mhr S>m©. _oh_m H$s oO›XJr ^mB© gmh]Z
Iam] H$a Xr $& S>m©. X`mb Ahß _| Sy>] hrZ J´ßoW g J´ogV h° $& CZH$s
oS>Ò[|gar Zhr MbVr qH$Vw _oh_m H$ gm_Z A[Zr oS>Ò[|gar H$s
^r∂S> H$m CÎbI ]ma-]ma H$aV h° $& _oh_m gaH$mar AÒ[Vmb _|
Zm°H$ar H$aVr h° Am°a ‡mBdQ> ‡°o∑Q>g ^r $& S>m™. X`mb A[Zr ha
]mV H$m CoMV Am°a CgH$s ha ]mV H$m AZwoMV ]VmV h° $& S>m™.
X`mb [wamZ odMmam| H$ ‡VrH$ h° Vm S>m ™. _oh_m AmYwoZH$
odMmam| H$s $& S>m™. X`mb H$m kmZ ÈH$m h˛Am h° dh g_` H$s
Ymam H$m g_P Zhr [mV og\©$ A[Z ]∂S>fl[Z H$m ‡ÒWmo[V H$aZm
201
MmhV h° $& S>m™. X`mb H$hV h° -
""oS>Ò[|gar _| ^r∂S> `m hr bJr ahVr h° ? bmJ eha H$ ]∂S>
]∂S> S>m©∑Q>am| H$m N>m∂S>H$a Jbr H$s Cg N>mQ>r gr oS>Ò[|gar _ m| hr
AmV h° ? O] eha H$ gma S>m©∑Q>am H$ hm™ Y∑H$ ImH$a oZame hm
OmV h° V] h_ma hm™ AmV h° $&''120
S>m™. X`mb A[Zr hrZJ´ßoW H$ AhßH$ma H$ H$maU C[hmg H$
[mà ]Z h° $& S>m™. X`mb _ZmodH$ma H$ oeH$ma h¢ $&
7. amZr _mß H$m M]yVar :
Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$mZ oZÂZdJ© H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aZdmbr
Zmar H$ Mnaà H$m COmJa oH$`m h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| Xm dJ© h° - EH$
AßYodÌdmg Edß yV [aß[am H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h° Am°a Xygam BZ
_m›`VmAm| H$ odÈ’ od–mh H$aZdmbm g_mO, oOgH$m ‡oVoZoYÀd
EH$ ÒÃr Jwbm]r H$aVr h° $&
ZJa gR> H$s [ÀZr amZr _mß Z A[Z ]Q> H$m erVbm _mB© H$
H$m[ g Xya aIZH$ obE gmYw H$ H$hZ [a gmV oXZ VH$ A›Z-Ob
H$m À`mJ H$a oX`m Wm $& ]¿Mm A¿N>m hm J`m [a amZr _mß OmVr
ahr $& gR>Or Z CZH$r mX _| M]yVam ]Zdm`m $& ha [yZ_ _mgr H$m
Am°aV dhmß Xr`m ObmH$a ]¿Mm| H$ obE _Zm°Vr _mZV h° $&
Jwbm]r Xm ]¿Mm H$ gmW ahVr h° $& eam]r [oV H$m Ka g
oZH$mb oX`m h° $& dh oXZ^a _OXyar H$aVr h° & V] em_ H$m O°g
V°g ]¿Mm| H$ Am°a A[Z [Q>_| Xm amQ>r S>mbVr h° $& H$m_ [a [h˛™MZ
H$m Xa hm JB© Vm R>H$Xma Xyga _OXya H$m H$m_ [a bJm XVm h° BgrobE
arV ]¿Mm| H$m H$_a _| ]ßX H$a Jwbm]r H$m_ [a OmVr h° $& Jmßd H$
bmJ Jwbm]r [a VmZ _maV h°, Hw$N> X`m r oXImV h° $& Jwbm]r Z
202
bmH$ qZXm H$s [dm©h H$aVr h° Am°a Z hr CZH$s X`m H$s H$m`b h° $&
dh OmZVr h° oH$ bmJ H$mar ghmZw^yoV OVmV h° $& dh amV-oXZ
A[Z ]¿M H$s gwajm _| OwQ>r ahVr h° $& H$mH$m Jwbm]r H$ ]¿Mm| H$
obE MßXm BH$Q≤>R>m H$aZm MmhV W qH$Vw dh ]mV Cg ÈMVr Zht $&
oH$gr H$ XmZ-[w ` [a OrZm Jwbm]m| H$m [g›X Zht Wm $&
Jwbm]r _OXyar H$ gmW Hw$N> A›` H$m_ r H$aZZ bJVr h° $&
boH$Z _mhÎbdmb| Z OmZ H°$gr H°$gr A\$dmE \°$bmV h° $& dh
A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m Ka _| ]›X H$a H$m_ [a OmVr h° BgobE Jm™d H$s
oÒÃ`m™ Cg H$mgVr h° $& A›V _| _OXyarZ VWm A›` H$m_ H$aH$ dh
oZR>mb gr hm OmVr h° $& Hw$N> bmJ CgH$m AMV eara CR>m H$a b
AmV h¢ $& V] CgH$ A™oJ`m _| g "oeew gwajm H$›–' H$s agrX Am°a
H$m™M H$s har N>mQ>r MyoS>`m™ oZH$bVr h¢ $&
Bg H$hmZr _| Jwbm]r oZÂZdJ© H$s Zmar H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVr
h° $& amZr _m™ H$ M]yVa [a OmZ H$s A[jm Cg A[Z Am[ [a odÌdmg
h° $& _OXyar H$aH$ A[Z ]¿Mm| H$s [adnae H$aVr h° $& oH$gr H$s
X`m `m ^rI Cg Zht MmohE $& Jwbm]r AmÀ_oZ^©a Zmar h° $& IwX
VrZ oXZ VH$ yIr ahH$a A[Z ]¿Mm| H$ obE "oeew gwajm H$›–' _|
[m™M È[` O_mH$a AmVr h° $& Ohm™ ]¿Mm H$s [∂T>mB© Edß AmamΩ` H$s
XI^mb H$s OmVr h° $& Jwbm]r A[Zr ]Q>r H$ obE MwoS>`m™ IarXVr
h° $& _whÎbdmb Mmh Cg "S>mo`Z' H$H©$em, "MwS>°b' H$h boH$Z
dh Vm __Vm H$s _yoV© h° $& Jwbm]r _OXyar H$aH$ A[Z ]¿Mm| H$s
[adnae H$aVr h¢ $&
8. `hr gM h¢ :
"`hr gM h¢ H$hmZr Bgr H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h°
203
Am°a Bgr H$hmZr H$ AmYma [a Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU h˛Am
h¢ $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z Zmar-_Zm^mdm| H$m S>m`ar e°br _|
‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
Xr[m H$ OrdZ _| ‡W_ "oZerW' H$m AmJ_Z hmVm h° $& Xr[m
gh[mR>r oZerW H$ gmW Mm™XZr amVm| _| Ky_Vr-o\$aVr h° $& Xr[m H$
o[Vm H$s _•À`w H$ ]mX oZerW g CgH$s AZ]Z hm OmVr h° $oOgH$
H$maU dh H$mZ[wa _| OmH$a A[Zm emYH$m`© H$aZ bJVr h° $&
Xr[m H$ OrdZ _| o\$a gßO` H$m AmJ_Z hmVm h° $& gßO`
hg_wI h°, ha _wbmH$mV H$ g_` aOZrJßYm H$ \y$b bmVm h° $& gßO`
H$m [mV hr Xr[m, oZerW H$m ^yb OmVr h° $& Xr[m gmMVr h° Am°a
H$hVr r OmVr h° oH$ -
""_¢ VwÂh| fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™, ]h˛V-]h˛V fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™ ? odÌdmg
H$am| gßO`, VwÂhmam-_am fl`ma hr h° oZerW H$m fl`ma Vm _mà N>b
Wm, ´_ Wm, PyR> Wm $&''121
O] B›Q>aÏ`y H$ obE Xr[m H$bH$Œmm OmVr h° Vm dhm™ CgH$s
^|Q> oZerW g hmVr h° $& oZerW Xr[m H$s _XX H$aVm h°$ & o\$a EH$
]ma Xr[m H$ _Z _| oZerW H$ obE fl`ma C_∂S> AmVm h° $& V] dh
gmMVr h¢ -
""‡W_ ‡_ hr g¿Mm ‡_ hmVm h°, ]mX _| oH$`m h˛Am ‡_ Vm
A[Z H$m wbmZ H$m, a_mZ H$m ‡`mg-_mà hmVm h¢ $&''122
oZerW H$s AÒ[ÓQ>Vm H$ H$maU dhr o\$a g Cgg ZmVm Vm∂S>
bVr h° Am°a gßO` H$m MmhZ bJVr h° $& gßO` H$ Mwß]Z, Ò[e©,
AmqbJZ Cg gÀ` bJV h¢ $& Xr[m H$m bJVm h° - `h Ò[e©,
`h gwI, `h jU hr gÀ` h°, dh g] PyR> Wm, o_œ`m Wm,
204
^´_ ....... Wm $&''
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s `h H$hmZr ]h˛V bmH$o‡` ]Zr Bgr [a
"aOZrJßYm' Zm_H$ o\$Î_ r ]Zr, Bg H$hmZr H$ bmH$o‡`Vm H$
H$maU Bg gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU "`hr gM h°' oH$`m h¢ $&
(4) EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h H$hmZr gßJ´h gZ≤ 1968 _| ‡H$moeV h˛Am
Bg_| Hw$b 9 H$hmoZ`m™ gßH$obV h° $&
1. ZB© Zm°H$ar :
`h EH$ gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z
[wÈf H$s ^m°oVH$dmXr –oÓQ> Am°a Cg_| ]br hmVr h˛B© Zmar H$s
oZ`oV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
a_m BoVhmg H$s ‡m‹`mo[H$m h° & Hwß$XZ Am°a a_m gmW ahV h° $&
S>m∞. o\$a ZB© Zm°H$ar [a Hwß$XZ H$s oZ`wo∑V H$aV h¢ $& Cg Hß$[Zr ¤mam
‚b°Q> o_bm ‚b°Q> gOmZ H$s oOÂ_Xmar a_m [a h° $& Bgr dOh g dh
A[Zm b∑Ma V°`ma Zht H$a [mVr $& Cg Hwß$XZ H$ gmW [mQ>u _| OmZm
[∂S>Vm h° $& ‚b°Q> H$m \$ZuMa, [aX, S>H$maeZ H$aZm, _h_mZm| H$s
Amd^JV H$aZm B›ht _| a_m Im OmVr h° $& Hwß$XZ a_m H$s Zm°H$ar
Nw>∂S>dm XVm h° oOgg a_m H$m AoÒVÀd [yar Vah o_Q> OmVm h° $& a_m
H$m∞bO [a A[Zr ghob`m| H$ ob` bßM b OmZm MmhVr h° [a
Hwß$XZ H$ _h_mZ Cgr g_` AmZdmb h° Bgr H$maU a_m H$m A[Z
[oV H$m AmXe _mZZm [∂S>Vm h° Am°a dh Ka [a hr ahVr h¢ $&
Bg ‡H$ma a_m H$m Ï`o∑VÀd [wÈf ‡YmZ gßÒH•$oV H$m oeH$ma
h° $& CgH$ gm_Z Xm ]mV| h¢ - ZB© Zm°H$ar H$ AZwÈ[ [oVH$m gmW X
`m A[Zr ApÒ_Vm H$m ]ZmE aI| $& dh gm_moOH$ ‡oVÓR>m H$ [rN>
205
[∂S>Z H$ H$maU oeojV [ÀZr hmZ [a r Hwß$XZ H$ OrdZ _| EH$ em
[rg _mà ]Z OmVr h° $& Bg ‡H$ma a_m H$m∞bO H$s Zm°H$ar N>m∂S>H$a
Ka H$s Bg Z`r Zm°H$ar _| Ï`ÒV hm OmVr h° $& a_m H$ KwQ>Z, Qy>Q>Z
Am°a _mZogH$ VZmd H$m boIH$m Z oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
2. ]ßY XamOm| H$m gmW :
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>marZ h oMoÃV oH$`m h° oH$ oddmh [yd©
‡_ [mnadmnaH$ odKQ>Z H$ obE H$maU ]Z gH$Vm h° $& _ßOar Z A[Zr
o[N>br qOXJr H$m N>m ∂S> [mVr h° Z hr MwZr h˛B© qOXJr H$m A[Zm
gH$Vr h° $& _ßOar H$s Bgr AßVa¤¤mÀ_H$ pÒWoV H$m boIH$m Z oMÃU
oH$`m h° $&
_ßOar ‡m‹`mo[H$m h¢ odo[Z Am°a _ßOar A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ
_| gwIr h° $& AMmZH$ _ßOar H$m odo[Z H$s o[N>br oO›XJr H$m [Vm
MbVm h° $& odo[Z H$ oH$gr Zmar H$ gmW gÂ]›Y W VWm Cgg
]¿Mm N>r h˛Am Wm $& _ßOar J^©dVr Wr $& CgZ gmMm em`X
AmZdmbm ]¿Mm XmÂ[À` OrdZ H$s Xama o_Q>m XJm $& boH$Z
odo[Z H$ Ï`dhma g VßJ AmH$a dh AbJ hm JB© $& dh A[Z VrZ
gmb H$ ]Q> AogV H$ gmW ahZ bJr $&
_ßOar H$ OrdZ _| "oXbr[' H$m AmJ_Z h˛Am $& _ßOarZ oXbr[
g emXr H$s $& CgZ bmH$-qZXm Z H$maU H$m∞bO H$s Zm°H$ar ^r
N>mS> Xr $& _ßOar A[Zr J•hÒWr _| g›VwÓQ> Wr $& AogV Nw>o≈>`m| g_mflV
hmZ [a AogV bm°Q>Z bJm VWr ÒHy$b g N>ï _hZr H$m o]b
Am`m $& oXbr[Z \$sg XZ g B›H$ma oH$`m $& V] _ßOar H$m [hbr
]ma A[Zr Zm°H$ar N>m∂S>Z [a A\$gmg h˛Am $& _ßOar H$s oO›XJr Xm
Qw>H$S>m| _| ]™Q> JB© Wr EH$ oXbr[ H$ gmW Am°a Xygar ]Q> AoV H$g
206
† †Wm $& V] _ßOar gmMVr h¢ -
""AmO oO›XJr H$m ha [hby ha pÒWoV Am°a ha gÂ]›Y EH$
g_mYmZ hrZ g_Ò`m hmH$a hr AmVm h°, oOg gwbPm`m Zht Om
gH$Vm, H$db mJm Om gH$Vm h°, oOg_| AmX_r oZaßVa o]IaVm
Am°a Qy>Q>Vm MbVm h¢ $&''123
Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z Zmar H$ IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMoÃV
oH$`m h° $& _ßOar D$[a g emßV oXImB© XVr h° [a A›Xa g [yar Vah
Qy>Q> JB© h° _ßOar H$ Bg _ZïpÒWoV H$m boIH$m Z gw˙_Vm g dU©Z
oH$`m h°ß $&
3. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :
_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| o^›Z o^›Z bmJm| H$s _mZogH$Vm
H$m dU©Z oH$`m h¢ $& ha C_´ H$s A[Zr XwoZ`m Am°a A[Zr g_Ò`m
h° $& C_´ H$ gmW g_Ò`mE™ [nadoV©V hmVr h° $& hr Bg H$hmZr H$m
H$œ` h¢ $&
em_H$m [wÈf Amo\$g g WH$ H$a Am°a Am°aV| Kam| g D$] H$a
_Z ]hbmZ H$ obE hmQ>b J|bmS>© _| AmVr h° $& `hm™ Z J_u h° Z
ema ]g hbH$m-erVb ‡H$me h° m Q>]bm| [a g CR>V h˛E \w$g\w$gmV
Òda gßJrV _| hr odbrZ hmV h° $& _ßM [a EH$ b∂S>H$s Py_Vr
_wÒHw$amVr h˛B© JrV Jm ahr h° $& CgH$ gmW wdH$ PwZ-PwZ gm ]Om
ahm h¢ `wdH$ [aemZ h° $& `wdVr hßg ahr h° $& EH$ Q> ]b [a EH$
ÒWybH$s` IX≤aYmar Ï`o∑V ^mfU X ahm h° oOg EH$ Xw]bm-gm
Ï`o∑V gwZ ahm h° $& ]rM H$s Q>]b [a H$m∞bO H$s b∂S>oH$`m| H$m PwßS>
]°R>m h° $& d gmar AmYwoZH$Vm h° $& H$mZm H$s Q> ]b [a EH$ ‡m° ∂T>m
]°R>r h° Om Ka g D$]H$a H$m\$s [rZ H$ ]hmZ hm™ Am`r h° $& AßV _|
207
Z›h|-_w›Z ]¿M aßJrZ Jw„]ma bH$a Cg hmQ>b _| ‡de H$aV h° Am°a
CZH$ AmJ_Z g emßVr EH$ PQ>H$ H$ gmW o]Ia OmVr h° $&
Bg H$hmZr _| [mR>H$ oH$gr EH$ [mÃH$ gmW EH$mH$ma Zhr hm
gH$Vm $& `wdH$-`wdVr, ZVm, H$m∞bO JÎg©, ‡m° ∂T>m AmoX A[Zr
A[Zr g_Ò`m`| bH$a Bg H$hmZr _| C[nÒWV hmV h° $& B›ht
bmJm| H$s _mZogH$Vm H$s boIH$m Z dU©Z oH$`m h° $&
4. N>V ]ZmZdmb :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z ehar Am°a XhmVr ‡mMrZ Am°a ZB©
[r∂T>r H$ OrdZ-Xe©Z H$m X Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h¢ $&
eaX bIH$ h° Am°a dh bIZD$ _| ahVm h¢ $& eaX Ky_Z H$
ob` VWm A[Z ]M[Z H$s `mX| VmOr H$aZ _aR> Am`m h° Ohm™
CgH$ VmD$Or ahV h° $& VmD$Or Ymo_©H$ h° $& BZH$ b∂S>H$ _o›Xa
OmH$a MaUm_•V bmVß h° $& VmD$Or Z B›h ‡modOZ Am°a OZab ÒQ>ma
[a o]R>m oX`m h° $& N>mQw> H$m`ÒW b∂S>H$s g oddmh H$aZm MmhVm Wm
[a VmD$Or Z CgH$s A[Zr _Ou g emXr H$am Xr $& eaX Mm` [rZm
MmhVm h° V] VmD$Or XyY-bÒgr H$ \$m`X Am°a Mm` g hmZdmb
ZwH$emZ H$m gwZm XVm h° $& VmD$OrZ _H$mZ Vm ]Zdm ob`m [a D$[ar
_ßoOb Zht ]Zm`r $& C›hm|Z gr_|Q> \$H$Q≤>R>r H$s h° $& [mVm| H$m IbZ
Hw$XZ H$ ob` C›hm|Z N>V N>m∂S> H$s h° $&
gma [nadma [a VmD$Or H$s h˛Hy$_V MbVr h° $& VmD$Or Òd`ß
A[Z VarH$ g OrdZ Or ah h¢ Am°a Xygam| H$m ^r OrZ H$ ob`
]m‹` H$aV h° $& d ]m¯ OJV g Òd`ß ANy>V h¢ Am°a A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m
^r aIV h¢ $& VmD$Or H$m A[Z Am[ [a amgm h°, AmZdmbr [ro∂T>`m|
[a Zht $&
208
5. EH$ ]ma Am°a :
Bg H$hmZr _| [aÂ[amJV Z°oVH$Vm H$ ‡oV Iwbm od–mh Am°a
AmXe© h° $& "o]›Zr' [hb ‡_ H$s Ag\$bVm g oZame hm OmVr h°$&
dh Z`m OrdZ OrZ H$m gmhg Zht H$aVr CgH$s Bgr AßV¤¤mÀ_H$
pÒWoV H$m WmW© dU©Z boIH$m Z oH$`m h° $&
o]›Zr Xe©ZemÒÃ H$s ‡m‹`mo[H$m h° $& dh A[Zr ghbr gwf_m
H$ gmW Jm™d _| ahVr h° $& gwf_m H$ [oV Ì`m_ odXe J` h¢ $& o]›Zr
Hwß$O g ‡_ H$aVr h° $& Z°ZrVmb _| d XmZm| [oV-[ÀZr ]ZH$a hmQ>b
_| ah MwH$ h¢ $& boH$Z Hwß$OZ _Yy g emXr H$s Am°a o]›Zr H$ gmW
gÂ]›Y ]Zm` aI h¢ $& o]›Zr Bg gÂ]›Y H$m Vm∂S>Zm MmhVr h° [a
Hwß$O H$s fl`ma ar ]mV| Cg H$_Oma ]Zm XVr h° $& Hwß$O A[Zr [ÀZr
_Yw H$ AmXe g o]›Zr H$m oH$gr Am°a g emXr H$a bZ H$s gbmh
XVm h° $& V] o]›Zr g_P JB© oH$ Hwß$O H$ gmW CgH$ gÂ]›Y g_mflV
hm MwH$ h° $& o]›Zr H$ ^°`m CgH$m oddmh Z›XZ g H$amZm MmhV
h° $& Z›XZ Cgr Jm™d _| EH$ ‡mO|∑Q> [a Am`m h° $& CgH$m Zm_ h°
"AmoXdmog`m| H$s oddmh [’oV' gwf_m ^r o]›Zr H$m Z›XZ g
[naM` ]∂T>mZ H$ obE ‡naV H$aVr h° $& o]›Zr Hwß$O H$ _mh g Nw>Q>H$a
Z›XZ g Ow∂S>Zm MmhVr h° [a ∑`m H$È™ ? ∑`mß Z H$È™ ? Bgr CY∂S>]wZ
_| [S> OmVr h¢ $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| "[hb ‡_' H$m _hÀd[yU© ]Vm`m
h° $& Zmar A[Z ‡W_ ‡_ H$m g¿Mm ‡_ _mZVr h° $& CgH$ Ag\$b
hm OmZ [a oZame hm OmVr h° Z oH$gr Ama g OwS>Z H$m gmhg H$a
[mVr h° $& Z›XZ H$ ]ma _| CoMV oZU©` OÎX g Zhr b [mVr $& dh
oOg ]ZZ-Qy>Q>Z H$s mÃm g JwOaVr h° Bgr H$m WmW© dU©Z boIH$m
209
Z oH$`m h° $& Hwß$O H$ gmW gÂ]›Y Qy>Q>Z H$ C[amߌm Z›XZ g Ow∂S>Zm
o]›Zr H$ ob` Agß^d Wm $& dh AßV¤ß¤mÀ_H$ pÒWoV _| OrVr h° $&
Zmar _Z H$s Bgr ZmOwH$ mdZm H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z AÀ`›V ghOVm g
oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
6. gߪ`m H$ [ma :
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ XwoZ`m _| __Vm
dmÀgÎ` H$s H$mB© H$s_V Zht hmVr d AZ_mb h° $& C›h| È[`m| g
Vmbm Zht Om gH$Vm $& Bg_ EH$ Egr wdVr H$ OrdZ H$m oMÃU
oH$`m h° oOg _m™ H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm $&
‡o_bm H$m∞bO _| [∂T>Vr h° $& CgH$s odYdm _m™ ]M[Z _| Cg
ZmZm-ZmZr H$ [mg N>m ∂S>H$a ^mJ OmVr h° $& boH$Z CgH$ odYdm
hmZ H$ ]mX ggwambdmbm| Z CgH$m gm°Xm H$a oX`m Wm Am°a A\$dmh|
\°$bm`r oH$ dh mJ J`r $& ]m]m Am°a AmOr ‡o_bm H$m ]hX MmhV
h° $& ]m]m ‡o_bm H$ Zm_ g oM∂T>V h¢ $& CgH$ AmZ g d H´$mY _|
AmH$a Ka H$s VÒdra, \$bXmZm naH$mS>© Vm∂S> XV h° $& Am°a Cg ‡o_bm
g o_bZ Zht XV $& AmOr Am[Zr ]Q>r H$ ob` amVr ahVr h° $& EH$
]ma ‡o_bm H$s _m™ Ka AmVr h° $& ‡o_bm H$m XIVr hr ahVr h° Am°a
o\$a Cg IrMH$a A[Z grZ g bJm bVr h° Cgr jU ]m]m ‡de
H$aV h° $& ""oZH$b OmAm Vw_ _a H$_a g ....... Vw_Z Cg AmZ hr
∑`m oX`m ? Bg Ka _| Vw_Z Cg KwgZ hr ∑`m| oX`m ? ∑`m| Zhr Cg
KgrQ>H$a ]mha H$a oX`m ?''124
]m]m A[Zr ]Q>r H$m Xg hOma H$m M°H$ XZm MmhV h¢ $& boH$Z
‡o_bm H$s _m™ Cg Nw>Vr VH$ Zhr $& dh A[Z ]Q>r H$m ga N>mVr g
oM[H$mH$a ]mbm| [a hmW \$aVr h° Am°a [m™M Í$[` H$m ZmQ> ‡o_bm
210
H$ hmW _| [H$∂S>mH$a PQ>H$ g ]mha Mbr OmVr h° $& ‡o_bm Am™gy
^ar Am™Im g XIVr hr ahVr h° $& [m™M È[` O°g N>mQ>r gߪ`m Am°a
Xg hOma O°g ]∂S>r gߪ`m H$ [a _m™ H$s __Vm hr _yÎ`dmZ h°, oOg
È[`m| g Vm°bm Zht Om gH$Vm $& _m™ H$s __Vm H$ gm_Z È[`m| H$m
H$mB© _yÎ` Zht h° $& Bgr emÌdV gÀ` H$m boIH$m Z A[Zr
H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
7. ]m™hm| H$m Kam :
`h H$hmZr AV•flV Zmar H$ _mZogH$ Vm°a [a Q>H$Z H$s ge∑V
H$hmZr h° $& Zmar H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m CgH$ Òdm^modH$ Ï`dhma H$m
Zmar gwb^ _oh_m H$m m°ZH$mbrZ AV•flV AmH$mßjmE™ odH•$V ]Zm
bVr h° $& hr Bg H$hmZr H$m H$œ` h° $&
H$Â_m H$m ]M[Z _| _m™ H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm $& gm°Vbr _m™ A[Z
]Q> Xw›Zr H$m ]m™hm| _| aH$a My_Vr ahVr h° $& O] H$Â_m AR>mahm
df© H$s hm JB© V] dh ‡_r e°bZ H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmZ bJr $&
CgH$ [Ã [∂T>H$a CgH$s ]m™hm| _| g_m OmZ H$m g[Z XIZ bJr $&
boH$Z o_Œmb h_em A[Z H$m_ _| _eJwb ahVm h° $& gma J•hÒWr
H$s ]mJS>ma H$Â_m H$ hmW _| h° $& CgH$m ]Q>m emZ h_em gmg H$
[mg ahVm h° $& Cg [°gm| H$s H$mB© H$_r Zht h° ]g fl`ma H$m hr
A^md h° $& Eg _| H$Â_m H$s VrOr eÂ_r Am°a CgH$m _ßJVa B–
H$m AmJ_Z hmVm h° $& CZH$ CZ_w∑V ‡_ H$m XIa H$Â_m VZ_Z g
gwbJ CR>Vr h° $&
H$Â_m ]M[Z g oddmhrV hm OmZ VH$ MmhVr h° oH$ H$mB© Cg
]m™hm| _| fl`ma H$a $& Eg _| gmg H$m ]wIma AmZ H$ H$maU em°Z
H$Â_m H$ [mg gm`m h° $& amV _| MrIVm h˛Am dh H$Â_m g oM[H$
211
OmVm h° $& Cg A[Zr ]m™hm| _| H$g bVm h° $& Bgg H$Â_m Jhar ZtX
g gm OmVr h° $&
_›Zy ßS>marZ H$Â_m H$s _ZmXem H$m WmW© dU©Z Bg H$hmZr
_| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& H$Â_m _ZmJ´ßoW`m| g J´ÒV h° $& dh MmhVr h°
oH$ H$mB© Cg ]m™hm| _| ^aH$a fl`ma H$a| boH$Z H$mB© CgH$s B¿N>m
[yoV© Zht H$aVm $&
8. H$_a, H$_am™ Am°a H$_a :
`h EH$ Egr Zmar H$s H$hmZr h° Om A[Zm OrdZ ewÈ g AßV
VH$ H$_am| _| hr og_IVm Am°a o]IaVm h˛Am AZw^_ H$aVr h° $&
Zrby H$s AÂ_m ]r_ma ahZ H$ H$maU Ka H$s gmar
Ï`dÒWm gß^mbVr h° $& Ka _| [m™M H$_a h¢ $& B›hr [m™Mm H$_am| _|
Kw_-Kw_H$a Zrby [∂T>mB© H$aVr h° Am°a E_.E. _| ‡W_ lUr ‡mflV
H$aVr h° $& Zrby H$s oZ`wo∑V oXÎbr H$ H$m∞bO _| hm OmVr h° $& _ram
CgH$s KoZÓR> o_Ã h° Om ÒH$mba oe[ bH$a ÒQ>Q>g Mbr OmVr h° $&
Zrby H$s XwoZ`m Cg H$_a _| og_Q> OmVr h° $& _ram H$ Mb OmZ g
Zyby AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aZ bJVr h° $& Eg _| CgH$s _ybmH$mV
O`[wa _| lr oZdmg g hm J`r $& ""lr oZdmg EH$ YZr, oeÓQ>Vm
Am°a oZhm`Vm hr gm\$oÒQ>H$Q>S> oH$Ò_ H$m AmX_r h° $&''
XmZm| oddmh]’ hm OmV h¢ $& lr oZdmg O`[wa N>m∂S>H$a oXÎbr
Am J`m Vm Zrby H$m∞bO, hmÒQ>b N>m ∂S>H$a lr oZdmg H$ ‚b°Q> _|
Am J`r $& lr oZdmg h_em A[Z Ï`dgm` _| Ï`ÒV ahV h¢$ &
oOgH$ H$maU Zrby C]Z bJVr h° $& AVï [oV H$s B¿N>m H$ AZwgma
CgH$ H$mam]ma _| hmW ]Q>mZ bJVr h¢ $& oOgH$ H$maU CgH$m oZOr
Ï`o∑V Qy>Q>Vm Mbm OmVm h° $&
212
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z Zrby H$ oZOr Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMÃU
oH$`m h° $& "H$_a, H$_am Am°a H$_a|' _| Zrby H$m ApÒVÀd Am°a
Ï`o∑VÀd ]ZVm-o]IaVm OmVm h° $& Zrby [hb [m™M H$_am| _| ahVr
h° $& Zm°H$ar H$s dOh g hmÒQ>b H$ EH$ H$_a _| AmH$a ahVr h° lr
oZdmg g [naM` hm OmZ [a CgH$ ‚b°Q> _| ahZ bJVr h° $& Bg
‡H$ma [hb H$_a o\$a H$_am Am°a o\$a H$_a| Bgr _| CgH$m oZOr
Ï`o∑VÀd gßdaVm o]IaVm OmVm h° $& [oV H$ H$mam]ma _| hmW ]Q>mZ
H$ H$maU EH$ oH´$`merb ‡m‹`mo[H$m H$s Mmh [oV H$s Mmh H$ ZrM
X] OmVr h° $& boIH$m Z Zmo`H$m H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m ]∂S> Òdm^modH$
T>ßJ g oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
9. D™$MmB© :
Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h° "D™$MmB©' Bg H$hmZr _|
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$ AßV¤›¤ H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
AmYwoZH$ Zmar A] [ÀZr ]mY g _w∑V hm JB© h° oOg_| H$db
[oVd´Vm Y_© hr CgH$ OrdZ H$m ‡_wI gma Wm $& A] dh [oV Am°a
‡_r BZ XmZm _ H$mB© ^X Zht H$aVr $& [oV H$ hmV h˛E oH$gr [a
[wÈf g ‡_ H$aZm CgH$ obE [oVd´V ßJ Zhr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z
XmÂ[À` OrdZ H$s ZB© g¿MmB`m| H$m ]∂S> gmhg Edß oZ^uH$Vm H$
gmW ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
oedmZr Am°a oeoea A[Z AmR> gmb H$ XmÂ[À` OrdZ _
gwIr h° CZH$m ]¿Mm o‡Q>r hmÒQ>b _| ahVm h° $& AMmZH$ oedmZr
H$s _wbmH$mV Ω`mah dfm H$ ]mX oddmh [yd© ‡_r AVwb g hmVr h°
dh A] VH$ AoddmohV h°$ & AVwb oedmZr H$ odah _| qOXm bme
]Zm h° $& oedmZr o‡Q>r H$m ÒHy$b N>m ∂S>H$a AMmZH$ AVwb H$ Ka
213
[h˛™Mr AVwb H$m gwI XZ H$ hVw CgH$ _Zm H$aZ H$ ]mdOwX r dh
Cg eara-gwI XH$a H$bH$Œmm bm°Q>Vr h° $& oeoea H$m h ]mV EH$
[Ã ¤mam _mby_ h˛B© V] oeoea H$hVm h° - ""Xm°har MmQ> Vw_Z _wP
[a H$s EH$ Ama ]d\$mB© Vm Xygar Ama YmIm N>b $&''125
oeoea Ka N>m ∂S>H$a Mbm J`m $& 15 oXZ ]mX bm°Q> CgZ
oedmZr H$m VbmH$ Xm Mmhm Bg ]mV [a XmZm| _| MMm© hmVr h° oeoea
MmhVm h° oH$ oedmZr A[Z A[amY H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a Cgg j_m
_m™J, ‡m`oÌMV H$a b $& boH$Z oedmZr Z oeoea H$m odÌdmg
oXbm`m oH$ - ""_a OrdZ _| VwÂhmam Om ÒWmZ h° Cg H$mB© Zhr b
gH$Vm, bZm Vm Xya Cg VH$ H$mB© [h˛™M r Zhr gH$Vm $& oH$gr H$
oH$VZr hr oZH$Q> Mbr OmD™$ Mmh emarnaH$ gß]ßY r ÒWmo[V H$a
by™ [a _Z H$s oOg D™$MmB© [a VwÂh| o]R>m aIm h° dhm™ H$mB© Zhr Am
gH$Vm $& oH$gr g VwbZm H$aZ _| r VwÂhmam A[_mZ hmVm h° $&''126
Bgr MMm© H$ ]mX XmZm| _| gwbh hm OmVr h° d XmZm| o\$a g
gwIr OrdZ `mMZ H$aZ bJV h° $& oddmohV oedmZr [wamZr aroV
nadmOm| H$m Vm∂S>H$a AVwb g eara gß]ßY ‡ÒWmo[V H$aVr h° $& eara
g Xwga H$s hmH$a r _Z H$s "D$™MmB©' [a [oV [ÀZr H$ gÂ]›Ym| H$s
[odÃVm ]ZmE aIVr h° $&
(5) oÃeßHw$ :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h [m™Mdm H$hmZr gßJ´h 1978 _| ‡H$moeV
h˛Am $& Bgg 10 H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $&
1. AmV OmV m`mda :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| EH$ [wÈf ¤mam N>br J`r Zmar H$m AßV¤›¤
‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Zmo`H$m o_Vmbr AoddmohVm h° $& dh ‡m‹`mo[H$m
214
h° Am°a hmÒQ>b _ ahVr h° $& o_Vmbr H$ gmW CgH$ gh[mR>r Z ‡_
H$ Zm_ [a eara gß]ßY ÒWmo[V oH$`m, boH$Z oddmh Xygar b∂S>H$s
g oH$`m & V] g o_Vmbr Z oH$gr g _bOmb Zhr ]∂T>m`m $&
CgH$m [naM` ZaZ H$ gmW h˛Am $& dh A[Zr A_naH$Z [ÀZr g
od¿N>X H$a maV Am`m h° CZH$ AZH$ oÒÃ`m| g gß]ßY ah MwH$ h° $&
ZaZ H$ OrdZ g [naoMV hmZ [a r o_Vmbr CgH$ ‡oV AmH$of©V
hmVr h° boH$Z o\$a EH$ ]ma N>br OmVr h° $& [wÈf Mm`mda ‡H•$oV
H$m h° $& dh A[Z Ao^Z` ¤mam Zmar H$m N>bVm h° $& Am°a oddmh
oH$gr Am°a g H$aVm h° $& A[Z AVrV g _w∑V hm OmVm h° $& maVr`
Zmar [wamZ gßÒH$mam| H$m Vm∂S> Zht gH$Vr $&
2. Xama aZ H$s Xama :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s h° $& boIH$m Z _ZwÓ`
H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m gw›Xa oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° $& XmÂ[À`
OrdZ _| hmZdmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$s MMm© H$s h° $& ZßoXVm H$s ghbr
lwoV oMÃH$ma h° $& lwoV A[Z [oV g AbJ hmZm MmhVr h° $& ZßoXVm
Cg _XX H$aVr h° $& dh lwoV Am°a od^w _ g_Pm°Vm H$amZm
MmhVr h° $& [a lwoV od^w g AbJ hmZm MmhVr h° $& ZßoXVm lwoV H$
obE _H$mZ Ty> ™T>Zm AmaÂ^ H$aVr h° $& dh CgH$s XmÂ[À` g_Ò`m
gwbPmZ _| _ΩZ ahVr h° $& boH$Z CYa lwoV Am°a od^w H$ gß]ßY
o\$a g A[Z Am[ Ow∂S> OmV h° $& d XmZm| ZßoXVm H$ obE gmS>r Am°a
o_R>mB© bH$a AmV h° $& XmZm| _| _b hmZ H$s ]mV g ZßoXVm A[Z
Am[ H$m A[_moZV _hgyg H$aVr h° $& lwoV od^w H$ XmÂ[À` OrdZ
_| [∂S>r Xama aV h˛` ZßoXVm Òd`ß H$m _hŒd[yU© g_PVr h°m [a O]
CgH$m ´_ oZamg hmVm h° V] dh A[Z Am[ H$m A[_moZV _hgyg
215
H$aZ bJVr h° $& boIH$m Z _ZwÓ` H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m gw˙_Vm g oMÃU
oH$`m h° $&
3. ÒÃr-gw]moYZr :
`h H$hmZr AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _ obIr h°$& ‡_ H$ Zm_ [a
oddmohV [wÈf ’mam N>br J`r ÒÃr H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _|
oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
Zmo`H$m Am`H$a od^mJ _ H$m_ H$aVr h° Am°a _ohbm hmÒQ>b
_ ahVr h° $& Ka H$m CŒmaXmo`Àd Cgr [a h° $& dh A[Z ]m©g "qeX'
g ‡^modV h° ∑`m|oH$ d Iw]gwaV aogH$ VWm H$od h° $& d XmZm
EH$Xyga g ]h˛V ‡_ H$aV h° $& boH$Z Cg ]mX _| [Vm MbVm h° oH$
qeX og\$© oddmohV hr Zhr Ao[Vw EH$ ]¿M H$m ]m[ r h° $& dh
qeX g A[Z gß]ßY Vm∂S>Zm MmhVr h° oH$›Vw qeX Cgg h_em ‡_
OVmVm ahVm h° $& dh ‡_ ‡Xe©Z _| g\$b ahVm h° $& ha ]ma CgH$
oX_mJ _ `h o]R>mZ H$s H$moee H$aVm h° oH$ emXr H$ ]mX ]r]r
C]mD$ Am°a ÃmgXm`H$ ]Z OmVr h° $& CgH$ ‡oV hmZdmbm ‡_ Zrag
Am°a ]OmZ gm hr OmVm h° $& dh h_em ]rdr g VbmH$ bZr H$s
]mV H$aVm h° [a A[Zr ]rdr H$m VbmH$ Zhr XVm $& V]mXbm hm
OmZ H$ ]mX ^r "oeßX' Cg ‡_ [Ã obIVm h° $& dh Ed ]ma o\$a
CgH$ ‡_ _ g]Hw$N> ^yb ]°R>Vr h° $& boH$Z qeX H$ Z` J•h _
‡de H$ oXZ dh CgH$s _mQ>r boH$Z ‡g›Z [ÀZr ]¿Mm Am°a
AÀ`mYwoZH$ Ka XIVr h° $& dh gÀ` pÒWoV H$m g_P OmVr h° Am°a
A[Zr oO›XJr Z` oga g gßdmaVr h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m
g_mO H$s A›` _mgy_ b∂S>oH$`m| H$m [wÈf Òd^md g AdJV
H$amVr h° $&
216
4. em`X :
Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z AmoW©H$ pÒWoV oH$g ‡H$ma EH$
[nadma H$m Vhg-Zhg H$aVr h° CgH$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
amImb OhmO [a _°H$oZH$ h° $& dh VrZ gmb ]mX Xm _hrZm
H$s Nw>o≈>`m| [a Ka Am`m h° $& CgH$s [ÀZr _mbm Ka H$s XI^mb
H$aVr h° Vm amImb OhmO [a A[Zm H$m`© H$aVm h° $& O] amImb Ka
AmVm h° Vm A[Z hr Ka _| [am`m[Z _hgyg H$aVm h° $& _mbm A[Z
^mB©-^m^r H$[ya [nadma, eßH$a BZ bmJm| H$s MMm© H$aVr h° $& boH$Z
amImb BZ Ï`o∑V`m| H$m _hŒd A[Z Ka _| ]Xm©ÒV Zhr H$a [mVm $&
Ka H$ ]¿M A∂S>mg-[∂S>mg H$ Ï`o∑V`m| g Ow∂S> OmV h° $& amImb
Am°a _mbm A[Zr A[Zr oO›XJr OrZ H$ obE odde h° CZH$s
A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`mE™ h° $&
"em`X' [nadma g AbJ hmH$a OrodH$m H$ ob` g_w– [a
Zm°H$ar H$aZ JE h˛E `wdH$ H$s MVZm [a M∂T>V h˛E Eg hr X]mdm|
Am°a Cgg C[Or h˛B© _mZogH$Vm Am°a ^m°oVH$ gßKf© H$ odo^›Z
o]›XwAm| H$m oH$g ‡H$ma XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Ym| H$s Am°[MmnaH$ Am°a R>hamd
^am gÂ]›Y ]ZZ [a odde H$aVm h° $&
H$Wm H$ ‡oV boIH$m H$m –oÓQ>H$mU [yU©Vï AmYwoZH$ h° Am°a
d dh g_yMr H$Wm H$m AmO H$ ]XbV h˛E g›X^m _| ‡ÒVwV H$aZ _
[yar Vah gj_ h° $&
5. oÃeßHw$ :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$ AßVa H$m oMoÃV
oH$`m h° $& VZw H$ _Â_r-[fl[m H$m ‡_ oddmh h˛Am Wm $& VZw H$
_Â_r H$m A[Z o[Vm g od–mh H$aZm [∂S>m Wm $& _Â_r Òd`ß H$m
217
AmYwoZH$ odMmamdmbr _mZVr h° Am°a A[Zr ]Q>r H$m ^r ]ZmZm
MmhVr h° $& b∂S>H$-b∂S>oH$`m| _| o_ÃVm hmZr MmohE Egm H$hV h˛E
A[Z Am[H$m AmYwoZH$ ]VmVr h° $& boH$Z h _Â_r VZy H$s eIa
g ]T>Vr XmÒVr XIH$a oVb-o_bmVr h° $& eIa H$m CgH$ Ka AmZm
Cg A¿N>m Zhr bJVm $& VZy H$m eIa H$ gmW o[∑Ma XIZ H$ obE
AZw_oV Zhr XVr Bg ]mV H$m bH$a _m™-]Q>r _| VZmd hmVm h° -
""VZw ]Q>, bmJ amµO-amµO hm™ AmH$a O_ OmV h° $& AmoIa
Vw_H$m [∂T>Zm-obIZm r Vm h° $& _° Vm XI ahr hˇ™ oH$ Bg XmÒVr H$
M∑H$a _| Var [∂T>mB©-obImB© g] Mm°[Q> h˛B© Om ahr h° $& Bg Vah Vm
`h g] MbJm Zht $&''127
boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _ Xwhar _mZogH$Vm H$m ]Iy]r g ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m h° $& Bg_| [ro∂T>`m| H$m A›Vamb hr Zhr Ao[Vw AmYwoZH$ hmZ
H$s _mZogH$Vm d AmZdmbr Zmar H$m ¤›¤ r h° $& Bg ‡H$ma [wamZr
Edß ZdrZ _m›`VmAm| H$m gw›Xa VWm ‡^mdembr oMÃU H$aZ _|
boIH$m g\$b ahr h° $&
6. aV H$s Xrdma :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z oeojV wdH$ H$ _mZogH$ Hwß$R>m
VWm oZamem H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$m ha [mà AmoW©H$
gßH$Q> H$ H$maU A[Z Am[ g b∂S>Vm A[Z Am[_| Qy>Q>Vm h° $& Zm`H$
aod B›OroZ`na ®J H$m N>mà h °, CgH$ o[Vm Ka H$s A›`
AmdÌ`H$VmAmZ H$m ZOaAßXmO H$aH$ Cg [∂T>mV h° $& [a aod oejm
H$m A[Zr oS>J´r H$m _hŒd A¿N>r Vah OmZVm h° $-
""`hm H$mB© ^odÓ` Zhr h° BZ bmJm| H$m AmOH$b g°H$S>m|
BßOroZ`g© _ma-_ma o\$aV h° oH$g Vah \$maZ OmZ H$s oVH$∂S>_
218
o^∂S>mAm, H$ZmS>m _| ]h˛V bmJm| H$s AmdÌ`H$Vm h° [a BgH$ obE
[wb Am°a [wer MmohE $&''128
aod d o[Vm aÎd _| ∑bH©$ h° $& Ka H$ A›` gXÒ`m| H$s
A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`m | h° boH$Z A] VH$ CZH$s g_Ò`mE™ gwbPm`r
Zhr J`r ∑`m|oH$ aod H$s [∂T>mB© Omar h° $& _m™ H$s Am™Im| H$m Am©[aeZ
OÍ$ar h° $& N>mQ>m mB© H$m BbmO H$amZm h° $& MßXm H$m H$m©bO _| Vu
H$amZm h° $& [nadma H$ gma gXÒ` gmMV h° oH$ aod H$s [∂T>mB© hmV
hr Zm°H$ar o_bJr Am°a Ka H$s pÒWoV gwYaJr $& g^r Bgr Amem [a
Or ah h° $& aod A[Z Am[H$m Qy >Q>Vm h˛Am _hgyg H$aVm h° $& dh
MmhH$a ^r Hw$N> Zhr H$a [mVm $& AßV _| oZame hmVm h° $& aod
]amOJmar H$s g_Ò`m g ÃÒV h° $& aod H$s Bgr KwQ>Z H$m oZamemOZH$
pÒWoV H$m boIH$mZ oMÃU oH$`m h° $& aod ]∂S>m AmX_r ]ZJm h
ªdm] (ÒdflZ) XIZm Ï`W© h° ∑`m|oH$ d ªdm] Cg "aV H$s Xrdma'
O°g h° Om H$^r r R>h gH$V h° $&
7. Vrgam ohÒgm :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z EH$ gß[mXH$ H$ IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd
H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
"eam ]m]y' EH$ [oÃH$m H$ gß[mXH$ h° $& dmÒVd _| CZH$m Zm_
eam]m]y Zhr h° $& ea O°gr XhmS>Vr h˛B© [oÃH$m Z C›h `h Zm_
‡XmZ oH$`m h° $& boH$Z h [oÃH$m o_Ãm| H$ ¤f Edß H$O© H$ H$maU
]›X hm OmVr h° $& eam]m]y H$s ]rdr CgH$s C[jm H$aZ bJr $& ]Q>m
gwYra r _Q>aJÒVr _| _ΩZ ahVm h° $& eam]m]y H$^r-H$^r bm`]´ar
OmV h°$ & dhm™ H$s [oÃH$mAm| _| OZVm [mQ>u H$ _ßoÃ`m| H$s VÒdra,
CZH$s OrdoZ`m™, CZH$s ‡eßgm XIH$a dh gß[mXH$m| VWm bIH$m|
219
H$m Jmob`m™ XV h° oO›hm|Z dh obIm h° $&
eam ]m]y h_em "^´ÓQ> Zm°H$aemhr O∂S> g CIm∂S> Xy™Jm' ^´ÓQ>
A\$gam| H$s [mb Imb Xy ™Jm Bgr Vah H$s ]mV| ]ZmV ahV h° [a
dmÒVd _| Hw$N> H$a Zhr [mV $& AmO g_mO H$m H$mB© r jà ´ÓQ>mMma
g ANy>Vm Zhr h° $& hr AmO H$s XwoZ`m h° [a eam ]m]y Bgg Ow∂S>
Zhr [mV $& g_`mZwgma A[Z Am[ H$m ]Xb Zhr [mV $&
""C›hmZ ]rdr g g_Pm°Vm H$a ob`m Zm°H$ar g g_Pm°Vm H$a
ob`m [a [oÃH$m ? Zhr, dhm™ d H$mB© g_Pm°Vm Zht H$a|J oH$gr r
H$s_V [a Zhr $&''129
boIH$mZ Bgr _ZmXem H$m WmW© oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
8. A-bJmd :
Bg H$hmZr ¤mam _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AmO H$s amOZroV [a Ï`ßΩ`
oH$`m h° $&
AbJmd H$m [yU©Vï amOZ°oVH$ H$hmZr H$hm Om`Jm $& ∑`m|oH$
Bg_| g_H$mbrZ amOZroVH$ [napÒWoV`m| H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h° $&
H$hmZr Zm`H$ o]gga H$s bme H$m bH$a ewÈ hmVr h° CgH$ hÀ`ma
H$m Ty>∂T>Z H$s ‡oH´$`m _ AZH$ amOZroVH$ Xm™d[M oXImB© XVm h° $&
_wª`_ßÃr Xm gmh] o]gga H$ Ka J` $& dhm™ OmH$a CgH$ ]y∂T> ]m[
H$m VgÎbr Xr $& OmaXma ^mfU oX`m $& g∑gZm Z OmJga H$m
[yN>m -
""o]gy H$m OmZV W Vw_ ?
Or, Jm™d _ g^r Vm EH$-Xyga H$m OmZV h° $& N>mQ>r OJh h°,
Z Mmhm Vm r OmZZm hr [∂S>Vm h° $&
oH$g Vah H$m b∂S>H$m Wm o]gy ?
220
Aa EH$X_ ogao\$am gmh] $&''130
g∑gZm Z ]`mZ ob`m $& Jm ™ddmbm | Z g∑gZm H$s
‡eßgm H$s $& Xm gflVmh H$ ]mX g∑gZm Z na[mQ>© Xr oH$ o]gga Z
AmÀ_hÀ`m H$s Am°a CgH$s hÀ`mam Omamda ]M OmVm h° $& amOZroV
H$ Oma [a dh _m_bm dhr H$ dhr X]m`m J`m $&
Bg ‡H$ma amOZ°oVH$ [nade _| aßJr boIH$m H$s A›` H$hmoZ`m|
g AbJ `h H$hmZr h° $& boIH$m Z BgH$m ]•hX Í$[mßVa H$a
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$s aMZm H$s $&
9. EImZ AmH$me ZmB© :
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _ boIH$m Z ehar Am°a J´m_Ur Zmar H$s
g_Ò`mE™ ‡ÒVwV H$s h° $& H$hmZr H$s ewÈAmV ehar [nade g hmVr
h° Am°a A›V J´m_rU [nade _ $& [oV h_›– g AbJ hmH$a oe‡m
ÒHy$b MbmVr h° $& gwf_m Zm°H$ar H$aVr h° BgobE _mVm-o[Vm CgH$m
oddmh H$aZm Zhr MmhV o\$a r CgZ _oh_ g H$mQ>© _°aO oH$`m $&
Ka H$s XI^mb, H$m_-H$mO, gmg-ggwa H$s gdm H$aZ H$ hVw ‡roV
Zm°H$ar N>m ∂S> XVr h° oOgg [oV ZmamO hm OmVm h° $& ` ehar ÒÃr
[wÈfm| H$s g_Ò`mE™ ahr $& H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m "bIm' Ka H$s XI^mb
o\$a [∂T>mB© BZ g]g VßJ Am JB© h° BgobE Amam_ H$aZ Jm™d OmVr
h° $& eha _| oOg ‡H$ma neojVbmJm| H$s g_Ò`mE™ hmVr h° Cgr Vah
J´m_rU bmJm| H$s r A[Zr g_Ò`mE™ h° $&
bIm H$m ggwamb EH$ gß`w∑V [nadma h° $& [nadma H$ haH$
gXÒ` H$s A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`m h° $& bIm eha dm[g OmZm MmhVr
h° $& Ï`o∑V Z Jm™d _ gwIr h° Am°a Z hr eha _| $& bIm eha g
D$]H$a Jm™d AmVr h° [a Jm™d H$s KwQ>Z g D$] OmVr h° Am°a o\$a
221
eha OmZ H$s gmMVr h° $& bIm Z _hgyg oH$`m -
""BZ g]H$ ]rM dh ]h˛V [am`r h° $& Cg Ka H$s EH$ gXÒ`m
hmH$a r dh Ka g AbJ h° $& Cg bJm Bg Ka Am°a Ka H$ Ï`o∑V`m|
H$ ‡oV CgH$m ]h˛V-gm H$V©Ï` h° [a, dh [yam Zht H$a ahr $&''131
10. Agm_o`H$ _•À`w :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s `h AßoV_
H$hmZr h° $& [hb [oÃH$m _| N>[r Wr ]mX _| oÃeßHw$ _| gßJ´ohV oH$`m
J`m $& H$hmZr _| Q>r[w EH$ H$bmH$ma h° Am°a CgH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w hm
OmZ g [nadma H$s oOÂ_Xmar Q>r[w [a Am OmVr h° $& o[Vm H$s
Agm_o`H$ gmW Xr[y H$ H$bm Í$[ H$s Agm_o`H$ _•À`w H$m ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m J`m h° $& CgH$ o[Vm _he]m]y H$s _•À`w Mdmbrg gmb H$s
Am`w _| Am©o\$g _| H$ma H$aV-H$aV hmQ> © \$b hm OmZ g hm
OmVr h° $& Xr[y [∂T> ahm Wm Cg ZmQ>H$ _| ¡`mXm ÈoM Wr $& ZmQ>H$ H$
OmZ-_mZ H$bmH$ma CÀ[bXV Z Cg Q≠ >m\$s XV h˛E ‡mÀgmohV
oH$`m Wm $&
""qOXJr H$m H$mB© ^amgm Zht ^°`m ! A¿N>-^b Ka g
JE W $& H$m°Z OmZVm Wm bm°Q>H$a Zhr AmE™J
am_ Var _m`m $&''132
Xr[y em_ H$m ZmQ>H$ H$m nahg©b H$aVm h° H$^r amOH$[ya H$
gßdmX H$^r oXbr[Hw$_ma H$ gßdmX AmßI ]ßX H$a br Vm [hMmZ
Zht gH$V oH$ Xr[y ]mb ahm h° m oXbr[Hw$_ma $& hˇ]hˇ dhr AmdmµO
dhr bhOm $& emaXm Z [rR> [a Ym°b O_m`m - ""]g A] Va ]m[
H$s hr ZH$b CVmam H$a, ]ea_ H$ht H$ $&''133
Xr[y H$hVm h° - ""[rR> R>mH$s h° Z ]h˛V A¿N>r ZH$b H$aZ H$
222
obE ? Aa AÂ_m OroZ`g h° VwÂhmam ]Q>m OroZ`g $& AÂ_m, AJa
H$mB© ]o∂T>`m _H$A[ H$a X Vm ]m]y H$m amb Eg AXm H$È™ oH$ Vw_
[hMmZ hr Z gH$Vm oH$ Xr[y H$m°Z Am°a ]m]y H$m°Z $&''134
AMmZH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w Z Xr[y H$s XwoZ`m H$m ]Xb oX`m CgH$
Am™JZ _m`ygr N>m JB© $& Xr[y Zm°H$ar H$aZ bJVm h° CgH$ _m_m Cg
Zm°H$ar oXbmZ _| _XX H$aV h° $& A[Z ^mB©-]ohZ Am°a _m™ H$s
oOÂ_Xmna`m™ [yar H$aV-H$aV A[Zr rVa H$s B¿N>mAm| H$m o_≈>r _|
S>mbZm [∂S>m $&
g_mO _| _‹`dJ© H$ AWm©O©Z H$aZdmb ‡_wI [mà H$s _•À`w
hmVr h° Vm [yam Ka amÒV [a Am OmVm h° $& Xr[y H$s _m™ H$s _ZïpÒWoV
H$m r Ï`∑V oH$`m h° dh Aghm` hm JB© h° Am°a [napÒWoVde _yH$
]ZH$a Or ahr h° $& h pÒWoV _m™ H$s Zht ]oÎH$ [ya Ka H$s h° $& Bgr
]mV H$m _›Zy ^ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| oMÃU oH$`m h° $& `h H$hmZr
]h˛V gwßXa Am°a gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m H$s H$hmZr h° $&
B oZÓH$f© :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m™ OrdZ H$ AoYH$ oZH$Q> h° $& Zmar
_Z H$s j_Vm Am°a Xw]©bVm H$m oMÃU BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _wª`
‡oV[m⁄ ahm h° $& BZH$s Zmar Xdr Am°a XmZdr H$ Xm N>mam| H$ ]rM
Q>H$amVr "[hbr' Zhr hm∂S>-_m™g H$m _mZdr ^r h° $& ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma
Zmar OrdZ _| Am` [nadV©Zm| [a _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| [`m©flV
Ï`ßΩ` oH$` J` h° $& CZH$r H$hmoZ`m™ [oV [ÀZr H$ gÂ]›Ym|
[mnadmnaH$ OrdZ Am°a ‡_ gÂ]›Y AmoX –oÓQ>H$mUm| H$m bH$a Mbr
h° & ghOVm Am°a g߇fUr`Vm Z BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m bmH$o‡` ]Zm`m
h° $& C›hm|Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ ‡mMrZ OrdZ _yÎ` AmYwoZH$ [nade _|
223
Qy>Q> ahm h°, OrdZ _yÎ` hr Zhr ]oÎH$ Ï`o∑V Qy>Q> ahm h° $& _›Zy
^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$s odefVm `h h° oH$ C›hm|Z ]∂S>r ghOVm
Am°a gOrdVm g _mZd _Z H$s Hw$ÓR>mAm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
B ZmQ>H$ :
[moUZr ZmQ>` H$s CÀ[oŒm "ZQ≤>' YmVw g _mZV h° Am°a am_M›–
JwUM›– Z "ZmQ>`X[©U' _| BgH$m CX≤^d "ZmQ≤>' YmVw g _mZm h° $&
"ZQ≤ >' YmVw H$m AW© JmÃodj[U Edß Ao^Zd XmZm | Wm $&
XeÍ$[H$H$maZ Z•V, Z•À` Am°a ZmQ>` H$m A›Va Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& Z•Œm
Vmb-b` H$ AmolV hmVm h°, Z•À` mdmolV hmVm h°, oH$›Vw ZmQ>`
agmolV hmVm h° $& gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _| ZmQ>H$ H$m H$mÏ` hr _mZm J`m
h° $& CgH$m CX≤Ì` AmZ›X ‡moflV ]Vm`m J`m h° $& ZmQ>H$ gmohÀ` H$s
dh od⁄m h°, oOgH$s g\$bVm H$m [arjU aßJ_ßM [a hmVm h° $&
ZmQ≤>`H$bm H$s [na^mfm XV h˛E adr›–ZmW Z H$hm h° oH$ odo^›Z
de^yfm Am°a AßJ odj[ H$ AZwH$aU ¤mam ‡H•$oV ‡oVo]oÂ]V
H$aZdmbr H$bm ZmQ>H$ h° $& dÒVwVï ZmQ>H$ XIZ H$s MrO h° $& CgH$
Xe©H$ Am°a lmVm hmV h°, Om [mÃm| ¤mam MnaÃm| H$ Ao^Zd g ‡^modV
hmV h° BgobE AmMm`m Z Cg –Ì`H$mÏ` H$s gßkm Xr h° $& ZmQ>H$
e„X, [mÃ, de-^yfm, AmH•$oV, md^ßJr Am°a oH´$`mAm| AmoX H$
AZwH$aU ¤mam VWm mdm| H$ ‡Xe©Z ¤mam Xe©H$m| H$m WmW© OrdZ H$
oZH$Q> bmVm h° $& Ao^Z` ZmQ>H$ H$m ‡YmZ AßJ h° $& g\$b ZmQ>H$
dh h° oOg XIV h˛E Xe©H$ h AZw^d Zhr H$a [m` oH$ dh ZmQ>H$
XI ahm h° $& ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m g]g ‡YmZ JwU `h h° oH$ dh _mZd
_ZmodkmZ H$m gy˙_ [maIr hm $&
^maVr`-g_rjm-emÒÃ H$ AZwgma ZmQ>H$ H$ VrZ ‡_wI VÀd
224
h° - dÒVw, Zm`H$ Am°a ag $& [a [mÌMmÀ` g_rjm emoÒÃ`m| Z N>h
VÀd ÒdrH$ma oH$` h° $& H$WmdÒVw, [mÃ, H$Wm[H$WZ, XeH$mb,
CX≤XÌ` $& e°br, qhXr H$ AmYwoZH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| BZ XmZm| ‡H$ma H$
VÀdm| H$m g_mamh hm J`m h° $&
225
gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
1. ohßXr H$r _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam
H$s _mZdr gßdXZm S>m™. Cfm `mXd 17
2. ohßXr H$r _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam
H$s _mZdr gßdXZm S>m™. Cfm `mXd 32
3. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd
4. H$WmH$ma amO›– `mXd M›–^mZw gmZJU 141
5. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$Wm boIH$mE™ Co_©bm JwflVm 355
6. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$Wm boIH$mE™ Co_©bm JwflVm 356
7. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$Wm boIH$mE™ Co_©bm JwflVm 356
8. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd
9. H$WmH$ma amO›– `mXd M›–^mZw gmZJU 261
10. H$WmH$ma amO›– `mXd M›–^mZw gmZJU 69
11. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd 194
12. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd 75
13. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd 260
14. H$WmH$ma amO›– `mXd M›–^mZw gmZJU 144
15. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$Wm boIH$mE™ Co_©bm JwflVm 357
16. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd 270
17. H$WmH$ma amO›– `mXd M›–^mZw gmZJU 173
18. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd 271
19. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar
20. _.^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` __Vm ew∑b 55
21. qhXr H$s _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam S>m™. Cfm `mXd 68
H$s _mZdr` gßdXZm
22. _.^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` __Vm ew∑b 56
226
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
23. C[›`mg pÒWoV Am°a JoV M›–H$m›V ]mßoXdS>H$a 243
24. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 40
25. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 42
26. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 42
27. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 44
28. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 128
29. C[›`mgH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 69
30. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 166
31. C[›`mgH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 68
32. _. ^ß. H$m aMZm gßgma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 11
33. _. ^ß. H$m aMZm gßgma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 69
34. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 67
35. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar
36. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar
37. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar
38. _. ^ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 43
39. _. ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 58-59
40. _. ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m™. __Vm ew∑bm 59
_ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
41. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 161
42. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 163
43. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr C[›`mg S>m™. ZraO O°Z 124
Ï`o∑VÀd odKQ>Z H$ oZH$f [a
44. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 46
45. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 90
46. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24
227
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
47. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 28
48. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 29
49. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr C[›`mg S>m™. ZraO O°Z 32
Ï`o∑VÀd odKQ>Z H$ oZH$f [a
50. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr C[›`mg S>m™. ZraO O°Z 71
Ï`o∑VÀd odKQ>Z H$ oZH$f [a
51. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 19
52. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 43
53. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 149
54. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 162
55. _.^ß. H$s C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 107
56. _.^ß. H$s C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 108
57. _.^ß. H$s C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 108
58. _. ^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` _›Zy ^ßS>mar 238
59. _.^ß. H$s C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 133
60. _.^ß. H$s C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 134
61. _. ^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` _›Zy ^ßS>mar
62. _. ^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` _›Zy ^ßS>mar
63. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar
64. ZB© H$hmZr oXem Xem gß^mdZm S>m™. B›–ZmW _XmZ 207
65. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
66. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
67. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 14
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
68. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 21
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
228
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
69. JrVm H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 32
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
70. JrVm H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 32
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
71. JrVm H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 40
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
72. JrVm H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 40
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
73. JrVm H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 41
(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
74. EH$ H$_Oma bS>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45
75. EH$ H$_Oma bS>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45
76. EH$ H$_Oma bS>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 62
77. EH$ H$_Oma bS>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 63
78. g`mZr ]wAm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 65
79. g`mZr ]wAm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 67
80. Ao^ZVm (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 77
81. Ao^ZVm (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 78
82. Ao^ZVm (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 79
83. Ao^ZVm (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 82
84. Ì_emZ (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar
85. Ì_emZ (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85
86. Ì_emZ (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 89
87. Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV _›Zy ^ßS>mar 98
(_¢ hma JB©)
88. Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV _›Zy ^ßS>mar 62
(_¢ hma JB©)
229
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
89. Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV _›Zy ^ßS>mar 94
(_¢ hma JB©)
90. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 102
(_¢ hma JB©)
91. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 102
(_¢ hma JB©)
92. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 104
(_¢ hma JB©)
93. H$mb Am°a H$gH$ (_¢ hmar JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 118
94. Xm H$bmH$ma (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 137
95. _¢ hma JB© (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 141
96. _¢ hma JB© (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 146
97. VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra _›Zy ^ßS>mar 19
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
98. VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra _›Zy ^ßS>mar 23
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
99. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar 32
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
100. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar 32
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
101. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
102. AZMmhr JhamB`m™ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
103. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 57
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
230
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
104. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ßS>mar 57
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
105. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ßS>mar 57
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
106. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ßS>mar 58
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
107. KwQ>Z$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 80
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
108. hma$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 79
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
109. KwQ>Z$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 81
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
110. _O]yar$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 96
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
111. MÌ_$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 111
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
112. j` (`hr gM h°)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24
113. j` (`hr gM h°)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 25
114. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 28
115. gOm (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ßS>mar 72
116. gOm (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ßS>mar 72
117. ZH$br hra (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 86
118. Zem (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 93
119. Zem (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ßS>mar 94
120. B›H$_ Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX _›Zy ßS>mar 110
(`hr gM h°)
231
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
121. `hr gM h° (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 134
122. `hr gM h° (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 135
123. ]ßX XamOm H$m gmW _›Zy ßS>mar 24
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])
124. gߪ`m H$ [ma _›Zy ßS>mar 87
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])
125. D™$MmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 123
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])
126. D™$MmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 134
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])
127. oÃeßHw$ (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 71
128. aV H$s Xrdma (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 91
129. Vrgam ohÒgm (oÃeßHw$)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 102
130. AbJmd (oÃeßHw$)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 112
131. B©ImZ AmH$me ZmB© (oÃeßHw$)$ _›Zy ßS>mar 141
132. Agm_o`H$ _•À w (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ßS>mar 147
133. Agm_o`H$ _•À w (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ßS>mar 153
134. Agm_o`H$ _•À w (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ßS>mar 153
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a _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ ‡_wI [mÃm| H$s
odefVmE™
1. _›Zy ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg H$ ‡_wI [mÃ
2. _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [mÃ
232
233
MVwW© A‹`m`
C[›`mg Am°a H$hmZrH$mb H$ VŒdm_| [mÃm H$m A[Zm ÒdVßÃ
_hŒd hmVm h° $& [mÃm| H$ o]Zm AYyam hmVm h° Bgob` [mÃm H$m
_hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ oX`m J`m h° $& C[›`mg Am°a H$hmZr OrdZ H$ WmW©
g gÂ]p›YV hmZ H$ H$maU CgH$ [mà r gm_moOH$ OrdZ g ob`
OmV h¢ $&
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[mà oXImB© XV h¢ $& BZ_| Ï`o∑VÀd ‡YmZ [mÃm| H$s gߪ`m AoYH$
h° Am°a dJ©JV-[mà H$_ h° $& oh›Xr H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m odMma H$aV
h˛E ‡_MßX H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| dJ©JV [mà AoYH$ h¢, Ï`o∑VÀd
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_| ‡eßgZr` g\$bVm o_br h° $& ‡_MßX Or H$ [mà Òdm^modH$ Am°a
`WmW© OmZ [∂S>V h¢ $& g_mO H$ g^r dJm H$ [mà CgH$ C[›`mg,
H$hmZr _| C[b„Y h° $& [y™Or[oV, _OXya, B©gmB©, _wgb_mZ, ]y∂T>m,
`wdH$, od⁄mWu, A‹`m[H$, H$od, bIH$, Hß$Oyg, oH$gmZ, S>m©∑Q>a,
Xe gwYmaH$, [ßoS>V, _m°bdr g^r A[Zr odefVmAm| H$ gmW _m°OyX
h° $& O°Z›–Z AoYH$Va Hw ß$R>mJ´ÒV [mÃm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
`e[mb Z ‡m`ï ‡oVoZoY [mÃm| H$m hr oZ_m©U oH$`m h° Om oH$gr
dJ© H$s odefVmAm| g `w∑V h¢ $& _mhZ amH$eOrZ AoYH$Va
Ï`o∑VÀd ‡YmZ [mÃm| H$m hr oZ_m©U oH$`m h° $& Egr pÒWoV _|
_›Zy ßS>mar Z XmZm| ‡H$ma H$ [mÃm| H$m oMÃU A[Z C[›`mg Am°a
H$hmoZ`m| _| oH$`m h¢ $&
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(1) dJ©JV [mà :-
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234
odefVmAm| H$ H$maU oH$gr dJ© odef H$s ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aZ bJV
h°, C›h| dJ©JV [mà H$hm OmVm h° $&
S>m™. b˙_ram`Or Z dJ©JV [mÃm| H$m oddMZ H$aV h˛E obIm
h° oH$ -
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odoeÓQ> dJ© AWdm OmoV H$s mdZmAm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h¢
dJ©[mÃm| H$ oZ_m©U H$ _yb _| OmoV, dJ© H•$oV H$ AZwgma _ZwÓ`
H$ MmnaÕ` H$m AßoH$V H$aZ H$s YmaUm oZohV ahVr h° $& BgobE
dJ©-[mà dhr H$aV h° Om d H$a gH$V h¢ $&''
` [mà g_mO H$ ‡oVoZoY H$m ÒdÈ[ YmaU H$a bV h¢ $&
(2) Ï`o∑VÀd‡YmZ [mà :-
‡m. oH$ema oJaS>H$a Or Z Ï`o∑VÀd‡YmZ [mÃm| H$m oddMZ
H$aV h˛E obIm h° -
""Ï`o∑VÀd ‡YmZ [mà d _mZ OmV h° oOZH$m oZOr Ï`o∑VÀd
aMZm _| ‡Ò\w$oQ>V hmVm h˛Am [mR>H$m| H$ g_j AmVm h° $&''
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hmV h¢ $&'' C›hm|Z AmJ MbH$a h r obIm h° oH$ ""Ï`o∑V [mà _|
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CX≤KmQ>Z H$aV h˛E _ZmodkmZ H$ AmYma [a CgH$m odoeÓQ> Am°a
oZOr MmnaÕ` ‡ÒVwV oH$`m OmVm h° $&''
Ï`o∑V [mÃm| H$ g›X^© _| Am°a AoYH$ OmZH$mar XV h˛` d
obIVr h° Ï`o∑V [mà gßdXZerb hmZ H$ H$maU ‡À`H$ [napÒWoV
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235
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h˛E obIm h° oH$ -
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Edß AmH$f©H$ hmVm h° $&''
Bgg Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Ï`o∑V ‡YmZ [mà gd© gm_m›` [mÃm| g AbJ
hmV h¢ $&
B _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` _| [mà :-
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm-gmohÀ` H$ [mà _ZmodkmZ g AÀ`oYH$
‡^modV hmH$a Am` h° $& [mà ‡m`ï oM›VZ ‡YmZ h° Am°a _mZd
_Zm^yo_ H$m ‡À`jrH$aU H$aZdmb h° $& BZ [mÃm| _| ‡m`ï Agm_m›`
[mÃm| H$s ‡YmZVm h° $& Am°a Bg Agm_m›` [mÃm _| Òd AWdm Ahß
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^a Am_›ÃU [a r _¢ O∂S> oZÌMÓQ> ]°R> ahm ∑`m|oH$ _wP VwÂhmam hr
ª`mb Wm $& Am°a dh g] H$aZm VwÂhma gmW YmIm H$aZm Wm, A›`m`
H$aZm Wm Am°a _¢ VwÂh| YmIm Zht X gH$Vm Wm, VwÂhma gmW A›`m`
Zht H$a gH$Vm Wm ∑`m|oH$ _¢Z VwÂh| fl`ma oH$`m Wm, AmO r H$aVm
hˇ™ $&''33
fl`ma A_a H$s H$_Omar ahr h° $& Bgr fl`maZ A_a H$m [b-[b
_mam h° $& aßOZm hm m A_bm dh fl`ma XZ _| Hß$Oygr Zht H$aVm $&
dh fl`ma H$ ‡oVXmZ H$s ‡oVjm H$ o]Zm EH$ AmXe© ‡_r H$s Vah
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obE hr fl`ma g]g ]∂S>r VmH$V ]Z OmVm h° $& h fl`ma hr Cg O∂S>
hmZ g ]MmVm h°, oO›Xm aIVm h° $& Am°a V^r Vm oJaVr Xrdma gm
A_a A_bm H$m ghmam ]Z OmVm h° $&
A_a A[Zr _mZogH$Vm g VWm AmZdmb ]¿M H$m ZÓQ>
H$admZ H$ H$maU A[amY ]mYm VWm [r∂S>m g J´ÒV hm OmVm h° Am°a
`ht XwïI A_a H$m gmbVm ahVm h°, oOgH$ [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ dm
H$hVm h° oH$ - ""obIZ H$ ob` ]h˛V Hw$N> _a oX_mJ _| Ky_Vm
ahVm h° [a _¢ obI Zht [mVm, Xygam| H$m _maH$a Om [Z[Zm MmhVm
h° Cg [hb IwX _aZm [∂S>Vm h° _¢Z H$^r oH$gr H$m _maZm Zht
253
Mmhm, oH$gr H$m _mam r Zht, o\$a r hV`m H$m A[amY _a oga
[a Ag¯ ]mP H$s Vah bXm ahVm h° Am°a _¢ IwX _•VH$ H$ g_mZ
oH$gr H$s bme H$m obE o\$aVm ahVm hˇ™ $&''34
A_a H$ [mg ˆX` ^r h° Am°a ]wo’ ^r [nadma ^r h° Am°a
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XwïI Zht h° Am°a Z o_bZ H$ gwI g dßoMV hmH$a ^r ‡g›Z h° $&
A_a dh Xmo`ÀdhrZ [bm`Z dmXr Zhr $& A_a dmÒVd _| A_a
h° $& dh Cg ]wo’Ordr [r∂T>r H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h° Om ghO
gßdXZerb hmH$a oZÌM` md g g^r pÒWoV`m| g Om o_bVm h°,
oOVZm o_bVm h°, O°g o_bVm h° g^r fl`ma H$s AmJ H$ gmW AßJrH$ma
H$aVm h° $& A_a Q>H$Vm h˛Am r b˙` H$m [mVm h° Am°a b˙` [a
[h˛™MH$a r Q>H$ OmVm h° $& h Q≠>O∂S>r ]ma-]ma A_a H$m _maH$a
^r A_a ]Zm XVr h° $& V^r Vm amO›– mXd Z A[Z Ò[ÓQ>rH$aU _|
A_a H$m IbZm`H$Àd - OmoH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$ ¤mam bmXm Om ahm
Wm - H$m CVma \|$H$H$a A_a H$m EH$ AbJ È[ _| ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m
gßH$Î[ Xwhmam`m h° -
""A_a H$m _¢ IbZm`H$ Zht ]ZmZm MmhVm AJa h gM_wI
AmO gßH´$mo›VH$mbrZ ]wo’Ordr Q≠>OS>r Am°a Ï`o∑VÀd H$m IbZ h°
Vm ∑`m| Z CgH$s gÂ[yU©Vm _| oMoÃV hm ? _¢ A[Z [mÃm| H$ Ï`o∑VÀd
H$ AZH$ ÒVam| Am°a YamVb [a VQ>ÒW hmH$a [mZ H$s H$moee
H$ÈßJm - VmoH$ A_a H$s [amO` EH$ Ï`o∑V H$r Zht, EH$ [r∂T>r H$s
[amO` hmH$a Am` Mmh o\$a dh amh Im OmZ H$s Ï`mHw$bVm _|
^Q>H$ JB© [r∂T>r H$ Zm_ g hr ∑`m| Z OmZr OmE $&''35
Bg ‡H$ma A_a IßoS>V-Ï`o∑VÀd ‡mUr h° CgH$m Am›VnaH$
254
Ï`o∑VÀd Xm mJm| _| ]ßQ>m h° ‡_, oddmh, gwI gwodYm H$ [aÂ[amJV
gßÒH$ma H$^r-H$^r C›h| ‡mflV H$aZ H$s Mmh AWm©V≤ EH$ Am°a
_mZdr` Z°oVH$Vm ]mY Xygar Am°a gÓQ>m Ï`o∑VÀd H$s C¿MVa _wo∑V
H$m_Zm h¢ $&
M S>m©∑Q>a Omer :-
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg H$ S>m©∑Q>a Omer odoeÓQ>
MmnaoÃH$ odefVmEß aIV h° $& CZH$m Ï`o∑VÀd H$m\$s gwbPm VWm
odf_ [napÒWoV`m| g r g_m`mOZ H$aZ _| gj_ h° $& eHw$Z S>m©∑Q>a
Omer H$ odoeÓQ> Mnaà g ‡^modV hmH$a hr oZH$Q> AmVr h°, O°gm
oH$ dh Òd`ß ÒdrH$maVr r h° - ""S>m©∑Q>a Omer H$ Ï`dhma _| EH$
YraVm h°, R>hamd O°g S>m∑Q>a Z A[Zr oO›XJr _| ]h˛V Hw$N> [m`m
h¢ $& Bgr dOh g eHw$Z H$^r H$^r S>m∑Q>a H$ gm_Z AH$maU hr
A[Z Am[H$m N>mQ>m _hgyg H$aVr h° Cg bJVm h° O°g S>m∑Q>a Z
ÒdrH$ma H$aH$ Cg [a ]∂S>r H•$[m H$s h° $& S>m∑Q>a Omer H$s ]mVm| _|
CgH$ gma Ï`o∑VÀd _| Hw$N> Egm h°, Om eHw$Z H$m AmÌdÒV H$aVm
h° Am°a S>m∑Q>a H$s gwbPr –oÓQ> Cg ]h˛V gr CbPZm| g C]ma
bVr h¢ $&''36
S>m∑Q>a Omer _| ]mb[Z H$m ^r g_PZ H$r A[yd© j_Vm h°
V^r Vm dh ]ßQ>r H$m [hMmZZ _| JbVr Zht H$aV Am°a eHw$Z g
H$hV h° oH$ - ""Bg Vah ]¿Mm| H$ gmW gªVr H$aZ g d EH$X_ Mw[
hm Om`|J ]h˛V hr g] o_og] Am°a gh_| h˛E Am°a Za_mB© g [e
AmZ g d CX S> hm Om`|J $&''37
S>m∑Q>a Omer H$ [mg ]mb _Z H$ gmW _mZd _Z H$m ^r
g_PZ H$s [°Zr –oÓQ> h° V^r Vm dh eHw$Z g H$hV h° - ]ßQ>r _|
255
g›VwbZ bmZ H$ ob` [hb VwÂh| A[Z _| g›VwbZ bmZm hmJm $&
eHw$Z O] Omer H$ g_r[ (ZOXrH$) AmVr h° V] _hgyg H$aVr h°
oH$ CgH$ gma VZmd ¤›¤ T>rb hm OmV h° (Xya hm OmV h°) CgH$s
pÒWoV gm_m›` hm OmV h° Am°a dh ghO hm OmVr h° $& eHw$ZZ
AH$b-AH$b MbH$a gmar [aemoZ`m| g AH$b-AH$b b∂S>H$a
^r Egm AmÀ_odÌdmg Am°a Egr eo∑V H$^r _hgyg Zhr H$s Om
S>m∑Q>a H$ hdmb A[Z Am[ H$m H$aH$ _hgyg H$a ahr h° $& S>m∑Q>a
Omer ]›Q>r H$ A›gm_m›` Ï`dhma g r CŒmoOV Zht hmV $&
Bg ‡H$ma S>m∑Q>a Omer H$m Mnaà Am_ Ï`o∑V`m| g hQ>H$a
h° & dh [napÒWoV`m| g ghO gm_m›Ò` ÒWmo[V H$aZdmb dJ© H$m
‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h¢ $&
M ]›Q>r :-
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_Z gab, oZÓ[m[, XdVm g—Ì` H$m_b hr Zht hmVm ]oÎH$ dh
]h˛V hr OoQ>b, Hw$oQ>b Am°a A¿N> ]wa AmdJm| g ^r [na[yU© hm
gH$Vm h° $&
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g gßH´$m›V h˛Am h° $& XmZm| _| [OogdZg h°, Om ]›Q>r _| CVam h° $&
]›Q>r EH$ Vm w r [°XmBer ‡m„b_ MmBÎS> H$ È[ _| AmVm h° o\$a
Yra-Yra _Zmd°kmoZH$ H$g ]Z OmVm h° $& Bg ]Xbmd H$ _yb
H$maU _| CgH$s _Â_r hr h° ∑`m|BH$ _Â_r [a CgH$ EH$moYH$ma H$m
MwZm°Vr o_bZ H$s gy˙_ AmhQ> [mV hr ]›Q>r ]h˛V Mm°H$Zm hm OmVm
256
h° $& _Â_r H$m S>m©∑Q>a Omer g OwS>Vm ]›Q>r _| AZH$ odH•$oV`m| H$m
O›_ XVm h° $& CgH$ Ï`dhma Ag›VwobV, oMS>oM∂S>m VWm JwÒgb
hm OmVm h°$& BgH$ AoVna∑V ]›Q>r H$ Mnaà _| ÒWmZm›VnaH$aU ]’Àd
Am°a ÒdflZ H$s pÒWoV gd©‡_wI h° $& ÒWmZm›VnaH$aU H$ H$maU hr
]›Q>r A[Z Z` [m[m VWm _Â_r H$m ÒdrH$ma Zht H$a [mVm,
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AmoX H$m Zht yb [mVm $& ]›Q>r H$m AOrd AOrd oXdmÒdflZ XIZm
^r CgH$s _mZogH$ Xw]©bVm H$m hr [naMm`H$ h° $&
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^r dh S>m∑Q>a Omer H$m [m[m Zhr H$hVm h° VWm AO` H$m g_PmZ
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h° $& _Â_r H$m XwïIr H$aZ H$ obE AO` H$ [mg OmZ H$s oOX≤X
]›Q>r H$m ]h˛V VH$br\$ [h˛™MmVr h° $ [a›Vw dh OmH$a hr _mZVm h° $&
Bg ‡H$ma ]›Q>r A[Zr oH´$`mAm| g A[Zr _Â_r H$m hr XwïI Zht
257
XVm ]oÎH$ Òd`ß r EH$ Am›VnaH$ ›ÃUm g JwOaVm h° $& Bg H$maU
H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ "]›Q>r' AoVna∑V gßdXZerb hmZ H$ H$maU
"E]Zm_©b' h° $&
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h°, ∑`m|oH$ Cg_| _Zmd°kmoZH$ AV•oflV h° $& ]mbH$ H$m g_woMV
odH$mg CgH$ _mVm-o[Vm XmZm| H$ hr gm_ßOÒ` g hmVm h°, O]nH$
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]›Q>r H$m CgH$s C_´ g Hw$N> ¡`mXm hr gmMZ H$m odde H$a
XVr h¢ $&
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AmYwoZH$ XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Y H$ oZarjU H$m g\$b _m‹`_ r ]ZZ _|
g_W© h˛Am h° $&
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h° & ]›Q>r H$ A›` ^mB©-]hZ Z hmZ H$ H$maU Ka _| _Â_r H$
AoVna∑V oH$gr Am°a H$m Zht [mVm VWm Amg[mg r CgH$ h_ C_´
Z hmZ H$ H$maU H$mB© o_Ã Zht ]Zm [mVm $& hr AH$bm[Z _Â_r
H$s emXr S>m∑Q>a Omer g hm OmZ H$ ]mX ]›Q>r H$ OrdZ e°br H$m
AÏ`doÒWV H$a XVm h° $&
]›Q>r EH$ gßdXZerb ]mbH$ h¢, __r H$m XwïI ]›Q>r H$m YyVm
h° dh __r H$m Oam gm r [aemZ XIH$a Ï`oWV hm OmVm h° $& hmß
VH$ ‡`mg H$aVm h° oH$ __r H$ gm_Z dh Egm Ï`dhma Z H$a ]°R>
oOgH$ H$maU dh Am°a XwIr hm CR> $& dhr gßdXZerb ]›Q>r A[Zr
258
Oam ^r C[jm [mH$a __r H$m XwIr H$aZ _| hr g›VwoÓQ> [mVm h° $&
]›Q>r __r H$m XwIr Vm H$aVm h° [a›Vw A[amY ]mY H$m ^md Cg
gmbVm ahVm h° $& dh o\$a `hr ‡`mg H$aVm h° oH$ __r _mZ Om`|
JwÒgm Z hm Om`| $& ]›Q>r _| gw[a B©Jm H$s mdZm h° hr H$maU h° dh
Ao^-OmV H$m H$ma g ÒHy$b OmV XIH$a IwX H$ ]g g OmZ [a
hrZ mdZm g J´ÒV hm OmVm h° $& ]›Q>r _| EH$moYH$ma H$s mdZm r
‡M S> h° dh MmhVm h° __r CgH$s hr ah|, og\©$ Cgr H$s $& Ao^ H$
‡oV Wm∂S>m gm r bJmd ]›Q>r _| IwX H$ \$mbVy hmZ H$m md aZ
bJVm h° $&
]›Q>r ‡m`ï A[Z AMVZ g gmjmÀH$ma H$aVm ahVm h° -
""eHw$Z H$m fl`ma O] ]›Q>r H$m Zht o_bVm Vm ]›Q>r H$ oX_mJ _|
`hr EH$ ]mV Ky_Vr ahr $& __rZ Cg EH$ ]ma r fl`ma Zht oH$`m $&
[hb H$^r dh __r H$ Jmb [a oH$Ògy XVm Vm o\$a __r ]Xb _| T>a
gma oH$Ògy XVr ]mhm _| aH$a Iy]-Iy] fl`ma H$aVr $&''38
__r H$m fl`ma ]›Q>r H$ AMVZ _Z _| [∂S>m h˛Am h° $& Am°a
S>m∑Q>a Omer H$ hm™ AmZ H$ ]mdOyX ]›Q>r H$ oXb-oX_mJ g A[Zm
Ka Zhr wbm`m OmVm $& ]›Q>r Z oOZ H$hmoZ`m| _| odoMÃ pÒWoV`mß
[∂T>r d gwZr `mdh Am°a ÃmgX dhr pÒWoV`m™ [m[m g H$Q> OmZ H$
]mX Am°a __r H$ S>m∑Q>a Omer H$ gmW h_ o]ÒVma hmZ [a AH$b[Z
Am°a AOZ]r[Z H$s pÒWoV`m| _| CgH$ _Z g C^a H$a OmZ
bJVr h° $&
EH$ ]mV Am°a ^r ]›Q>r _| h° Cg_ [napÒWoV`m| g OyPZ H$s
eo∑V h° dh A[Z g odf_ [napÒWoV`m| g V] VH$ b∂S>Vm h° O]
VH$ dh Òd`ß Qy>Q> d o]Ia Zhr OmVm $& ]›Q>r _| Vrd´ od–mhmÀ_H$
259
‡d•oŒm h° BgH$m ‡Xe©Z Mmh dh A[Z Ï`dhma ¤mam ‡Xoe©V H$a
AWdm _m°Z ahH$a $& _›Zy ßS>marZ ]›Q>r H$m Mnaà A[Zr bIZr g
AßoH$V oH$`m dh gd©Xm Ò_aUr` ahJm Am°a Cg oh›Xr C[›`mg
gmohÀ` H$ odoeÓQ> [mÃm| _| CÎbIZr` ÒWmZ ‡XmZ oH$`m h¢ $&
M Xmha Ï`o∑VÀd OrZdmb dJ©H$m ‡oVoZoY Mnaà - "Xm gmh]' :-
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| Xm gmh] _wª`_›Ãr [X
[a AmogZ h° $& Xm gmh] H$m gÂ[yU© Ï`o∑VÀd hr Ï`Vm H$ \´$_ _|
[∂S>m h˛Am OmZ [∂S>Vm h° $& Xm gmh] _| Hw$N> Egr MmnaoÃH$ odefVmE™
h¢ Om C›h ododÓQ> Ï`o∑VÀd _| gÂ_obV H$aVr h° $& Xm gmh] Am_
AmXo_`m| H$s Vah N>mQ>r-N>mQ>r ]mVm| g CŒmoOV Zht hmV $& dh
C_´ H$ AZwgma Amde H$m Òdm^modH$ _mZV h° $& [a›Vw Amde
amOZroV H$m XwÌ_Z h° $& amOZroV _| oddH$ MmohE $& oddH$ Am°a
YraO $& _hm^mO H$ Xm gmh] Ï`o∑V`m| H$s H$_Omna`m| [a grYm
‡hma H$aV h°, gmW hr _Zmd°kmoZH$ Vm°a [a ‡^modV H$aZ H$s MÓQ>m
H$aV h° oOg_| g\$b r hmV h° $& Xm gmh] H$m M_Mm bIZ O]
¡`mXm hr CÎQ>r grYr H$hVm h° Vm Xm gmh] ]h˛V hr ghO T>ßJ g
H$hV h¢ -
""_a gmW MbZm h° Vm mB© O]mZ [a bJm_ Am°a Ï`dhma _|
T>hamd MmohE $&''39
"_hm^m O' H$m [nade h_mam AmYwoZH$ amOZroVH$
OrdZ h° $& dV©_mZ _| Ï`mflV amOZroV H$m boIH$mZ Bg C[›`mg _|
Iy]r g ]mßYm h° $& "_hm^mO' H$m [nade AÀ`›V ´ÓQ> oKZm°Zm Am°a
bo¡OV H$aZdmbm h° $& Xm gmh] A[Zm _wª`_›Ãr H$m AmgZ ]Zm`
aIZ H$ obE \y™$H$-\y™$H$ H$a H$X_ CR>mV h° gwHw$b ]m]w H$s odMma
260
eo∑V ‡]b Wr Am°a H$mB© r CR>mZ H$ [yd© d ha A¿N> ]wa [naUm_
H$ gÂ]›Y _| odMma H$aV W $& Xm gmh] Am°a gwHw$b ]m]w EH$
Xyga H$ ‡^md H$m H$_ H$aZ _| bJ ahV h¢ $&
Xm gmh] g›V H$ EH$ Zht AZH$ Mha EH$ [a EH$ M∂T>m` ahV
h°, oOgH$ ZrM CZH$s e°VnZ`V IwbH$a IbVr h° $& Xm gmh] H$s
g\$bVm H$m hr amO h° $& Xm gmh] A[Z ‡^mdembr Ï`o∑VÀd g
VWm MVwamB© g A›` bmJm| H$m Vm ∂S>Z d IarXZ _| g\$b hm
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odÌbfU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Bg ‡H$ma BZ_| _ZwÓ` H$ A›Vï CX≤KmQ>Z
H$s ‡d•oŒm AWm©V≤ Bg_| AnVnaH$ odÌbfU oH$`m h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z _mZogH$ oÒWoV`m| H$m ÒWmo[V H$aZ H$ obE
AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ VWm AmÀ_ odÌbfUmÀ_H$ odoY H$m r ‡`mJ oH$`m
h° $& "EH$ B›M _wÒH$mZ' H$s A_bm H$hVr h° -
""_¢ gwI _mZVr hy™ oH$ gwI-gwodYmAm| H$ ]rM ahZm _ar AmXV
hr Zhr _am gßÒH$ma gm ]Z J`m h° $& [m[-[w ` _| Zht _mZVr,
269
_`m©Xm _| Am°a gr_mAm| H$m ^r _¢Z H$^r _hŒd Zht oX`m $&
oH$gr H$s _O]yar H$m m| \$m`Xm CR>m`m OmE h _wPg ghZ Zht
hmVm $&''52
boIH$m Z A[Z H$Wm gmohÀ` _| gw˙_Vm bmZ H$ obE
gßH$VmÀ_H$, ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ [’oV H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $& "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r'
C[›`mg _| boIH$m Z gdm©oYH$ ‡VrH$m| H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm H$ _wª` [mà oZÂZ _‹`dJu` _ZwÓ` hr
h° Om ‡d•oŒm _ybH$ `m Ahß _ybH$ Ï`o∑V Zhr, OrdZ H$ KmV
‡oVKmVm| H$m ghVm, hmaVm, hamVm h˛Am, jw–Vm Am°a _ZwÓ`Vm H$m
ghOVm ZH$maVm A[Zr oZU©` eo∑V H$m ]MmVm, bwQ>mVm A[Zr
oO›XJr H$m dhZ H$aVm h° $&
(2) H$hmZr H$ [mà :-
H$hmZr _| r [mÃm| H$m A[Zm ÒdVßà _hÀd hmVm h°$ & [mÃm| H$
o]Zm H$hmZr AYyar ahVr h° $& H$hmZr OrdZ H$ WmW© g gÂ]o›YV
hmZ H$ H$maU CgH$ [mà ^r gm_moOH$ OrdZ g ob` OmV h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z H$hmZr _| [mÃm| H$m _hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ oX`m h° $& boIH$m
Z Zmar [mÃm| H$ gmW-gmW [wÈf [mÃm| H$m ^r gw›Xa oMÃU oH$`m
h° & H$hmZr H$ AoYH$mße [mà g_` H$ AZwgma A[Z Am[H$m
]XbZm Zht MmhV AVï odo^›Z _ZmJ´ ßoW`m VWm Hw ß$R>mAm H$m
oeH$ma hm OmV h° Am°a BZ [mÃm| _| ]ZZ Qy>Q>Z H$s ‡oH´$`m oZaßVa
MbVr ahVr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z BZ [mÃm| H$m Wm©W È[ _| oMoÃV
oH$`m h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´h h° $& Cg_| Hw$b o_bmH$a 48
H$hmoZ`m™ obIr h° $& Bg H$hmoZ`m| _| _wª`Vï dJ©JV Am°a Ï`o∑VÀd
270
‡YmZ [mà oXImB© XV h° $& CZH$s Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| EH$ g ¡`mXm
[wÈf [mà h° oOg_| Xm ‡_r, Xm [oV, o[Vm-[wà Bg ‡H$ma H$ [wÈf
[mà h° $& BZ [mÃm| _| A[Zr g_Ò`m VWm Ï`Wm h° gmW hr A[Zr
odefVm r h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$hmZr gmohÀ` H$ ‡_wI [mÃm| H$m Xm dJm _|
]m™Q> H$a g_rjm H$a ahr hˇ™ $&
(1) dJ©JV [mà (2) Ï`o∑VÀd‡YmZ [mÃ
1. dJ©JV [mà :-
(1) oXbr[ :-
oXbr[ "_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$ Ao^ZVm H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI
[mà h° $& Zm`H$ h° dh A[Z H$m AoddmohV OVmH$a aßOZm Zm_H$s
Ao^ZÃr H$m Z H$db N>bVm h° ]oÎH$ Cg emXr H$m dmXm H$aH$
CgH$m oZa›Va AmoW©H$ emfU H$aVm ahVm h° $& oXbr[ Eg oddmohV
[wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h°, Om Zd`wdoV`m| H$m ‡_-Omb _|
\ß$gmV h° Am°a CZH$m ag MygV h¢ $& CZg [yam-[yam \$m`Xm CR>mH$a
C›h| EH$ Egr JhamB© _| YH$b XV h° Ohm™ CZ `wdoV`m™ H$m OrZm
Xy^a hm OmVm h° $&
aßOZm EH$ Ao^ZÃr h° $& CgH$m [naM` o]OZg_Z oXbr[ g
hmVm h° $& oXbr[ MmbmH$ AmX_r h° $& aßOZm mbr^mbr b∂S>oH$ h°
dh oXbr[ [a odÌdmg H$a bVr h° $& oXbr[ H$m Ao^Z` [g›X Zhr
h° Bgob` aßOZm H$m oddmh H$ ]mX H$m_ N>m ∂S> XZ H$s ]mV dh
H$aVm h° $& oXbr[ H$m [Vm h° oH$ b∂S>H$s Cgr H$s Ama qIMVr h° Om
CgH$s C[jm H$aV h° $& Bgob` oXbr[ [hb aßOZm g Xya-Xya ahVm
h° CgH$s C[jm H$aVm h° $& \$b ÒdÈ[ aßOZm CgH$s Ama AmH$of©V
271
hmZ bJVr h° $& Bg Vah g dh aßOZm H$m A[Z de _| H$a bVm h° $&
oXbr[ aßOZm H$m A[Zr _mh-Omb _| \ß$gmVm h° $& dh ha g_`
Cgg A[Z AmXe© ‡_ H$m ]ImZ H$aVm h° VmoH$ aßOZm h g_P
]°R> oH$ oXbr[ Cgg ]h˛V ‡_ H$aVm h° $& oXbr[ H$hVm h° -
""Vw_ Mmh _wP XoH$`mZyg H$hm m [wamUmJ´ßWr [a b°bm-_OZy
H$m ‡_ hr _a ‡_ H$m AmXe© h° $& VwÂhma o]Zm Vm _¢ A[Z OrdZ
H$s H$Î[Zm r Zhr H$a gH$Vm $&''53
aßOZm oXbr[ H$s ]mV g AÀ`moYH$ ‡^modV hmVr h° $& oXbr[
A[Zr ha em_ aßOZm H$ gmW Ï`VrV H$aVm h° $& oXbr[ H$m Hw$N>
È[` MmohE Bgob` dh o]OZg H$m ]hmZm ]VmVm h° $& aßOZm oXbr[
g ‡_ H$aVr h° BgobE dh _wX©Zr gwaV bH$a OmVm h° VmoH$ dh
CgH$m hmb [yN> Cg CgH$s CXmgr XIr Zhr Om`Jr $& Am°a aßOZm
^mdodde hmH$a Cg H$mam MH$ XVr h° $& aßOZm g H$mam MH$ bH$a
dh Cgg emXr H$m PyR>m dmXm H$aVm h° AÀ`ßV g\$mB© g PyR> [a PyR>
]mbVm h° boH$Z aßOZm CgH$s gmar ]mV gM _mZ ]°R>Vr h° $& oXbr[
MH$ bH$a OmVm h° ]mX _ CgH$ VrZ Mma [Ã oZ`o_V È[ g AmE $&
[a BgH$ ]mX CgH$s H$mB© I]a hr Zhr AmB© Am°a Z dh bm°Q>H$a
Am`m & V] aßOZm CgH$ Ka OmVr h°$ & Ohm™ CgZ Vma obIZ H$
obE _O H$m Q≠>mAa Imbm Vm T>a gma [Ã ‡mflV h˛E $& aIm Zm_ H$s
EH$ b∂S>H$s H$ XhamXyZ g obI [Ã W $& aßOZm H$m oXbr[ H$s [ÀZr,
]¿M VWm ‡o_H$m H$m [Vm Mbm V] dh OmZ JB© oH$ oXbr[ oddmohV
h° Am°a CgZ ‡o_H$m ZmQ>H$ oH$`m Wm $&
aßOZm H$db aßJ_ßM [a Ao^Z` H$aVr h° boH$Z oXbr[ H$m
gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` h° dh EH$ Ao^ZVm h° $& oXbr[ H$ Bg
272
Ao^Z` g aßOZm r N>br OmVr h° $& Bg ‡H$ma Ï`dhmnaH$ OrdZ _|
^r dh EH$ g\$b Ao^ZVm gmo]V hmVm h° $&
YZdmZ Zmna`m| H$m A[Z _mhOmb _| \ß$gmZm Am°a CZH$m YZ
h∂S>[ H$a bZm hr oXbr[ H$m o]OZg h° _›Zy ßS>mar Z ÒdmW© bmbw[
oXbr[ H$s _Zmd•oŒm [a ‡H$me S>mbm h° $&
(2) `wdH$ :-
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s "Ì_emZ' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [mà h° `wdH$ $&
`wdH$ H$ Mnaà oMÃU H$aH$ boIH$mZ [wÈfm| H$s AmÀ_ H$o›–V d•oŒm
[a ‡H$me S>mbm h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| `wdH$ H$s VrZ ]ma emXr
hmVr h° $& VrZm [oÀZ`m™ _a OmVr h° BgH$ Zer] _| em`X [ÀZr gwI
Zhr h° $& ha [ÀZr H$ _•À`w H$ g_` dh H$hVm h° oH$ A] [ÀZr H$m
o]Zm dh OrodV Zhr ahJm $& dh BVZm H$ÈUm– MrÀH$ma H$aVm h°
oH$ Ì_emZ O°gm gßdXZ ey›` Am°a d°amΩ` g am O∂S> ÒWmZ r [grO
H$a O°g CgH$ gmW amZ bJVm h°$ & boH$Z dh OrodV ahVm h°
∑`m|oH$ OrZ H$s AmaOy ‡_^mdZm g AoYH$ ‡]b hmVr h° $&
`wdH$ H$s [hbr [ÀZr _a OmVr h° $& dh A[Zr [ÀZr H$ e]
gohV H$ÈUmHß$XZ H$aVm h˛Am Ì_emZ _| AmVm h° Am°a \w$Q>-\w$Q>H$a
amVm h° _mZm CgH$m gd©Òd byQ> J`m hm $& Xyga oXZ Ì_emZ _| OmH$a
dh A[Zr [ÀZr H$s amI ]Q>maZ bJVm h° $& CgH$s Am™I bmb hm
J`r h° VWm dh [mJbm| H$s m™oV b∂S>I∂S>m ahm h° $& dh Oma-Oma g
odbm[ H$aV h˛E H$hVm h° -
""Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a H$hm™ JB© gwH$er ? mX h° oH$VZr ]ma Vw_Z
H$g_| ImB© Wr oH$ oµO›XJr ^a Vw_ _am gmW XmJr [a ? A] _°
VwÂhma o]Zm OrodV Zhr ah gH$Vm $& Vw_ _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm,
273
Vw_ Zhr Vm _a OrdZ H$m H$mB© AW© Zhr, H$mB© gma Zhr, H$mB© ag
Zhr, VwÂht Vm _am OrdZ Wr, _ar ‡aUm Wr $&''54
[hbr [ÀZr H$ ]mX dh Xygar emXr H$aVm h° $& boH$Z VrZ df©
]rVV hr Xygar [ÀZr r _a OmVr h° CZH$ ed H$m bH$a dh Ì_emZ
_| OmVm h° $& o\$a Cgr ‡H$ma odbm[ H$aVm h° - ""_° VwÂhma o]Zm
H$°g OrodV ahˇ™Jm $& Vw_ hr Vm _am ‡mU Wr $& A] h oZÓ‡mU Xh
H°$g OrodV ahJr ? _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm $& gwH$er Vm
AZwJmo_Zr Wr [a Vw_ Vm _ar ghJmo_Zr Wr h_ Vm Xm eara EH$
‡mU W $& O] ‡mU hr Mb J` Vm eara H$m ∑`m ‡`mOZ $&''55
Xygar [ÀZr H$s _•À`w H$ ]mX dh Vrgar emXr H$aVm h° $& boH$Z
Xm df© ^r Zhr h˛E oH$ CgH$s Vrgar [ÀZr _a OmVr h° $& dh Cgr
‡H$ma dhr [wamZr ]mV| Hß$R>ÒW [mR> H$s Vah XmhamVm ahVm h° $& dh
ha ]ma H$hVm h° oH$ OrodV Zhr ahJm, o\$a ^r OrodV ahZ H$m
‡`ÀZ H$aVm h°, dh wdH$ ha od`mJ Pb bVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma wdH$mm
A[Zm OrdZ fl`mam h° $& Am°a ]mV| Vm og\©$ oXImdm h° $&
`h H$hmZr _mZdr` ‡_ Am°a VXO›` AZw^d H$m Ao^Ï`∑V
H$aZdmbr ge∑V H$hmZr h° $& AmÀ_H$o›–V wdH$ H$m oMÃU H$aZ
_| boIH$m g\$b h˛B© h° $&
(3) [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr Or :-
`h _›Zy ßS>mar H$s "[ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI
[wÈf [mà h° $& d Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om A[Z Am[H$m
_hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma g_PV h° hmbmßoH$ C›h| gmohÀ` g H$mB© bJmd
Zhr $& boH$Z d AmÀ_ ‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° $&
Bg H$hmZr _| H•$oÃ_ gVhr bIH$m| H$ AhßH$ma [a Ï`ßΩ` h°
274
H$hmZr H$ Zm`H$ [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr H$s aMZm N>mÃm[`mJr [oÃH$m
_| N>[ OmZ g dh Òd`ß H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma g_PV h° $& [war
H$hmZr AmÀ_ ÌbmYr H$ Xe Am°a ´_ _| [∂S> PwR> AhßH$ma g J´ÒV
AmX_r H$s H$hmZr h° $&
[ßoS>VOr H$s _wbmH$mV EH$ bIH$ g hm OmVr h° $& emÒÃrOr
C›h| A[Zr [hMmZ EH$ _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma H$ Í$[ _| H$amZm MmhVm
h° $& d A[Zm [naM` XV h˛E H$hV h° -
""_° hˇß H$hmZr bIH$ [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr & oX oh›Xr gmohÀ`
g Am[H$m Wm∂S>m r [naM` hmJm Vm Am[Z JOmYa emÒÃr H$m Zm_
AdÌ` gwZm hmJm $& dh ZmMrO _¢ hˇ™ $&''56
emÒÃrOr AmO H$ bIH$m| H$r AmbmMZm H$aV h° $& d CZH$
AZw^d A‹``m VWm gmohÀ`-gmYZm H$s H$o_`m™ ]VmV h° $& H$hmZr
_| EH$ ‡gßJ Egm h° Om emÒÃr Or H$s hrZ ‡d•oŒm [a ‡H$me S>mbVm
h° $& d g_ßXa H$ oH$Zma EH$ wdVr H$m oZhma ah h° Om EH$ _Îbmh
H$m hmW [H$S> H$a Zhm ahr h° $& H$[∂S> rJH$a CgH$ eara g oM[Q>
JE W $& emÒÃrOr I∂S> -I∂S> ]∂S> gV•ÓUm ZÃm| g Cgr –Ì` H$m
agmÒdmXZ H$a ah W $& d ]VmV h° oH$ Cg `wdVr _| H$hmZr H$m
flbmQ>, Ty > ™T> ah W $& [a `h H$hZm _woÌH$b Wm oH$ d H$hmZr H$m
flbmQ> Ty>™T> ah W oH$ wdVr H$ eara _| Hw$N> Ty>™T> ah W $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ImIb Ahß g [ro∂S>V emÒÃr Or H$m oMÃU
AÀ`ßV gw˙_Vm g oH$`m h° $& d AmÀ_‡eßgm _ brZ ahVm h° $&
\$bÒdÈ[ g_mO H$ hßgm H$m H$maU ]Z OmVm h° $& CgH$m Ahß CgH$
Ï`o∑VÀd H$m H$_Oma H$a XVm h° $& CZH$s gmohÀ` gÂ]›Yr AÎ[kVm
C›h| Am°a r ImIbm ]Zm XVr h° $& d A[Z Am[ H$m EH$ Egr JV©
275
_| YH$b XV h° Ohm™ C›h H$db AmÀ_ ‡dßMZm hr o_bVr h° $&
boIH$m Z Bg ÒdmWu Ed_≤ ImIb Ï`o∑VÀd H$m ]∂S>r ghOVm g
oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& boIH$m Z emÒÃrOr H$ ¤ma CZ AmYwoZH$ bIH$m|
[a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Om _m°obH$Vm H$ A^md _| VÒH$a d•oŒm J´hU H$aV
h˛E AmÀ_ ‡eßgm ¤mam A[Z _m lÓR> gmohÀ`H$ma og’ H$aZ H$m
‡`mg H$aV h° $& h AhßH$ma J´ÒV AmX_r H$s H$hmZr h° $&
(4) o_. I›Zm :-
o_. I›Zm "ImQ> og∑H$' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° $&
d g_mO H$ CZ R>H$Xmam| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om XrZ-hrZ _OXyam|
H$m emfU H$a A[Zr oVOmna`m™ È[`m| g a XV h°ß $&
I›Zm gmh] Q>H$gmb H$ C¿M [XmoYH$mar h° CZH$m Òd^md
H$R>ma h° $& d H$m©bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m Q>H$gmb XIZ H$s AZw_oV
XV h° VWm Òd`ß Q>H$gmb oXImZ bJV h° $& dhm™ _OXya H$¿M YmVw
H$m Jbm`r OmZdmbr ^o≈>`m| H$ gß_wI H$m_ H$aV h° $& d ^o≈>`m™
oZaßVa AmJ ]agmVr h° oOgg _OXya Pwbg OmV h° $& boH$Z I›Zm
gmh] H$m _OXyam| H$s H$mB© [dm© Zhr h° $& oZaßVa _erZ H$s Vah
H$m_ H$aZdmb _OXyam| H$m XIH$a N>mÃmE™ I›Zm gmh] g H$hVr h°
oH$ A[Zr OmZ OmoI_ _| S>mbH$a bmJ `hm™ ∑`y ß AmV h° ? V]
I›Zm gmh] H$hV h° -
""H$m_ H$aZ $& Aa EH$ OJh Imbr hmVr h° Vm [Mmgm| Qy>Q>
[∂S>V h° $& Am[ OmZVr Zhr h_ma Xe _| B›gmZ H$s OmZ ]∂S>r
gÒVr h° $&''57
`h H$hmZr _OXyam| H$ emfU H$s H$hmZr h° $& Bg Q>H$gmb _|
_OXyam| H$ gmW ]h˛V gr XwK©Q>Zm`| hmVr ahVr h° oH$gr H$ hmW H$Q>
276
OmV h° oH$ oH$gr H$ [°a $& boH$Z I›Zm gmh] CZ _OXyam| g H$mB©
ghmZw^yoV Zhr OVmV ]oÎH$ C›h| XwÀH$maV h° $& dh _OXyam| g mar
H$m_ bV h° $boH$Z og\©$ 60 È. _mogH$ dVZ XV h° $& EH$ _OXya
H$s XmZm| Q>mßJ H$Q> JB© Am°a CgH$s [ÀZr I›Zm gmh] g H$m_ _mßJZ
Am`r h° dh o]ZVr H$aVr h° oH$ CgH$ [oV H$m ImQ> og∑H$
MwZZ H$m H$m_ oX`m OmE $& boH$Z I›Zm gmh] Cg XwÀH$maV h° $&
Bg Ï`dhma g N>mÃmE™ Ï`oWV hm OmVr h° V] I›Zm gmh] A[Z
Ï`o∑VÀd H$m CZ [a ]wam Aga Z [∂S> BgobE g\$mB© XZ bJV h° -
""Q>m™J H$Q> JB© Vm h_Z Xm°-gm° È[` _wAmdO H$ X oX` $& Am°a
h_ H$a r ∑`m gH$V h° ? m| BZ bmJm| H$m hm™ o]R>Zm eÈ H$a X|
Vm Q>H$gmb A[ßJm H$m A»>m ]Z Om` $& Am` oXZ hm™ Egr XwK©Q>ZmEß
hmVr ahVr h° $&''58
I›Zm gmh] O°g g_mO H$ C¿M AoYH$mar _OXyam| H$m emfU
H$aV h° $& _OXyam| g AoYH$ _hZV H$adm H$a C›h| _mogH$ dVZ
60 È[` XV h° Om A[ßJ _OXya h° C›h| Q>H$gmb _| hbH$m-gm H$m_
^r Zht oX`m OmVm MßX È[`m| g CZH$s OmZ H$s H$s_V Vmbr OmVr
h° $& g_mO _| I›Zm gmh] O°g g_m H$ R>H$Xma C›h| Hw$N> _wAmdOm
XH$a A[Z CŒmaXmo`Àd g _w∑V hmZm MmhV h° $& ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _|
o_. I›Zm H$m EH$ g_mO Hß$Q>H$ H$ È[ _| oMoÃV H$aZ _| boIH$m
H$m\$s hX VH$ g\$b h˛B© h° $& BgH$ ¤mam boIH$m Z AmoW©H$ g_Ò`m
[a Jham ‡hma oH$`m h° $&
(5) Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm :-
"j`' H$hmZr _| Hw ß$Vr H$ o[Vm ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° $& d Eg
[wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° oO›h| emarnaH$ Xw]©bVm H$ H$maU
277
A[Z ]¿Mm| g Zm°H$ar H$amZr [∂S>Vr h° Am°a `hr XwI OrdZ ^a
gVmVm ahVm h°$ &
`hr gM h° H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s ‡W_ H$hmZr "j`' h° $& Bg H$hmZr
_| o[Vm H$ j`J´ÒV hm OmZ [a Zd`wdVr b∂S>H$s H$m [nadma H$s
gmar XI^mb H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° CgH$s gmar AmH$mßjmE™ odbrZ hm
OmVr h° $& Cg Hw$N> N>m ∂S>H$a [nadma MbmZ H$ obE Zm°H$ar H$aZr
[∂S>Vr h°ß $& Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm h_em o]ÒVa [a [∂S> ahV h° $& d j`J´ÒV
hmZ H$ H$maU Hw$N> Zhr H$a [mV $& BgobE Ka [nadma H$m
CŒmaXmo`Àd d Hwß$Vr [a gm°[V h° $& d ]r_mar H$ H$maU A›Xa-]mha
g [yar Vah Qy>Q> MwH$ h° $& d H$m\$s ]Xb J` h° $& BgH$ gmW-gmW
CZH$ AmXe© Edß og’mßV ^r ]Xb JE h°, BZH$m N>mQ>m ]Q>m Qw>›Zr
AmR>_r H$jm _| [∂T>Vm h° $& dh EH$ gmb \$b h˛Am h° $& BgobE
Qw>›Zr H$ ImoVa Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm Hwß$Vr H$m hS>_mÒQ>a g o_bZ H$ obE
H$hV h° $& Qw>›Zr ^r Hwß$Vr g H$hVm h° oH$ dh hS>_mÒQ>a gmh] H$
[mg OmVr Vm CgH$m EH$ gmb ]M OmVm $& o[Vm H$s `h ]r_mar
Hwß$Vr H$m gmMZ H$ obE odde H$a XVr h° -
""h ^JdmZ A] Vm Vy [m[m H$m CR>m b _wPH$m ]Xm©ÌV Zhr
hmVm _¢ Qy>Q> MyH$s h˛™ $&''59
Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm A[Z Am[H$m Aghm` _hgyg H$aV h° AVï
KaH$m CŒmaXmo`Àd Hwß$Vr [a gm¢[V h° $& Hwß$Vr Qw>›Zr H$m Bbhm]mX
^OZm MmhVr h° $& BgobE dh o[Vm H$s AZw_oV bZm MmhVr h° $&
o[Vm A[Zr Xw]©bVm ‡H$Q> H$aV h˛E H$hV h° -
""^O XZm, _° H$m°Z hmVm hˇ™ Hw$N> H$aZdmbm ? A] Vm VwÂhr
g]Hw$N> hm, Om Mmhm H$am $& _° j` H$m amJr $&''60
278
Hwß$Vr [nadma H$s oOÂ_Xmar H$ H$maU gmodÃr H$m Q>`weZ r
H$aVr h° $& gmodÃr H$s _m™ H$hVr h° - "gmodÃr H$s ]mV ]∂S> Ka _|
Mb ahr h° CZ bmJm| H$s EH$ hr oOX h° oH$ b∂S>H$s Xgdt hm Om`Jr
Vm emXr H$aßJ $& Am[ oH$gr Z oH$gr Vah Xgdt _| [h˛™Mdm XroOE
o\$a Vm g™^mb b|J $&''61
gmodÃr H$m [∂T>mZm H$mB© gab H$m_ Zht h° $& Om AmR>dt H$ r
bm`H$ Zhrß h° $& o\$a ^r Hwß$Vr Cg [∂T>mZ OmVr h° AmoW©H$ pÒWoV
H$_Oma hmZ H$ H$maU Am°a Ka H$s oOÂ_Xmar Hw ß$oV [a hmZ H$
H$maU $& o[VmH$s o]_mar H$m Hwß$Vr [a BVZm Aga [∂S>Vm h° oH$ Cg
A[Zr Imßgr r o[Vm H$s Im™gr O°g bJZ bJVr h° $& Hwß$Vr A[Z
j`J´ÒV o[Vm H$s ]r_mar g A[Zr VwbZm H$aVr h° $& Cg Imßgr r
AmVr h° Vm dh gh_ OmVr h° - ""EH$mEH$ Hwß$Vr H$m bJm oH$ `h
Im™gr, `h ImIbr AmdmO [m[m H$s Imßgr g oH$VZr o_bVr
OwbVr h°, hˇ]hˇ d°gr hr Vm h° gh_H$a CgZ Jm∂S>r H$ ere _| g
XIm H$ht CgH$ Mha [a r Vm d°gm Hw$N> Zht Om CgH$ Mha [a
^r d°gr hr _wX©Zr Vm Zht Om CgH$ [m[m H$ Mha [a h° ?''62
`h H$hmZr EH$ gßKf©aV wdVr H$s H$hmZr h° Om [napÒWoV`m|
g b∂S>V-b∂S>V Qy>Q>Vr h˛B© ‡VrV hmVr h° $& Am°a j`J´ÒV o[Vm H$m
A[Z ]¿Mm| H$s qMVm Im` OmVr h° $&
(6) Amem H$ [m[m :-
"`hr gM h°' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s H$hmZr "gOm' H$ ‡_wI [wÈf
[mà h° $& d Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om oZXmf h° boH$Z
›`m`-Ï`dÒWm C›h| _wOna_ H$ama XVr h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr H$ A›VJ©V Qy>Q>Z o]IaZ H$m oMÃU
279
oH$`m h° $& AmO H$ OrdZ H$m AW©Vßà Bg AH$b AmX_r H$m Zht
VmS> ahm Ao[Vw CgH$ g_ÒV gÂ]›Ym| _| Xama [°Xm H$a ahm h° Am°a
CgH$ gmMZ H$ VraH$m| _| [nadV©Z H$a ahm h $& BgH$s oZVm›V ]m°o’H$
oH$›Vw OrdZJV mdwH$Vm g _w∑V Ao^Ï`o∑V "gOm' H$ A›VJ©V
XIZ H$m o_bVr h° $&
Amem H$ [m[m [a ]rg hOma È[` J]Z H$aZ H$m BÎOm_
bJm`m OmVm h° $& C›h| Xm gmb H$s gOm hmVr h° $& boH$Z A[rb
_ßOya H$admZ H$ ]mX [m[m H$m nahm oH$`m OmVm h° $& Ob g Ny>Q>Z
[a Ka AmZ H$ ]mX [m[m H$m ad°`m hr ]Xb OmVm h° $& d A[Z
Am[H$m EH$ H$_a _| ]›X H$adm bV h° $& dh A[Z ]Q> _w›Zy H$m
]h˛V fl`ma H$aV h° boH$Z [napÒWoV de d Cg XmXm-XmXr H$ gmW
Jm™d O XV h° $& Amem H$m A[Zr ÒHy$b ]g N>m∂S>H$a [°Xb OmZm
[∂S>Vm h° $& A] d [hbdmb [fl[m Zht ah J` $& d gmam oXZ Mw[Mm[
bQ> ahV `m Hw$N> [∂T>V ahV $& H$^r-H$^ma Hw$N> obIV ^r h° $&
[m[m H$m h ÈIm-ÈIm Ï`dhma XI Amem H$s CZH$ [mg OmZ H$s
ohÂ_V Zhr hmVr $&
g_mO H$ S>a g [m[m H$hr r Zm°H$ar H$aZ H$ ob` ]mha Zhr
Om gH$V h° ∑`m|oH$ g_mO H$ bmJ VmZ H$gV h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[
XmXm Or Ka J•hÒWr MbmZ H$ hVw ohgm] obIZ H$m H$m_ H$aH$
25 È[` ^OZ bJV h° $& boH$Z dh H$m_ Ny>Q>Z [a d A[Zr
[›eZ _| g 15 È[` ^OV h° $& Ka H$s oJaVr hmbV XIH$a
Amem H$s _m™ A∑ga ]r_ma ahZ bJVr h° $& Amem H$ [m[m AßYar
H$mR>ar _| AH$b ahV h° VWm A[Zm mOZ d Òd`ß ]ZmV h° $&
Amem H$ [m[m H$m O] B¡OV H$ gmW nahm oH$`m OmVm h° V]
280
Ka H$ gma gXÒ` \y$Q>-\y$Q>H$a am [∂S>V h° $& boH$Z [m[m nahmB© hmZ
[a ^r Iwe Zhr hmV Am°a Z hr CZH$s Am™Im| _| Iwer H$s M_H$
oXImB© XVr h° $&
Amem H$ [nadma H$m H$mQ> © H$s gOm g ^r ]∂T>H$a AßVhrZ
`mVZmAm H$s gOm wJVZr [S>r BgobE CgH$ [m[m H$m H$sZ Zhr
hmVm oH$ C›h gOm Zhr hwB© $& dh ]H$gya h° boH$Z ›`m` Ï`dÒWm
C›h| AmgmZr g _wOna_ H$ama XH$a H$Q>Ka _| I∂S>m H$a XVr h° $& \$b
ÒdÈ[ CgH$m Ï`o∑VÀd IßoS>V hmVm h° $& Am°a d [yar Vah Qy>Q> OmV
h° $& Amem H$ [m[m H$ Bg IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m boIH$mZ hˇ]hˇ
oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
(7) eßH$a :-
"eßH$a' "`hr gM h°' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "Zem' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI
[wÈf [mà h°$ & dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om eam]r h°
Am°a È[`m| [°gm| H$ _m_b _| A[Zr [oÀZ`m| [a oZ^©a ahV h° $&
H$hmZr _| gßÒH$mam| H$ ‡oV AmJ´h h° $& oddmohV Zmar A[Z
gßÒH$mam| g _w∑V Zhr hm [mVr $& [oV H$m [a_Ìda _mZVr h° Am°a
XwïI gh bVr h° $& [oV H$ _ma, Ï`ßΩ`, C[jm, AmoX PbV h˛E r
dh Ka H$m N>m∂S>Z H$s H$Î[Zm Zhr H$aVr & AmZ›Xr A[Z [oV H$m
N>mS>H$a Zhr OmVr $&
eßH$a eam]r h° $& CgH$ o[Vm Zhr _m™ Cg ghr amÒV [a Zhr
bm gH$Vr $& BgobE AmZßXr g emXr H$a XVr h° VmoH$ eßH$a gwYa
gH$ boH$Z eßH$a Am°a r o]J∂S> OmVm h° $& eam] [rZ H$s bV H$
H$maU CgH$ KaH$m gmam YZ, IV IobhmZ Am°a Jm`-^°g r Mbr
OmVr h° $& gmW-gmW AmZßXr H$s oH$Ò_V Am°a ]¿Mm| H$m odÓ` r
281
Mbm OmVm h° $& AmZßXr oXZ-^a _OXyar H$aVr h° Bg È[`m| g eßH$a
Ee H$aVm h°, eam] [rVm h° $& O] AmZ›Xr g [°g Z o_b dh Cg
[rQ>Vm h° $& EH$ oXZ CgH$m Mm°Xh gmb H$m ]Q>m oH$eZ Am J`m
Am°a ]m[ [a P[Q> [∂S>m $&
""H$∑H$m $& Vw_Z _m™ H$m hmW bJm`m Vm _¢ VwÂhmam IyZ [r
OmD™$Jm, _¢ gM H$hVm hˇ™, VwÂhmam IyZ [r OmC™Jm $&''63
oH$eZ Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbm OmVm h° ]ma gmb H$ ]mX dh AmVm h°
Vm XIVm h° A^r r dhr hmb h° $& o[Vm Ze _| H$hVm h° - ""∑`m
∑`m bm∂S> bS>m ahm h° _m™ g ? Aa, A[Z ]m[ H$m r Vm Hw$N> X !
Hw$N> XZm h° Vm BYa X BYa _¢ Vam ]m[ hˇ™, gmb $&''64
eßH$a AmZßXr g eam] H$ [°g bVm h° [°g Z o_bZ [a Cg
[rQ>Vm h° VWm [°g o_bZ [a dh AmZßXr H$m JwUJmZ H$aVm h° -
""Var O°gr gVr Zmar H$m ^JdmZ OÈa ^bm H$aJm AmZßXr
Egr Am°aV H$ gmW Vm JdmZ r XwÌ_Zr Zht oZ^m gH$Vm $&''65
AmZßX A[Z ]Q> H$ gmW ahZ Mbr OmVr h° eßH$a g VßJ
AmH$a $& ]Q>m oH$eZ≤ Am°a ]hˇ AmZßXr H$s A¿N>r ImoVa H$aV h° $&
boH$Z hr AmZßXr [∂S>mog`m| H$s ogbmB© ]wZmB© H$a Cgg ‡mflV [°g
eßH$a H$m OVr ahVr h° $& Am°a eßH$a eam] [rZ _| _ΩZ ahVm h° $&
‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z eßH$a H$ _m‹`_ g [wÈf ‡YmZ
g_mO Ï`dÒWm [a Jham AmKmV oH$`m h° $&
(8) S>m. X`mb :-
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s "B›H$_Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf
[mà h° S>m. X`mb $& dh hß_em AmÀ_‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° $& Bg
H$hmZr _| ^´ÓQ>mMma Am°a CgH$ ododY Í$[m| H$m oMÃU h˛Am h° $&
282
S>m©∑Q>a X`mb ‡gmX MVwdXr ]mbamJ odefk h° $& C›hm|Z A[Z
H$m ewÈ g hr S>m©∑Q>a X`mb H$ Zm_ g [naoMV H$aadm`m S>m™. MVwdXr
H$ Zm_ g Zhr $& dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVnZoYÀd H$aVm h° Om [nadma
‡_wI hmV h° gma [nadma [a A[Zr hHy$_V MbmV h° $& BZH$ [mg
]h˛V H$_ [eßQ> AmV h° oOgH$ H$maU AmoW©H$ A^md ahVm h° boH$Z
`h ]mV d ÒdrH$ma Zhr H$aV $&
S>m. X`mb H$ ^mB© bIZD$ _| ahV h°, oO›hm|Z A[Zr ]Q>r
_oh_m H$m Ka _ o]R>m H$a aIm h° S>m©. X`mb H$m h ]mV [gßX Zhr
d H$hV h° -
""]m[-]Q>r XmZm| H$m ]g EH$ hr oOX Wr S>m©∑Q>ar [∂T>Jr $& bm
gm], hm JB S>m∑Q>a A] ]g go_Zma-do_Zma _| hr S>mbVr o\$am,
Ka oR>H$mZm Vm H$mB© hmZm Zhr h° BZH$m [Vm Zhr gmbm ∑`m O_mZm
Am`m h° $&''66
S>m™. X`mb Òd`ß A[Zr ]Q>r gamO Om _oQ≠ >H$ _| [∂T>Vr h°,
CgH$m oddmh OÎX g OÎX H$aZm MmhV h° $& _oQ≠>H$ H$ ]mX b∂S>H$s
H$m Ka aIZ _| d odÌdmg Zht H$aV $& d gmMV h° b∂S>oH$`m| H$m Vm
Ka-J•hÒWr hr H$aZr h° oOVZr OÎXr g™^mb| CVZm hr A¿N>m $&
X`mb A[Z ]Q> _oh_ H$m BßOroZ`a m dH$sb ]ZmZm MmhV h° O]
oH$ dh EH$ ohgm] obIZdmbm ∑bH©$ ]Z J`m h° $&
""B›H$_Q>°g dmbm| H$s Ama Om™M hm ahr h° $& A] ` bmJ
Jmb_mb Vm XwoZ`m a H$m oH$` ahV h° $& gmam H$m_ _wP gm¢[ J`m
h° oH$ O°g ^r hm gma ]hr-ImVm| H$m Bg Í$[ _| V°`ma H$Í$ oH$
H$mB© AmßM Z Am` $& ]M J` Vm EH$ hµOma È[` XZ H$m dm`Xm
oH$`m h° $&''67
283
]MwAm H$ Bg H$WZ _| dV©_mZ H$s odH•$V Ï`dÒWm H$ Xe©Z
hmV h° Ohmß B›H$_Q>°∑g dmbm| H$s OmßM g Ï`m[mna`m| H$s ZtX Jmb
hmVr h° X`mb ]m]y H$ [mg B›∑dm`ar Am OmZ [a C›h| JhZ oZ–m
AmVr h° ∑`m|oH$ B›H$_Q>°∑g H$s Va\$ g [Ã Am OmZ [a C›hm|Z
A[Zr VrOr _oh_m g Om S>rJ hmßH$s Wr dh C›h| gÀ` ‡VrV hmZ
bJVm h° $&
S>m©. X`mb A[Zr ^VrOr _oh_m Om Ebm[Wr H$s S>m©∑Q>a h°
Cgg B©Ó`m© ^md aIV h° ∑`m|oH$ dh gaH$mar AÒ[Vmb _| Zm°H$ar
H$a ‡mBdQ> ‡°o∑Q>g r H$aVr h° $& _oh_m H$s JmS>r bH$a Ky_Zm S>m.
X`mb H$m Ee bJVm h° $& d hmo_`m[°oWH$ H$m gd©lÓR> ]VmV h°
A[Z Am[H$m lÓR> og’ H$amZ H$ hVw d H$hV h° -
""S>m©∑Q>ar H$m h_ [em H$_ Am°a gdm H$m`© ¡`mXm _mZV h° $&
A[Z Xm È[` \$sg aIm g^r ]rg aI b|J Vm Jar]m| H$s JwOa H°$g
hmJr ?''68
S>m©. X`mb H$m _oh_m H$ \$admb _mQ> Vm°ob` g ]∂T>H$a CZH$m
ImXr H$m lÓR> h° Egm ]VmV h° $& Cg MÂ_M g ImZm A¿N>m Zht
bJVm Cg hmW g ImZm A¿N>m bJVm h° $&
S>m©. X`mb A[Zr Yw_ _| _ΩZ h° dh Ahß _ Sy>] hrZ J´ßoW g
J´ÒV h° $& d h_em AmÀ_ ‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° d g_` H$ gmW
A[Z H$m ]XbZm Zht MmhV $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z AhßdmXr S>m™. X`mb
H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
(9) R>mHw$a VmD$Or :-
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "N>V
]ZmZdmb' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° VmD$Or $& `h H$hmZr
284
_‹`_dJu` [nadma H$s h° oOg_| boIH$mZ [wamZr [rT>r H$s ZB©
[rS>r H$ gmW VwbZm H$s h° $& [wamZ ª`mbmV _| ]∂T>Vm VmD$Or H$m
[nadma ÒdÒW Am°a Iwe h° Z H$ht VZmd h° Z H$hr gßKf© $&
VmD$Or H$m eaX g [yN>m OmZdmbm gdmb CZH$ [mnadmnaH$
emo›V H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$a XVm h° -
""VwÂh| Am` VrZ oXZ hm J`, H$^r XIm Vw_Z ]h˛Am| H$m
b∂S>V h˛E ? gwZr CZH$s Vy-Vy _¢-_¢ ? gm °`m, h_Z ewÈ g hr Egm
ogbogbm o]R>m oX`m oH$ PJ∂S> H$s H$mB© JwßOmBe hr Zhr $&''69
VmD$Or Ymo_©H$ d•oŒm H$ [wÈf h° $& A[Z bbmQ> [a bß]m-gm
oVbH$ bJmV h°, ]ßX Jb H$m g\$X H$mQ> [hZV h°$ & oOg_| gmZ H$
]Q>Z bJ h° VWm oga [a H$b\$Xma gm\$m ]m™YV h° $& CZH$m Mham
Hw$N> AoYH$ oMH$Zm Ed_≤ eara Hw$N> AoYH$ H$gm h˛Am h° $& VmD$Or
H$db hw∑_ XV h° $& [ya [nadma H$ gX≤Ò` VmD$Or H$ Bema [a MbV
h° $& CZH$m H$mB© A[Zm ApÒVÀd Zht h° VWm d A[Z _Ou H$
_mobH$ ^r Zhr h° VmD$Or H$ ]Q> ^r ]∂S> Ymo_©H$ ]Z J` h° d
oZ`o_V Í$[ g _ßoXa OmV h° $& VmD$OrZ C›h| ‡modOZ Am°a OZab
ÒQ>ma [a o]R>m oX`m h° $& Hw$N> gmb [hb N>mQy> H$m`ÒW b∂S>H$s g
oddmh H$aZm MmhVm Wm [a VmD$Or Z A[Zr _Ou g CgH$s emXr
H$am Xr $& VmD$Or H$m A[Zr ]h˛Am| H$m o]Zm Ky ™KQ> ob` Ky_Zm
o\$aZm A¿N>m Zhr bJVm BgobE CZH$s ]h˛E™ h_em Ky™KQ> Am∂T>
ahVr h° $& d A[Zr ]Q>r o]Q≤>Qy > H$m oddmh OÎX g OÎX H$amZm
MmhV h° O] oH$ dh A^r N>mQ>r h° $& VmD$Or O°gm Mmh d°gm hr
gXÒ`m| H$m ImZm-[rZm VWm [hZZm-Am∂T>Zm [S>Vm h° $& BgobE
gma gXÒ` Mm` H$ ]Om` XyY `m bÒgr [rV h° $& eaX Mm` [rZm
285
MmhVm h° [a VmD$Or XyY-bÒgr H$ \$m`X Am°a Mm` g hmZdmb
ZwH$gmZ H$m gwZmV h° $&
Bg_| A›YodÌdmg gmYw _hmÀ_m H$ ‡oV AÀ`oYH$ AmÒWm H$
^r Xe©Z hmV h¢ -
""AÂ_m _hmXd Or H$ _ßoXa _| EH$ ]∂S> M_ÀH$mar _hmÀ_m
Am` h°, C›ht g bH$a Vm]rO ]mßYr, d°X hH$s_m| g h JoR>`m Zhr
Om`Jr $&''70
VmD$Or Bg H$hmZr H$ Zm`H$ h° d OmßV-[mßV H$m _hŒd XZdmb
VWm b∂S>oH$`m| H$s ÒdV›ÃVm H$m ^r AZwoMV _mZV h° $& eaX H$s
]hZ hram H$ AoddmohV ahZ [a VWm CgH$ S>m∑Q>a ]Z OmZ [a
CZH$m h H$WZ CZH$s _mZogH$Vm H$m hr [naMm`H$ h° -
""A] Vm hm J`r ]∂S>r [a [Q> _| g Vm S>m∑Q>a hmH$a Zht oZH$br
Wr, h_mar Vm Hw$N> g_P _| hr Zhr AmVm oH$ am_Ìda Z h gma Ka
H$m ogbogbm ∑`m| o]Jm∂S> aIm h° $& b∂S>oH$`m| H$m H$ht m Ny>Q> Xr
OmVr h° ? bJVm h° am_Ìda Z ]¿Mm| H$s Va\$ g Am™I _y ™X
br h° $&''71
VmD$Or H$s –oÓQ> XyaXeu h° d A[Z ahV D$[a H$s _ßoOb
]ZdmZm MmhV h° $& VmD$Or Ka H$ H$_mßS>a h° $& d A[Z VarH$ g
OrdZ OrV h° VWm Xygam| H$m r OrZ H$ obE ]m‹` H$aV h° $&
VmD$Or A[Zr _Ou H$ _mobH$ h° $& d ]m¯ OJV g ANy>V h°
Am°a A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m r aIZm MmhV h° $& boIH$m Z VmD$Or H$m
EH$ H$_mßS>a H$ Í$[ _| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
(10) ]m]m :-
"gߪ`m H$ [ma' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° ‡o_bm H$
286
]m]m $& `h ^mdZm ‡YmZ H$hmZr h° $& gßVmZ H$ obE oN>[r
__Vm H$m gw›Xa oMÃU boIH$mZ oH$`m h° $& ]m]m H$ H´$moYV hmZ
[a ^r AmOr A[Zr ]Q>r H$m Ka AmZ g Zhr amH$ [mVr h° $&
Bgr ‡H$ma AmOr H$s ]Q>r A[Zr [wÃr ‡o_bm g o_b o]Zm Zht ah
[mVr $& ggwamb g b∂S>mB© PJ∂S>m H$aH$, A[Z o[Vm H$ ¤mam A[_mZ
H´$mY H$m PbV h˛E r ‡o_bm g o_bZ AmVr h° $&
‡o_bm H$ ]m]m AÀ`ßV H´$mYr Òd^md H$ h° $& CZH$ H´$mY g
gmam eha Wam©Vm h° $& CZH$s odYdm ]Q>r A[Zr ]¿Mr H$m N>m∂S>H$a
Mbr J`r h° $& BgobE ]m]m A[Zr ]Q>r H$ Zm_ g oM∂T>V h° $&
BgH$s ]¿Mr r [adnae ]m]m Am°a CZH$s [ÀZr Z H$s h° $& O] r
‡o_bm H$s _m™ Ka AmVr h° ]m]m Cgg PJ∂S>V h° Am°a VhbH$m _Mm
XV h° $& d H´$mY _| AmH$a KaH$s gmar MrO| \$H$V h° oMIV-oMÎbmV
h° $& CgH$ Ka AmZ [a CgH$s Q>m ™J Vm ∂S> XZ H$s ]mV H$aV h° $&
CgH$s [ÀZr H$m XwïI hmVm h° d CgH$s mdZmE™ g_PV Zhr Am°a
AmOr g H$hV h° -
""Hw$N> Zhr CZ bmJm| Z Hw$N> bZ-obdmZ H$ obE ^Om
hmJm $& H$mZ ImbH$a gwZ bm, _¢ Cg \y$Q>r H$mS>r Zhr Xy™Jm $& ‡o_bm
[a CgH$s N>m`m ^r Zhr [S>Z Xy ™Jm $&''72 ]m]m _m™ H$s __Vm H$m
È[`m| g Vm°bZm MmhV h° $& boH$Z CZH$s ]Q>r __Vm H$ H$maU
‡o_bm g o_bZm MmhVr h° $& [a ]m]m Cg o_bZ Zht XV $& d _m™
H$s __Vm H$ _yÎ` H$m g_P Zhr [mV $& ]m]m EH$ Eg [wÈf [mà h°
Om A[Z AmXem H$ obE ]°R> h° d A[Zr Èo∂T>`m| H$m N>m ∂S> Zhr
gH$V $&
"gߪ`m H$ [ma' _| Zmar `mVZm H$m boIH$m Z oMÃU oH$`m
287
h° $& ]m]m A[Zr ]Q>r H$m g_P Zhr [mV Am°a ]Q>r H$m A[_mZ
H$aV h° $& ]m]m H$m bJVm h° oH$ ]Q>r [°gm| H$ obE AmVr h° $&
BgobE ]m]m Cg Xg hOma H$m M°H$ XZm MmhV h° $& boH$Z Cg
M°H$ H$m Rw>H$amH$a dh A[Zr ]Q>r ‡o_bm H$m [m™M È[` XH$a Mbr
OmVr h° $& ]m]m gßH$sU© odMmadmb h° $&
(11) qeX ]mg :-
"qeX' oÃeßHw$ H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "ÒÃr-gw]moYZr' H$hmZr H$
‡_wI [mà h°$& dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om oddmohV
hmH$a r oH$gr AoddmohV Zmar H$s mdZmAm| g oIbdm∂S> H$aV
h° VWm C›h| YmIm XV h° $&
qeX Am`H$a od^mJ _| A\$ga h° $& dh EH$ ÒÃr g ‡_ H$m
ZmQ>H$ H$aVm h° $& qeX Cg ÒÃr H$m ]VmV Zhr oH$ dh oddmohV h°
Am°a EH$ ]¿M H$m ]m[ r h° $& dh Iweo_OmO Am°a Iy]gyaV h° $&
CgH$s Am™Im H$s JhamB© _| H$mB© ^r Im OmE $& d H$odVmE™ ^r
obIV h° CgH$s H$odVmE™ [Ã-[oÃH$mAm| _| N>[Vr r h° Am°a Bg
jà _| A¿N>m Imgm Zm_ h° $& O] ^r dh ÒÃr qeX g Ka VWm
Kadmbm| H$ ]ma _| [yN>Vr h° Vm dh em`amZm AßXmO _| VrZ-Mma ea
XmhamV W oOZH$m AW© Wm - ""_am Z H$mB© Ka h° Z Xa, Z H$mB©
A[Zm Z [am`m Bg O_rZ Am°a Amg_mZ H$ ]rM _| AH$bm hˇ ™,
o]bHw$b AH$bm $&''73
ÒÃr H$ ob` Bg ea H$m AW© Wm - har PßS>r, bmBZ ∑b`a $&
ÒÃr Cg amÒV [a MbZ bJr $& boH$Z O] qeX oddmohV h° [Vm
MbVm h° Vm dh Qy>Q> JB© JwÒg g [mJb hm JB© V] qeX Cg fl`ma ar
]mVm| _| CbPmVm h°, dh amZ bJm Am°a H$hVm h° - ""o[Vm H$ X]md
288
_| AmH$a H$s h˛B© emXr _a OrdZ H$s g]g ]∂S>r Q≠> OS>r ]Z JB©,
]r]r H$ ahV r _¢ oH$VZm AH$bm hˇ™ Xm AOZo]`m| H$s Vah EH$
N>V H$ ZrM ahZ H$s mVZm $&''74
qeXr A[Zr MVwamB© g Cg ÒÃr H$m ]hbmZ bJm $& dh Cg
H$^r ]mVm| g Vm H$^r H$odVmAm| g odÌdmg oXbmVm h° -
""_Z Am°a eara H$s [odà yo_ [a hr Agbr ‡_ [Z[Vm h° $&
Ka H$s Mhma Xrdmar H$ ]rM oZaßVa hmZdmbr oIMoIM _| Vm dh
_aVm hr h° $&''75
Egr ]mV H$aVm h° oH$ ÒÃr H$m A]-gßXe Z ahm Cg odÌdmg
Wm oH$ EH$ oXZ dh Iy™Q> g CI∂S>H$a _ar oJa‚V _| Am Om`Jm $&
qeX Cg A[Zr Omb _| \$gmVm ahVm h° $& dh A[Zr ]rdr H$m Zht
N>m ∂S>Vm $& dh EH$ hr g_` Xm Zmdm| _| [°a aIZm MmhVm h° $& dh
H$hVm h° oH$ emXr H$ ]mX ]rdr C]mD$ Am°a ]OmZ gm ahVm h° $& dh
Egr ]mV H$aH$ Cg ÒÃr H$m A[Zr ‡o_H$m ]Zm` aIVm h° $& H$^r
H$^r ]rdr H$ H$H©$e Òd^md H$s ]mV| H$aV-H$aV am [∂S>Vm h° $& Cg
H$hVm h° oH$ dh ]rdr H$m VbmH$ XJm $& boH$Z VbmH$ bZ _| H$^r
H$mZyZr A∂S>MZ Vm H$^r ]y∂T> ]m[ H$ gX_| H$m ]VmH$a ]mV Q>mb
XVm h° $& dh Cg o_bVm ahVm h° $&
boH$Z Yra Yra qeX A[Zr ‡o_H$m g D$] OmVm h° Am°a gÀ`
[napÒWoV g AdJV H$amZ H$ hVw qeX Cg A[Z Ka J•h‡de H$
oXZ ]wbmVm h° $& dhm™ CgH$s _mQ>r ‡g›Z [ÀZr, ]¿Mm Am°a AmYwoZH$
T>ßJ H$m _H$mZ XIH$a dh Mbr OmVr h° $& BVZm g] Hw$N> hmH$a r
qeX A[Z Ka-[nadma _| Iwe h° $&
Bg ‡H$ma qeX AmR> gmb VH$ ‡o_H$m g ‡_ H$m ZmQ>H$ H$aVm
289
ahm $& CgH$m \$m`Xm CR>mVm ahm $& Am°a oddmohV hmH$a ^r
AoddmohV Zmar H$s mdZmAm| g oIbdm∂S> H$aVm ahm $&
Zmar H$m oIbm°Zm g_PH$a IbZdmb [wÈfm| H$s oZÂZ ‡d•oV
[a _›Zy ßS>marZ Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $&
(12) aod :-
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "aV H$s Xrdma' H$hmZr
H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° aod $& dh wdm [r∂T>r H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm
h°, Om ]amOJmar H$s g_Ò`m g ÃÒV h° VWm Kadmbm H$s B¿N>m
AmH$mßjm H$s [yoV© H$aZ _| Ag\$b$ ahVm h° $&
aod BßOrZr`na®J H$m©bO _| [∂T>Vm h° $& dh BßQ>a H$ ]mX H$m_
H$aZm MmhVm h° boH$Z A[Z ]m]yOr H$ H$maU BOroZ`na®J H$m©bO
_ ^Vu hmVm h° $& CgH$ ]m]yOr MmhV h° oH$ dh BßOroZ`a ]Z $&
]m]yOr Cg _Z bJmH$a [∂T>Z H$s gyMZm`| XV h° $& d Ka m Ka H$
A›` gXÒ`m| H$s H$mB© I]a Zhr OV $& Bgr H$maU aod H$m bJVm
h° oH$ dh oXZ-]-oXZ A[Z Ka g Qy>Q> Mbm Om ahm h° $& aod A[Z
Ka H$ obE Hw$N> H$a Zhr [mVm $& dh og\©$ KaH$s oJaVr hmbV XIVm
ahVm h° $& CgH$m N>mQ>m mB© Q>mZr ]r_ma h°, _m™ H$s Am™I H$m Am[aeZ
H$aZm h°, ]hZ MßXm H$m H$m©bO _| ^Vu H$aZm h° Bg ‡H$ma Ka H$
A›` gXÒ`m| H$s g_Ò`m`| h° $& Ka H$ A›` gXÒ`m| H$s OÈaV [yar
Zhr H$s Om ahr h° ∑`m|oH$ aod H$s [∂T>mB© Omar h° $& Bgg aod A[Z
Am[ H$m Xmfr _mZVm h° $& Cgg `h XIm Zht OmVm, o\$a ^r dh
Mw_ h° $-
aod h_em A[Z ]m]yOr g H$VamVm ahVm h° $& CZg S>aVm h°
dh _Z_| gmMVm h° -
290
""]m]yOr ∑`m| Zhr gm\$-gm\$ Cgg H$h XV oH$ aod, ]h˛V
h˛Am A] _a ]g H$m Zhr h° oH$ VwÂhmar [∂T>mB© H$m IMm© CR>mD™$ $&
_a obE VwÂhmar [∂T>mB© g ¡`mXm Q>mZr H$s OmZ h° $& VwÂhmar AÂ_m
H$s Am™I h° $& [a H$hZm Vm Xya d Egm gßH$V r Zhr H$aV $&''76
O] ^r aod Nw>o≈>`m| _ Ka AmVm h° V] AÂ_m H$m Ï`dhma
CgH$ ‡oV odef hr ahVm h° _m H$ Bg Anana∑V Xwbma g aodH$m
]M°Zr hmVr h° $& aod OmZVm h° oH$ AmO g°H$S>m BßOroZ`g© _ma
_ma o\$aV h° $& _°naQ> H$m H$mB© Zhr [yN>Vm og\©$ [°gm MmohE $& ]m]yOr
H$ g[Zm| H$ AmJ aod odde hm OmVm h° $& boH$Z aod oOg Xm°a g
JwOaVm h° dh og\©$ dhr OmZVm h° $& dh A[Z Am[ H$m Kadmbm| H$
gXÒ`m H$ ]rM Qy>Q>Vm h˛Am _hgyg H$aVm h° $& dh Kadmbm| H$ EhgmZm|
H$ ZrM X] J`m h° $& ]amOJmar H$s g_Ò`m g ÃÒV Zd`wdH$
aod H$m oMoÃV H$aZ _ß boIH$m g\$b h˛B© h° $&
(13) ]m]yOr :-
]m]yOr "aV H$s Xrdma' H$hmZr H$ Ama EH$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ
h° $& d aod H$ o[Vm h° $& ]m]yOr Eg o[VmAm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV
h° Om A[Z ]Q> H$s oejm ¤mam odÓ` H$ _hb H$s Amem H$aV h° $&
Bg H$hmZr H$m ha [mà AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> H$ H$maU A[Z Am[ g b∂S>Vm
A[Z Am[ g Qy>Q>Vm h° $& ]m]yOr Ka H$s A›` AmdÌ`H$VmAm| H$m
ZOa A›XmO H$aH$ Cg [∂T>mV h° $& aod oH$gr g_maß^ _ Z OmZm
Mmh Vm ]m]yOr Cg [a Oma-O]aXÒVr Zhr H$aV og\©$ H$hV h° -
""`m| AJa o]ÎHw$b B¿N>m Z hm Vm ahZ Xm $& _¢ Hw$N> Z Hw$N>
H$hH$a ]mV gß^mb hr byßJm, VwÂhmar A[Zr B¿N>m H$s ]mV h° $&''77
]m]yOr and H$m BßOroZ`a ]ZmZm MmhV h° Vm H$mB© r oOÂ_Xmar
291
aod [a bmXZm Zhr MmhV $& Cg Ka H$ A›` gXÒ`m| H$r H$mB© qMVm
Zhr $& aod H$m N>mQ>m mB© ]r_ma h° boH$Z ]m]yOr CgH$m S>m©∑Q>am| g
BbmO Zht H$admV CgH$s Wm∂S>r-]h˛V XdmB`m| H$m IMm© [yam H$aZ
dm XwH$mZ _| ohgm] obIZ H$m H$m_ H$aV h° $& Am°a MßXm H$s AJbr
[∂T>mB© VWm A[Zr [ÀZr H$m Am™I H$m Am[aeZ ^r AJb gmb
H$aZH$m oZÌM` oH$`m h° ∑`m|oH$ aod [∂T>mB© H$a ahm h° $& Cg BßOroZ`a
BgobE ]ZmZm h° VmoH$ Ka H$s hmbV gwYa gH$ $& Jm™ddmb ]m]yOr
H$s Vmar\$ H$aV h° ∑`m|oH$ d A[Zr AmYr VZªdmh A[Z ]Q> H$s
[∂T>mB© [a IM© H$a ah h° $& aod BßOroZ`atJ H$m [∂T> ahm h° Bg ]mV
H$m C›h Jd© h° $& C›h| aod [a [yam odÌdmg h° BgobE d Jm™ddmbm| g
H$hV h° -
""aod BßOroZ`a hm OmE Vm _Z _| _bmb Zhr ah Om`Jm oH$
h_Z A[Zm H$V©Ï` Zhr oH$`m ]¿M H$ ‡oV $& _m-]m[ H$m Agbr
gwI Vm ]¿Mm| H$ gwI _| hr hmVm h° $&''78
]m]yOr H$m A[Z ]Q> H$ ‡oV Bg Vah H$m ÒdflZ XIZm Ï`W©
h° $& AJa aod BßOroZ`a Zhr ]Z [mVm Vm ∑`m ]m]yOr Bg ]Xm©ÒV
H$a [m`|J ? ]m]yOr H$ ªdm] "aV H$s Xrdma' O°g h° Om H$^r r
R>h gH$V h° $& [mnadmnaH$ ‡_ H$s ZB© g¿MmB©`m| H$m _›Zy ßS>marZ
]∂S> gmhg H$ gmW A[Zr H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Am°a
]m]yOr H$m WmW© Í$[ _| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
(14) amImb :-
amImb "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "em`X' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI
[mà h° $& dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀ` H$aVm h° Om AWm©OZ H$ hVw
Ka g ]mha ahV h° VWm A[Z hr Ka _| [am` hm OmV h° $& amImb
292
OhmO [a _H$oZH$ h° $& dh gmb _| EH$ _hrZm Nw>o≈>`m| [a Ka AmVm
h° $& BgobE Ka_| KQ>Zdmbr KQ>ZmAm g dh AßOmZ ahVm h° $& O]
dh o[N>b gmb Am`m Wm V] CgH$s [ÀZr _mbm J^©dVr Wr $&
CgH$ ]mX ]wb]wbH$m O›_ h˛Am Am°a dh ]r_mar H$ H$maU Mb
]gr boIZ amImb H$m H$mB© XwïI Zhr $& CgH$ VrZ ]¿M h° $& ]∂S>r
b∂S>H$s arZm Vah gmb H$s h° Am°a _mbm H$m CgH$s emXr H$s qMVm
h° boH$Z amImb H$s H$mB© qMVm Zhr $& amImb H$m ]Q>m ]¿My oXZ^a
D$Y_ _MmVm h°, Vm NmQw> amImb H$m [hMmZVm VH$ Zht $& amImb
Iwer g Ka bm°Q> H$a Am`m h° boH$Z _mbm Ka H$s g_Ò`m`| bH$a
CgH$ gm_Z amVr h° $& oOgg amImb D$] OmVm h° $& amImb H$s
AZw[pÒWoV _| eßH$a _mbm H$m AmoW©H$ _XX H$aVm h° $& amImb H$m
N>mQ>m ]Q>m ^r h_em eßH$a H$ [mg hr ahVm h° $& _mbm amImb g
¡`mXm eßH$a, o[er _m™, H$[ya gmh] H$m _hŒd XVr h° $& BgobE
amImb eßH$a g Z\$aV H$aVm h° $& _mbm h_em Cg eßH$a H$m H$O©
MwH$mZ H$ ob` H$hVr h° oOgg amImb A[Z Am[ H$m AoYH$ Qy>Q>Vm
h˛Am _hgyg H$aVm h° $& amImb A[Z ]¿Mm H$m [∂T>mZm MmhVm h° $&
arZm H$ obE _mbm Om b∂S>H$m [g›X H$aVr h° Cg amImb ZH$maVm h°
∑`m|oH$ dh arZm H$m [∂T>mZm MmhVm h° Bg g] ]mVm| g amImb H$m
AmÀ_odÌdmg OmJVm h° dh H$hVm h° - ""`h _am Ka h° - Bg_| _ar
B¿N>m H$ oIbm\$ Hw$N> Zhr hm gH$Vm $&''79
amImb _mbm [a oZ^©a ahZm Zhr MmhVm $& dh A[Z ]b]wV
[a ]¿Mm| H$m oZdm©h H$aZm MmhVm h° $& _mbm [°gm| H$m hr amZm amVr
h° $& VrZ ]¿Mm| H$m [Q> aZm XwoZ`mXmar oZ^mZm Bg ‡H$ma A[Zr
VH$br\$m| H$m hr XmhamVr ahVr h°, amImb gmMm h° oH$ -
293
""A¿N>m hmVm, dh amImb Z hmH$a „bmqQ>J [[a hmVm, Om
_mbm H$ gma XwIm H$m gmI bVm $&''80
2. Ï`o∑VÀd‡YmZ [mà :-
(1) oZoIb :-
"oZoIb' "JrV H$m Mw]Z' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° $& dm
H$od h° $& CgH$m [naM` EH$ g_mamh _| H$oZH$m g hmVm h° $& H$oZH$m
CgH$ JrV JmVr h° $& oZoIb CgH$ ob` Z` JrVm| H$m g•OZ H$aVm
h° $& XmZm| oZH$Q> Am OmV h° $& oZoIb Am°a H$oZH$m ÒÃr-[wÈf H$
gÂ]›Ym| [a MMm© H$aV h° $& H$oZH$m oddmh [yd© ÒÃr-[wÈf gÂ]›Y
AZ°oVH$ _mZVr h° O]oH$ oZoIb oddmh [yd© ÒÃr-[wÈf gÂ]›Y H$m
Z°oVH$ _mZVm h° $& oZoIb Òd¿N>ßXr wdH$ h° $& oZoIb H$oZH$m g
‡^modV h˛Am h° $& EH$]ma H$oZH$m H$m A[Zr ]mhm _| aH$a My_
bVm h° $& CgH$ Ï`dhma g H$oZH$m Cg Mm™Q>m _maVr h° $& oZoIb
bo¡OV hmH$a Mbm OmVm h° $& oZoIb H$ Mb OmZ g H$oZH$m
AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVr h°$ & oZoIb H$oZH$m H$m [Ã obIVm h° -
""A[Z Cg oXZ H$ Ï`dhma g _° ]hX bo¡OV hˇ™ $& AmO VH$ _°
oOVZr r b∂S>oH$`m| H$ gÂ[H©$ _| Am`m hˇ™ g]Z _ar Egr haH$Vm|
H$m ÒdmJV oH$`m h° $& Egr haH$V H$aZ H$ ob` ‡naV oH$`m h° $& Vw_
Egr d°gr b∂S>H$s Zhr hm $& gmYmaU b∂S>oH$`m| g o^›Z hm, CZg
C¿M, CZg lÓR> $&''81
oZoIb ÒdN>ßXr [mà h° AZH$ oÒÃ`m| g gÂ]›Y aIVm h° $& dh
[AZ H$odÀd H$ _m‹`_ g H$oZH$m H$m \$gm bVm h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z oZoIb H$m EH$ Òd¿N>ßXr wdH$ H$ È[ _| ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m h° $&
294
(2) bobV :-
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s "EH$ H$_µOma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr' H$hmZr H$m
‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° bobV $& bobV H$m Í$[ g ‡W_ [naM` _m_m
_m_r H$ Ka hmVm h° $& bobV AZmW b∂S>H$m h° $& dh XmZm| Kwbo_b
OmV h° $& bobV C¿M oejm H$ ob` odXe OmZm MmhVm h° $& d
XmZm| H$ o]XmB© H$ g_` Ï`oWV hm OmV h° $& bobV H$ Mb OmZ H$
]mX Í$[ H$m oddmh dH$sb gmh] g hm OmVm h° $& O] bobV odXe
g dm[g AmVm h° Vm Í$[ g o_bZ OmVm h° $& Í$[ H$s Am™I ^a
AmVr h° bobV H$hVm h° -
""Am™Im H$ ]ma _| Om ZdrZ ImO h˛B© h° CgH$m VwÂh [Vm h° ?
EH$mEH$ oXb [a MmQ> bJZ g Am™Im g [mZr ]hZ bJVm h° -
Am™Im H$m gÂ]›Y X` g hmVm h° _a AmZ g VwÂhma X` H$m r
H$hr ... $&''82
bobV CgH$ oXb _| A[Z ‡oV ‡_ o\$ag OmJ•V H$aVm h°
bobV Cg A[Z gmW mJ MbZ H$ obE H$hVm h° boH$Z [aÂ[amJV
gßÒH$ma H$ H$maU Í$[ V°`ma Zhr hmVr, bobV H$m Bg g] ]mVm| _ß
odÌdmg Zhr hmVm EH$ gflVmh VH$ bobV Í$[ H$m ^mJ OmZ H$
obE CÀgmohV H$aVm h° -
""g_P g H$m_ b Í$[ $& h oO›XJr m| hr o_≈>r _| o_bm XZ
H$s dÒVw Zhr $& o\$a Va _ZH$s hmbV _¢ VwPg AoYH$ OmZVm hˇ™,
∑`m Ï`W© _| A[Z H$m PwR>bmZ H$s H$moee H$a ahr h° $& _ar ]mV
_mZ Om $&''83
bobV H$s ]mVm g Í$[ mJ OmZ H$ obE V°`ma hmVr h°, boH$Z
Cgr amV dH$sb gmh] A[Z o_Ã H$s [ÀZr H$ mJ OmZ H$m g_mMma
295
XV h° Am°a Í$[ H$m H$hV h° Í$[Z AmOVH$ oH$gr A›` [wÈf H$s
Ama Am™I CR>mH$a ^r Zht XIm $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Í$[ ^mJ Zhr
gH$Vr $& bobV A[Zr ‡o_H$m H$m Zhr [m gH$Vm $&
(3) H°$bme :-
"H°$bme' "H$b Am°a H$gH$' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mà h° $& dh
H$mbm h° $& CgH$s [ÀZrH$m Zm_ amZr h° $& dh amV-oXZ ‡g _| H$m_
H$aVm h° $& _erZm| H$ ]rM ahH$a Òd`ß EH$ _erZ ]Z OmVm h° $&
CgH$ _Z _| Z H$mB© mdZm h° - Z hr ag $& Cgr amZr _| oXbMÒ[r
Zhr $& dh amZr H$s A[jm H$aVm h° $& H°$bme H$s ]Í$Ir H$ H$maU
amZr AZm`mg eIa H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° $& O] eIa H$m
oddmh hm OmVm h° Vm amZr CgH$s [ÀZr g b∂S>Vr-PJ∂S>Vr h° $&
amZr H$ Ï`dhma g VßJ AmH$a H°$bme A[Zm _H$mZ ]XbZm MmhVm
h° boH$Z amZr Bg ]mV g gh_V Zhr h° $& AßV _| H°$bme amZr H$m
bH$a Z` _H$mZ _| ahZ Mbm OmVm h° $& H°$bme [oV dJ© H$m
‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h° $& h_em AW© H$ obE OwQ>m h˛Am `h Ï`o∑V
Ka H$s Ama g A[ojV hm OmVm h° $& AßV _ dh XwïIr ]Z
OmVm h° $&
(4) hare :-
hare "VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [mà h° $&
dh bIH$ h° $& AoddmohV h°, AmoW©H$ A^md H$ H$maU Xe©Zm Z
EH$ H$_am oH$am` [a X aIm h° $& Xe©Zm H$m [oV o]_ma h° $& O] r
hare Imbr ]°R>Vm h°, Xe©Zm CgH$ [mg AmH$a ]°R>Vr h° $& hare
Xe©Zm H$m m^r H$hVm h° boH$Z [napÒWoVde VZ_Z g fl`mgr Xe©Zm
hare H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° $& oXZ-]-oXZ [oVH$s hmbV oJaVr
296
OmVr h° V] Xe©Zm amVr h°, hare gmMVm h° oH$ - ""EH$ ]ma CoMV
AZwoMV H$m kmZ ybH$a ]S>r Oma g B¿N>m h˛B© oH$ Bg amVr, ]]g
Zmar H$m OmH$a A[Zr ]mhm| _| a by™, A[Z obE Zhr, CgH$ gßVmf
H$ obE, CgH$s gmßÀdZm H$ obE, boH$Z o\$a ª`mb Am`m, Bg
AmJ H$m ObmZ g bm^ $&''84
Xe©Zm EH$ ]ma A[Zm oga hare H$ grZ [a oQ>H$m XVr h° V]
Cg hQ>mH$a hm°gbm ]ßYmVm h° $& dh hare g Hw$N> Ama MmhVr h° [a
hare OmZH$a ^r AßOmZ ]Zm ahVm h° $& Xe©Zm H$m hare H$ ‡oV
]T>Vm bJmd XIH$a Xe©Zm H$m [oV Cg [rQ>Vm h° Am°a Ka g ]mha
oZH$mb XVm h° $& hare Xe©Zm [a H$hmZr obIVm h° Cg_ Xe©Zm H$m
_Zmd°kmoZH$ odÌbfU H$a Cg CXmŒm ]ZmZ H$s H$moee H$aVm h° $&
hare H$m Ï`o∑VÀd AmH$f©H$ h° wdm _Zmd•oŒm H$m oMÃU hare H$
_m‹`_ g boIH$mZ oH$`m h° $&
(5) oedZmW :-
oedZmW "AZMmhr JhamB©`m™' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mà h° dh Jar]
b∂S>H$m h° $& dh gwZßXm g oh›Xr Am°a BoVhmg [∂T>Vm h° $& dh gflVmh
_| VrZ oXZ [∂T>Z AmVm h° $& boH$Z ]mX _| amO AmZ bJVm h° $&
CgH$m amO AmZm gwZßXm H$m [gßX Zhr $& gwZßXm oedZmW H$m H$^r
[°gm Vm H$^r Q>`weZ oXbdmVr h° $& gwZßXm O] Cg [∂T>mZ g B›H$ma
H$aVr h° Vm dh oZame hm OmVm h° $& oedZmW H$ Ka H$s pÒWoV
A¿N>r Zhr CgH$ ]m[ H$m bH$dm h° _m™ XI Zhr [mVr Am°a Xm
N>mQ>r ]hZ Am°a VrZ ^mB© h° $& BZ g^r H$s oOÂ_Xmar oedZmW
[a h° $& oedZmW oH$gr Z oH$gr ]hmZ gwZßXm g ZmQ≤>g _mßJVm h° $&
EH$ ]ma gwZßXm [∂T>mZ g B›H$ma H$aVr h° V] oedZmW Cg [Ã obIVm
297
h° oH$ gwZßXm H$m ÒZh Cg ]ma-]ma Cg Ka H$s Va\$ ItM H$a b
AmVm h° VWm h ÒZh Am°a odÌdmg oN>›Z OmZ g em`X dh qOXm
Zhr ah gH$Vm $& boH$Z gwZßXm CgH$m [Ã [∂T>H$a ZmamO hm
OmVr h° $& EH$]ma gwZßXm H$m ]wIma AmVm h° V] oedZmW ha amO
CgH$m hmb [yN>Vm h° $& EH$ oXZ dh gwZßXm H$ H$_a _| ‡de H$aVm h°
Cgr d∑V gwZßXm H$s m^r dhm™ AmVr h° Am°a oedZmW H$m gwZßXm [a
PwH$m h˛Am XIVr h° $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX °`m-^m^r oedZmW H$m
Ka AmZ Zhr XV $& Am°a gwZßXm r H´$moYV hm OmVr h° $& oedZmW
A[Zr Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB`m™ hb H$aZ H$ hVw EH$ oH$Vm] gwZßXm H$m XVm
h° oOg_| EH$ ‡_[Ã h° $& oOg [∂T>H$a gwZßXm H´$m oYV hmH$a
oedZmW H$ Jmb [a V_mM _ma XVr h° $& oedZmW AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a
bVm h° $& ]mX _| gwZßXm H$m [Vm MbVm h° oH$ ‡_[Ã oedZmW H$m Z
hmH$a oH$gr Am°a b∂S>H$ H$m Wm $& oedZmW H$m AmÀ_hÀ`m g gwZßXm
Ï`oWV hm OmVr h° dh A[Z Am[H$m hÀ`mnaZ g_PZ bJVr h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>marZ oedZmW H$ _m‹`_ g ^mdwH$ gßdXZerb
Ï`o∑V H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& oedZmW H$m oMÃ [mR>H$ H$ X` VH$
[h˛™MmZ _| boIH$m g\$b h˛B© h° $&
(6) eIa :-
eIa "hma' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mà h° $& dh amOZroVH$ [mQ>u H$m
gXÒ` h° $& CgH$m oddmh Xr[m g hmVm h° dh odamYr [mQ>u H$s
gXÒ`m h° $& [mQ>udmb BZH$ XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Y H$ ]ma _| AmeßoH$V h°
boH$Z oddmh H$ ]mX XmZm| A[Zr-A[Zr [moQ> ©`m| H$m H$m_
H$aV h° $& [mQ>u H$s JwflV ]mV H$^r ^r EH$ Xyga H$m ]VmV Zht $&
MwZmd AmVm h° eIa Am°a Xr[m EH$-Xyga H$ odamY _| I∂S> ahV h°
298
MwZmd _| eIa I∂S>m h° `h OmZH$a Xr[m [hb oZame hm OmVr h°
boH$Z eIa H$hVm h° -
""]rgdt gXr H$ ha [∂T>-obI ÒÃr-[wÈf H$m Bg ]mV H$s [yar
ÒdVßÃVm h° oH$ dh A[Z oZOr odMma aI Am°a CZH$m A_b _
bmZ H$ obE Vh oXb g H$moee H$a $&''85
MwZmd _| XmZm| H$ VZmd ]∂T> OmV h° $& Xr[m eIa H$ oIbm\$
^mfU XVr h° $& CgH$s Yo¡O`m™ C∂S>mVr h° $& boH$Z eIa A[Z
H$m_ _| Ï`ÒV h° $& Xr[m A[Z gma JhZ [mQ>u H$ obE bwIm XVr h°
o\$a r eIa Mw[ ahVm h° $& EH$]ma dh eIa H$s ]mV gwZVr h° dh
A[Z o_Ã g H$hVm h° -
""_ar OrV H$s gß^mdZm hr _wP oI›Z ]Zm` X ahr h° gmMVm
hw ™ _° hma ^r J`m Vm Cg b¡Om H$m gh byJm $& [wÈf hˇ ™ Am°a
ghZ H$m AmXr $& [a OrV J`m Vm Xr[m H$m ∑`m hmJm $& Vw_ XIV
hm [Jbr hm J`r h° CgH$ [rN> $& dh hma H$m Y∑H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zht
H$a gH$Jr Am°a gM [yN>m Vm BgobE _¢ MmhVm hˇ ™ oH$ _¢ hma
OmD™$ $&''86
eIa H$s BZ ]mVm| g Xr[m BVZr AÒdÒW hm OmVr h° oH$ gw]h
odojflVmdÒ`m _| A[Zm dmQ> [oV H$s [Q>r _| S>mb XVr h° $& Zmar
[wÈf [a hmdr hmZm MmhVr h° [a [wÈf A[Z dmH≤$MmVw`© ¤mam A[Z
CXÌ` _| g\$b hmVm h° $&
(7) oXbr[ :-
o_. d_m© "MÌ_' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° $& d A[Zr
]r_ma ‡o_H$m H$m À`mJ H$a oH$gr Ama g oddmh H$a bV h° $&
CgH$s AßV[r©∂S>m H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z oMÃU oH$`m h° $& o_. d_m© A[Z
299
OrdZ _ß gwIr h° CgH$s [ÀZr gmohÀ`‡_r h° H$hmZr obIVr h° Am°a
d_m© H$m gwZmVr h° $& d_m© gwZV-gwZV A[Z AVrV _ Im OmV h° $&
dh H$hmZr Cg A[Z AVrV H$s H$hmZr bJVr h° $&
oZ_©b d_m© e°b g fl`ma H$aV W $& boH$Z oZ_©b H$m
oMH$Z[m©∑g oZH$bm Wm Bg ]r_mar _| e°b CgH$s XI^mb H$aVr
h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ dh ]r_ma hm OmVr h° Cg Q>r.]r. hm J`m $&
Am°a oZ_©b A¿N>m hm J`m $& ewÈ _| oZ_©b e°b H$s XI^mb H$aVm
h° boH$Z ]mX _| CgH$m _Z AmQ> OmVm h° $& ]r_ma e°b _| Z H$mB©
gm°›X`© h° Am°a Z H$mB© AmH$f©U $& Yra-Yra e°b H$ ‡oV CZH$m
bJmd H$_ hmVm J`m $& e°b oZ_©b H$m [hMmZ JB© $& dh e°b g Xya
OmZ H$ obE Q≠> qZJ H$m ]hmZm ]ZmVm h° $& e°b H$ o[Vm oZ_©b H$m
IV obIV h° oH$ AJa e°b H$s emXr hˇB© Vm dh ]M gH$Vr h° Egm
S>m©∑Q>am| H$m H$hZm h° boH$Z oZ_©b A[Zr YwZ _| _JZ h° $& dh Hw$N>
Zht H$aVm $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ e°b H$s _•À`w hm OmVr h° $& oOgg
oZ_©b H$m XwïI hmVm h° dh Cg KQ>Zm H$m ^yb Zhr [mVm Am°a
AVrV H$s h KQ>Zm dV©_mZ _ r o_. d_m© H$m Ï`oWV H$aVr h° dh
oMÎbmV h° - ""_° H$hVm hˇ ™ _am MÌ_m Xm, Zhr Vm _am X_ KwQ>
Om`Jm $&''87
_›Zy ßS>marZ Bg [mà _ CgH$s AßV[uS>mAm H$m oMoÃV oH$`m
h° $& Ï`o∑V oH$VZm r ∑`m| Z Mmh dh A[Zr ]rVr h˛`r qOXJr g
ZmVm Vm ∂S> Zhr gH$Vm ∑`m|oH$ AVrV H$ [mÌd© [a hr ^odÓ` H$r
_ßoOb IS>r hmVr h° $&
(8) gVre :-
gVre "Vrgam AmX_r' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mà h° $& ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr
300
_| _›Zy ßS>mar Z [wÈfm| H$ _mZogH$ AßV¤©›¤ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&
gVre Am°a CgH$s [ÀZr eHw$Z A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ _ gwIr h° $&
oddmh H$s VrZ gmb ]mX ^r gßVmZ ‡moflV Z hmVr h° Bgr H$maU
eHw$Z A[Zr S>m©∑Q>ar Om™M H$adm bVr h° boH$Z gVre _ A[Zr
S>m©∑Q>ar Om™M H$admZ oH$ ohÂ_V Zhr hmVr gVre A[Z Am[ H$m
Z[wßgH$ g_PZ bJVm h° $& CgH$ _Z _| r h odMma AmVm h° oH$
em`X eHw$Z r Cg Zm_X© g_PVr h° $&
gVre eHw$Z H$ H$m_ _ hmW ]Q>mZ H$ hVw A[Zr _m™ H$m Ka
]wbmZm MmhVm h° boH$Z eHw$Z H$m Vrga AmX_r H$s C[pÒWoV
Agh` hm OmVr h° dh _Zm H$aVr h° $& dh gVre H$ o]Zm AbJ
Zhr ahZm MmhVr $& boH$Z A] hr eHw$Z gVre H$s ]m™hm _ OmZ
g H$VamVr h° Cgg _w™h \$aH$a gmVr h° $& oOgg gVre A[_moZV
hmVm h° $& gVre gmMVm h° -
""dh H$^r eHw$Z H$m _m™ Zhr ]Zm gH$Vm h° Vm ? ∑`m dh
eHw$Z H$s Bg B¿N>m H$m [yar H$aZ _| ghm`H$ hm gH$Vm h° ? ∑`m dh
A[Zr Bg Xw]©bVm H$ gm_Z KwQ>Z Q>H$H$a Egr VQ>ÒW CXmaVm bm
gH$Vm h°, ∑`m dh Cg ]¿M H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a gH$Jm ?''88
`h gVre H$s [m°ÈfhrZVm J´ßoW H$m Ma_gr_m h° $& eHw$Z H$m
[naoMV AmbmH$ Vrgam-AmX_r ]ZH$a CZ XmZm| H$ ]rM C[pÒWV
hmVm h° $& AmbmH$ bIH$ h°, eHw$Z Am°a CgH$ ]rM [Ã-Ï`dhma
MbVm ahVm h° $& BgobE gVre [aemZ h° $& dh eHw$Z H$ ]ma _|
∑`m-∑`m gmMZ bJVm h° $& gVre Am©o\$g g AmY oXZ H$s Nw>≈>r
bH$a Ka bm°Q> AmVm h° [a Ka H$m XadmOm ]ßX XIH$a dh H´$moYV
hm OmVm h° dh eHw$Z Am°a AmbmH$ H$m aßJ hmW [H$∂S>Zm MmhVm h°
301
[a XadmOm IQ>IQ>mZ H$m gmhg Zht H$a [mVm -
""dh gM_wM [m°ÈfhrZ h° $& H$mB© _X© ]¿Mm hmVm Vm Xm bmV
_maVm XadmO H$m Am°a Pm|Q>m [H$∂S>H$a ]mha H$a XVm eHw$Z H$m Am°a
Xm Pm[∂S> _maVm Cg b\ß$J H$m $&''89
gVre H$s hrZ-^mdZm Cg odMobV H$a XVr h° VWm AW© H$m
AZW© gmMZ H$m _O]ya H$a XVr h° $& dh eHw$Z [a gßXh H$aVm h° $&
gVre H$m _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ Mnaà boIH$m Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&
(9) oZerW :-
"`hr gM h°' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° oZerW $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z oZerW H$ ¤mam ‡_ H$ gß`_ H$m ]Vm`m h° oZerW
Xr[m g ‡_ H$aVm h° $& dh Xr[m H$ gmW Ky_Vm h° $& Yr[m g dh
H$hVm h° -
""AmÀ_r`Vm H$ ` jU AZH$h hr ahZ X Xr[m'', oZerW
Xr[m H$s gw›XaVm H$s ‡eßgm H$aVm h° dh XmZm| Kam| gmW ]°R>V h°
boH$Z oH$gr H$maU de CZ XmZm| _| AZ]Z hm OmVr h° oOgH$
H$maU oZerW H$bH$Vm Mbm OmVm h° $& Am°a Xr[m H$mZ[wa _| A[Zm
emYH$m`© H$aZ bJVr h° $& Xr[m H$ Mb OmZ H$ ]mX oZerW ]h˛V
]Xb OmVm h° $& dh Xw]bm hm J`m h° CgZ emXr Zhr H$s o\$a EH$
]ma Xr[m Cg H$bH$Œm _ o_bVr h° $& oZerW Cg _XX H$aVm h° o\$a
Xr[m CgH$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° $& oZerW H$^r oH$gr H$m EhgmZ
Zhr bVm boH$Z Xr[m H$s ImoVa AZH$ bmJm| g o_bVm h° Am°a
Xr[m H$m _XX H$aVm h° $& Xr[m oZerW g EH$È[ hmZm MmhVr h° [a
oZerW Cgg Xya hr ahVm h°$ &
Xr[m H$ H$mZ[wa [h˛™MZ [a oZerW Cg [à obIVm h° Cg_
302
A›V _| obIVm h° "ef o\$a' CgH$ Bg Ï`dhma g Xr[m ZmamO
hmVr h° $& oZerW [Ã _| r A[Zr mdZm`| Ï`∑V Zhr H$a [mVm $&
O] Xr[m g o_bVm h° V] r dh _m°Z hr ahVm h° $& H$me dh [Ã _|
A[Zm ‡_ Ï`∑V H$a [mVm Vm Xr[m gßO` H$m N>m ∂S>H$a oZerW H$m
A[ZmVr $& boH$Z oZerW Egm Zhr H$aVm oOgg Xr[m o\$a EH$
]ma Z` oga g gßO` H$m MmhZ bJVr h°$& oZerW Xr[m H$ _m_b _|
A›V VH$ _m°Z hr ahVm h° $& dh Xr[m H$m ]VmVm Zhr $&
(10) Hwß$XZ :-
Hwß$XZ "ZB© Zm°H$ar' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° $& CgH$s
[ÀZr a_m BoVhmg H$s ‡m‹`mo[H$m h° dh A[Z OrdZ g gwIr h°
Hw ß$XZ H$m S>m©. o\$ea H$ ¤mam ZB© Zm°H$ar o_bVr h° $& CgH$ ]mX
Hwß$XZ H$m Ï`o∑VÀd ]Xb OmVm h° BgobE a_m H$m bJVm h° - ""ZB©
Zm°H$ar H$ gmW Hwß$XZ H$s gmar [g©ZmobQ>r hr Zht ]mV H$aZ H$m
bhOm VH$ ]Xb J`m h° $& oH$VZm AmÀ_odÌdmg Am J`m h° gma
Ï`o∑VÀd _| ! e] O°g Q>[H$m [∂S>Vm h° $&''90
Hwß$XZ H$m Hß$[Zr H$m ‚b°Q> o_bVm h° $& Cg gOmZ H$s oOÂ_Xmar
dh a_m H$m gm¢[Vm h° $& Ka H$m_ _ Ï`ÒV a_m H$m A[Zm b∑Ma
V°`ma H$aZ H$m Q>mB©_ (g_`) Zhr o_bVm $& boH$Z Hwß$XZ H$m CgH$s
oM›Vm Zhr h° $& dh Vm A[Zr YwZ _ _JZ h° $& dh Cg amV Xa VH$
A[Z gmW [mQ>u _| aIVm h° $& _h_mZm| H$s Amd^JV H$aZm,
S>H$maeZ H$aZm B›hr H$m_m _ a_m Im OmVr h° $& Hw ß$XZ A[Z
ÒdmW© H$ obE CgH$s Zm°H$ar r Nw>S>m XVm h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ a_mH$m
Ï`o∑VÀd Edß ApÒVÀd o_Q> OmVm h°$ & a_m H$m©bO [a A[Zr
ghob`m| H$ obE bßM b OmZm MmhVr h° boH$Z Hwß$XZ _Zm H$aVm
303
h° $& dhr Hwß$XZ A[Z _h_mZm| H$ obE bßM ]ZmZ H$m a_m H$m AmXe
XVm h° Bg ‡H$ma a_m H$m Ï`o∑VÀd [yar Vah o_Q> OmVm h° Ohm™ ZB©
Zm°H$ar H$ H$maU Hwß$XZ H$m Ï`o∑VÀd Am°a AoYH$ oZIa Am`m h° $&
Hwß$XZ a_m H$m A[Z OrdZ _| "em-[rg' ]ZmH$ma aIVm h° $&
_›Zy ßS>marZ Hwß$XZ H$m WmW© È[ _| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
(11) odo[Z :-
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s "]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf
[mà h° odo[Z $& odo[Z oddmohV [wÈf h° $& CgH$s [ÀZr _ßOar
‡m‹`mo[H$m h° $& odo[Z A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| gwIr Zhr h° dh
[ÀZr H$ Abmdm oH$gr Am°a g ‡_ H$aVm h° $& dh [ÀZr H$m odÌdmg
VmS> XVm h° $& dh [ÀZr g A[Z ahÒ`m| H$m Xya aIVm h° Am°a Cgg
fl`ma H$m ZmQ>H$ H$aVm h° $& boH$Z EH$ oXZ amO IwbVm h° oH$
odo[Z H$m [hb EH$ oddmh hm MwH$m h° VWm Cg EH$ ]¿Mm r h° $&
`h ]mV OmZH$a _ßOar Qy>Q> OmVr h° $& ndo[Z Am°a _ßOar AbJ hm
OmV h° $& _ßOar VWm CgH$ AmZdmb ]¿M H$ ‡oV odo[Z H$ _Z _|
H$mB© bJmd Zht ahVm $& dh H$hVm h° - ""_¢ oXÎbr N>m ∂S> Xy ™Jm $&
BgH$ ]mX _wPg `hm™ ahm Zht Om`Jm $& Vw_ em`X `ht bm°Q>H$a
AmZm [g›X H$amJr Bg Ka H$m A[Z Z_m hr ahZ Xm $&''91
odo[Z _ßOar g gß]ßY VmS>H$a A[Z JV OrdZ g Ow∂S>Zm MmhVm
h° $& CgH$ _Z _| _ßOar H$ ‡oV bJmd Zhr dh Xygar _ohbm H$ gmW
OrdZ ]rVmVm h° $&
_›Zy ßS>marZ [wÈf H$s ´_ad•oV g Zmar [a hmZdmb AÀ`mMma
H$m odo[Z H$ _m‹`_ g Ï`∑V oH$`m h° h Egm [mà h° Om A[Zr
[ÀZr g N>bVm h° oOgH$m Cg VoZH$ r [ÌMmVm[ Zhr hmVm $&
304
(12) oXbr[ :-
`h "]ßX XamOm H$m gmW' H$hmZr H$m Xygam [wÈf [mà h° $&
odo[Z g AbJ hmZ H$ ]mX VWm A[Z ]Q> AogV H$m hmÒQ> b
^OZ H$m ]mX _ßOar AH$br hm OmVr h° $& Bgr Xm°amZ _ßOar H$m
Xygam [oV h° $& _ßOar bmH$oZ›Xm H$ H$maU Zm°H$ar N>m ∂S> XVr h° $&
O] AmogV Nw>o≈>`m| _| Ka AmVm h° oXbr[ Cgg Iwe Zhr hmVm $&
_ßOar oXbr[ H$ Am©o\$g OmZ H$ ]mX AogV H$m bH$a Ky_Z
oZH$bVr h° $& Nw>o≈>`m™ g_mflV hmZ [a AogV bm°Q>Z bJVm h° Cgr
Xm°amZ ÒHy$b g o]b AmVm h° boH$Z oXbr[ \$sg XZ g B›H$ma H$a
XVm h° H$hVm h° -
""`h ÒHy$b H$m\$r _hßJm h°, Bg _hrZ m| r H$m\$s IM© hm
J`m $& ∑`m O_mZm Am J`m h°, h_ BVZm [∂T> ob` h° [a Egr bÂ]r
Mm°∂S>r \$sg Zhr Xr $&''92 V] _ßOar gmMVr h° CgZ Zm°H$ar ∑`m|
N>m ∂S> Xr ? Am°a _ßOar Am°a odo[Z _| Xama [∂S>Vr h° $& oXbr[ H$
H$maU _ßOar H$s oO›XJr Xm Qw>H$∂S> _| ]™Q> OmVr h° EH$ oXbr[ H$
gmW Am°a Xygar ]Q> AogV H$ gmW $& odo[Z H$s Vah oXbr[ ^r
_ßOar H$m gßVwÓQ> Zhr H$a [mVm $&
(13) Hwß$O :-
Hwß$O "EH$ ]ma Am°a' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° $& o]›Zr
Hwß$O H$s ‡o_H$m h° $& o]›Zr Xe©ZemÒÃ H$s ‡m‹`mo[H$m h° $& Z°ZrVmb
_| XmZm| [oV [ÀZr ]ZH$a hmQ>b _| ah MwH$ h° $& Hwß$O o]›Zr g emXr
H$aH$ Z`r oO›XJr H$s ewÈAmV H$aZ H$s ]mV H$aVm h° $& boH$Z
Hwß$O _Yw g emXr H$aVm h° Am°a o]›Zr H$ gmW gÂ]›Y ]Zm` aIVm
h° $& O] o]›Zr Bg gÂ]›Y H$m Vm∂S>Zm MmhVr h° Vm Hwß$O fl`ma ar
305
]mV| H$aVm h° -
""o]›Zr emXr _wP BVZm gßH$sU© Zhr ]Zm gH$Jr oH$ _° A[Z
Am°a gma gÂ]›Ym| H$m PwR>bm hr Xy™ $& emXr A[Zr OJh ahJr Am°a
_am VwÂhmam gÂ]›Y A[Zr OJh $&93
Hwß$O Z emXr _Yw g H$s Am°a o]›Zr H$m AH$br OrZ H$ obE
N>m ∂S> oX`m $& dh o]›Zr g Xya OmZm MmhVm h° $& BgobE OmZ
]wPH$a S≠> qgJ-Q>]b [a _Yy H$m [Ã N>m ∂S> XVm h° $& dh o]›Zr H$m
N>m∂S>Z H$m V°`ma Zhr Am°a A[Zr [ÀZr H$maU Cg N>m∂S>Z [a _O]ya
hmVm h° dh H$hVm h° -
""Vw_ emXr H$a bm o]›Zr $& _ar Xw]©bVm H$s H$s_V AmoIa
Vw_ ∑`m| MwH$mAm - _wP bJVm h° oH$ O] VH$ _° oZ_©_Vm g A[Z
H$m H$mQ> Zhr bVm Vw_ oH$gr Am°a oXem _| gmMmJr hr Zhr $& Bg
]ma _wP Hw$N> oZU©` b hr bZm MmohE $&''94
Hwß$O o]›Zr g AbJ hmZm MmhVm h° $& o]›Zr r g_P OmVr h°
oH$ dh [wamZ ‡_ gÂ]›Y Zhr ah Am°a dh Hw ß$O g Xya OmZ H$m
oZU©` bVr h° $& oOgg Hwß$O _Z hr _Z Iwe hmVm h° $& Hwß$O ÒdmWu
h° dh A[Zr [ÀZr VWm ‡o_H$m g ^r ‡_-gÂ]ZY ]Zm` aIZm
MmhVm h° $& boH$Z AmoIa ‡o_H$m H$m À`mJ XVm h° $& Hwß$O ‡_ H$m
_mà dÒVw _mZZdmbm ZrMd•oŒm H$m [mà h° $& Eg [mà H$m oZ_m©U
H$aH$ boIH$m Z A[Z ge∑V dmÒVddmXr –oÓQ>H$mU H$m [naM`
oX`m h° $&
(14) oeoea :-
"oeoea' "D™$MmB©' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° $& oeoea H$s
emXr oedmZr g hm JB© h° $& dh A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ g gwIr h° $&
306
boH$Z AMmZH$ EH$ oXZ Xama [∂S> OmVr h° $& oeoea H$m EH$ [Ã
¤mam _mby_ hmVm h° oH$ oedmZr A[Z ‡_r g eara gÂ]›Y H$a
Am`r h° $& oeoea [ÀZr H$ J°a Ï`dhma g AÀ`ßV XwIr hm OmVm h° $&
dh oedmZr g AbJ hmZm MmhVm h° $& XmZm| gwIr W o\$a r [ÀZr
A[Z ‡_r g eara gÂ]›Y H$a Am`r Bg ]mV g Cg AmÌM`© hmVm
h° oedmZr Z CgH$m odÌdmg Vm∂S> oX`m $& BgobE dh H$hVm h° -
""A[Zr N>mQ>r g N>mQ>r ]mV H$m r oZ¤©¤ md g _wPg H$h
XZ H$m AmVwa Vw_, BVZr AmJ ]∂T> JB© Am°a _¢ OmZ ^r Zht
[m`m $&''95
nedmZr H$hVr h° oH$ CgZ odÌdmgKmV Zht oH$`m $& boH$Z
oeoea CgH$s ]mVm| [a odÌdmg Zhr H$aVm $& dh Cgg AbJ hmZm
MmhVm h° $& oedmZr ^r H$hVr h° AJa CZH$ gÂ]›Ym| H$m AmYma
BVZm oN>N>bm VWm H$_Oma h° Vm Eg gÂ]›Ym| H$m Qy >Q> OmZm hr
]hVa h° $&
oeoea [ÀZr H$m joUH$ mdwH$Vm _ Zhr ]oÎH$ OmZ]wPH$a
[a [wÈf g eara gÂ]›Y H$a bZm r ghZ H$a bVm h° ∑`m|oH$ CgH$
Mnaà H$s odefVm h° oH$ dh MmhVm h° oH$ og\©$ EH$]ma CgH$s
[ÀZr A[Zr JbVr _mZ b $& [a [wÈf H$ Ò[e© _mà g Zmar A[odÃ
hm OmVr h° Bg [`H$ma H$s gßH$sU©Vm Cg_ Zhr h° $& o\$a ^r dh
MmhVm h° oH$ Om Hw$N> h˛Am h° CgH$ obE oedmZr ‡m`oÌMV H$a $&
oedmZr H$hVr h° oH$ CgZ oeoea H$m _Z H$s Cg D$MmB©™ [a o]R>m
aIm h° Ohm™ H$mB© Zht Am gH$Vm $& BZ ]mVm g oeoea gwbh H$a
bVm h° Am°a oedmZr H$m A[ZmVm h° $& EH$ g_Pm°Vm dmXr [oV H$
Í$[ _| oeoea H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&
307
(15) ZaZ :-
ZaZ "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "AmV OmV mMmda' H$hmZr
H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° $& ZaZ Ao^Z` ¤mam Zmar H$m N>bVm h° $&
CgH$m [naM` o_Vmbr g EH$ XmdV _| hmVm h° $& dh CgH$ gmW
ZmQ>H$s` AßXmO g ]mV H$aVm h° $& Zae A[Zr A_naH$Z [ÀZr g
od¿N>X H$a maV Am`m h° $& dh A[Zr _hŒdH$mjmE™ Am°a A[Zr
Mm`mda d•oŒm H$ ]ma _| H$hVm h° -
""bJVm h° _a rVa EH$ oOflgr ]°R>m h°, Om _wP Kw_mVm h° $&
o[N>b gmV gmb g _° H$db Ky_ ahm hˇ ™ ^Q>H$ ahm hˇ ™, Z`-Z`
ÒWmZ, Z`-Z` bmJ $& [Vm Zhr H$hmß OmH$a AßV hmJm $&
ZaZ o_Vmbr H$m A[Zr qOXJr H$ ]ma _ g] Hw$N> ]VmVm h°
VmoH$ dh o_Vmbr H$m A[Z de _ b gH$ $& boH$Z dh Cg_
H$m_`m] Zhr hmVm ∑`m|oH$ o_Vmbr A[Z H$m©bO OrdZ _| EH$
gh[mR>r g N>br Om MwH$s h $& EH$ [b dh Zae H$s Ama AmH$of©V
hmVr h° boH$Z Xyga hr [b dh A[Z Am[ H$m gß^mb bVr h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z Zae O°g ´_ad•oŒmdmbm| [a Jham ‡hma oH$`m h°
`h [mà A[Z Ao^Z` oZ[wUVm H$ ]b [a ÒÃr H$m der^yV H$aZm
MmhVm h° [a H$m_`m] Zhr hmVm $& dh OrdZ _ H$^r gwIr Zhr hm
gH$Vm ∑`m|oH$ dh Q>ZH$ d•oVdmbm h° $& dh OmV g_` o_Vmbr g
H$hVm h° -
""Bg AmV-OmV Mm`mda H$m Z_ÒH$ma $&''96
(16) eam ]m]y :-
eam ]m]y "Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mà h° $& CgH$m
Ï`o∑VÀd IßoS>V h° $& dh gß[mXH$ h° CgH$s [oÃH$m H$_©^yo_ h° $& d
308
A[Zr [oÃH$m H$ _m‹`_ g ´ÓQ>mMma H$m O∂S> g CImS>Zm MmhV h°
boH$Z Cg_| Ag\$b ahV h° $& dh A[Z og’mßVm H$ AZwgma
amOZroV ZVmAm| H$s [mb ImbZm MmhV h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ CZH$s
[oÃH$m R>fl[ hm OmVr h° $& eam]m]y Òdmo^_mZ g OrZm MmhV h° dh
Zm°H$ar H$aZ H$ obE odde hm OmV h° boH$Z AoYH$ oXZm| VH$ d
Zm°H$ar Zhr H$a [mV $& H$_D$ ]r]r CgH$s C[jm H$aVr h°, ]Q>m
gwYra ^r CZH$m A[_mZ H$aVm h°, C›h| ha Vah g bmMmar ghZr
[∂S>Vr h° $& `hm™ VH$ oH$ OmÈ H$m Jwbm_ ^r ]ZZm [∂S>Vm h° $& C›h|
]r]r H$ AmXemZwgma amQ>r gH$Zr [∂S>Vr h°, Ka H$m R>rH$-R>mH$ H$aZm
[∂S>Vm h° $& d gmMV h° AJa EH$ ]ma CZH$s [oÃH$m o\$a g O_ J`r
Vm ]r]r g Zm°H$ar Nw>∂S>dm X|J $& Bgr Amem _| dh ha em_ bmB]´ar
OmV h° $& dhm™ EH$ gmflVmohH$ _ OZVm [mQ>u H$ _ßoÃ`m| H$s VÒdra|,
CZH$s OrdoZ`m™, BQ>aÏ`yO, ‡eßgm AmoX H$m [∂T>H$a d ]war Vah
]m°Ibm OmV h° Am°a Amde _| AmH$a H$hV h° -
""bIH$, gß[mXH$, A‹`m[H$, g] H$ g] Mb Om ah h° bmBZ
bJmH$a $& O` Hw$gu _°`m $& `h Vm eam ]m]y hr Ògmbm CÎby H$m
[Q≤>R>m h° Om og’mßVm H$s Xw_ [H$∂S> g]H$m boV^md ghVm ahVm h° $&
EH$ oXZ Eg hr X\$m r hm OmEJm $& H$mB© Xm Am™gy ]hmZ r Zhr
AmEJm $&''97
eam]m]y g¿MmB© H$s amh [a MbZm MmhV h° boH$Z dV©_mZ
`wJ H$ ^´ÓQ>mMma _| Sy>] bmJ C›h| A[Z gmW KgrQ>Zm MmhV h° $&
boH$Z eam]m]y A[Z og’mßVm [a hr S>Q>H$a ahZm MmhV h° $& Cg
amOZroVH$ ´ÓQ> ZVmAm| H$s Mmh˛H$mnaVm H$aZm [gßX Zhr h° d ´ÓQ>
Zm°H$aemhr Om O∂S> g CIm∂S>Zm MmhV h° $& ^´ÓQ> g_mO g d OwS>
309
Zhr [mV $& d A[Z Am[H$m g_`mZwgma ]XbZm Zhr MmhV
[naUm_Vï ]yar Vah hma OmV h° $& eam]m]y H$ IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m
oMÃU H$aZ _ boIH$m g\$b h˛`r h° $&
(17) Ao_V :-
"Ao_V' "Zm`H$, IbZm`H$, odXyfH$' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ
h° $& [napÒWoVde dh [ÀZr Am°a gmg H$m X]md _| AmH$a A[Zm
AmÀ_gÂ_mZ Im ]°R>Vm h° VWm H$_Oma ]Z OmVm h° $&
Ao_V EH$ ZmQ>H$H$ma h°, AmoW©H$ A^md H$ H$maU dh A[Z
ZmQ>H$ _ßoMV Zhr H$a gH$Vm $& Ao_Vm h_em ZmQ>H$ obIZ VWm
Cg _ßoMV H$aZ _ hr Ï`ÒV ahVm h° $& dh H$mB© Zm°H$ar Zhr H$aVm $&
CgH$s [ÀZr ]∂S> Ka H$s ]Q>r h° $& dh Zm°H$ar H$aVr h° BgobE OmZ
]yPH$a [oV H$m A[_mZ H$aVr h° $& Ao_V A[Zr [ÀZr H$m gmW
]Xm©ÌV Zhr H$a [mVm $& dh A[Zr [ÀZr H$ Qw>H$S>m| [a [b ahm h° $&
CgH$s [ÀZr Ao^ZÃr h° o\$a ^r Ao_V ZßXm Zm_H$ Ao^ZÃr H$m
A[Z Z` ZmQ>H$ _| bVm h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ CgH$s [ÀZr H$ Ah_≤
H$m R> g [h˛™MVr h° dh A[Zr _m™ H$s ghm`Vm g Ao_V H$m Iar
ImQ>r gwZmZm MmhVr h° $& CgH$s gmg Í$[` XH$a CgH$m AmÀ_gÂ_mZ
IarXZm MmhVr h° VmoH$ dh CgH$s ]Q>r H$ gmW Iwe ah $& [hb
Ao_V CZ [°gm| H$m bZ g B›H$ma H$aVm h° boH$Z ]mX _| CgH$m
AmÀ_gÂ_mZ _O]yar _| V]Xrb hmVm h° $& dh A[Zr gmg H$s
IbZm`H$s haH$V g ]war Vah hma OmVm h° $&
310
gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
1. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 9
2. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 26
3. EImZ AmH$me ZmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 102
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZr gßJ´h)
4. Ì_emZ (_° hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 90
5. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar
(VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra)
6. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar
7. Am[H$m ]›Q>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 105
8. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd
9. amZr _m H$m M]yVam _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124
(`hr gM h°)
9. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z (_° hma JB©) _›Zy• ^ßS>mar
10. em`X (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar
11. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar
12. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd
13. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar
14. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 132
15. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar
16. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` __Vm ew∑b 217
H$m _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
17. H$b Am°a H$gH$ (_° hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar
18. EH$ ]ma Am°a (EH$ flb°Q> g°bm]) _›Zy ^ßS>mar
19. KwQ>Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
20. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar
311
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
21. amZr _m H$m M]yVam _›Zy ^ßS>mar
(`hr gM h°)
22. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd
23. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124
24. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 26
25. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 52
26. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 159
27. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 167
28. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 168
29. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 166
30. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 169
31. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 167
32. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 197
33. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 250
34. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 241
35. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 263
36. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 122
37. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 127
38. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 123
39. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 18
40. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 201
41. oh›Xr C[›`mg H$s oXemE™ S>m™. dX‡H$me Ao_Vm^ 127
42. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 116
43. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 87
44. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 81
45. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 81
46. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` _| oMoÃV S>m™. _mYdr OmYd 108
g_Ò`m`|
312
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
47. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m™. __Vm ew∑bm 232
_ZmodÌbfUm_H$ A‹``Z
48. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 82
49. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 75
50. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 76
51. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 101
52. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 251
53. Ao^ZVm (_° hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 79
54. Ì_emZ (_° hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85
55. Ì_emZ (_° hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 87
56. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 102
(_° hma JB©)
57. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 67
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
58. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 69
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
59. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24
60. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12
61. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 16
62. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 25
63. Zem (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 92
64. Zem (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 94
65. Zem (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 88
66. B›H$_Q>°∑g Am°a ZßX _›Zy ^ßS>mar 100
(`hr gM h°)
67. B›H$_Q>°∑g Am°a ZßX _›Zy ^ßS>mar 101
(`hr gM h°)
313
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
68. B›H$_Q>°∑g Am°a ZßX _›Zy ^ßS>mar 107
(`hr gM h°)
69. N>V ]ZmZdmb _›Zy ^ßS>mar 51
(EH$ flb°Q> g°bm])
70. N>V ]ZmZdmb _›Zy ^ßS>mar 50
(EH$ flb°Q> g°bm])
71. N>V ]ZmZdmb _›Zy ^ßS>mar 49
(EH$ flb°Q> g°bm])
72. gߪ`m H$ [ma (EH$ flb°Q> g°bm]) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 88
73. ÒÃr gw]mYrZr (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 35
74. ÒÃr gw]mYrZr (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 35
75. ÒÃr gw]mYrZr (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 37
76. aV H$s Xrdma (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 88
77. aV H$s Xrdma (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 82
78. aV H$s Xrdma (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 90
79. em`X (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 60
80. em`X (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 53
81. _° hma JB© _›Zy ßS>mar 31-32
(_° hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
82. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45
(_° hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
83. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47
(_° hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
84. VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
85. hma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 74
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
314
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
86. hma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 76
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
87. MÌ_ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 108
(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)
88. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 28
89. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 29
90. ZB© Zm°H$ar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 16
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
91. ]ßX XamOm H$m gmW _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
92. ]ßX XamOm H$m gmW _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
93. EH$ ]ma Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar 56
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
94. EH$ ]ma Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar 57
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
95. D™$MmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 119
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
96. AmV AmV `m`mda (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12
97. Vrgam ohÒgm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 97
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)
ïï [ßM_ A‹`m` ïï
a _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` H$m oeÎ[[j
1. erf©H$ ‡`mOZ
2. H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z
3. [mà [naH$Î[Zm
4. XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU
5. ^mfme°br
315
316
[ßM_ A‹`m`
B _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m oeÎ[[j :-
M ‡ÒVmdZm :
gmohÀ` H$s oH$gr ^r od⁄m _| "oeÎ[' H$m _hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ
h° $& Mmh dh H$hmZr C[›`mg, ZmQ>H$ m± H$mÏ` ∑`m| Z hm $& gmohÀ`
_| oeÎ[ hr dh _m‹`_ h°, oOgH$ ¤mam aMZmH$ma A[Z Ehgmg
H$m, A[Z mdm| H$m, Ed_≤ odMmam| H$m A[Z X` H$s gßdXZm H$m
Ï`doÒWV È[ _| gw ßXa È[ _| ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m H$m`© H$aVm h° $&
""AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr AmbmMH$ VWm gmohÀ`H$ma oeÎ[, oeÎ[-odoY,
oeÎ[ odYmZ AmoX e„Xmß H$m ‡`mJ AßJ´Or mfm H$ AmQ>©-E∑‡eZ
Q>H$ZrH$ H´$m\$Q> AmoX oH$gr Z oH$gr e„X H$ [`m©` H$ È[ _| ‡`mJ
H$aV h° $&''1
BVZ gma [`m©` H$m EH$ _mà H$maU `h h° oH$ oH$gr ^r
aMZm H$m "oeÎ[' CgH$ aMZmH$ma H$ H$m°eb [a AmYmnaV h° $&
BgrobE EH$ H$ obE "oeÎ[' H´$m‚Q> h° Vm A›` H$ obE E∑g‡eZ
`m™ AmQ>© h° $& d°g gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _| "oeÎ[' e„X H$m AW© Hw$N>
od¤mZ 64 H$bmAm| H$ gmW Vm Hw$N> H$m°eb[yU© H$bm H$ obE H$aV
h° boH$Z o\$a r oh›Xr _ß "oeÎ[' e„X ‡`w∑V hmVm h° $& ""AßJ´Or
H$m "H´$m\$Q>' e„X hr dmÒVd _| "oeÎ[' H$m [`m©` ]Z gH$Vm
h° $&''2 gmohÀ` H$s oH$gr ^r od⁄m C[›`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$,
H$odVm H$ Xm È[ hmV h° EH$ AmßVnaH$ Í$[ nOgH$m gÂ]›Y aMZmH$ma
H$ CXÌ` g hmVm h°, oOg d A[Z [mR>H$m| H$ g_j ‡ÒVwV H$aZm
MmhVm h° $& Xygam ]m¯ Í$[ hmVm h° $& BZ XmZm| Í$[m| H$ od^mOZ g
oH$gr ^r aMZm H$ A‹``Z Ed_≤ _yÎ`mßH$Z _| AmgmZr hmVr h° $&
317
boH$Z "oeÎ[' H$ AßVJ©V XmZm| Í$[ EH$-Xyga _| odobZ hm OmV
h° $& `h ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ "oeÎ[' H$ AßVJ©V XmZm| Í$[
oH$gr r aMZm È[r og∑H$ H$ ÒdÈ[ Am°a C‘Ì` Í$[r Xm [hby h° $&
oH$gr r aMZmH$ma H$ [mg Ao^Ï`o∑V H$ obE EH$ oZoÌMV odf`
dÒVw hmVr h° $& odf` aMZm H$s ]m¯ ‡oH´$`m Am°a dÒVw CgH$s
AmßVnaH$ ‡oH´$`m hmVr h° $& odf` H$m oZoÌMV Í$[ g dÒVw _| [naUV
hmZm hr [∂S>Vm h° $& BgrobE H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| odf` H$s A[jm
dÒVw AÀ`moYH$ _hŒd[yU© hm OmVr h° $Am°a dÒVw H$m AZw^d H$
YamVb g ‡mflV H$aH$ H$WmH$ma oOg _m‹`_ ¤mam ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m
‡`ÀZ H$aVm h° dh C[›`mg `m H$hmZr H$m oeÎ[ H$hbmVm h° $&
H$WmH$ma H$ gm_Z dÒVw H$ MwZmd H$ gmW-gmW CZH$ AZwÈ[ Cg
‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$ obE oeÎ[ H$ MwZmdH$s g_Ò`m ahVr h° $& hmbmßoH$
aMZm H$s dÒVw H$ AZwÈ[ hr CgH$m oeÎ[ oZo_©V hmVm h° Am°a
dÒVw H$ [nadV©Z H$ gmW-gmW CgH$ AZwÈ[ hr oeÎ[ _| r [nadV©Z
A[nahm`© hmVm h° $&
A] ‡ÌZ CR>Vm h° oH$ oeÎ[ ∑`m h° ? oeÎ[ H$m emo„XH$ AW©
H$bm H$m H$m°eb h° $&
""S>m™. ‡_ Q>ZmJa oeÎ[ H$m EH$ gmYZ _mZV h° Am°a oeÎ[
oH$gr H$bmH$ma H$s H$bm ¤mam Ao^Ï`∑V md Edß oM›VZYmam H$m
Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ H$m gmYZ m od⁄m h° $&''3
""oeÎ[ g Ao^‡m` hmW g H$mB© dÒVw V°`ma H$aZ AWdm
hÒVH$mar m H$marJar g h¢ $&''4
""oeÎ[ JwU H$bmH•$oV H$ odo^›Z AßJm H$s oeÎ[JV
EH$mßVodoV $&''5
318
""oeÎ[ - gßkm [w. oZ_m©U gO©Z, g•oÓQ> aMZm''6
oeÎ[odoY H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ H$m ‡`mg AZH$ od¤mZm| Z oH$`m
h° - S>m™. gÀ`[mb MwY H$ _VmZwgma - ""C[›`mg aMZm _ oOg
‡oH´$`m g b˙` VWm gßdXZm^yoV CgH$ VÀdm| H$WmZH$, [mÃ, gßdmX,
dmVmdaU AmoX _| [naUV hm Am°[¿`mogH$ Í$[ H$m oZ_m©U H$aV
h°, dhr CgH$s oeÎ[odoY h° $&''7
S>m™. Am_ew∑b H$m _V h° oH$ - ""H$bm H$s aMZm _| oOZ VarH$m|
aroV`m| Am°a odoY`m| H$m C[`mJ oH$`m OmVm h° d hr Cg H$bm H$s
oeÎ[odoY H$ Zm_ g [wH$mar OmVr h° $&''8
"oeÎ[' H$s EH$ odefVm `h ^r h° oH$ dh aMZmH$ma Am°a
g_` H$ AZwgma [oadoV©V hmVm ahVm h° $& d°g [nadV©Z gßgma H$m
emÒdV oZ`_ h° $& Bg_ Hw$N> [wamZm Mbm OmVm h° Am°a CgH$ ]Xb
Z`m ‡ÒWmo[V hmVm h°, Cgr Vah g ‡À`H$ aMZmH$ma H$s EH$ aMZm
[’oV hmVr h° `h aMZm [’oV Cg aMZmH$ma H$s oZOr C[bo„Y
hmVr h° $&
oeÎ[[j H$ AßVJ©V H$Wm, gßdmX, mfme°br, [mà AmoX H$m
g_mde oH$`m OmVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma h_ H$h gH$V h° oH$ oH$gr H$Wm
gmohÀ` C[›`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ AmoX H$s lÓR>Vm CgH$ dÒVw H$bm
Am°a oeÎ[ H$ gßVwobV g_›d` [a oZ^©a H$aVr h° $& AVï H$Wm
gmohÀ` EH$ H$bm h° Am°a oeÎ[ Bgr H$bm H$s [naUoV h° $& H$bm
H$m odH$mg _ZwÓ` H$s ghO gm°›X`m©Zw^yoV H$m [naUm_ h° $& AVï
H$Wm H$m gm°›X`©‡YmZ H$aZdmbm oeÎ[H$bm H$m hr Í$[ h° $& gmohÀ`
_| oeÎ[ H$m EH$ _hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ h° -
""‡oV^m H$ gmW-gmW Hw$eb oeÎ[ H$m hmZm ]h˛V OÈar h° $&
319
oeÎ[odhrZ ‡oV^m CÀH•$ÓQ> aMZm H$m g•OZ H$aZ _| Ag_W© h° Egr
‡oV^m Cg Hw$eb H$marJa H$ g_mZ h° Om Am°Oma Z hmZ H$ H$maU
A[Zr H$marJar oXImZ _| Ag_W© h° $&''9
"oeÎ[m' e„X H$ gÂ]›Y _| gßojflV È[ g oddMZ H$aZ H$
]mX A] h_ _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ oeÎ[[j [a –oÓQ>[mV
H$a|J $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| oeÎ[ Ao¤oV` h° $& boIH$m
amOZroVH$ Am°a _Zmd°kmoZH$ odMmaYmam g ‡^modV h° $& BgH$
H$Wm gmohÀ` _| H$Wm H$m gwgßJoR>V ÒdÈ[, MnaÃm| H$m _Zmd°kmoZH$
oZÈ[U, gßdmX [naH$Î[Zm dmVmdaU, mfme°br VWm C‘Ì` g]
VÀd _ZmodÌbfU H$ aßJ _| aßJm h˛Am h° $& CZH$s ^mfm odo^›Z
‡H$maH$s odefVmAm| g w∑V h° $& mfm _| VÀg_≤-AßJ´Or CXy© H$
e„Xm H$m ‡`mJ h˛Am h° gmW _| _whmda|-bmH$mo∑V`m| H$m r WmVœ`
oZdm©h h˛Am h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m oeÎ[[j hr
A[Z Am[ _| CZH$s EH$ odefVm h° $&
A] h_ _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm _| oeÎ[ H$bm H$m XI|J $&
Bg oeÎ[ [j _| g_modÓQ> hmZdmb VÀd h°ß -
(1) erf©H$ H$m ‡`mOZ
(2) H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z
(3) [mà [naH$Î[Zm
(4) XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU
(5) ^mfm-e°br
(1) erf©H$ H$m ‡`mOZ :
oH$gr r gmohÀ`H$ma H$s aMZm C[›`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ AmoX
320
H$m [∂T>V g_` [mR>H$ H$s ZOa g]g [hb aMZm H$ erf©H$ [a
[∂S>Vr h° $& Zm_ Í$[mÀ_H$ Bg OJV _| erf©H$ `m Zm_ H$m A[Zm
_hŒd h° $& OrdZ _| Ï`o∑V H$m Zm_H$aU OrdZmaß^ _ H$a oX`m
OmVm h°, BgrobE H$^r-H$^r BgH$ Zm_ Am°a Ï`o∑VÀd _| _hX›Va
oXImB© XZ bJVm h° $& gmohÀ` _| Egm Zhr hmVm, bIH$ aMZm H$m
g_mflV H$aZ H$ ]mX r Cg H•$oV H$m Zm_H$aU H$a gH$Vm h° $&
erf©H$ g h_ H•$oV _| ∑`m h° ? H$m°Z gm odf` h° ? H°$gr aMZm
h° BgH$s OmZH$mar o_bVr h° $& erf©H$ H$^r Zm`H$ H$ Zm_ H$ AmYma
[a O°g "M›–JwflV', "ÒHß$›X JwflV' oX`m OmVm h° H$^r Zmo`H$m H$
Zm_ [a erf©H$ oX`m OmVm h° O°g, emYam, Y´ydÒdmo_Zr Vm H$^r
ÒWb-H$mb H$ AmYma [a "[ßMdQ>r' oX`m OmVm h° $& Vm H$^r aMZm
H$ H$œ` –oÓQ>H$mU H$ AmYma [a oX`m OmVm h° O°g _›Zy ßS>mar H$m
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$m erf©H$ $& Zm_H$aU bIH$ H$s AmbmMZm
H$r gßojflVV_ È[ hmVm h° $&
erf©H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m ‡W_ VÀd h° Am°a CgH$m ÒWmZ ^r
gd©‡W_ h° $& ‡Vm[Zmam`U Q> ßS>ZZ A[Zr "ohßXr H$hmZr H$bm'
[wÒVH$ _| erf©H$ g gß]ßoYV obIm h° - ""Ò[ÓQ>Vm, odf`mZwHy$bVm,
bKwVm, AmH$f©U`w∑VVm, AW©[yU©Vm VWm ZdrZVm H$m erf©H$ _| hmZm
AmdÌ`H$ h° $&''10
A] h_ AmYma [a _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` H$m XI $&
M Ò[ÓQ>Vm :
oH$gr ^r aMZm H$m erf©H$ Ò[ÓQ> hmZm MmohE $& C[›`mg,
H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$, H$mÏ` AmoX H$m [∂T>Z g [mR>H$ H$m ∑`m OmZZ H$m
o_bJm BgH$m kmZ erf©H$ H$m [∂T>V hr [mR>H$m| H$m Ò[ÓQ> hmZm
321
MmohE $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg "Òdm_r', "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' Am°a
H$hmZr "EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr', "_O]yar', "ZB© Zm°H$ar',
"[ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr' AmoX H$ erf©H$ Ò[ÓQ> h° $&
M odf`mZwHy$bVm :
H•$oV g gß]ßoYV erf©H$ hmZm MmohE $& aMZmH$ma A[Zr aMZm
_| Om odf` MwZVm h° $& dh gm_moOH$, _Zmd°kmoZH$ m amOZroVH$
hm Vm CgH$m erf©H$ Cg odf` H$ AZwÍ$[ hmZm MmohE $&
""aMZm H$s odf`dÒVw Am°a erf©H$ H$m gß]ßY R>rH$ Z Ow∂S>Z g aMZm
[mR>H$m| H$ gßdXZ H$ ÒVa [a Ow∂S> Zht gH$Vr $&''11 _›Zy ßS>mar H$m
C[›`mg "_hm^mO' CgH$m erf©H$ odf` H$ AZwÈ[ hr h° $&
amOZroVH$ dmVmdaU H$m C[›`mg h° Am°a MwZmd H$ g_` ZVmJU
A[Z g odÈ’ [napÒWoV`m| H$m A[Z AZwÈ[ ]Zm bV h° $& Am°a
o]gy H$s hÀ`m CgH$ obE EH$ "_hm^mO' h¢ $& AVï H$o›–` ^md
hmZ H$ H$maU Bg C[›`mg H$m Xygam CoMV H$mB© erf©H$ hm hr Zht
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gwI XwïI A[Z JwU-Xmf Òdm_r H$ hmWm| _| gm¢[ oXE $&''28
Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ßS>marZ A[Z C[›`mgm| _| Am°a H$hmoZ`m| _|
ododY ‡H$ma g H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z oH$`m h° $& CZH$s aMZm H$m
H$m°eb H$WmdÒVw H$ gßJR>Z _| oXImB© XVm h° $& H$Wm dÒVw H$m M`Z
VWm H$hmZr H$m Amaß^, _‹` Am°a AßV _| bm`m J`m H$gmd CZH$s
H$hmoZ`m| H$m ‡^mdembr Am°a amMH$ ]Zm J`m h° $& CZ_| C]mD$[Z
H$m A^md hmZ g EH$ hr ]°R>H$ _| oH$gr H$hmZr H$m [∂T> OmZm
330
[mR>H$m| H$ ob` EH$ gwIX AZw^d hmVm h° $&
(3) [mà [naH$Î[Zm :
aMZmH$ma A[Z Amg[mg H$ OrdZ-OJV g KQ>ZmE™ Am°a [mÃm|
H$m MwZmd A[Z H$WmZH$ H$ AZwÈ[ H$aVm h° $& H$WmZH$ oZ_m©U
[mÃm| H$ oH´$`mH$bm[ g hmVm h° $& Vm KQ>ZmE™ r oZaW©H$ Am°a ÒdVï
Ò\y$V© Zht hmVr $& CZH$m CXÌ` Ï`o∑V MnaÃm| H$ OrdZ H$
gmaVÀd H$m oXImZm hmVm h° $& [mÃm| H$ o]Zm H$WmZH$ H$m oZ_m©U
hm Zhr gH$Vm $& H$Wm VÀd Am°a [mÃm| _| [aÒ[a gm_ßOÒ` AmdÌ`H$
h° $& C[›`mg H$ [mÃm| Am°a _mZdr` OrdZ H$ [mÃm| _| odef AßVa
Zhr ah OmVm $&
H$hmZr Am°a C[›`mg H$ ]ohaßJ VÀdm| _| erf©H$ Am°a H$WmdÒVw
gßJR>Z H$ ]mX V•Vr` _hŒd [mà oZ`mOZ H$m h° $& H$hmZr AmH$ma _
bKw hmVr h° Cg_| ¡`mXm [mÃm| H$m oZ`mOZ em^m Zhr XVm $&
C[›`mg AmH$ma _| ]∂S>m hmVm h° Cg_| [mÃm H$s gߪ`m ¡`mXm hmVr
h° $& C[›`mg _| ghm`H$ [mÃm| H$m oZdm©h ^r hmVm h° $& Om ‡_wI
[mÃm| H$m MmnaoÃH$ odH$mg H$aV h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| gm_m›`Vï Xm ‡H$ma H$
[mÃm| H$s [naH$Î[Zm H$s h° - dJ©JV [mà Am°a Ï`o∑VJV [mà $&
M dJ©JV [mà :
dJ©JV [mà ‡oVoZoYH$ [mà hmV h° $& g_mO H$ EH$ odef
dJ© H$m ‡oVnZoYÀd H$aV h° $& dhmß oZoÌMV Ï`o∑V H$s OJh Xygam
H$mB© r ah Vm r H$mB© \$aH$ Zht [∂S>Vm - O°g "ImQ> og∑H$' H$
I›Zm gmh], "ZH$br hra' H$s o_gO gaZ, "aV H$s Xrdma' H$m aod
AmoX $&
331
M Ï`o∑VJV [mà :
Ï`o∑VJV [mà H$s A[Zr oZOr odefVm hmVr h° $& ` [mÃ
A[Z Am[ _| [yU© hmV h¢ $& BZH$m ÒWmZ A›` H$mB© [mà Zht b
gH$Vm $& O°g - "Z`r Zm°H$ar' H$s a_m, "`hr gM h°' H$s Xr[m, "]ßX
XamOm| H$ gmW' H$s _ßOar $& [mà Mmh| Vm A[Z Am[ g Ow∂S> h˛E
g_mO H$m AßJ ^r ]Z gH$V h° ß, ‡oVoZoYÀd ^r H$a gH$V h¢ `m
g]g AbJ r ah gH$V h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$ Hw$N> [mà A›V_w©Ir r
h° $& CZH$ g_ÒV Mnaà Ï`o∑VdmXr Am°a AmÀ_H$o›–V h° $&
[napÒWoV`m| H$ gm_Z Z PwH$Zm VWm ÒdoZ_m©U H$s j_Vm CZH$
MnaÃm| H$s odefVmEß h° $& d°g BZH$ [mÃm| H$ [napÒWoV`m| H$ ‡oV
od–mh H$aZ H$s j_Vm Zht h° $& boH$Z dV©_mZ jUm| H$m ÒdrH$maZ
H$s ‡d•oŒm AoYH$ h° $& d A[Zr AßVJ´©oW`m| g VWm JV OrdZ H$s
A›VH©$WmAm| g ‡^modV Am°a [naMmobV ahV h° $& EH$ odef ]mV
h° oH$ CZH$ Mnaà Ï`o∑VdmXr h° $& h Ï`o∑VdmX dÒVwVï maVr`
g_mO H$ ZamrdmX H$m hr [`m©` h° $& CZH$ Zmar-[mà `WmW©Vï
^maVr` Zmar H$m hr Mnaà h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ [mÃm| H$ Zm_m| H$s –oÓQ> g odMma oH$`m Om` Vm
AoYH$mße Zm_ [mà H$ JwUmZwHy$b h° $& C›hm|Z Hw$N> Zm_ Vm AoV
gwßXa J∂T> h°ß $& "o_Vmbr' ]∂S>r gwßXa Zm_ h° $& "bI' g "bIm' ]ZmH$a
EH$ Z` Zm_ H$m C›hm|Z g•OZ H$a oX`m h° $& "_wabm', "eHw$Z' AmoX
Zm_ Hw$N> Eg h° ß Om [wamZ Zm_m| _| hbH$m-gm [nadV©Z H$a ]Zm
oXE h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` _| [mÃ-[naH$Î[Zm _| d°od‹` –oÓQ>JmMa
hmVm h° $& CZH$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| ‡YmZ Í$[ _| Zmar Am°a [wÈf [m`
332
OmV h° $& CZH$ [mà g^r AdÒWmAm| H$ h¢ $& "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg
H$m ]ßQ>r ]mÎ`mdÒWm H$m h° Vm "gOm' H$s Amem oH$emar h° $&
boIH$mZ AoYH$mße `wdm Mnaà hr oMoÃV oH$E h° ß $& ‡m° ∂T> Edß
d•’mdÒWm H$ [mà Zm_ _mà H$m hr Am` h¢ $& g_mO H$ g^r dJm H$
‡oVoZoYH$ Í$[ _| H$B© [mà BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| h¢ $& oeojV Edß
AoeojV [mà ^r Am[H$m o_b|J $& A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| C›hm|Z
[maß[naH$ Am°a AmYwoZH$ [mÃm| H$s o_br-Owbr [naH$Î[Zm H$s h° $&
Hw$N> [mÃm| _| _Zm¤ß¤ r A¿N>m C^mam h° $& BgrobE CZH$s gOrdVm
[mR>H$m| H$m odef Í$[ g ‡^modV H$aVr h¢ $&
(4) XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU :
XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU H$ AßVJ©V g_mO `m amÓQ≠ > H$s
gm_moOH$, amOZroVH$, gmßÒH•$oV, Ymo_©H$ [napÒWoV`m™, ahZ
ghZ, aroV-nadmO AmoX AmV h° $& ∑`m|oH$ _mZd H$m g_mO g
[•WH$ H$mB© AoÒVÀd Zht h° $& dmVmdaU [mÃm| H$m gßgma h° $& BgobE
gmohÀ`H$ma H$m A[Z [mÃm| H$s [napÒWoV-odef H$m gy˙_-oMÃU
H$aZm hmJm ∑`m|oH$ Xe-H$mb Am°a [napÒWoV H$ gßX^© _| hr [mR>H$
CgH$ [mÃm| H$ H$m`©-H$bm[m| H$m ghr _yÎ`mßH$Z H$a gH|$J $&
AmYwoZH$ `wJ _| H$mb© _m∑g©Z Oh `h H$hm oH$ ‡dmh[oVV
hmVm h° Vm _ZwÓ` H$ Amg[mg H$s pÒWoV`m| H$m oMÃU hmVm ahm h°
Vm dhr Xe-H$mb H$m oMÃU H$h OmVm h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU H$m
CÎbI Ò[ÓQ> o_bVm h° $& dmVmdaU H$ o]Zm [mR>H$m| H$ gÂ_wI
H$hmZr H$m WmW© Í$[ Ò[ÓQ> hm Zht [mVm $& Xe Am°a H$mb H$ o]Zm
g_Ò`m H$s oZo_©V H$m AßXmO [mR>H$m| H$m Am Zht gH$Vm $& AVï
333
XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU H$m À`mJH$a H$hmZr H$s aMZm H$aZ g
[mR>H$m| [a ¡`mXm oXZ Aga Zht ahVm $&
M H$mb]mY :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| ÒdmYrZVm [yd© H$m dmVmdaU
h°, Vm Hw$N> _| ÒdmYrZVm H$ ]mX H$m $& "hma' H$hmZr _| gZ≤ 1945
H$s AmOmX qhX gZm H$m CÎbI o_bVm h° $& "Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr
OZVm [mQ>u H$ emgZH$mb H$s H$hmZr h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg
]h˛MoM©V ]bN>rH$mßS> ha AmYmnaV h°, Om gZ≤ 1976 _| h˛Am Wm $&
lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| H$mb H$m CÎbI Ò[ÓQ>
Í$[ g oH$`m h° $& "hma' H$hmZr H$m CXmhaU ‡ÒVwV h° - "]mV `h
gZ≤ 45 H$ Ao›V_ oXZmß H$s h° $& AmOmX qhX \$mO H$ H$naÌ_ [∂T>
[∂T>H$a gmar OZVm ]mdbr hm ahr Wr $& h∂S>Vmb, Owbyg,
g^mAm| H$m ]mOma J_© Wm & H$mbO H$ N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm| _| Ome H$m
Egm ¡dma Am`m Wm oH$ o]Zm _Vb] hr „bS> g AßJyR> H$mQ>-H$mQ>H$a
EH$ Xyga H$ m ZVmOr H$s VÒdra [a IyZ H$m oVbH$ H$aV o\$aV W
Am°a _hgyg H$aV W oH$ A[Z Bg hm°gb H$ H$m_ g AmOmXr H$s
b∂S>mB© H$m C›hm|Z EH$ H$X_ Am°a AmJ ]∂T>m oX`m h° $&
Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z XeH$mb Am°a CgH$ AZwÍ$[ H$m`©
H$aZdmb bmJm| H$s ‡d•oŒm H$m oMÃU H$_ g H$_ e„Xm| _| A[Zr
H$hmoZ`m| _| oH$`m h° $& CZH$s Hw$N> H$hmoZ`mß g_`-H$mb H$s —oÓQ>
g Hw$N> KßQ>m g bH$a AZH$ dfm VH$ H$s AdoY H$m g_Q>Vr h¢ $&
"ImQ> og∑H$', "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' H$hmoZ`m| H$m g_` boIH$m ¤mam
hmQ>b H$ hmb _| o]Vm`m h˛Am Wm∂S> g g_` H$m h° $& "Vrgam AmX_r'
og\©$ EH$ oXZ H$s H$hmZr h° Om g]a g em_ VH$ MbVr h° $& Bg
334
Vah Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| AÎ[H$mb H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$m hr H$hmZr H$m
odf` ]Zm`m J`m h° Am°a dh g_` Am°a Cgg Ow∂S>r KQ>ZmEß hr
H$hmZr H$ Vœ` g A[Zm naÌVm ÒWmo[V H$a [mVr h° $& em`X `hr
gmMH$a boIH$m Z H$mb H$m AZmdÌ`H$ odÒVma H$hmZr _| hmZ
Zht oX`m $&
Hw$N> H$hmoZ`mß dV©_mZ H$mb H$s h¢, Vm Hw$N> AVrV H$s $& "Zem'
Zm_H$ H$hmZr _| AVrV H$m 40 df© VH$ [rN> KgrQ>m J`m h° $& "`hr
gM h°' H$hmZr S>m`ar e°br _| hmZ H$ H$maU ÒWmZ Am°a oVoW`mß
gmbh AmZ R>rH$ h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$s AoYH$mße H$hmoZ`mß dV©_mZ
_ß H$m`m©o›dV hmVr h° $& d dV©_mZ _| gmM H$ ÒVa VH$ hr gro_V
h° $& Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| AVrV _hŒd[yU© hm CR>m h° $& "MÌ_' H$hmZr
_| o_. d_m© H$m dV©_mZ, AVrV Am°a o_gO d_m© ¤mam gwZm`r
OmZ dmbr H$hmZr H$m H$bm]mY; Bg ‡H$ma VrZ ÒVa MbV h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Or H$ H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| H$mb]mY Ò[ÓQ> h° $&
H$mbmZwgma MnaÃm| H$s [naH$Î[Zm Ò[ÓQ> —oÓQ>JmMa hmVr h° $& "hma'
H$s Zmo`H$m Xr[m Owbyg oZH$mbVr h°, ^mfU XVr h° $& Bg ‡H$ma
H$mZmZwÈ[ AmMaU H$aVr h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg ´ÓQ> amOZroV
H$m X[©U h° $& H$Wm H$ [mÃm| Xmgmh] Am°a gwHw$b ]m]y A[Z
H$mbmZwgma dV©Z H$aV h° $& H$Wm H$ [mÃm| H$s gßdXZm g [mR>H$ H$s
gßdXZm Ow∂S>Vr h° $& BgrobE H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| H$mb]mY Ò[ÓQ> h° $&
_Ywae Or Z "bha' [oÃH$m _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ g_`
gßX^© _| EH$ OJh obIm h° - "A[Z g_` gßX^m H$ ‡oV EH$
A]moYV Iwbm[Z _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m CZH$s g_H$mbrZ
H$Wm-boIH$mAm| g AbJ H$aVm h° $& g_mO _ß VOr g C^aV Am°a
335
[Z[V ZdYZmT≤>` dJ© H$s _yÎ`-_y∂T>Vm H$ gßX^© _| Z` _yÎ`m| H$
gßH$V CZH$s ]h˛V-gr H$hmoZ`m| _| C^a h¢ $&'29
M ÒWmZ-]mY :
ÒWmZ-]mY H$m [Vm _›Zy ßS>mar H$s AoYH$mße H$hmoZ`m| H$m
[∂T>Z g Mb OmVm h° $& CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| AoYH$Va oXÎbr,
H$bH$Vm, O`[wa, AO_a, ^mZw[wam, H$mZ[wa, Bbmhm]mX AmoX
ÒWmZm| H$m CÎbI o_bVm h° $& amOÒWmZ Edß H$bH$Vm _| oejm [mZ
g VWm oZdmg oXÎbr _| hmZ g BZH$m CÎbI _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s
H$hmoZ`m| _| AoYH$ ÒWmZm| [a Am`m h° $& "[ß. JOmYma emÒÃr'
Zm_H$ H$hmZr _|, O°g - "J_u H$s Nw>o≈>`mß g_w–-oH$Zma o]VmZ H$
BamX g _¢ [war Mbm J`m Wm $& "ImQ> og∑H$' H$hmZr _| - "[a [agm|
O] C›h| gyMZm o_br oH$ bIZD$ g oH$gr H$m∞bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m
EH$ Xb H$bH$V H$ Xe©Zr` ÒWmZm| H$m XIZ H$ obE Am`m h° .....
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| Vm Ò[ÓQ> "gamhm Am°a oXÎbr H$m CÎbI
h° $& "O] g CgZ AmJOZr H$s KQ>Zm H$ ‡_mU OwQ>m` h¢, dh
[mJbm| H$s Vah [rN> [∂S>m h˛Am Wm $& oXÎbr MbZ H$ obE $&' BZ
‡H$ma AoYH$mße H$hmoZ`m| _| ÒWmZ H$m CÎbI Ò[ÓQ> h° $&
M dmVmdaU-]mY :
‡À`H$ H$hmZr _| dmVmdaU hmVm h°, o]Zm dmVmdaU H$ H$mB©
H$hmZr hmVr hr Zht $& "dmVmdaU h_| gß[yU© H$hmZr H$ ^md H$m
]mY H$amVm h° Z oH$ oH$gr EH$ AßJ H$m $& dmVmdaU H$hmZr H$m
[naUm_ h° Z oH$ H$maU $& AVï H$hmZr H$ ododY VŒdm| H$s gmd`dVm
dmVmdaU H$s EH$mB© H$m O›_ XVr h° $&' H$hmZr H$ [mÃm| H$ Ï`m[ma
Am°a dmVmdaU [aÒ[a ‡oVoH´$`mÀ_H$ hmV h¢ $& Eg —Ì` [mR>H$m| H$s
336
gßdXZerbVm H$m ‡naV H$aZ _| g\$b gmo]V hmV h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar
H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| odf`dÒVw AWdm [mÃm| H$ _ZmÏ`m[ma H$ AZwHy$b
hr dmVmdaU oMoÃV oH$`m J`m h° $& dmVmdaU H$ H$maU H$œ` AoYH$
‡^mdembr Í$[ g [mR>H$m| H$ _Z _| q]o]V hmVm h° $& EH$ OJh ]g
AS≤>S> H$m ]∂S>m hr WmW© dmVmdaU _›Zy ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$a AbJ
AbJ [mÃm| H$ oH´$`mH$bm[ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& "S≠>mBda A[Zr
grQ> [a AmH$a ]°R> J`m h° $& gm_mZ Vm R>rH$ g O_mH$a Hw$br ZrM
CVa J`m h° Am°a I∂S>m-I∂S>m ]r∂S>r \yß$H$ ahm h° $& AoYH$Va mÃr
]g _| ]°R> MwH$ h¢, [a Hw$N> bmJ A^r ]mha I∂S> o]XmB© H$s aÒ_
AXm H$a ah h¢ $&'
"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$s Zmo`H$m eHw$Z H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m oMÃU
H$aZ _| boIH$m Z Om dmVmdaU OwQ>m`m h° dh ]∂S>m _hŒd[yU© h° $&
"amO g]a [rN> H$ AmßJZ g KwgH$a Yy[ gma Ka H$m M_H$mVr
X_H$mVr Xm[ha H$m bmZ _| \°$b-[gaH$a ]°R> OmVr Am°a em_ H$m
]∂S>r Abgm`r-gr Yra-Yra gaH$Vr h˛B© [rN> H$s [hmo∂S>`m _| oN>[
OmVr $& EH$ Xyga H$m R> bV h˛E _m°g_ ^r AmV hr ah $& o\$a ^r
eHw$Z H$m bJVm Wm oH$ g_` O°g R>ha H$a O_ J`m h° Am°a O_ h˛E
g_` H$s h M≈>mZ H$ht g Z o[KbVr Wr, Z Qy>Q>Vr Wr $& ]g Qy>Q>Vr
ahr h° Vm eHw$Z - Yra-Yra, oVb-oVb $&'30
(5) ^mfm-e°br :
^mfm Ao^Ï`o∑V H$m ge∑V _m‹`_ h° $& oH$gr r aMZmH$ma
H$s eo∑V CgH$s mfm Am°a e°br hmVr h°, oOgg dh A[Zr odoeÓQ>
Am°a AbJ [hMmZ ]ZmVm h° Am°a [mR>H$m| [a A[Z Ï`o∑VÀd H$m
‡^md N>m ∂S>Vm h° $& ‡À`H$ Ï`o∑V H$s A[Zr e°br hmVr h°, Bg
337
‡H$ma gmohÀ`H$ma H$s r A[Zr e°br hmVr h° $& oOgg dh A[Z
g_H$mbrZm| g AbJ [hMmZm OmVm h° $& ‡À`H$ aMZm _| bIH$ H$
Ï`o∑VÀd H$s Ao_Q> N>m[ hmVr h° $& Bg AmYma [a h_ _›Zy ßS>mar
H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$s mfm-e°br [a odMma H$a|J $&
AmO H$m H$WmH$ma AZw^d H$m YZr h°, ∑`m|oH$ AmdaU _w∑V
`WmW© CgH$s AmßIm| H$ gm_Z h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`mß Bgr
]mV H$m Ehgmg oXbmVr h¢ oH$ `WmW© g Q>H$amB© h˛B© hmZ g C›h|
oeÎ[ H$s H$mB© AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht $& o\$a r wJm| g Mbr AmB© h˛B©
[na[mQ>r H$m Vm∂S>m Zht Om gH$Vm $& BgrobE oeÎ[ g gß]ßoYV Om
]mV h_| CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| o_br C›h| ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m
J`m h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s ]|Q>r aMZm Z dmVm©bm[ _| H$hm Wm oH$ -
""__r H$s H$hmoZ`mß [∂T>V g_` Egm bJVm h° oH$ _mZm __r A[Z
gmW grYr ]mV H$a ahr h° $& amO_e© H$ OrdZ _| __r O°g ]mV
H$aVr h°, Cgr mfm _| dh [AZr H$hmoZ`mß obIVr h° $&''
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| Am°a C[›`mg H$ [mà O°g gOrd h¢
d°g hr CZH$s mfm r OrdßV h° $& boIH$m H$ [mg A[Z AZw^d
Edß AZw^yoV H$m g߇ofV H$aZ H$ obE OrdßV Am°a ghO mfm h° $&
AH$b mfm H$ ÒVa [a r CZH$s H$hmoZ`mß g_•’ hm JB© h° $& AmO
H$s Jhar, OoQ>b, AmßVnaH$ gßdXZm Am°a ¤ß¤mÀ_H$ AZw^dm| H$m
g߇ofV H$aZ H$ obE oOg ‡H$ma H$s mfm H$s OÈaV hmVr h° dh
CZH$ [mg h° $& ∑`m|oH$ oH$Vm]r mfm Z obIH$a d Cg _mhm°b H$s
^mfm obIVr h¢ oOg_| CZH$ [mà gmßg bV h¢ $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar qhXr ^mfm H$ ‡oV ‡`ÀZerb Zht h° ß $& ^mfm
338
emÒÃr` –oÓQ> g ew’ oh›Xr mfm H$m A[Zr aMZmAm| _| ‡`mJH$a
og\©$ ]wo’Orod`m| H$ obE A[Zm gmohÀ`-oZ_m©U C›hm|Z Zht oH$`m
h°, Ao[Vw C›hm|Z OZ-gm_m›` H$s Ï`Wm-H$Wm OZ-gm_m›` VH$
[h˛ßMmZ H$ obE OZ-gm_m›` H$s ]mbMmb H$s ^mfm H$m ‡`mJ
oH$`m h° $& BgrobE CZH$s mfm H$m h_ Xm Í$[m _| XIV h° $&
1. e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ $&
2. ^mfm H$m ‡`mJ $&
M e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar AO_a _| ahr h°, dhmß g _mhm°b _| Kwbr-o_br
h¢ $& Cg ‡Xe odef H$ e„X ÒdVï hr _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| _|
‡Mwa _mÃm _| [m` OmV h° $& Aa]r-\$magr e„Xm| H$m ghO ÒdrH$ma
BZH$s mfm _| h° $& ‡maß^ H$ Xm H$hmZr-gßJ´hm H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| h
‡^md AoYH$ h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$ ÒWmZm›VaU H$ gmW CZH$s mfm
_| [nadV©Z AmVm J`m h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar AO_a g H$bH$Vm Am°a
H$bH$Vm g oXÎbr [h˛ßMr h° $& CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m XeH$mb
dmVmdaU Am°a ^mfm H$m ^r ‡`mg Cgr AZwfßJ g h˛Am, `h ^r
Òd`_d Ò[ÓQ> h° $&
lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s ^mfm _| g_`-gßX^©, [nade Am°a
[mÃmZwHy$b e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ h˛Am h° $& Xer-odXer VWm Z` T>ßJ g
‡`w∑V A‡MobV e„Xm H$ ‡`mJ r o_bV h¢ $& VÀg_ Am°a VX≤^d
e„X, Aa]r-\$magr H$ e„X, AßJ´Or H$ Ï`dhma _| ‡`w∑V hmZdmb
e„X _›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm _| [m` OmV h¢ $& CXmhaUmW© -
""Hw$ebj_, oÃeßHw$, AßJ-‡À`ßJ, –, jUmße $&
339
„`mh, b„]m-bw]m], O‘mOhX, eD$a, _wµJmbVm $&
XwΩJr, N>o_`mß, N>_mH$m, ZmZB©, AmoX $&''31
M A›` maVr` mfmAm| H$ e„X :
m ]ßJbm :
H$bH$Vm oZdmg _| ]ßJbm mfm H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z Wm∂S>m ]h˛V
OmZm Wm qH$Vw CZH$m [nade qhXr ^mfm hr ahZ H$ H$maU CZH$s
^mfm [a ]ßJbm mfm H$m AoYH$ ‡^md oXImB© Zht XVm $& o\$a r
]ßJmbr [nade H$ ‡^md g _›Zy ^ßS>mar ANy>Vr Zht ahr $& CZH$s
EH$ H$hmZr H$m Zm_ hr ]ßJbm JrV H$ ‡maß^ H$ Hw$N> e„Xm| g hmVm
h° $& "EImZ AmH$me ZmßB', Bg H$hmZr _| Cg ]ßJbm JrV H$s [ßo∑V`mß
Hw$N> Bg Vah aI Xr h¢ oH$ H$hmZr H$ ^md Cgg Ow∂S> OmV h° $&
"emZm ]ßYw emZm ‡mUhrZ E ehaa BoVH$Wm$&'32
m odXer mfm H$ e„X :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m [nadma gwoeojV ahm h° $& o[Vm, [oV VWm
]hZ H$ Ka AßJ´Or r [naoMV ]mbr h° $& AmO r maVr` oejm
Ï`dÒWm _| AßJ´ Or H$m ÒWmZ ]Zm ahZ g ^maVr` OZVm [a dh
N>m`r ahr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm _| AßJ´Or H$ e„X ghO Í$[ _|
Am` h°ß $& H$ht-H$ht am_Z obo[ _| r oXIm`r XV h¢ $& d°g XdZmJar
obo[ _| obI AßJ´ Or H$ e„X Am°a dm∑` h_| H$B© H$hmoZ`m| _|
o_b|J $& O°g - o_a|oS>`›g, Q≤>`yZ, AmQ>uo\$oe`b, BZ\$sna`mnaQ>r,
H$Â[b∑g, Zg©ar amB_ $& Hw$N> dm∑` r –ÓQ>Ï` hß - "BQ≤>g ∑br`a
H$g Am\$ gwgmBS>' & "AmZ gZ≤S> AmB E_ h°fl[r' $&
CXy © H$ gmW AßJ´ Or e„Xm| H$m o_bmH$ma ]Zm` J` e„X -
\°$eZ[aÒV ]rod`mß, _mB© oS>`a XmÒV $& AßJ´Or g ohßXr _| oH$`m
340
"Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr _| ‡`w∑V EH$ _∑Ir_ma AZwdmX ^r _›Zy
^ßS>mar H$s H$b_ g oZH$bm h° $& O°g "gwB© [Q>H$ g›ZmQ>m' $& EH$
H$hmZr H$ erf©H$ _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z oÃ^mfm \$m∞a_yb H$m ]∂S> hr gwßXa
T>ßJ g ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° ï "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' $&
m gß`w∑V e„X :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr ^mfm _| AZH$ e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m
h° $& ‡MobV gß`w∑V e„Xm| H$ gmW gßX^m©ZwHy$b Z` gß`w∑V
e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ r ]∂S>r ghOVm g H$a oX`m h° $& ‡MobV gß`w∑V
e„X h_| Om CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| o_b, d h¢ - _m_m-dm_m,
[mQ>u-dmQ>u, Xw∑IZ-gw∑I_, XßS>-\ß$S> $& "N>V ]ZmZ dmb' H$hmZr
_| ]∂S>r ghOVm g _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z "jUmßH$' e„X H$m ‡`mJ
oH$`m h° $&' "jUmßH$' H$ obE YZr m¢hm| H$ ZrM AmßIm| H$ H$Q>ma
Hw$N> Am°a ogHw$∂S>, bbmQ> H$s VrZ gbdQ>| Hw$N> Am°a AoYH$ C^a
Am`t $&''
m bmH$JrV :
Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| ÒWmZr` ]mob`m| _| ‡MobV JrVm| H$s H$o∂S>`m
^r h° oOZH$ e„Xm| [a odMma oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° $& O°g - "_O]yar'
H$hmZr H$s [ßo∑V`mß -
"AmAm ar oMo∂S>`m MwZ H$am
]Qy> D$[a amB-Zy_ H$am
ZyZ H$am - ZyZ H$am $&'33
m ]mbMmb H$ e„X ‡`mJ :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| XeH$mb H$ AZwgma
]mbMmb H$ e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ ]h˛bVm g oH$`m h° $& Hw$N> CXmhaU
341
‡ÒVwV h¢ -
""A\$gam| g P∂S>m|, M[amog`m| H$m Pm∂S>m $&
VJU-_JU-[JU H$m V[©U $&
Nw>ar H|$Mr H$m Eb. [r. Mbm $&
H$b_ oKÒgy ∑bH©$, Or^ oMÒgy hm JE $&
]∂S> ]m[ H$s ]Q>r A\$ga gßJ bQ>r $&
AZIm` oXZ AZgm`r amV| $$&''34
m H$hmdV| Am°a _whmda :
‡_MßX H$ wJ _| AÀ`oYH$ ‡MobV H$hmdVm| Am°a _whmdam| H$m
‡`mJ BYa Hw$N> H$_ hr oXIm`r XVm h° $& boH$Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m
‹`mZ AmYwoZH$ Vœ` H$s H$hmoZ`mß obIZ [a r CZH$s Ama J`m
h° $& Hw$N> ‡`mJ –ÓQ>Ï` h¢ ï
""gm° gwZma H$s EH$ bwhma H$s $&
Myß-Myß H$m _wa„]m $&
A` hm` $& Jmd H$s N>mar Am°a [ya] H$s Mmb $&
XyYm| ZhmB©, [yVm| \$br $&''35
M ^mfm H$ gmohpÀ`H$ JwU :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm _| gmohoÀ`H$ JwUm| H$s H$_r Zht h° O°g -
m ‡dmhmÀH$_Vm :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm H$m ‡dmh ZXr H$s Cg Ymam H$ g_mZ h°
Om A[Z _ßVÏ` VH$ ÈH$Zm OmZVr hr Zht $& C’aU –ÓQ>Ï` h° -
""aOZrJßYm H$s _hH$ Yra-Yra _a VZ-_Z [a N>m OmVr h° $& V^r
_¢ A[Z mb [a gßO` H$ AYam| g Ò[e© _hgyg H$aVr hˇß, Am°a _wP
bJVm h° h Ò[e©, h gwI, h jU hr gÀ` h°, dh gM PyR> Wm,
342
o_œ`m Wm, ^´_ Wm - Am°a h_ XmZm| EH$ Xyga H$ AmqbJZ _| ]ßY
ahV h¢ - MwoÂ]V, ‡oVMwoÂ]V $&''36
m oMÃmÀ_H$Vm :
_›Zy ßS>mar H$s VyobH$m O] MbVr h° V] [mÃm| H$ Mha [mR>H$m|
H$ gÂ_wI C^aV MbV h° $& EH$ CXmhaU Bg ‡H$ma h° - ""Am°a Cg
jU O] _ar ÒV„Y Am°a bwflV MVZm bm°Q>r Vm _ar AmßI ^a
Am`t $& _¢Z XIm, _a gm_Z Xg hOma H$m M°H$ [∂S>m Wm Am°a hmW
_| [mßM H$m ZmQ> - Amßgy^ar AmßIm| H$ [ma _wP bJm O°g XmZm| H$
Í$[ AÒ[ÓQ> g AÒ[ÓQ>Va hmV Mb Om ah h¢ $&''
m ZmQ>H$s`Vm :
ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$ o]Zm H$hmZr oZIma Zht AmVm $& _›Zy ßS>mar
H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$s PbH$ XIr Om gH$Vr h° $- ""Vm
Bg Vah Mb ahr h° eIa Am°a VwÂhmar XmÒVr ? hr [∂T>mB© hmVr h°
`hmß ]°R>H$a ..... hr g] H$aZ H$ obE AmVm h° dh hmß ..... $&'
o]Œm a H$s b∂S>H$s Am°a H$aV] XIm BZH$ $& oOVZr Ny>Q> Xm CVZ
hr [°a [gaV Om ah h¢ BZH$ $& EH$ Pm[∂S> XyßJr Vm gmam am_mßg P∂S>
Om`Jm Xm o_ZQ> _| ..... $&''37
m [mÃmZwHy$bVm :
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Egr H$hmZr-boIH$m h° Om A[Zr [mÃmZwHy$b
^mfm H$m J∂T>Vr h° $& "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr _| o^›Z-o^›Z C_´ H$ [mÃm|
H$s mfm OmZH$a hr C_´ OmZr OmVr h° $& [mà AJa [∂T>m-obIm hm
Vm CgH$s mfm _| AßJ´Or H$ H$B© e„X Am`|J $& [mà AJa _woÒb_
dmVmdaU _| ahm hm Vm \$magr-CXy© H$ e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ CgH$s mfm
_| oXIm`r XJm $& "Ao^ZVm' H$hmZr _| [¿Mrgm| CXy© e„Xm| H$m h_
343
XIV h° $& gamhm Jmßd H$ J´m_rU OZ "_hm^mO' _| mO[war e„Xm|
¤mam A[Zr Ï`Wm-H$Wm H$m ‡H$Q> H$aV h° $&
m ododY e°ob`m| H$m ‡`mJ :
‡À`H$ aMZmH$ma A[Z mdm| Am°a odMmam| H$m odef [X≤YoV
g Ao^Ï`∑V H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h°, Cg hr e°br H$hm OmVm h° $&
‡ÒVwoVH$aU H$m T>ßJ hr e°br h° $& S>m∞. ZraOm H$m H$WZ h°, ""e°br
Vm ‡ÒVwoV H$m T>ßJ h° Am°a oeÎ[ [yar aMZm H$s gmH$maVm H$m VßÃmÀ_H$
AmYma $& oeÎ[ H$s aMZm oOg ‡oH´$`m odef _| g C^aVr h° dh h°
e°br $&38 e°br H$m gß]ßY og\©$ gmohÀ` g Zht hmVm ]oÎH$
gmohÀ`H$ma g r hmVm h° $& ∑`m|oH$ gmohÀ`, gmohÀ`H$ma H$ AZw^yV
`wJ-OrdZ H$m ‡oVq]] hmVm h° $& AVEH$ aMZmH$ma H$ gßÒH$ma,
AZw^d, ÈoM H$m`©jà VWm [nade AmoX H$m r Cg_| odef _hÀd
hmVm h° $& e°br H$œ` H$ AZwgma A[Zm Í$[ r [nadoV©V H$aVr h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar H$r gmohoÀ`H$ ‡oV^m H$hmZr, C[›`mg Am°a ZmQ>H$ H$
_m‹`_ g ‡H$Q> h˛B© h° $& boIH$m H$m gVV `h ‡`ÀZ ahm h° oH$
CZH$ H$œ` H$s _yb gßdXZm, [mR>H$m| H$ X`m| H$ AVb JhamB© _|
CVaH$_ C›h| odMma-_ßWZ H$ obE ‡d•Œm H$a| $& AVEd CZH$ gmohÀ`
_| e°ob`m| H$m d°od‹` h° $& EH$ H•$oV _| d Mma-[m±M e°ob`m| H$m
‡`mJ r H$m°eb g H$aVr h° $& BZH$ ‡`mJ M_ÀH$ma-‡Xe©Z m
oeÎ[ H$s H$marJar oXIbmZ H$ obE Zht Ao[Vw A[Zr aMZm H$
Ame` H$m g_PZ _| [mR>H$m| H$m oH$gr ‡H$ma H$s AgwodYm Z hm,
Bgr ‡`mOZ g oH$E JE h¢ $& `hr CZH$s aMZmYo_©Vm Edß
‡`mJYo_©Vm H$s gMVZ C[bo„Y h° $&
1. dU©ZmÀ_H$ m oddaUmÀ_H$ e°br :
dh gmohÀ`-g•OZ H$s gdm©oYH$ ‡MobV Am°a ‡mMrZ ‡Umbr
344
h° $& AmO `h e°br H$db _mZd H$ ]m¯-OrdZ H$ oMÃU _| hr
Zht ]oÎH$ AßVoZ©Í$[U _| ^r A[Zm gm_œ`© oXIm ahr h° $&
_›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZmAm| _| oX≤d_wIr odf`-dÒVw H$m ‡oV[mXZ
oH$`m h° $& EH$ Ama d _mZd H$s AßVïÌMVZm g Ow ∂S>r h˛B©
g_Ò`mAm| H$m CX≤KmQ>Z H$aVr h° Vm Xygar Ama odH•$V VWm odgßJV
gm_moOH$, amOZroVH$, [mnadmnaH$, Ymo_©H$ pÒWoV`m| H$m COmJa
H$aVr h°ß $& Bg Xygar pÒWoV _| dU©ZmÀ_H$-e°br g H$m\$s H$m_ ob`m
OmVm h° $& dÒVwVï dU©ZmÀ_H$ e°br _| g_Ò`m H$m qOXm [H$∂S>H$a
Cgr Í$[ _| [mR>H$m| VH$ g߇ofV H$aZm OmoI_ H$m H$m`© hmVm h° $&
boIH$m Z A[Z H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| Bg e°br H$m Ã-VÃ ‡`mJ oH$`m
h° $& CZH$s ‡maßo^H$ aMZmAm| _| g_Ò`m-AßH$Z H$ obE r BgH$m
‡`mJ H$_-AoYH$ _mÃm _| h˛Am h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg _|
g_Ò`m H$ CX≤KmQ>Z _| h e°br H$m\$s g\$b hm MwH$s h° $&
""o]gy H$ _maZ H$m VarH$m Mmh Z g_P _| Am ahm hm, [a
_aZdmb H$m Zm_ em`X g]H$ _Z _| ]h˛V gm\$ Wm $& Zm_ ^r,
H$maU ^r $& [a H$db _Z _| $& ]`mZ H$ g_` ^r O]mZ [a H$mB©
Zht bm`m $& o]gy H$m ]m[ r Zht $&''39
"Ao^ZVm' H$hmZr Z ‡m° ∂T>m-Hw$_mnaH$m H$s AH$b[Z H$s
g_Ò`m dU©ZmÀ_H$ e°br ¤mam hr oZamd•V H$s h°, ""Xm°bV H$s JmX
Am°a emhaV H$s _rZma, Om ^r gwI bm gH$Vr Wr, d aßOZm H$
Am±JZ _| ]mah_mgr H$ \y$bm| H$s Vah oIb ahV W $& _Ja o\$a r
aßOZm Iwe Z Wr $& Hw$N> Wm, Om Cg rVa-hr-^rVa ImE S>mbVm $&
‡_ H$m Ao^Z` H$aV CgH$m Or V∂S>[ OmVm oH$ H$me, H$mB© hmVm
oOgg dh gM_wM ‡_ H$a gH$Vr $&''40
345
Bg ‡H$ma dU©ZmÀ_H$ e°br _| r g_Ò`m H$m qOXm [H$∂S>Z H$s
boIH$m H$s H$bm ‡eßgZr` h° $&
2. AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br :
AmYwoZH$ wJ _| h gdm©oYH$ ‡MobV e°br h° $& Bg_| bIH$
AmÀ_H$Wm H$s m±oV ‡W_ [wÈf _| H$Wm H$m dU©Z H$aVm h° $& H$^r
dh IwX oZdXH$ hmVm h° Vm H$^r H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI AWdm ghm`H$
[mà ^r bIH$ H$m ÒWmZ J´hU H$a bVm h° $& Bg e°br _| J´ ßoWV
H$œ` AÀ`oYH$ odÌdgZr` ]ZH$a [mR>H$ Am°a bIH$ _| [`m©flV
Z°H$Q≤>` ÒWmo[V H$aVm h° $& AVEd ""dU©ZmÀ_H$ e°br H$r A[jm
AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br AoYH$ l_-gm‹` h° Am°a H$bmÀ_H$Vm H$s
A[jm aIVr h° $&'' _›Zy ßS>mar H$s AZH$ aMZm-H•$oV`m| _| BgH$m
g\$b ‡`mJ h˛Am h° $& Bg_| [mà oOZ AmßVnaH$ Am°a ]m¯ g_Ò`mAm|
g JwOaV h¢, C›h| d IwX hr CX≤KmoQ>V H$aV h¢ $& "ÒÃr-gw]moYZr'
H$hmZr _| [nadma H$ obE, AW©-ÒÃmV ]Zr Zmo`H$m IwX hr A[Zr
g_Ò`m H$m Ï`∑V H$aVr h°, ""Z Ka H$m H$mB© AßHw$e Wm Am°a Z Bg
]mV H$s gß^mdZm oH$ H$ht _am R>m°a-oR>H$mZm bJm X|J $& _am oR>H$mZm
d bJmV ^r ∑`m, CZH$s qOXoJ`m± oR>H$mZ bJr ah|, Am°a Ka H$s
_erZ O°g-V°g MbVr ah, BgH$ obE _wP hr ha _hrZ _ZrAm∞S>©a
_| Vb S>mbH$a OZm [∂S>Vm Wm $&
boIH$m H$s "_¢ hma JB©', "hma', "gµOm', "`hr gM h°',
"AmV-OmV m`mda', "ÒÃr-gw]moYZr' AmoX H$hmoZ`m™ odewX≤Y
Í$[ g AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _| gßaoMV h° $& BZ H$hmoZ`m| H$
AoVna∑V A›`à r ]rM-]rM _| Bg e°br H$ ‡`mJ ¤mam [mà Òd`ß
A[Zr CbPZ| Ï`∑V H$aVm h¢ $& "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' Am°a "EH$ BßM
346
_wÒH$mZ' C[›`mgm| _| Bg e°br H$m ]Iy]r g ‡`mJ h˛Am h° $& "EH$
BßM _wÒH$mZ' H$s A_bm IwX A[Z OrdZ H$s ^Q>H$Z H$m Ï`∑V
H$aVr h° Om CgH$ OrdZ H$s emH$mßoVH$m H$s O∂S> h¢, ""AmO VH$
_¢Z A[Z OrdZ [a odMma Am°a CgH$m odÌbfU H$aZ H$ AoVna∑V
oH$`m hr ∑`m h° ? ` odMma hr _wP ^Q>H$mV ah h¢, OrdZ-[`±V
^Q>H$mEßJ, Q>H$Zm _wP ÒdrH$m`© h°, [a oH$gr H$m ]ßYZ, oH$gr H$m
XwamJ´h ÒdrH$ma Zht $& A_bm OrdZ _| gr_mAm|, _`m©XmAm| Am°a
]ßYZm| H$m Zht _mZVr, _mZJr r Zht $&''41
AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _| oH$`m J`m g_Ò`mAm| H$m AßH$Z
AÀ`oYH$ ‡^mdr VWm odÌdgZr` ]ZH$a [mR>H$m| [a grYm AmKmV
H$aVm h° $&
3. S>m`ar VWm [Ã-e°br :
S>m`ar VWm [Ã-e°br _Z H$ Jw¯V_ mdm| H$m Ï`∑V H$aZ H$m
ge∑V C[H$aU h° $& boIH$m Z S>m`ar e°br H$m ‡`mJ "VrZ oZJmhm|
H$s EH$ VÒdra' H$hmZr _| g_W© Í$[ _| oH$`m h° $& Xe©Zm H$s AV•flV
H$m_ H$s g_Ò`m g S>mar H$ [fi H$ [fi aßJ JE h¢ $& Bg_| ÒdflZ
e°br Z `mJ XH$a g_Ò`m H$m ge∑V Í$[ _| CX≤KmQ>Z oH$`m h° $&
Bg_| [mà AÀ`oYH$ Jm[Zr` ]mV|, Om H$db A[Z Am[g ]Vm
gH$Vm h°, CgH$m CX≤KmQ>Z hmVm h° $& AVEd `h e°br [mÃm| H$s
_mZogH$ JwoÀW`m| Edß CgH$s XwIVr aJ H$m WmdV≤ [H$∂S>Z _| g_W©
hmVr h° $& Bgr ‡H$ma "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' C[›`mg _| r S>m`ar e°br
H$ _m‹`_ g A_bm H$ _mZogH$ A›V¤™›¤ H$m oMÃdV≤ AßH$Z hm
[m`m h° $& _ßX _ßX _wÒH$mZ H$m H$dM Am∂T>H$a Am°a A[Zr Mmam| Ama
PyR> Ahß Am°a o_œ`mo^_mZ H$s Xrdma| H$aVr h° $& gma ]ßYZm| Am°a
347
_`m©XmAm| H$m Vm∂S>H$a odoeÓQ> ]ZZ H$s bbH$ _| CgZ ∑`m [m`m,
""`h EH$mH$s OrdZ ]h˛V ]moPb Am°a oZaW©H$-gm bJ ahm h° $&''42
S>m`ar H$m h EH$ dm∑` AÀ`oYH$ odÌdgoZ`Vm H$ gmW [mR>H$m|
H$ gÂ_wI CgH$s Ï`Wm H$m aI XVm h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z gmohÀ` _| ]rM-]rM _| [Ã e°br H$m
‡`mJ H$aH$ [mÃm| H$s _ZïnwÒWoV`m| Edß OnQ>b CbPZm| H$m Ï`∑V
H$aVm h° $& Bg e°br H$ ¤mam bIH$ H$œ` H$m odÒVma g ]MmVm h°
Am°a CgH$ ‡^md H$s gm_œ`© r ]∂T>mVm h° $& "EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s
H$s H$hmZr' _| [Ã e°br ¤mam hr Zmo`H$m H$m AH$bm[Z, CgH$
ˆX` H$s AVb JahmB© _| oN>[r H$gH$ VWm qOXJr H$m KgrQ>V h˛E
OrZ H$s oddeVm Ï`∑V h˛B© h° $& oOZ ]mVm| H$m CX≤KmQ>Z H$aZ H$
obE H$hmZr H$ oH$VZ hr [fi a OmZ H$s gß^mdZm ahVr h°, boIH$m
[Ãm| H$ MßX [ßo∑V`m| _| Cg g_W©Vm g CR>mVr h° $& dÒVwVï gmßdoJH$
jUm| _| ‡À`j Ao^Ï`o∑V O] _woÌH$b-gr hmVr h° V] [Ã
gßõfU hr ge∑V _m‹`_ hmVm h° $& "Ao^ZVm' H$hmZr _| H$db
EH$ [Ã H$s gßaMZm H$aH$ boIH$m Z oXbr[ H$m [yam AVrV aßMZm
H$ gÂ_wI C[pÒWV H$a oX`m h°, Om aßOZm H$ VZ-_Z H$m Vm∂S> XVm
h° $& aßOZm IwX H$hmZr H$ AßV _| oXbr[ H$m [Ã obIVr h°, ""_¢ Vm
H$db aßJ_ßM [a hr Ao^Z` H$aVr hˇ±, [a VwÂhmam Vm gmam OrdZ hr
Ao^Z` h° $& ]∂S> D±$M H$bmH$ma Am°a gY h˛E Ao^ZVm hm Vw_ _a
XmÒV !''43 [Ã H$ MßX dm∑` aßOZm H$ Qy>Q> oXb H$s XmÒVmZ Ï`∑V
H$aZ _| gj_ h¢ $& "AZMmhr JhamB`m±' VWm "g`mZr ]wAm' H$hmZr
_| Bg e°br H$m _mo_©H$ ‡`mJ h˛Am h°, Om g_Ò`m H$s O∂S> hr CY∂S>
XVm h° $&
348
"EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' C[›`mg _| boIH$m ¤mam oZo_©V [yam EH$
A‹`m` [Ã-e°br _| h¢ $& Bg_| N>ï [Ãm| _| [ya A‹`m` H$m Jy±WH$a
boIH$m Z [oV-[ÀZr H$ ]rM X AmÀ_r`-gÂ]›Y ZÓQ> hm OmZ H$s
g_Ò`m H$s CgH$ [Ãm|-aem| gohV CX≤KmoQ>V oH$`m h° $& hr A‹`m`
C[›`mg H$m _ÈXßS> ]ZH$a [mR>H$m| H$m H$œ` H$s _yb gßdXZm VWm
g_Ò`m H$ gßg∑V H$amVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma boIH$m Z A[Z H$Wm
gmohÀ` _| [Ã-e°br H$m ‡`mJ g_Ò`m H$ oZamdaU H$ obE
oH$`m h° $&
4. _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br :
AmYwoZH$ wJ _| _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br H$m ‡`mJ AoZdm`©
hm J`m h° $& ∑`m|oH$ AmO bmH$-OrdZ _| oOVZr CbPZ| ]mha h¢,
Cgg H$B© ¡`mXm OoQ>b CbPZ| CgH$ AßVg≤ _| h¢ $& CbPZ| Cg
AßXa g Zm|M-Zm|MH$a bhˇbwhmZ H$a ahr h¢ $& BZ AmßVnaH$ gßdJm|
gßdXZmAm|, ¤ß¤m|-JwoÀW`m| H$m gwbPmZ H$ obE Bg e°br H$m
_hŒd[yU© gh`mJ ahm h° $& S>m∞. YZamZ _mZYmZm H$m H$WZ h°,
""CgH$ _m‹`_ g _mZd-Mnaà H$s ododY [napÒWoV`m| _|
‡oVoH´$`mÀ_H$ gß^mdZmAm| H$m g]g AoYH$ oZXe©Z gß^d h° $&''
_ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br _| gmohÀ`H$ma H$s mofH$ gm_œ ©_hÀd[yU©
hmVr h° $& boIH$m H$s ^mofH$ gm_œ`© _mZd H$s AßVïMVZm H$m
ghr YamVb [a [H$∂S>H$a Cg Ï`∑V H$aZ _| gj_ h° $& B›hm|Z A[yd©
gßdXZm H$ ghma _mZd H$s _ZïpÒWoV`m| H$ oMÃU _| AX≤ yV g\$bVm
‡mflV H$s h° $& Bg e°br H$ ¤mam [mÃm| H$s _mZogH$ CbPZm|, JwoÀW`m|
A›V¤™¤ H$m BVZr gßdXeZerbVm g CR>m`m h° oH$ [mR>H$ AZm`mg
hr [mÃm| H$s gßdXZm g Ow∂S>H$a Cgr ‡H$ma H$s gßdXZmÀ_H$ C–H$
349
H$s AZw^yoV A[Z _| [mVm h° $& oH$ema oJaH$S>H$a H$m H$WZ gmW©
h°, ""`oX h H$hm OmE oH$ _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br _›Zy ßS>mar
H$s aMZmAm| H$m ‡mUVÀd h°$& Vm em`X JbV Z hmJm $&'' boIH$m
Z Bg e°br H$ ¤mam Xo_V, Hwß$oR>V, IßoS>V VWm CX≤dobV [mÃm| H$s
XwIVr aJ [a ]am]a hmW aI oX`m h° $& Bg —oÓQ> g CZH$m "Am[H$m
]ßQ>r', "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' C[›`mg VWm "H$sb Am°a H$gH$', "VrZ
oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra', "KwQ>Z', "Vrgam AmX_r', "EH$ ]ma Am°a',
"]m±hm| H$m Kam', "AmV OmV `m`mda' O°gr H$oV[` H$hmoZ`m™
CÎbIZr` h¢ $& boIH$m Z [mÃm| H$ AßV_©Z _| [h˛±MH$a, CZH$ _mZg
[a M∂T>r [Vm~ H$m AÀ`oYH$ ZOmH$V g AbJm`m h° Am°a CZH$s
g_Ò`m H$m AZmd•V H$a oX`m h° $& hm± Hw$N> CXmhUa –ÓQ>Ï` h¢ -
"Vrgam AmX_r' H$hmZr _| _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br ¤mam A[Zr
[m°ÈfhrZVm H$s J´ßoW g gßÃÒV gVre H$ _mZogH$ ¤ß¤ Edß gße` H$m
qOXm [H$∂S> ob`m h°, ""gmbm emhXm H$ht H$m, H$hmZr bZ Am`m
h° $! eHw$Z Z Cg OÍ$a ]Vm oX`m hmJm $& eHw$Z, oH$g O›_ H$m ]°a
Vw_Z _wPg oZH$mbm h° $! Cg AmX_r H$ gm_Z _wP ZßJm oH$`m,
oOgH$ gm_Z _wP dÒÃm| H$s g]g ¡`mXm AmdÌ`H$Vm Wr !'
"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg _| eHw$Z H$s _mZogH$ CbPZm| H$m
AÀ`oYH$ gßdXZerbVm g CR>mH$a EH$ [wZod©dmohVm H$ _mV•Àd g
AbJmd H$s g_Ò`m H$m ‡À`jrH$aU oH$`m h°, ""Ahß Am°a JwÒg g
^a-^a, eHw$Z H$s bmB© h˛B© MrOm| H$m o]Zm XI, o]Zm Nw>E EH$
Ama gaH$m XZ, C_∂T>V Am±gwAm| H$m rVa-hr-^rVa amH$H$a gyIr
Am±Im| g _mQ>a _| ]°R>H$a o]Xm hm OmZ H$s Ï`Wm ]ßQ>r g H$ht ¡`mXm
eHw$Z H$s A[Zr Ï`Wm h°, Am°a Egr Ï`Wm oOg H$mB© ]Vm r Zht
350
gH$Vm.. AmO r Zht, AmJ r Zht $&''44 Bg ‡H$ma boIH$m H$s
_mZogH$ CbPZm| H$m [H$∂S>H$a, ghr XX© H$s [hMmZ H$am XZ H$m
gm_œ`© ]Om∂S> h° $&
Bg ‡H$ma "`hr gM h°' _| Xr[m H$s AoZU©` H$s ¤ß¤J´ÒV
pÒWoV, "gOm' H$hmZr _| Amem H$m _ZmodÌbfU, "H$sb Am°a
H$gH$' VWm "]m±hm| H$m Kam' H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$mAm| H$s AV•flV H$m_
Hwß$R>m, "KwQ>Z' H$hmZr H$s ‡oV_m H$s KwQ>Z, "j`' H$hmZr H$s Hwß$Vr
H$s AmßVnaH$ V∂S>[Z, "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' H$s A_bm H$m _ßX-_ßX
_wÒH$mZ H$s AmQ> _| oN>[m XX©, "Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$s o_Zr H$m A›V¤™¤
g^r H$m boIH$m Z _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ T>ßJ g odÌbfU H$aH$ CZH$s
g_Ò`mAm| H$m WmdV≤ C[nÒWV oH$`m h° $& boIH$m Z [wÈf-[mÃm|
H$m _ZmodÌbfU r ge∑VVm g oH$`m h° $& "Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr
H$ eam ]m]y, "em`X' H$hmZr H$m amImb, "D±$MmB©' H$hmZr H$m
oeoea, "AmV-OmV `m`mda' H$m ZaZ, "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$
oÃbmMZ qgh BZ g^r [mÃm| H$ AßV_©Z _| ‡de H$a CZH$s AmßVnaH$
Ï`Wm H$m COmJa oH$`m h° $&
5. gßdmX e°br :
gßdmX ZmQ>H$m | H $ ‡mUVÀd hm V h ¢ Vm X ygar Ama d
H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| ‡mU \y±$H$V h¢ $& d H$œ` Am°a C‘Ì` H$ gßdmhH$
hmV h¢ Vm H$^r H$œ` H$s gßdXZm Am°a g_Ò`m H$s ghr [hMmZ H$am
XZ _| ^r gh`mJ [h˛±MmV h¢ $& d H$^r [mà H$m AmÀ_-odÌbfU
H$a CZH$s N>Q>[Q>mhQ> [a dma H$aV h¢ $& AWm©V≤ gmohÀ`H$ma H$ obE
gßdmX EH$ Egm C[H$aU h°, oOgH$ ‡`mJ g dh ]h˛V gma H$m_
H$adm bVm h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| gßdmX e°br H$m
351
‡`mJ ‡Mwa _mÃm _| h˛Am h° $& C›hm|Z A[Zr H$oV[` H$hmoZ`m| _|
dU©ZmÀ_H$Vm g ]MH$a MQ>H$sb _mo_©H$ VWm gmßH$oVH$ gßdmXm ¤mam
g_Ò`mAm| H$m AßH$Z oH$`m h° $& CZH$ C[›`mgm| _| Vm gßdmX hr
BVZ O]aXÒV h¢ oH$ d [mÃm| H$s AmßVnaH$ Am°a ]m¯ CbPZm| H$m
gVhr Vm°a [a Ò[ÓQ> H$aV h¢ $& S>m. ZraO H$m H$WZ h°, ""^md Am°a
H$œ` H$m gß[ofV H$aZm C[›`mgH$ma H$m Xmo`Àd ]Z OmVm h° $& Bg
H$m`©-[yoV© H$ obE dh g_Ò`mÍ$[ [mÃm| H$m M`Z H$aVm h°, CZH$s
_ZïpÒWoV, AmÀ_JV H$WZ Am°a gßdmXm| H$ _m‹`_ g dh C[›`mg
H$ C‘Ì` H$m Ao^Ï ßoOV H$aVm h° $&''45 AWm©V≤ _ßVÏ` H$m g߇fUr`
]ZmZ _| gßdmX ge∑V gmYZ h¢ $& boIH$m Z "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg
_| ÒWb-ÒWb [a AmÀ_JV gßdmXm| H$m ‡`mJ H$a AmÀ_-odÌbfU
¤mam g_Ò`m H$ H$maUm| Am°a [naUm_m| H$m D$hm[mh oH$`m h° $&
C[›`mg _| eHw$Z H$m oZÂZ AmÀ_JV gßdmX g_Ò`m H$s O∂S> H$m
oZamd•V H$aVm h°, ""gM, h_ bmJ em`X ]ßQ>r H$m _mà EH$ gmYZ
hr g_PV ah ! A[Z-A[Z Ahß, A[Zr-A[Zr _hÀdmH$mßjmAm|
Am°a A[Zr-A[Zr Hw ß$R>mAm H$ gßX^© _| hr gmMV ah $& ]ßQ>r H$
gßX^© _| H$^r gmMm hr Zht $&''46 g_Ò`mAm| g JwOa OmZ H$ ]mX
H$m `h AmÀ_odÌbfU [mR>H$m| H$ oXem-oZXeZ _| ^r H$m\$s
C[`w©∑V h° $&
boIH$m H$ gßdmXm| _| Ï`ßΩ` H$m Egm [°Zm[Z h° oH$ dh grYm
g_Ò`m H$s O∂S> [a H$R>mamKmV H$aVm h° $& Bg —oÓQ> g CZH$m
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg CÎbIZr` h°, oOg_| gßdmX ÒWmZ-ÒWmZ [a
O›_ bH$a A[Zr VrIr Yma g ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ ndodY [hbwAm| H$m
gmhogH$Vm H$ gmW Ama-[ma Mra XV h¢ $& dV©_mZ amOZVmAm| H$s
352
XmJbr ZroV VWm OZVm H$m ]hH$mZ H$ hWHß$S>m H$m XIH$a q]Xm
H$hVm h°, ""hram H$mH$m ! Zht OmZV ? Am[ g] bmJm| H$ Vm g_Yr
]Z h˛E h¢ AmOH$b ! oOg XIm dhr YmVr H$s bm±J CR>mE Mbm Om
ahm h° CZH$ [mg $&''47 gßdmX H$db g_Ò`m H$m qOXm hr Zht
[H$∂S>V ]oÎH$ CgH$s g_W©Vm g Mra-\$mS> H$a XV h¢ $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| `WmdH$me CR>mE JE gßdmX
pÒWoV`m| Edß g_Òm`Am| H$m COmJa H$aZ _| gj_ h° $& gmßH$oVH$Vm
VWm Ï`ßΩ` H$m [wQ> obE gßdmX g_Ò`mAm| H$s ‡^md-j_Vm ]∂T>mZ
_| gj_ h¢ $& CZH$ gßdmX-e°br H$s A›`V_ C[bo„Y `h h° oH$
C›hm|Z Hw$N> g_Ò`mAm| H$ CX≤KmQ>Z H$ obE ÒdVßà H•$oV`m| Edß
[mÃm| H$m M`Z Zht oH$`m h° $& o\$a r ‡gßJmZwHy$b [mÃm| H$s ]hg
¤mam g_Ò`mE± ÒdVï CX≤KmoQ>V h˛B© h¢ $& odefVï XhO-g_Ò`m,
]mobJ hmZ g [yd© oddmh, oddmh _| ]mYmE± VWm odYdm-g_Ò`m
Z [mÃm| H$ gßdmXm| _| ÒdVï ‡de H$a A[Z H$m oZamd•V oH$`m h° $&
"o]Zm Xrdmamß H$ Ka' VWm ZmQ≤>`-Í$[mßVa "_hm^mO' H$ gßdmX
Vm H$œ` _| ‡mU \y ±$H$V h¢ $& gßdmXm| H$s ^mfm A[Z g^r eÒÃm|
AÒÃm| H$m ‡`mJ H$aH$ H$œ` H$s _yb gßdXZm g Ow ∂S>H$a CgH$m
g߇fUr` ]ZmZ _| g\$b og’ hm MwH$s h° $& Bgr H$maU Vm CZH$
"_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$s A[jm ZmQ≤>`-Í$[mßVa "_hm^mO' gm_moOH$
OmJaU H$m ‡^mdr gmYZ ahm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma gßdmXm| H$s ghOVm,
gabVm, [mÃmZwHy$bVm, gßojflVVm Am°a gmßH$oVH$Vm H$ H$maU
g_Ò`mAm| H$m WmdV≤ AßH$Z [mR>H$m| H$ oXbm|-oX_mJ [a ÒWm`r
‡^md N>m∂S>H$a C›h| Ambmo∂S>V H$aVm h° $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z `wJgÀ` H$s ghr VÒdra CVmaZ H$ obE
353
g_Ò`mZwÍ$[ ododY e°ob`m| H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $& g_Ò`mAm| H$s
‡^mdmÀ[mXH$Vm ]∂T>mZ H$ obE C›hm|Z Ï`ßΩ` e°br, Amde e°br,
oMÃmÀ_H$ e°br VWm H$mÏ`mÀ_ Am°a JrV e°br H$m ^r ghO
Òdm^modH$ ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $&
m g_J´mbmMZ :
Hw$b o_bmH$a H$h gH$V h° oH$ lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm
H$s g]g [hbr odefVm h° CgH$s gh≤OVm-O›` gabVm $& CZH$s
^mfm _| mdm| H$m Ï`∑V H$aZ H$s AgmYmaU eo∑V h° $& oOg ]mV
H$m d oOg Í$[ _| ‡H$Q> H$aZm MmhVr h¢, Cg Cgr Í$[ _| CZH$s
^mfm ‡H$Q> H$a XVr h¢ $& mfm H$m Img T>ßJ g J∂T>Z H$s AmdÌ`H$Vm
C›h| H$^r _hgyg Zht h˛B© $& d ‡oV_m H$ YZr h¢ $& CZH$s H$WmAm| _|
^md Am°a odMma, Vœ` Am°a H$Î[Zm, ^mfm Am°a AbßH$ma H$m
AmÌM`©OZH$ Í$[ _| g_›d` h˛Am h° $& X°ZoXZ OrdZ H$s mfm H$m
C[`mJ Cgr Í$[ _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZmAm| _| oH$`m h° $&
Cgr H$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ CZH$s ^mfm _| ‡^md Am°a VmOJr h°, Om
CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m amMH$Vm ‡XmZ H$aVr h° $& ]mbMmb _| H$hmdVm|,
_whmdam| AmoX H$m C[`mJ H$aZ g _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gOrd [mà OrdßV
^mfm H$ CX≤KmoQ>V H$aV h¢ $& od¤Œmm H$ ‡Xe©Z H$m A^md Am°a
H•$oÃ_Vm g Xya XeH$mb Am°a [oadeJV [mÃm| H$ AZwHy$b mfm H$m
ghO ‡`mJ H$aZ _| _›Zy ßS>mar og’hÒV h° $& dhr CZH$s mfm H$m
e•ßJma h° $& ^mdm| H$ gmW ^mfm H$s amMH$Vm [mR>H$m| H$m H$hmZr
[∂T>V g_` C]mVr Zht $&
_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s ^mfm A[Z Am[ _ß gwßXa h° $& gy˙_ g gy˙_
AßV¤©¤ Am°a _Zmd°kmoZH$ OoQ>bVm H$m gabVm g gwbPmZ _| CZH$s
354
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gmohÀ`H$ma A[Zr aMZm H$ _m‹`_ g A[Z C‘Ì` H$m og’ H$aVm
h° $& H$Wm gmohÀ` H$db _ZmaßOZ H$m gmYZ Z ahH$a CgH$m C‘Ì`
hmVm h° o]Zm C‘Ì` oH$gr r H•$oV H$s aMZm Zhr hmVr $& boIH$m
Z A[Z C[›`mg, ZmQ>H$ Am°a H$hmZr _| g_mO _| Om hm ahm h°
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]ßQ>r H$s g_Ò`m g_mO H$s g_Ò`m h° $& g_mO _| Eg ]ßQ>r ]h˛V h° $&
Vm "_hm^mO' C[›`mg EH$ amOZroVH$ C[›`mg h° Cg_| boIH$m Z
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H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
1. AÌH$ H$ C[›`mg H$œ` Am°a S>m™. lr_oV drUm[moU 91
oeÎ[
2. AÌH$ H$ C[›`mg H$œ` Am°a S>m™. lr_oV drUm[moU 92
oeÎ[
3. oh›Xr-CXy© C[›`mg oeÎ[ S>m™. ‡_ ^Q>ZmJa 26
]XbV [na[˙`
4. oh›Xr-CXy© C[›`mg oeÎ[ S>m™. ‡_ ^Q>ZmJa 3
]XbV [na[˙`
5. _mZdr H$s [mna^mofH$ H$me ZJ›– 24
6. oh›Xr e„X gmJa gß. Ì`m_gwßXaXmg 4751
7. ‡_MßXmŒma C[›`mgm| H$s S>m™. gÀ`[mb MwY 10
oeÎ[odoY
8. oh›Xr C[›`mg H$s oeÎ[od⁄m S>m™. Am_ ew∑b 17
H$m odH$mg
9. oh›Xr C[›`mg H$s oeÎ[od⁄m S>m™. Am_ ew∑b 27
H$m odH$mg
10. qhXr H$hmZr H$bm ‡Vm[Zmam`U Q>ßS>Z 236
11. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 101
12. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 102
13. gw]moYZr (oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 35
14. g_mOdmXr oh›Xr C[›`mgm| _| S>m™. ZmpÒVHw$_ma 42
MnaÃmßH$Z
15. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 103
16. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27
(VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra)
17. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 54
(VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra)
356
H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gߪ`m
18. Ao^ZVm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 74
(_° hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
18. D™$MmB©$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 118
(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)
19. oÃeßHw$ (oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 71
20. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 38
21. Xm H$bmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 131
(_° hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
22. H$sb Am°a H$gH$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 118
(_° hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
23. em`X (oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47
24. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 30
25. g`mZr ]wAm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 67
(_° hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)
26. ÒÃr gw]moYZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 37
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)
27. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45
28. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 111
29. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 36
30. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 114
31. EImZ AmH$me ZmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124
(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)
32. _O]war _›Zy ^ßS>mar 84
(VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra)
33. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 115
34. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 116
35. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 116
357
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36. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg gmohÀ` S>m™. ZraOm 173
H$m odÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
37. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 26
38. ÒÃr gw]moYZr (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 66
39. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 82
40. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 124
41. Ao^ZVm (_° hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 84
42. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 49
43. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 192
44. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg gmohÀ` S>m™. ZraOm 122
H$m odÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
45. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 203
46. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 115
_›Zy ^ßS>mar g$gmjmÀH$ma
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ZmQ>H$H$ Í$[ _| ‡H$Q> H$aVr ahr h° $& CZH$ ‡_wI C[›`mg [m™M h¢ -
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]Zmag g E_.E. oH$`m $&
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372
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Vm _¢ BgH$ g_W©Z _| Zht hˇ± $& hm AJa [oV g gÂ]›Y o]JS>
Vm Am[ AbJ hm OmE± Xygar emXr H$a b $& Cg g_` odYdm
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^yo_H$m AmO Jm°U hm JB© h° $& o\$a r _wP bJVm h° oOZH$s
Í$oM gmohÀ` _ h° dm gmohÀ` hr [∂T>J CZH$s Í$oM H$m Q>r.dr.
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amOZroV _| ÈoM aIV hm ?
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‡˝-5 "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg H$m ∑`m C‘Ì` h° ?
CŒma 1970 _| grar`b MbVr Wr Om Y_©`wJ _| YmamdmohH$ Í$[ _|
N>[r Wr [yar hmV hr oH$Vm] _| Am J`r $& Am[H$m ]ßQ>r VrZ
[nadma H$s H$Wm h°, VrZm| [nadma VbmH$ ew’m [nadma h¢ EH$
]Q>m _m™ H$ gmW ahVm h°$& EH$ b∂S>H$s _m±-]m[ H$ gmW
ahVr h° $& _°Z [hbrdma _mhZ amH$e H$s [ÀZr H$m CgH$s
_•À`w H$ ]mX XIm $& amH$eOr [ÀZrZ Xygar emXr H$a br Wr $&
amH$e Z H$hm™ oH$ ]Q>m _a gmW ahJm _¢Z (boIH$m) Z H$hm™
]Q> H$m _m± H$ gmW ahZXm _¢Z gmar ]mV H$m Cg g_Pm`m,
o\$a r d ]¿Mm H$m b J` $& EH$ H$hmZr _| [hbr [ÀZr H$s
o]oQ>`m Xygar [ÀZr H$ gmW ahVr Wr $& d Cg ]h˛V Iam] T>ßJ
g aIVr h° ` g] _¢ OmZVr Wr $& EH$ Am°a Xß[Vr Wm CgH$
[oV H$s _•À`w hm JB© EH$ ]Q>m Wm CgH$s [ÀZr H$m oH$gr Ama
g gÂ]›Y Wm Om CgH$m ]Q>m ]Xm©ÌV Zhr H$aVm Wm ` VrZm
[nadma _a gm_Z Wm dh "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg H$ Í$[ _|
Ï`∑V h˛Am h° $&
‡˝-6 gmohÀ` Am°a oejm _| amOZroV H$m ∑`m ‡^md h° ?
CŒma AmO amOZroV ha OJh ‡_wI h° Mmh oejm hm m gmohÀ` $&
g] OJh ‡de H$a JB© h° $& AmOmXr H$ [hb ]w∂T>, wdmZ g]
amOZroV _ W ZhÈOr Z H$hm™ A] AmOmXr o_b JB© Vm A[Z
A[Z jÃ_| bJ OmAm, [a amOZroV A[Zr amJ _| Kwg JB© Wr
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Vm g] A[Z A[Z jà H$s amOZroV _| bJ J` Am°a Bg Vah
amOZroV g^r jà _| Am JB© $& Am[Z H$hm oH$ gmohÀ` _| h_
OrZ _yÎ`m| H$s ÒWm[Zm H$aV h° CZ _yÎ`m| H$m odamY hmVm h° $&
ha gmohÀ`H$ma [waÒH$ma [mZ H$ ob` H$hr Z H$hr gaH$ma g
PwH$V h° Cg_| A[dmX r hmV h° $& gß[mXH$ r aMZmH$ma H$m
MwZV h° $& amOZroV H$m È[ ]Xb J`m [a h° Vm g^r OJh $&
oejm _| AmO od⁄mWuAm| H$m EH$ Xb hmVm h° $& h_ma g_`
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Am[ ZmardmX H$s [jYa h° ?
CŒma _¢ ZmardmXH$s [jYa Zht hˇ± $& "gOm' H$hmZr _| ›`m` Ï`dÒWm
[a H$amam Ï`ßΩ` h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| Zd gmb _| Ï`o∑V H$m
[nadma Vhg-Zhg hm OmVm h° Am°a AßV_| OO H$hVm h° oH$
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g_Ò`m H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h° $&
‡˝-8 "Amg_mVm' C[›`mg _| Am` ∑`m H$hZm MmhV hm ?
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CŒma _S>_ Z H$hm ` ]∂S>m _woÌH$b gdmb h° $& [aßVw H$hmZr _|
"oÃeßHw$' Am°a C[›`mg _| "_hm^mO' g]g A¿N>m bJm h° $&
‡˝-10 "Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$s ‡aUm H$hm™ g o_br $?
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h° $& CZH$m hr odÒVma h° $& ]gw MQ>Ou eaV≤ H$s "Òdm_r' H$hmZr
[a o\$Î_ ]ZmZm MmhV W Vm _¢Z eaV]m]yH$s H$hmZr H$m
C[›`mg _| Í$[mßVnaV oH$`m Am°a "Òdm_r' ]h˛V A¿N>r
]Zr h° $&
‡˝-11 Am[ A] Hw$N> obIV hm ?
CŒma A] _am obIZm H$_ hm J`m h°, _wP ›`wbmoO`m H$s ]r_mar
h°, mXXmÒV H$_Oma hm JB© h°, Am™I [a Aga hm JB© h° Vm _°
em_ H$m [∂T> Zht gH$Vr gw]h Hw$N> [∂T>Vr hˇ ™ _¢Z 2007 _|
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