saturday, august 3, 2013
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Saturday, August 3, 2013. Activities today. NGSS core ideas covered (today and on Wednesday). Morning debriefing Ecosystem studies Habitat studies (soil sampling) Vegetation sampling and rangeland inventories - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Saturday, August 3, 2013
Activities today
• Morning debriefing• Ecosystem studies • Habitat studies (soil sampling)• Vegetation sampling and rangeland
inventories• Plant identification and School
Herbarium Preparation for the study of plant diversity and evolution• Afternoon: Lab activities
• pH & Ion Testing• Quantification of samples, plant
identification, data analysis and interpretation
• Reflection time• Evening Discussion
NGSS core ideas covered (today and on Wednesday)
LS2.BLS4.ALS4.DESS1.AESS1.BESS1.CESS2.DESS2.EESS3.D
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Plant Kingdom
Flowering Plants
Non-flowering Plants
Classification of Plants
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. 3 groups
FernsMosses Gymnosperms
Non - flowering Plants
Do NOT produce flowers
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A plant can be divided into 3 parts
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Examples of Mosses
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spores
Spore-producing capsule
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.No true roots, No vascular tissues (no transport)
Characteristics of Mosses
.Simple stems & leaves
.Have rhizoids for anchorage
.Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal)
.Damp terrestrial land
.Simplest plants
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underground stem
root
A leaf (finely divided into small parts)
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.roots, feathery leaves & underground stems
Characteristics of Ferns
.have vascular tissues (transport & support)
.Damp & shady places
.Spore-producing organ on the underside of leaves (reproduction)
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needle-shaped leaves
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Male cones (in clusters)
Female cones (scattered)
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.roots, woody stems
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
.needle-shaped leaves
.tall evergreen trees
.cones with reproductive structures
.dry places
.vascular tissues (transport)
.naked seeds in female cones
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. 2 groups
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Flowering Plants
. roots, stems, leaves
. vascular tissues (transport)
. flowers, fruits (contain seeds)
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Monocotyledons
Parallel veins
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. one seed-leaf
Characteristics of Monocotyledons
leaves have parallel veins. herbaceous plants. e.g. grass, maize
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DicotyledonsVeins in network
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. two seed-leavesCharacteristics of Dicotyledons
. leaves have veins in network
. e.g. trees, sunflower, rose
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Plant ClassificationNon-flowering
Plants
Flowering
Spore-bearing
Naked seeds
No roots
with roots
Mosses Ferns
Gymnosperms
1 seed-leaf
2 seed-leaves
Monocots Dicots
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Plant Collections and Herbarium Preparation
Plant Collections are samples of plants that can be:
1. Dried one mounted on paper (herbarium specimens)
2. Liquid preserved 3. Kept alive, grown in greenhouse or garden
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Why to collect plant? Resource material for plant taxonomic
studies (they catalogue the plants). Reference collection for named taxa ( =
voucher specimen)– Type specimen in formal naming– Reference for the identity of a taxon -in field
studies, e.g., floristic surveys, ecological or any plant related results
Provide information about the plant in a native habitat
Study of global change (floristics/climate)
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How does one:
1) Obtain a specific plant(s) for a research study- Use label information from herbarium specimens to find localities- Use maps to find likely habitats
2) Do a complete inventory of plants for a field survey or floristic study?- Collect and identify every plant in a region during different seasons and different years.- Note: Permission / permits needed!
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Should you collect? What to collect?Generally DON’T collect “listed” taxa: rare, endangered, or threatenedMust know ahead of time which these are!
When you collect, use “1 to 20” rule:– For every herb you collect, make sure
there are at least 20 in the population.– For every branch of a shrub or tree,
make sure there are at least 20 more.
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How to collect? Herbs: Must dig up at least one entire plant
to show root or rootstock (e.g., corm, bulb, rhizome)
Shrubs, trees, vines: One branch sufficient.Collect a representative specimen that shows
vegetative and reproductive parts (in flower, fruit, cone, with sporangia, etc.)
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How to collect? Press plants:
Portable field press used in fieldTransfer to standard herbarium press
1) Fold to fit ca. 11.5” x 16.5”; fill up area2) Cut to fit & to prevent too much overlap; slice
rootstocks; slice flowers, fruits to show morph.3) At least one leaf up, one down4) Collect extra material, if possible.5) Divide into 2 or more sheets, if necessary.6) Succulents: cut out tissue, soak in alcohol
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Cardboards: ca. 12” x 18” Newspaper, ca. 11.5” x
16.5”
Tighten strapsPlace in plant drier,
2-3 daysRemove and check if dry
(if it feels cool, not dry)
Plant Press
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Collection Data
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Collection Data
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Importance of recording color, even of pollen grains!
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Liquid-Preserved Collections
Anatomy, embryology, palynology, etc.:FAA (Formalin - Acetic Acid - Alcohol (ethanol)
Cytology (chromosome numbers):Carnoy’s solution (100% ethanol : glacial acetic acid)
Ultrastructure:Gluteraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, formalin
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Living Collections
Grow in greenhouse or botanic gardenValuable for long-term studiesCollections for Molecular Studies DNA: dried in silica gel Allozymes, RNA: fresh material
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Research projects Pollinator visitation rates on an invasive plant
and native plant Abundance of a particular medicinal plant
species Abundance of listed taxa in your area Abundance of legume taxa in the natural habitats Monitoring of exotic invasive plants Tracking global change using herbarium
specimens