satellite oceanography presented at stao 2003 dr. michael j. passow white plains middle school,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Satellite Oceanography
Presented at STAO 2003Dr. Michael J. Passow
White Plains Middle School,White Plains, NY,
Science Teachers Association of New York State (STANYS), and
Amer. Meteorological Society Education Resource Agent
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Ocean Satellites
• Permit observations globally, especially useful where no ships or buoys
• Developed later than meteorological and other environmental sensing because electromagnetic radiation penetrates ocean water only to limited depths
• Improved sensors permit inferences about ocean at greater depths
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"Satellite Oceanography" • Sensors aboard
satellites provide global views and allow temporal (time) studies not possible from surface vessels.
• Surface topography, El Nino, and ocean winds are some of the areas being investi-gated from space.
http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/
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Satellite Oceanography Applications
• Sea surface temperatures • Air-sea interactions• Sea Ice patterns• Monitoring ocean waves• Determining sea level variations• Analysis of ocean currents and eddies• Biological productivity• Precipitation patterns
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Problem 1—How do you get a satellite into orbit?
• Basically, a rocket is a chamber with an opening containing gas under pressure. A balloon can serve as a simple model.
• As the gas escapes, its thrust in one direction propels the rocket in the opposite direction.
http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/space/teachers/rockets/principles.html
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What keeps an object in orbit?
• Satellites can only stay in orbit when the gravitational pull exactly balances the forward motion (inertia).
• These ideas were first explained by Newton in the 1680s!
http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/space/teachers/rockets/principles.html
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Two basic satellite orbits
“Polar Orbiting”
(POES) • Takes about 90 minutes
to make one revolution• Covers different areas
each orbit as Earth rotates
• Provides detailed images• Can produce time
sequence
Geostationary (Geosynchronous)
(GOES)• Remains over same
portion of planet by revolving with same period as Earth’s rotation
• Can provide full disk or smaller views
• Useful for weather and communication
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http://www.iitap.iastate.edu/gcp/satellite/images/image7.gif
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For more detailed studies, we use “polar-orbiting” satellites
• Polar-orbiting satellites are much closer to the surface (700 – 800 km) and make about 14 passes each day. They can provide good time sequence studies.
http://www.earth.nasa.gov/history/landsat/landsat4.html
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Satellites can detect what’s on Earth in two ways:
• “passive” observation of energy reflected or radiated from the surface
• “active” collection of signals beamed down from the satellite and reflected back
http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/
Problem 2—How do you measure from a satellite?
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Sea surface temperatures (SST) and thermal properties
• Visible satellites can monitor difference between incoming solar radiation and reflected light
• Infrared satellites can monitor IR energy emitted from surfaces
• AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) measure SSTs
• Also monitored with MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)
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SST Images[link through DStreme Ocean]
http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/map/images/sst/sst.gif
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Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA)
• Images constructed by measuring difference between “observed” and “expected” values – anomalies
• Better approach to recognizing “what is unusual,” not just “what is”
• Especially useful for El Nino/La Nina studies—example: http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad/sub/sst_anomaly_2m.html
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SSTA images
http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/SST/climo.html
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Ocean Color – Biological Productivityhttp://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/seawifs_browse.pl
Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWIFS) and MODIS have measured chlorophyll in phytoplankton to enable useful inferences about productivity
http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/seawifs_browse.pl
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• SeaWIFS has allowed us to monitor the links between physical and chemical conditions and marine biology
• Short-term spatial and temporal variabilities
• Biological response to climate changes
http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS.html
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Sea Surface Topography
• Variations in sea surface heights caused by gravity variations (sea floor topography and geology)
• Also seasonal changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation patterns
• Radar altimeters aboard TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason satellites
• AMS “Measuring Sea Level from Space”
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TOPEX-Poseidon is…
• a partnership between the U.S. and France to monitor global ocean circulation, discover the tie between the oceans and atmosphere, and improve global climate predictions. Every 10 days, the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite measures global sea level with unparalleled accuracy.
http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/mission.html
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TOPEX has been especially useful in understanding…
• Variations in sea surface temperatures. This has been the most important instrument for observing El Nino/ La Nina changes in the Pacific Ocean, and all the effects on climate
http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/elnino/elnino.html
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Jason 1 is a follow-on mission to TOPEX-
Poseidon
• Monitors global ocean circulation, studies ties between the oceans and atmosphere, improves global climate forecasts and predictions, and monitors events such as El Niño conditions and ocean eddies.
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/current/jason1.html
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Sea Ice Extent
• Areal extent, amount, and thickness important for oceanographers and operationally
• Visible images not feasible during winter
• POES microwave sensors provide operational ice analyses
• The next slide shows an example of sea ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere
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http://polar.wwb.noaa.gov/seaice/Analyses.html
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Precipitation Patterns
• Preponderance of precipitation falls in tropical regions
• Previously difficult to measure because few observation stations
• TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) began as experimental, now operational
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TRMM Precipitation Patterns
http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/
This shows average rainfall in the Tropics last month. Monthly records go back to 1998.
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Precipitation Anomaly Patterns
Anomaly images show regions of that are unusually higher or lower than normal.
http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/3B43_anom_oct03.gif
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Hurricane and Lightning Images
TRMM images
have permitted
amazing new views of storms and related weather in the
Tropics.
http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/images_dir/images.html
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Activities Based on TRMM Data
• Institute for Global Environmental Studies (IGES)
http://www.strategies.org/TRMM.html
Classroom-oriented activities based on TRMM concerning ENERGY, CLOUDS, WIND, PRECIPITATION, AND WEATHER
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Canadian Satellite Imagery
Meteorological Service of Canada (Service météorologique du Canada) provides many satellite images at
http://www.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/satellite/index_e.html
These utilize NOAA GOES and POES images.
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http://www.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/satellite/index_e.html#hrpt
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Canadian Sea Ice Imagery
Ice conditions monitored by satellite and ships are available at http://ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca/App/WsvPageDsp.cfm?ID=1&Lang=eng
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Examples of Teacher-Training and Classroom-Ready Activities
• AMS “Measuring Sea Level from Space”
• DataStreme Ocean investigations – modified from the Fall 2003 pilot testing