satoyama woodland management
DESCRIPTION
Satoyama woodland management and mass mortality of oak trees in JapanTRANSCRIPT
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Satoyama woodland management and mass
mortality of oak trees
ITÔ, HirokiForestry and Forest Products Research Institute
2014-10-23
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Satoyama as
• Woodlands
• Landscapes
• Systems
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Satoyama woodlands
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19c. KyôtoOgura (2011)
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Overuse
Underuse
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Satoyama landscapesTakeuchi (2003)
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Satoyama systemsFukamachi and Oku (2011)
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Satoyama woodlands• Satoyama woodlands had been maintained to obtain
charcoal woods, fuel woods, green manure and other materials.
• Most of them were managed as pine forests or as coppices that were consisted of oaks.
• Most of them have been abandoned from 1960–70s because fossil fuel replaced charcoal and fuel woods.
• After 1990s, mass mortality of oak trees has expanded in Japan.
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Some Satoyama woodlands are still
managed as coppices
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Charcoal
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Bed logs for mushroom cultivation
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Coppices in EnglandRackham (1986)
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Coppice management and species abundance
in floor vegetation
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Study site
Inagawa Town
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Coppice still managed
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Coppice still managed
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Stump
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Pollard
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Abandoned broadleaved forest
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Abandoned pine forest
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Coppice had more plant species in floor vegetation than abandoned forests (Itô et al. 2010)
Stand type
No.
spe
cies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5
year
2006
2007
2008
Cleared in 2007
Cleared in 2005
Cleared in 2001
Broad-leaved Pine
Coppices Abandoned forests
Stand type
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Light-demanding herbaceous species can survive on coppice floor
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Siphonostegia laetaオオヒキヨモギ, Red-listed (VU)
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Monochasma sheareriクチナシグサ
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Tricyrtis affinisヤマジノホトトギス
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Simulation• Itô et al. (2012) constructed a simple simulation model to estimate
fluctuations of floor species abundance with 6 conditions:
• A: 1 of 10 stands were cleared each year
• B: 10 of 10 stands were simultaneously cleared every decade
• C: 5 of 10 stands were cleared every 5 years
• D: 10 of 10 stands were cleared each year
• E: abandoned broadleaved forest left unmanaged
• F: abandoned pine forest left unmanaged
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1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10
1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
A: 1 of 10 stands were cleared each year
B: 10 of 10 stands were simultaneously cleared every decade
C: 5 of 10 stands were cleared every 5 years
D: 10 of 10 stands were cleared each year
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Result of the simulation suggested that shifting mosaic (A and C) would keep richer species in
floor (Itô et al., 2012).
Year
Expe
cted
num
ber o
f spe
cies
40
60
80
100
40
60
80
100
A
D
5 10 15 20
B
E
5 10 15 20
C
F
5 10 15 20
Itô et al. Fig.2
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Summary
• Coppices under management can hold more floor species than abandoned forests.
• Shifting mosaic can keep stable floor species abundance.
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Mass mortality of oak trees
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Expansion of the mortality(Kuroda, 2008)
~1980 ~2007
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Damaged volume of oak trees
0
10
20
30
40
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Stem
vol
ume
(×10
4 m3 )
Year(Forestry agency of Japan, 2014)
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Cause
• The mortality is caused by a species of fungi (Raffaelea quercivora), which is dispersed by a species of beetle (Platypus quercivorus).
• Abandonment of Satoyama woodlands would affect it indirectly.
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Platypus quercivorushttps://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/labs/seibut/bcg/bcg00039.html
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Mortality of oak species
Quercus crispula Quercus serrata
Fagus is not vulnerable.
Evergreen Quercus (eg. Q. glauca) and Castanopsis are also influenced.
>
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Case studies in Kansai area
• We studied 3 sites.
• Regeneration?
• What species are regenerating after the mass mortality?
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KeihokuKutuki
Miyazu
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Kutuki
KeihokuKutuki
Miyazu
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樹高(m)
幹数(本)
051015202530
051015202530
051015202530
051015202530
051015202530
051015202530
051015202530
051015202530
plot 1
5 10 15 20
plot 2
5 10 15 20
plot 3
5 10 15 20
アカマツ
アカマツ(枯)
ミズナラ
ミズナラ(枯)
コナラ
コナラ(枯)
ソヨゴ
他
Pinus densiflora
Pinus densiflora (dead)
Quercus crispula
Quercus crispula (dead)
Quercus serrata
Quercus serrata (dead)
Ilex pedunculosa
Other species
Height (m)
Num
ber o
f ste
ms
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樹高(m)
幹数(本)
024681012
024681012
024681012
024681012
plot 1
5 10 15 20
plot 2
5 10 15 20
plot 3
5 10 15 20
ミズナラ
ミズナラ(枯)
コナラ
コナラ(枯)
Quercus crispula
Quercus crispula (dead)
Quercus serrata
Quercus serrata (dead)
Height (m)
Num
ber o
f ste
ms
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Species in the gaps
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Magnolia salicifoliacanopy species
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Magnolia obovatacanopy species
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Ilex pedunculosasub-canopy species
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• Regenerating trees
• Dense sub-canopy and shrub layer may suppress regeneration of tree species.
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Keihoku
KeihokuKutuki
Miyazu
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樹高(m)
幹数(本)
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
5 10 15
ミズナラ
ミズナラ(枯)
コナラ
イヌブナ
ソヨゴ
コバノミツバツツジ
他
Quercus crispula
Quercus serrata
Ilex pedunculosa
Other species
Height (m)
Num
ber o
f ste
ms
Quercus crispula (dead)
Fagus japonica
Rhododendron reticulatum
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樹高(m)
幹数(本)
02468101214
02468101214
02468101214
5 10 15
ミズナラ
ミズナラ(枯)
コナラ
Height (m)
Num
ber o
f ste
ms
Quercus crispula
Quercus serrata
Quercus crispula (dead)
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Species in the gaps
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Fagus japonicacanopy species
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Rhododendron reticulatumshrub species
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Pieris japonicashrub species, deer unpalatable
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• Regenerating trees
• Fagus japonica
• Effects of deer?
• Unpalatable species (eg. Pieris japonica) in the shrub layer
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Miyazu
KeihokuKutuki
Miyazu
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胸高直径(cm)
幹数(本)
01020304050
01020304050
01020304050
01020304050
01020304050
01020304050
01020304050
plot 1
0 10 20 30 40 50
plot 2
0 10 20 30 40 50
plot 3
0 10 20 30 40 50
plot 4
0 10 20 30 40 50
ミズナラ
ミズナラ(枯)
リョウブ
オオカメノキ
ハイイヌガヤ
クロモジ
他
Quercus crispula
Clethra barbinervis
Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana
Other species
Diameter at breast height (cm)
Num
ber o
f ste
ms
Quercus crispula (dead)
Viburnum furcatum
Lindera umbellata
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胸高直径(cm)
幹数(本)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
plot 1
0 10 20 30 40 50
plot 2
0 10 20 30 40 50
plot 3
0 10 20 30 40 50
plot 4
0 10 20 30 40 50
ミズナラ
ミズナラ(枯)
Quercus crispula
Diameter at breast height (cm)
Num
ber o
f ste
ms
Quercus crispula (dead)
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Species in the gaps
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Viburnum furcatumsub-canopy species
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Clethra barbinervissub-canopy species
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Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nanasub-canopy species
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Dense Sasa undergrowthsuppresses seedling regeneration
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Cephalotaxus harringtonia
var. nanaThere were some seedlings
under Sasa.
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• Sasa covered most part of the forest floor.
• Few tree species regenerated in the gaps created by the mass mortality of oak trees.
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Under threat of deer
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Sika deerCervus nippon
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Deer browsingdamages sprouting (Quercus glauca)
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Deer-proof fencemore costs for wood production
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Summary
• Coppices under management can maintain rich floor plant species.
• Mass mortality of oak trees may change woodland composition.
• Deer may impact managed coppices.