sat ap us history flashcard

7/26/2019 Sat AP US History Flashcard

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1. Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (145

1506)

In August of 1492, Columbus set sail with three ships and a crew of about 90 sailors. As captain, he commanded the largest vessel, the

Santa Maria. The other ships were the Nina and the Pinta.

, Incorrectly calculated the circumference of the globe, and gained Spanish support to travel west to Asia based on this. Believed he hadreached islands off the coast of Asia, when he had actually reached the Caribbean.

Returned from his expedition with gold, encourging future exploration.

2. Amerigo Vespucci: Italian member of a Poretuguese expedition.

Explored South America.

Discovery suggested that the expedition had found a new World.

Italian cartographer that sailed under the Spanish flag repeated Columbus' initial attemp to sail west to Asia ; he explored the coast of Afri

thinking that it was Asia; he made his next voyage commissioned by Portugal and sailed along the coast of S America concluding that it

could not be Asia; his discoveries were published , a cartographer mistakenly thought that Vespucci had led the the expedition and had

landed in the new world before columbus; the cartographer named the continent America.3. Treaty of Tordesillas:A 1494 agreement (Commitment) between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west

an imaginary line of Demarcation in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would

belong to Portugal.,

Portugal also received the eaternmost part of what is

is currently Brazil when it discovered the land in 1500

Pope Divides New World affecting colonization in Africa and Asia.

4. New Spain: The name given to the colonies (Spains tightly controlled empire) picked up in the New World by the Spanish.

spanish colony in north america including mexico, central america, the southwest united states, and many caribbean islands and SpanishEats Indies.

Spain's tightly controlled empire in the New World.

Mainly located in North and Central America, including the Caribbean and Spanish East Indies.

To deal with labor shortages, the Spaniards developed a system of large manors (encomiendas) using Native American slaves under

conquistadors.

With the death of Native American slaves, Spaniards began importing African slaves to supply their labor needs.

5. Mercantilism: Prevailing economic theory of the 1600s that believe the colonies exis ted to benefit the mother country

Founded on the belief that the world's wealth was sharpley limited and, therefore, one nation's gain was another nation's loss.

Economic policy in which nations seek an increase of power by selling (exporting) more finished goods to their colonies than the raw

materials they bought (imported) from them.

The difference would be made up of tgeir posessions of gold and silver, hich make the nation strong both economically and militarily.

Mercantilists believed economic activity should be regulated by the government.

Sat AP US HistoryStudy online at quizlet.com/_e4vw0


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6. Queen Elizabeth I: - 1533-1603.

- Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England.)

- Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne.

- Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World; Spain responded with the Spanish Armada.

- Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business.

7. The Spanish Armada: - 1588

- Fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade England.

- The Armada was defeated by the skill of British military leaders and by rough seas during the assault.

- England's victory over Spanish forces was one of the greatest achievements of Queen Elizabeth I, as it established England as an emergi

sea power.

- Its defeat helped bring about the decline of the Spanish empire.

8. Types of Colonies in the New World: - 1600s.

- In a charter colony, colonists were essentially members of a corporation, and electors among the colonists controlled the government

based on an agreed-upon charter.

- A royal colony had a governor selected by England's king; the governor served in the leadership role and chose additional, lower-rankin

officers.

- Proprietary colonies were owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king; each proprietor selected a governor, who served as

the authority figure for the colony.

9. English Puritanism: - 1500s and 1600s.

- Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology.

- Though King Henry VIII had set out the separate his own Church of England from papal authority, many Roman Catholic traditions and

practices remain.

- Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English Church "pure."

- Puritans held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority.

- Puritanism echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism.

10. Joint-Stock Company: - Popularized in 1600s

- A type of business structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions.

- These private trading companies sold shares to investors who provided start-up funding.

- In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition.

- Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on principles of the joint-stock company.

11. Dutch West India Company: - 1500s and 1600s.

- The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York.

- Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois.

- Instituted the patroon system, in which large estates were given to wealthy men who transported at least fifty families to New Netherlan

to tend the land (few seized the opportunity.)


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12. Sir Walter Raleigh: - 1587.

- Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English settlement.

- Returned to England to secure additional supplies, but he found the colony deserted upon his return; it is not know what became of the

Roanoke settlers.

- Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia after the failure at Roanoke.

- Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English colonization in America was impeded for fifteen years.

13. St. Augustine, Florida: - 1598.

French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony near modern-day St.

Augustine, Florida.

Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics

the Catholic Church.

Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort's inhabitants.

The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United

States.

14. Jamestown: - Established in 1607.

-

Names for James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeth's successor in England.

James I granted charters for charter colonies in the New World.

In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement.

Swampy location led to disease and contaminated water sources.

Despite its location and hostile relations with Native Americans, John Smith's harsh, charismatic leadership of the colony helped keep it

from collapsing.

In 1619, African slaves arrived at Jamestown, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement.

15. "Starving Time": -1609-1610

-A period of starvation endured by teh Jamestown colonists

The colonists depended on trade with the local Native Americans for their food supplies

A series of conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans limited the colonists' ability to trade for supplies and farm their own

food

A large number of colonists died and others tried to flee to England; however, boats arriving with supplies from England intercepted the

colonis ts and forced them to return to Jamestown

Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships helped ensure the

settlement's long-term survival


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16. Indentured Servitude: - 1600s.

- Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years a labor on behalf

a planter or company.

Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights.

However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living arrangements, and the system led to harsh and brutal

treatment.

It remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s; Bacon's Rebellion made the practice seem more risky to planters and owners

and improving the economic conditions in England decreased the supply of servants.

Many owners relied on slave labor instead.

17. John Rolfe: - 1585-1622.

- English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia.

- Married Pocahontas.

- Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown.

18. House of Burgesses: Representative assembly in Virginia

Election to a seat was limited to voting members of that charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own

at least fifty acres of land to vote

First representative house in America

Instituted private ownership of land; maintained rights of colonists

19. Headright System: - Introduced in 1618.

- System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists.

- It promised them parcels of land (roughly fifty acres) to immigrate to America.

- Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land.

- The system solidified the use of indentured servitude for the time being.

20. The Separatists and Plymouth: - 1620.

- Separatists were Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must break away from it.

- One group of Separatists that suffered harassment from the government fled to Holland and then to America.

- Members of this group traveled on the Mayflower and became known as the Pilgrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religio

mission.

- The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620 and landed in Provincetown Harbor, settling in what became

Plymouth, Massachusetts.

- Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact, which provided for a government guided by the majority

- William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the Plymouth Colony's first governor.

21. Massachusetts Bay Company: - 1629.

- Joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans escaping King James I.

- Led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model of Christian society.

- These Puritans carefully organized their venture and, upon arriving in Massachusetts, did not undergo the "starving time" that had often

plagued other first-year colonies.

- The government of Massachusetts developed to include a governor and a representative assembly.


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22. Delaware: - 1631.

- Dutch patroon established the first settlement in Delaware.

- That settlement was destroyed by native American attacks.

- The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in Delaware during the mid-to-late

1630s.

- Between 1664 and 1674, Delaware switched between Dutch and English ownership,ending with English ownership in 1674.

23. Maryland: - 1632.

- Maryland became the first proprietary colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholics.

- George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) applied for the charter to create the Province of Maryland.

- Calvert's son, Caecilius, helped establish a representative assembly.

- Maryland passed its Act of Toleration in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians in the colony; this set an important

precedent for later characterization of the United States and its Constitution.

24.Anne Hutchinson: Claimed to have special revelations from God that superseded the Bible, contrary to Puritan doctrine

The leadership of New England excused her of antinomian teachings; antinomianism is the belief that salvation is attained through faith

and divine grace and not through strict adherence to rules or moral laws

Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony

With her followers, she founded Portsmouth in the Aquidneck region (1638); Aquidneck is now known as Rhode Island

25. Roger Williams and Rhode Island: - Williams, 1603-1683; Rhode Island established in 1644.

- Williams was a Puritan preacher who fled Massachusetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists.

- Williams bought land from the native Americans and founded Providence in 1636, and it was soon populated by his many followers.

- Rhode Island formed as a combination of Providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had sprung up in the area.

- Through Roger Williams, the colony granted complete religious toleration.

- It tended to be populated by exiles and troublemakers and was sometimes called "Rogue's Island."

- The colony suffered constant political turmoil.

26. English Civil War: - 1641-1651.

- Conflict was based in the struggle between King Charles I (son of King James I) and the English Parliament.

- Charles claimed to rule by divine right; Parliament argued that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the

king.

- Parliament's members were mostly Puritan and had the backing of the merchant class and lesser land owners.

- Wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed Puritans on questions of religion.

- Led to outright conflict between Royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I.

- Parliament's victory in 1651 resulted in the trial and execution of Charles I and the exile of his son Charles II.

- The English monarchy was replaced with the Commonwealth of England (1649-1653) and then with a Protectorate under Oliver

Cromwell's rule (1653-1659.)


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27. Connecticut: - Corporate colony established 1662.

- Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley after they had slight religious disagreements with t

leadership of Massachusetts.

- The major colonies in the Connecticut River Valley agreed to unite as the Connecticut Colony.

- In 1639, the colony formed a set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders; these laws provided for representative government by those

who were permitted to vote.

- When the corporate colony was established and recognized by England, its charter was founded on the Fundamental Orders.

- The Fundamental Orders are an important example of the growth of political democracy.

28. The Carolinas: - Granted in 1663.

- King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the twenty-year Puritan revolution in England.

- In hopes of attracting settlers, the proprietors planned for a hierarchical society.

- They experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo, but this proved unworkable and the Carolinas grew

slowly as a result.

- Large groups of colonists in the Carolinas came from Barbados; the form of slavery that this group employed proved to be very harsh.

- While North Carolina became a separate colony in 1712, the same proprietors retained ownership.

- Rebellion against the proprietors in 1719 led to royal intervention, and both North and South Carolina became royal colonies in 1729.

29. New York and New Jersey: - Established 1664.

- Last Dutch governor of New York was Peter Stuyvesant.

- After the British conquered the dutch lands in America, English King Charles II gave the title to the lands between New England and

Maryland to his brother, James, Duke of York.

- James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies.

- Residents continued to call for self-government until James relented, only to break this promise when he became James II, King of

England.

- The region that would become New Jersey was ruled as a separate proprietary colony; it eventually became a royal colony.

30. Quakers: Quakers believed human religious institutions were, for the most part, unnecessary

They believed they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance on the Bible

They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors

Their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in Both Britain and America

They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans

Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United States that valued independence and social equality


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31.William Penn: - 1644-1718.

- Founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers.

- Penn advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land.

- Guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom.

- Settlers flocked to Pennsylvania from all over Europe.

32. Black Slaves in the 1600s: -Because black slaves were only a small percentage of the population, they began a t almost the same level a

indentured servants

in the century, increased importation and population of blacks in the southern colonies began

-Slaves, ca lled "chattel," came to be seen as lifelong property whose status would be inherited by their children

33. John Locke and Natural Law: - 1632-1704

- Locke was a major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment.

- Isaac Newton theorized Natural Law in the realm of science, and Locke followed him, trying to identify Natural law in the human realm

- Prior to Locke, their existed a theory of social contract in which people would accept certain restrictions on themselves for the benefit of

their society, and these restrictions would be upheld by a sovereign power.

- Locke's assertion of Natural Law changed the perspective of the social contract theory; he believed that if life, l iberty, and property were

not protected, governments could be overthrown justly.

- Locke's ideas because the indirect theory of American political activity for leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, and they influenced Thom

Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence.

34. Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade): - 1600s

- Created as a result of mercantilism.

- European merchants purchased African slaves with goods manufactured in Europe or imported from Asian colonies.

- These merchants sole slaves in the Caribbean for commodities (sugar, cotton, tobacco.)

- Caribbean commodities were later sold in Europe and North America.

- Trade thrived because each partner could get the resources it wanted by exchanged resources that it had available.

35. Navigation Acts: - 1650-1673.

- Dictated that certain goods shipped from a New World port where to go only to Britain or to another New World port.

- Served as the foundation of England's worldwide commercial system; cam out of the economic philosophy of mercantilism.

- Thought is was meant to benefit the whole British Empire, its provisions helped some New World colonies at the expense of other.

- Intended as a weapon in England's ongoing struggle against its rival, Holland.

- Led to increased tension between Britain and the colonies.


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36. Effects of the Navigation Acts: - 1650-1673.

- Boosted the prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding.

- Hurt the residents of the Chesapeake by driving down the price of tobacco.

- Transferred wealth from America to Britain by increasing the prices Americans had to pay for British goods and lowering the prices

Americans received for the goods they produced.

- Mercantilism also helped bring on a series of wars between England and Holland in the late 1600s.

37. Bacon's Rebellion: - 1676.

- Virginia's Royal governor, William Berkeley, received strict instructions to run the colony for the benefit of Britain.

- Nathaniel Bacon, was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia.

- Bacon objected to the rights granted to Virginia 's wealthy inner circle and was angered by Governor Berkeley's inabili ty to protect Virgin

from attacks by the Native Americans.

- Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on native American tribes, increasing his popularity; Berkeley had his arrested.

- Soon after, Bacon gathered his forces, opposed the Royal governor, and set fire to Jamestown to defend his forces' position.

- Berkeley ended the rebellion with the aid of British military forces.

- After Bacon's rebellion, American colonies turned increasingly away from indentured servants and toward slave labor.

38. New Hampshire: - Corporate colony established 1677.

- King Charles II established it as a Royal colony.

- The colony remained economically dependent on Massachusetts, and Britain continued to appoint a single person to rule both colonies

until 1741.

- Weeks before the signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, New Hampshire established a

temporary constitution for itself that proclaimed its independence from Britain.

39. Dominion of New England: - 1686-1689.

- An administrative body created by King James II that oversaw British colonies in the New England region.

- Put in place to implement the Navigation Acts and to assist the colonies in defending themselves against hostile French and native

American forces.

- The Dominion Governor-in-Chief, Edmund Andros, outlawed town meeting, disputed titles to certain colonial lands, and proselytized on

behalf of the Church of England.

- New England colonists had originally been in favor of some sort of voluntary association, but the Dominion was very unpopular because

of these types of impositions.

40. Half-Way Covenant: - 1690s.

- Decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who did not have the person experience of conversion to

participate in select church affairs.

- Previously, only the children of those who had experienced conversion could participate.

- Reflected the decline of zealous piety among New Englanders.


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41. Salem Witch Trials: - 1692.

- Several young girls in Salem Village claimed to be tormented by the occult activities of certain neighbors.

- Some twenty persons were executed.

- Puritan ministers finally intervened to stop the executions.

- Different theories about the reasons that the trials occurred: political and class divisions in Salem; economic stresses from providing for

growing families; the gender-biased view that women were more likely to follow evil.

- Writer Arthur Miller produced "The Crucible" (1953), a retelling of the Salem Witch Trials and a reflective commentary on the witch-hun

of Joseph McCarthy.

42. The Enlightenment: - 1700s/

- Connects to the idea of Deism, in which the universe was created by God and then abandoned; no supernatural controls would be exerte

and all things were explainable by reason.

- Enlightenment philosphy dictated that human reason was adequate to solve mankind's problems and, correspondingly, much less faith

was needed in the central role of God as an active force in the universe.

- Idea moved from Europe to become the New World's seed of culture, intellectualism, and society.

- Some important Enlightenment writers include Isaac Newton (Principia Mathematica, 1687), John Locke (Essay Concerning HumanUnderstanding, 1689), and Ren Descartes, whose basic tenet of philosophical theory existed in the phrase, "I think, therefore, I am."

43. Georgia: James Oglethorpe, and English philanthropist and soldier, chartered the colony

Settlers included those who paid their own way to receive the best land grants

Some settlers were financed by the colony's board of trustees, including bands of prisoners from British ja ils

After wars between the European empires began, the colony served as a bugger between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida

Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement

44. John Peter Zenger: - 1697-1746.

- German American newspaper publisher and printer.

- His acquittal of libel charges in New York City (1735) established a legal precedent for freedom of the press.

- The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren (195301969) would later reinvigorate free press rights.

- The case of New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) strengthened the protection of the press against libel cases brought by public figures.

45. The First Great Awakening: - 1720s-1740s.

- A series of emotional religious revivals that occurred throughout the colonies (prevalent in New England.)

- Preachers spread a message of personal repentance and emphasized faith as a way to avoid hell.

- Suggested an equality between God and the Bible.

- George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards became its most dynamic preachers.

- While the Awakening created conflict among those who argued about religion, its ideas helped build connections between the colonies.

- More denomination of Christianity were formed.

- A number of colleges were founded by those who accepted the Great Awakening, including Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers.


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46. Jonathan Edwards: - 1703-1758.

- Preacher of the Great Awakening who emphasized personal religious experience, predestination, and dependence of man upon God and

divine grace.

- One of his widely read sermons was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

- While Edwards is known for being one of the most prominent Calvinists, the Great Awakening was partially responsible for refuting the

idea that salvation was only possible with predestined election, an important Calvinist belief.

47. French and Indian War: - 1748-1763.

- Rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes over land in the Ohio region.

- It was one of a series of wars fought between France and England throughout the world at the time.

- Battles continued on European and American fronts until Britain gained control of Canada.

- It was in these conflicts that George Washington first appeared as an able military leader.

48.Albany Plan: - 1754.

- Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for collective defense.

- The Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed a plan for an intercolonial government, but the plan was rejected by the

colonial legislatures as demanding too great a surrender of power.

- While the other colonies showed no support for Franklin's plan, it was an important precedent for the concept of uniting in the face of a

common enemy.

49.William Pitt: 1708-1778.

- Britain's capable and energetic prime minister.

- After several humiliating defeats, he led Britain to virtually destroy the French empire in North America by focusing on the French

headquarters in Canada.

- The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended hostilities.

50. Treaty of Paris, 1763: - 1763.

- Ended Seven Years War.

- From France, Britain took Canada ans some of what would become the United States east of the Mississippi River.

- France lost all of its North American holdings.

- Spain took the Louisiana Territory.

- Treaty marked the end of salutary neglect, a relationship in which the British Parliament had somewhat ignored the colonies, allowing

them to develop their character without interference.

51. Impact of the French and Indian War on British Colonial Policy: - 1712-1770.

- Britain set out to solve the large national debt incurred in recent conflicts.

- It created a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods, leading to rebellious activities in the colonies.

- Acts included the Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act (1763), Stamp Act (1765), and Quartering Act (1765.)

52. Benjamin Franklin:Was a colonial writer, scientist, diplomat, printer, and philosopher

Published the Pennsylvania Gazette and wrote Poor Richard's Almanac

Served in the Second Continental Congress and was a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence


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53.Writs of Assistance: - 1750s-1770s.

- Court orders that authorized customs officials to conduct non-specific searches to stop colonial smuggling.

- Allowed for the searching of homes, warehouses, and shops.

- James Otis served as a prosecutor in a failed Massachusetts legal case; he argued that these searches were contrary to natural law.

- Later, the Fourth Amendment would protect citizens against "unreasonable searches and seizures."

54. Proclamation of 1763: - 1763.

- Was a result of Pontiac's Rebellion, a Native American uprising against the British for their mistreatment.

- Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians to reduce friction between Native Americans and the settlers.

- Stated that Native Americans owned the land on which they were residing.

- Outraged colonists believed that the successful outcome of the French and Indian War should have allowed settlement in the Ohio Valle

55. Sugar Act: - 1764.

- It taxed goods imported to America to raise revenue for England.

- Meant to assist England in recouping the debt it had taken on during the French and Indian War.

- Strictly enforced, unlike the Molasses Act of 17 33.

- Taxed goods included imports such as wine, cloth, coffee, and silk.

56. Quartering Act: - 1765.

- Act that required the colonies in which British troops were stationed to provide soldiers with bedding and other basic needs.

- Colonists reacted negatively because they feared having a standing army in their towns, and they disliked the additional expenses it

caused.

- After the emergence of the United States Constitution, the Third Amendment protected citizens against the stationing of troops in their

homes.

57. Stamp Act: - 1765.

- An internal tax, the sole purpose of which was to raise revenue.

- Required Americans to use "stamped" paper for legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards, among other goods.

- Revenue from this tax was to be used solely for the support of the British soldiers protecting the colonies.

58. Declaratory Act: - 1766.

- Act giving Britain the power to tax and make laws for Americans in all cases.

- Followed repeal of the Stamp Act, which colonists had seen as a victory.

- The Declaratory Act suggested that Britain might pass more restrictive acts in the near future.

59. Samuel Adams: - 1722-1803.

- Revolutionary resistance leader in Massachusetts.

- Along with Paul Revere, he headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts.

- Worked with the committees of correspondence, which provided communication about resistance among colonies.

- Attended both the First and Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence.

60. Stamp Act Congress: - October 1765.

- Delegates of seven colonies met in new York to discuss plans for defense.

- Adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated that freeborn Englishmen could not be taxed without their consent.


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61. Townshend Acts: - 1767.

- Created by British Prime Minister Charles Townshend (Grenville's replacement.)

- Formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, and tea.

- Replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act.

- Led to boycotts by Boston merchants and served as a key contributor to the Boston Massacre.

62.Virtual Representation: - 1770s.

- English principle stating that the members of parliament represented all of Britain and the British Empire, even though members were

only elected by a small number of constituents.

- This idea was meant to be a response to the colonial claim of "no taxation without representation," meaning that parliament was itself a

representation of those being taxed.

63. Boston Massacre: - March 5, 1770.

- Occurred when the British attempted to enforce the Townshend Acts.

British soldiers killed five Bostonians, including Crispus Attacks, an American patriot and former slave.

- John Adams provided the legal defense for the soldiers.

- Though the British soldiers acted moreor less in self-defense, anti-Royal leaders used the massacre to spur action in the colonies.

64. Tea Act and Boston Tea Party: - 1773.

- The Tea Act was a concession that allowed the British East India Company to ship tea directly to America and sell it at a bargain.

- Because the cheap tea undercut the costs of local merchants, colonists opposed these shipments; they turned back ships, left shipments t

rot, and held ships in port.

- Led to the Boston Tea Party in December or 1773, where citizens, dressed as Native Americans , destroyed tea on the British ships.

65. The Intolerable Acts (The Coercive Acts): - 1774.

- Names given by colonists to the Quebec Act (1774) and to a series of acts by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party.

- Closed the Port of Boston to all trade until citizens paid for the lost tea.

- Increased the power of Massachusetts' Royal governor at the expense of the legislature.

- Allowed Royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts to be tries elsewhere.

66. Methods of Colonial Resistance: - 1770s.

- Colonists reacted first with restrained and respectful petitions against the British, suggesting "taxation without representation is tyranny

- Colonial governments organized "committees of correspondence" to share their view of British actions with neighboring colonies and wi

foreign governments; this was the start of political organization among the colonies.

- Colonial merchants then boycotted British goods (non-importation.)

- Colonists finally turned to violence; crowed took action against customs officials and against merchants who violated the boycotts.

- Some colonists continued to follow British command and became English "Loyalists."


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67. First Continental Congress: - September-October 1774.

- Meeting in Philadelphia of colonial representatives to denounce the Intolerable Acts and to petition the British Parliament.

- A few radical members discussed breaking from England.

- Created Continental Association and forbade the importation and use of British goods.

- Agreed to convene a Second Continental Congress in May 1775.

68. Battles of Concord and Lexington: - April 1775.

- Concord: Site suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry.

-

Paul Revere, William Dawes,s and others detected movement of British troops toward Concord and warned militia and gathered Minutem

at Lexington.

- Lexington: Militia and Royal infantry fought, and the colonial troops withdrew.

69. The Second Continental Congress: - May 1775.

- Colonial representative meeting in Philadelphia, over which John Hancock presided.

- The group was torn between declaring independence and remaining under British power.

- Moderates forced the adoption of the Ol ive Branch Petition, a letter to King George III appealing one final time for a resolution to all

disputes; the king refused to receive it.

- The Congress sent George Washington to command the army around Boston.

- American ports were opened in defiance of the Navigation Acts.

- The Congress wrote the Declaration of Independence.

70. Battle of Bunker Hill: - June 17, 17 75.

- Bunker Hill was an American post overlooking Boston.

- The stronghold allowed Americans to contain General Gage and his troops.

- The colonists twice turned back a British frontal assault, and they held off the British until the Bunker Hill force ran out of ammunition

and was overrun.

- American strong defense led to a strengthened morale.

71. Common Sense: - January 1776.

- Pamphlet published by Thomas Paine that called for immediate independence from Britain.

- It was sold throughout the colonies, where it gained popularity.

- Common Sense helped weaken resistance in the Continental Congress toward independence.

72. Lee's Resolutions: - 1776.

- Presented to Second Continental Congress by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia.

- Said, "That the United Colonies are, and of right out to be, free and independent States."


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73. Declaration of Independence: - Declaration adopted July 4, 1776.

- Document restating political ideas justifying the separation from Britain.

- Thomas Jefferson and his committee had the duty of drafting for the Continental Congress.

- John Locke's influences served as a foundation for the document.

- The final product lacked provisions condemning the British slave trade and a denunciation of the British people that earlier drafts had

contained.

74.Articles of Confederation: Framework for an American national government; states has the most power

Empowered the federal government to make war, treaties, and create new s tates

No federal empowerment to levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerce

Congressional revision of the articles created a weak national government

75. George Washington's Leadership in the American Revolution: - 1775-1781.

Named Commander--in-chief of Continental Forces in June 1775 by the Second Continental Congress.

- Forced British to evacuate Boston in March 1776.

- Defeated British at Trenton, New Jersey, after crossing the Delaware on December 25, 1776.

- Survived tough winter at Valley Forge (1777-1778); Washington strengthened his troops during the winter and gained tremendous respe

among the men.

- General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October 19, 1781.

76. Battle of Saratoga: - 1777.

- American Revolution battle fought in northern New York.

- The British planned to end the American Revolution by splitting the colonies along the Hudson River, but they failed to mobilize properl

- The British ended up surrendering, a llowing for the first great American victory.

- Demonstrated that the British could more easily hold the cities, but that they would have trouble subduing the countrysides.

- Considered a turning point, as French aid began after this battle.

77. Charles Cornwallis: - 1738-1805.

- British military and political leader.

- Was a member of Parliament.

- Opposed the tax measures that led to the American Revolution.

- Led British forces during the American Revolution.

- The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown in 1781.


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78.Western Land Cessions: - 178101787; Georgia in 1802.

- The original thirteen states ceded their western land claims to the new federal government.

- The states that lacked western land claims feared that states with claim could grow in size, skewing representation in the federal

government.

- Before signing the United States Constitution, these states demanded that those with claims cede the land.

- Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the ceded areas in preparation for statehood.

- New states were organized and admitted to the Union.

- This policy s trengthened the ties of western farmers to the central government.

79. Treaty of Paris, 1783: - 1783.

- Peace settlement that ended the Revolutionary War.

- The United States was represented by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay.

- Britain recognized the United States' independence and outlined its borders.

- The United States received all lands east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida, and south of the Great Lakes.

- The United States agreed that Loyalists (those who had supported Britain) were not to be persecuted.

80. Land Ordinance of 1785; Northwest Ordinance of 1787: - 1785; 1787.

- The Land Ordinance was an act of Congress that sole western lands in order to settle that territory and to earn revenue for the federal

government.

- The Land Ordinance organized the distribution of land into townships and set aside a section of each township to be used for public

education.

- The Northwest Ordinance described how the land north of the Ohio River should be divided and helped to create five new states.

- The Northwest Ordinance held that states would be admitted to the Union when the number of free inhabitants reached 60,000; slaveryand involuntary servitude were now allowed in these states.

- The Northwest Ordinance set a precedent of how states could join the Union and stood as a successful accomplishment by a federal

government that had been seen before as ineffective.

81. John Jay: - 1745-1829

- Member of First and Second Continental Congress.

-Negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay's Treaty.

- First Chief Justice of Supreme Court.

- Wrote portions of the Federalist Papers.82. Shays' Rebellion: During a period of economic depression, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's

land and enacting debt collection

Citizens of Boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels

Americans felt pressure to strengthen the

government and avoid future violence

The rebellion served as a catalyst for writing the Constitutiuon


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83. The Constitution of the United States: - Signed September 17, 1787, and ratified by the required nine states June 21, 1788.

- Drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787.

- Included a preamble and seven articles.

- Created a stronger federal government.

- The Bill of Rights constitutes the first ten amendments, and it protects individual rights and freedoms.

84. Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment: The Tenth Amendment restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by

the Constitution and gives all other powers to the states, or the people

Article I, Sect. 8 grants the federal government the power to make laws "which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution t

foregoing Powers"

The conflict between these two ideas is the determination of which group, the federal government r the states and their people, has the rig

to exercise powers that have not been expressly delegated to the central government

85. The Virginia Plan & The New Jersey Plan: - July 1787.

- Virginia Plan: Presented by Edmund Randolph and written by James Madison, it called for a bicameral legislature based on a state's

population, and it suggested that both the chief executive and judiciary should be chosen by legislature.

New Jersey Plan: Presented by William Patterson, it called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state.

- The plans were united in the Great Compromise.

- They formed the basis of the modern American legislative structure.

86. Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise): - 1787.

- Called for a bicameral legisla tive system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would hav

equal representation in Congress.

- Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals.

- Included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves a three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and

called for direct taxation on the states.

87. Federalists: ...

88.Anti-Federalists: - 1780s-1790s.

- Those against the adoption of the Constitution; they were suspicious of political actions that would limit freedom and of a centralized

government that would rule at a distance.

- George mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton were Anti-Federalists.

- Many of the Anti-Federalists would come to oppose the policies of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists.

- The Jeffersonian Republican Party absorbed many of the Anti-Federalists after the Constitution was adopted.

89. George Washington: ...

90. Judiciary Act of 1789: - 1789

- Provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates.

- Established the office of the Attorney General.

- Created federal district courts and circuit courts.


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91.Alexander Hamilton: - 1757-1804.

- First Secretary of Treasury.

- Proposed the Federal assumption of states debts, the establishment of a national bank, and the federal stimulation of industry through

excise tax and tariffs.

- Opponents, including Jefferson, saw his programs as aiding a small, elite group at the expense of the average citizen.

- Hamilton died from wounds sustained in a pistol duel with Aaron Burr, Jefferson's vice president.

92. Jeffersonian Republicans (Democratic-Republicans): - 1792-1860.

- Political party that absorbed the Anti-Federalists.

- Proponents included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

- Favored states' rights and power in the hands of commoners; supported by Southern agriculture and frontiersmen.

- Believed that the federal government was denied all powers that were not expressly given to it by the Constitution (a "strict interpretation

of the document.)

- Supported the French Revolution's ideals, but they were against the Revolution's bloody radicalism.

93. Eli Whitney: Inventor and manufacturer

Invented the cotton gin in 1793, revolutionizing the cotton industry and increasing the need for slaves

Established first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts

His innovations led to an "American system" of manufacture, where those laborers with less skill could use tools and templates to make

identical parts; also, the manufacture and assembly of parts could be done separately

94. Jay's Treaty: - 1794.

- An attempt to settle the conflict between the United States and England over commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris

1783.

- Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their post in the Northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade.

- Allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle United States-Canadian border disputes and United States-Britain losses during

the Revolutionary War.

- The generous terms to Britain upset Americans because these were promises that had been made and not fulfilled in the Treaty pf Paris o

1783.

95.Whiskey Rebellion: - 1794.

- Western whiskey farmers refused to pay taxes on which Hamilton's revenue program was based.

- A group of farmers terrorized the tax col lectors, and Washington responded with a federalized militia.

- George Washington and Alexander Hamilton rode out to Pennsylvania themselves to emphasized their commitment.

- First test of federal authority.

- Established federal government's right to enforce laws.


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96. Pinckney Treaty: Signed by the United States and Spain

Free navigation of the Mississippi River was given to the United States

United States gained area north of Florida that had been dispute (present-day Mississippi and Alabama)

Gave western farmers the "right of deposit" in New Orleans, enabling them to use the port for their goods, making in easier for them to ge

heir goods to the East

The United States would later make the Louisiana Purchase, which would cement this right of deposit

97. Early American Literature and Art: - 1600s-1700s.

- Early writings promoted the benefits of colonization to both Europeans and to the colonies themselves; authors included John Smith an

William Penn.

- Religious issues and the Great Awakening provided material for written works by John Winthrop, Edward Winslow, Roger Williams,

Jonathan Edwards, and George Whitefield.

- The political issues of revolution influenced writing in the mid-1700s, including works by Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and

Thomas Paine.

- Post-war writings such as The Federalist Papers explored the system of American values and governmental structure.

- The first American novel, published in 1789, was William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy.

- Art copied European styles but featured portraits of important Americans; famous artists included John Trumbull, Charles Peale, Benjam

West, and John Copley.

- Gilbert Stuart painted the portrait of George Washington that is now on the one-dollar bill .

98. John Adams: ...

99. XYZ Affair: - 1789.

- The United States wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping.

- To settle the issue, French representatives demanded a bribe from the United States just to open negotiations with French Minister

Talleyrand.

- The United States refused the bribe and suspended trade with the French.

- Led to the creation of the American Navy.

100. Alien and Sedition Acts: - 1789-1799.

- Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their power.

- New hurdles to citizenship were established.

- Broadened power to quiet print media critics.

- The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations betwee

the two groups.

- These acts tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the press.

- The Federalists gained a reputation as being a less democratic group, quickening their demise as a political organization.


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101. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: - 1789-1799.

- Response by Jeffersonian Republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

- Included text written by Jefferson and by Madison.

- Suggested that states should have the power within their territory to nullify federal law.

- Stated that federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it.

- The resolutions represented a future argument that would be used when secession and Civil War threatened the country.

- Called into question the paradox of the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment.

102. The Napoleonic Wars: - 1799-1815.

- War between Napoleon's France and the other European powers, led by Britain.

- Both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, especially the United States, from trading with their enemy.

- American ships were seized by both sides and American sailors were "impressed," or forced, into the British navy.

- The United States was angered by this violation of the "freedom of the seas" principle, which holds that outside its territorial waters, a

state may not claim sovereignty over the seas.

- These violations would escalate and lead to the War of 1812.

103. Judiciary Act of 1801: - 1801.

- Created new judeships to be filled by the president.

- John Adams filled the vacancies with party supporters ("Midnight Judges") before he left office.

- Led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party.

- Act would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison.

104. Thomas Jefferson: ...

105. John Marshall: Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835)

He was a Federalist installed by Adams

His decisions defined and strengthen the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the power of judicial review over federal legislation

His Court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts

His Court's decisions advanced capitalism

Significant cases included Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons

Ogden

106. Marbury v. Madison:William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in D.C. by President John Adams

His commission was part of Adams' "midnight appointments" during his last days in office

Marbury's commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson's Secretary of States, James Madison

Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute which allowed Marbury's remedy was

unconstitutional, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the Constitution permitted

This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statutes unconstitutional


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107. Louisiana Purchase: Purchased for $15 million from France

Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of purchasing land without having this authority granted by the Constitution; to mak

the purchase, he employed the presidential power of treaty-making

United States' territory was doubled

The purchase helped remove France from the western borders of the United States

Farmers could now send their goods (furs, grains, tobacco) down the Mississippi River and through New Orleans, facilitation

transportation to Europe

Opened land to agrarian expansion, helping fulfill one of the tenets of Jefferson's social ideology

The expansion westward created more states with Jeffersonian Republican representation to the point that the Federalists became a

marginalized party

108. Lewis and Clark Expedition: - 1803-1806.

Expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and the West.

- Departed from St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and the Rockies.

- Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them in their journey.

- Opened up new territories to American expansion.

109. Embargo of 1807: - 1807-1809.

- American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination.

- Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars.

the result was economic depression in the United States, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in Northeast commer

and were hit hard by the financial downturn.

110. James Madision: ...

111. Non-Intercourse Act: - 1809.

- Congress opened trade to all nations except France and Britain.

-

Trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing French and British aggression stemming from the Napoleonic Wars.

- Though the Embargo Act was a protective measure, the Non-Intercourse Act reengaged the United States in trade while continuing its

stance against alliances with either France or Britain.

- The Non-Intercourse Act was repealed in 1810.

112. Fletcher v. Peck: Marshall Court decision

The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the United States Constitution

The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal

A legislative session repealed that action because of the corruption

The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption

Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts


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113. Expansion of Electorate 1810-1828: - 1810-1828.

- Most states eliminated the property qualifications for voting during this period.

- African Americans were still excluded from polls across the South and most of the North.

- The political parties established national nomination conventions.

114. Tecumseh: - 1811.

- Native American chief who was encouraged by British forces to fight against the pressured removal of native Americans from Western

territories.

- William Henry Harrison destroyed the united Native American confederacy at Tippecanoe.

115. Causes of the War of 1812: - 1812-1815.

- British impressment of American soldiers.

- The United States suspected the British of encouraging Native American rebellion.

- "War Hawk" Congressional leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Calhoun, pressed for interveition.

- American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans and the British.

- War Hawks also wanted to annex Canada and Florida.

- Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled.

- Eventually, the United States sided with France against Britain.

116. War of 1812 Events: - 1812.

- Early victories at sea by the United States before it was overpowered by the British.

- The United States' Admiral Perry took lake Erie with the navy.

- Opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada and defeat the British and Native American forces.

- Andrew Jackson led the American charge through the Southwest.

- The Battle of New Orleans was a decisive conflict in which Andrew Jackson defeated the British; the battle was fought after the signing o

the Treaty of Ghent.

117. Washington Burned: - 1814.

- During the War of 1812, a British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and burned the White House.

- Attack came in response to the American burning of Toronto.

- The armada proceeded toward Baltimore; America's Fort McHenry held firm through bombardment, which inspired Francis Scott Key's

"Defense of Fort McHenry" (later renamed" The Star-Spangled Banner."

118. After the War of 1812: - Post-1814.

- Increased American nationalism.

- Created high foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco.

- The country turned from its agrarian origins toward industrialization.

- Led to a depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; the Bank of the United States responded by tightening credit to slow inflation


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119. Rush-Bagot Agreement: The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after the War of 1812, set the groundwork for this agreement by

encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the United States and Canada

Rush-Bagot was an agreement between Britain and the United States to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes

Served as the first "disarmament" agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between Canada and the United States

120. James Monroe: - 1817-1825.

- Fifth president.

- Led during the "Era of Good Feelings," which was marked by the domination of his political party, the Democratic-Republicans, and the

decline of the Federalist Party.

- Established the Monroe Doctrine as a wide-ranging policy for foreign affairs.

- National identity grew, most notably through the westward movement of the country and various public works projects.

- The "Era" saw the beginnings of North-South tensions over slavery.

121. Monore Doctrine: ...

122. Convention of 1818: Provided for boundary between the United States and Canada at the forty-ninth parallel

Allowed joint occupancy of Oregon Territory by Americans and Canadians

Permitted American fisherman to fish in the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador

123. McCulloch v. Maryland: - 1819.

- Marshall Court decision.

- Determined that no state could control an agency of the federal government.

- Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its own banks.

- Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress' "implied powers" to operate a national bank.

- Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case.

124. Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Marshall Court decision

Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business

New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked

The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the

consent of both parties

Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

125.

Adams-Onis Treaty: - 1819.- Helped define the United States-Mexico border.

- The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two countries.

- Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the United States and drew the boundary of Mexico to the Pacific.

- United States ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New Mexico region.

- United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants.

- Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion.


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126. King Cotton in the Early 1800s: - Early 1800s.

- The new invention of the cotton gin separated the seeds from the fibers.

- New states (such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) began producing cotton.

- Led to a boom in the cotton market, and its global effects crowned the staple as "King Cotton."

- The need for cotton encouraged westward expansion.

127. Transportation Revolution: - First half of the 1800s.

- Innovations included new construction of roads, additions of canals, and the expansion of the railroads.

- Robert Fulton built the modern-day steamboat, transforming river transportation.

- Henry Clay promoted internal improvements to help develop transportation.

- The transportation revolution cheapened the market for trade and encouraged population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains

128. The Second Great Awakening and Protestant Revivalism: - 1790s-1840s.

- A wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals.

- The "Burnt Over District," an area in upstate New York, was the center of the movement.

- Protestant revivalism rejected the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and held instead that salvation was in the individual's hands.

- Revivalism was a reaction to rationalism, emphasizing strong nationalism, and the improvement of society through social reform.

- Revivalism included participation by women and African Americans, demonstrating the influence and growth of democracy.

- Created diversity in American religious sects and some anti-Catholic sentiment.

129. Antebellum Reform: - 1820-1860.

- Explosion in the number of colleges (Oberlin College in Ohio became the first co-ed college.)

- Expansion of state-supported elementary schools and other public schooling, in part due to the leadership of Horace Mann.

- Dorothea Dix led in the establishment of asylums for humane treatment of the insane.

- Prisons were also reformed.

130. Dorothea Dix: - 1802-1887.

- Social reformer who worked to help the mentally ill.

- Northeastern jails housed both criminals and the mentally ill in the same facilities.

- Dix became determined to change this.

- Her memorandum to the Massachusetts state legislature in 1842 led to the establishment of state hospitals for the insane.


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131. The Lowell System: - 1820s.

- A popular way of staffing New England factories.

- Young women were hired from the surrounding countryside, brought to town, and housed in dorms in mill towns for a short period.

- The owners called these "factories in the garden" to spread the idea that these facil ities would not replicate the dirty, corrupt mills in

English towns.

- The rotating labor supply benefited owners, as no unions could be formed against them.

- The system depended on technology to increase production.

132. Slave Codes:A series of laws that limited slave rights

Slave owners were given authority to impose harsh physical punishment and to control their slaves in any fashion they sought, without

court intervention

Prohibited slaves from owning weapons, becoming educated, meeting with other African-Americans without permission, & testifying

against whites in court

Severely limited the rights of slaves

133. Washington Irving: - 1783-1859.

- In his time, he was the best-known native writer in the United States and one of the first American writers to gain fame throughout

Europe.

- His satire is considered some of the first great comic literature written by an American.

- Stories included Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleep Hollow (both in 1820.)

- His writings reflected an increasing nationalism, as the stories were based in American settings.

134. Transcendentalism: - 1820-1850.

- Movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God.

- Believed that people were capable of unity with God without the help of the institutional church.

- Saw church as reactionary and stifling to self-expression.

- Included writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson.

135. Utopian Communities: -Movement that copied early European efforts at utopianism

Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism

Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism

Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism

Two examples of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida

136. Romanticism: 1800s.

- A belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, and traditional values, rooted in turn-of-the-century Europe.

- Emphasized emotions and feeling over rationality.

- Reaction against the excess of the Enlightenment led to a growing push for social reform.


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137. Missouri Compromise: Henry Clay's solution to deadlock over the issue of the acceptance of the proposed new state, Missouri

At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states

A slave state of Missouri would tip the balance of power

John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment meant to prohibit the growth of slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in

Missouri when they had reached a certain age

The Tallmadge Amendment caused the Senate to block the Missouri Compromise; it sparked heated debate about the future of slavery

To settle the dispute, northern Massachusetts became a new state (Maine)

The legislative section prohibiting slavery in Missouri was replaced by a clause stating that all land of the Louisiana Purchase north of

thirty-six-thirty north la titude would prohibit slavery

138. Denmark Vesey: - 1767(?)-1822.

- A slave who won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom.

- Gained wealth and influence in South Carolina.

- Accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt.

- Vesey and thirty-four other slaves were hanged.

- Some historians doubt the conspiracy was real.

139. Gibbons v. Ogden: - 1824

- Marshall Court Decision.

- Determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation.

- Ogden received a monopoly to operate a steamboat between new York and New Jersey; New York granted him the monopoly through

Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston.

- Gibbons received the same rights through Congress.

- Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void.

- Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case.

140. Hudson River School: Group of American landscape painters

Part of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812

The influence of the European Romantic movement led many American artists to paint their homeland

Depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, the Rocky Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley

Artists included Thomas Doughty, Thomas Cole, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse

141. James Fenimore Cooper: - 1789-1851.

- American novelist born in Burlington, New Jersey.

- His writing was influenced by the American frontier and America's landscapes.

- His works include The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Water-Witch (1830), and The American Democrat (1838.)

- His work, along with that of writers like Washington Irving, helped form the foundation for distinctive American literature.


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142. John James Audubon: - 1785-1851.

- Romantic-era artist.

- Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters.

- Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals.

- In 1886, a nature organization took his name.

143. "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824: 4 presidential candadates- Henry Clay (Speaker of House), John Q. Adams (Sec. of State), Andrew Jacks

(1812 war hero), and William Crawford.

Jackson won popular vote, but no one got a majority in the electoral college. Henry Clay,

in the House, threw his support to Adams.

In exchange for winning the presidency over Jackson,

Adams gave Clay the post of Sec. of State

144. John Quincy Adams: - 1825-1829.

- Sixth president.

- His supports called themselves National Republicans (Jackson supporters labeled themselves Democratic-Republicans.)

- Led an active federal government in areas l ike internal improvements and Native American affairs.

- His policies proved unpopular amidst sectional interest and conflicts over states' rights.

- After his presidency, he served in the House of Representatives, where he forced debates against slavery and against the Jacksonian pol

of removing certain Native American tribes.

145. "Tariff of Abominations": ...

146. John Calhoun:Vice President to both John Q. Adams and to his political rival, Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in 1828

Champion of states' rights

Author of an essay, "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest," advocating nullification of Tariff of 1828 and asserting the rights of the

states to nullify federal laws

Later, as a senator, he engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states' rights, digging deeply into the ideas that woul

dive the country to the Civil War

147. Andrew Jackson: - 1829-1837.

- Seventh president.

- Following the War of 1812, he invaded Spanish Florida to quell Native American rebellions.

- After the treaty for the War of 1812 had already been signed, he defeated a British force that had invaded New Orleans, sa feguarding the

Mississippi River.

- Popular president due to his image as the self-made westerner.

- His form of leadership, known as Jacksonian Politics, called for a strong executive, relied on the party system, and emphasized states'

rights.

- Implemented the Spoils System approach to civil service.

- Signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi.


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148. Spoils System:Andrew Jackson's method of exchanging government officials with new civil servants

"Rotation in office" was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing common folk to run the government

This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage

In general, officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administration; the were not always the most qualified for the positions

Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to corruption and inefficiency;

it was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act

149. Alexis de Tocqueville: French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States

Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process

Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality

Provided an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson

150. Mormonism: Religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr.

Smith claimed to have received sacred writings; he organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

Smith described a vision from God in which God declared specific tenets of Christianity to be abominations

Because of these claims and unusual practices such as polygamy, Mormons were shunned

Eventually, formed the community near Great Salt Lake under Brigham Young

Settlement became the State of Utah

151. Webster-Hayne Debate: Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and

nullification

Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident

At issue was the source of constitutional authority - Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had

sought a guarantee of freedom?

Webster stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

152. Nat Turner: Slave who led insurrection in Southampton, Virginia, in 1831

Influential among local slaves as a preacher

Believed it was his destiny to lead slaves to freedom

Led approximately sixty in revolt, killing the family of his owner and running rampant through the nearby neighborhood, killing fifty-fivewhites

The revolt was put down and Turner, some of his conspirators, and several free blacks were executed

Led to stricter slave laws in the South and an end to the Southern organizations advocating abolition


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153. Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification: The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones

Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared the tariff laws void; South Carolina would resist by

force any attempt to collect the tariffs

Jackson, though a supporter of states' rights, defended the Union above all, and asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority t

collect tariffs by force

Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose its image of control and so that

South Carolina could back down from nullification

Henry Clay presented this Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew the Order, but tensions between the federal governme

and state governments grew

154. Biddle's Banks:Andrew Jackson objected to the Bank of the United States created by Alexander Hamilton

Jackson felt that the Bank had great influence in national affairs but did not respond to the will of working and rural class people

Henry Clay wanted the Bank to be a political issue for the upcoming presidential election in 1832 against Andrew Jackson

Nicholas Biddle, chairman of the Bank, worked with Clay to re-charter the Bank four years earlier than it was due

Jackson vetoed the measure, increasing his popularity

155. Texas, Leading to the Battle of the Alamo: - 1800s.

- Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States, which had given up its claims to Texas in the Adams-Onis treaty.

- Texas had been a state in the Republic of Mexico since 1822, following a revolution against Spain.

- Mexico offered land grants for immigrants to the area, and many Americans responded and came to Texas, increasing population and

revenue in Texas.

- Southerners moved to Mexico with interest in becoming slave masters, but the presence of s lavery angered the Mexican government.

- When the population changed, Mexico's power began to erode.

- Stephen Austin worked to first make Texas a Mexican state and later independent of Mexico.

156. Battle of the Alamo: - February 24-march 6, 1836.

- During Texas's revolution against mexico, Fort Alamo was attacked by the Mexican Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were

killed.

- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican military and political leader, was victorious.

- "Remember the Alamo" was the garrison's battle cry in its fight for independence.

157. Sam Houston: - 1793-1863.

- Leader of Texas independence.

- Defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and claimed independence.

- Houston asked both President Jackson and President Van Buren to recognize Texas as a state, which they denied out of fear that a new

slave state would be formed.

158. Gag Rule: 1836-1844

Forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of Representatives

Stemmed from Southern members' fear of slave emancipation

Led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern economic and political hegemony


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159. The Panic of 1837 and Specie Circular: Recession caused by President Jackson's drastic movement of federal bank deposits to state

and local banks

Led to relaxed credit policies and infla tion

Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, stating that land must be paid for in hard money, not paper or credit

Recession lasted into the 1840s

160. The Charles River Bridge Case: Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare

Jackson's chief justice, Roger Taney, suggested that a state could cancel grant money if the grant ceased to be in the interest of the

community

Served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward

161. Trail of Tears: - 1838-1839.

- Worcester v. Georgia was a response to Jackson's Indian Removal Act.

- Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity.

- Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court, but Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision.

- By this point, Cherokees had largely met the government's demands to assimilate into Western-style democratic institutions.

- Still, Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in present-day Oklahoma.

- The migration's effects were devastating as hunger, disease, and exhaustion killed about 4,000 Cherokee.

162. Horace Mann: - 1796-1859.

- American educator who was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education.

- Suggested reforms in education.

- Made available high-quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling.

-The system has lasted to present day, and as a result, Mann has been called the father of the American public school.

163. Whig Party: Group stemmed from the old Federalist Party, the old National Republican Party, and others who opposed Jackson's polici

Cultivated commercial and industrial development

Encouraged banks and corporations

Had a cautious approach to westward expansion

Received Support came largely from Northern business and manufacturing interests and from large Southern planters

Included Calhoun, Clay, and Webster

164. Ralph Waldo Emerson: - 1803-1882.

- Transcendentalist essayist and lecturer.

- Self-Reliance (1841), one of his essays, promoted the virtue of independence.

- Through the themes in his writings and through the independent lifestyle he lived, Emerson strongly influenced American thought and

culture.


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165. Abolitionism: - 1830s through Civil War.

- Began with the idea of purchasing and transporting slaves to free African states, which had little success.

- Anti-slavery societies founded it, and some faced violent opposition.

- The movement split into two: 1) radical followers and 2) those who petitioned Congress.

- Entered politics through the Liberty Party, call ing for non-expansion of s lavery into new western territories.

- The Liberty Party would eventually combine with the larger Free Soil Party.

166. William Lloyd Garrison: - 1805-1879.

- His newspaper, The Liberator, espoused his vies that slaves should be immediately emancipated.

- Many other anti-slavery advocates of the 1830s and 1840s recommended a gradualist approach.

- Because of his inflexible position and the fiery language he used in his paper, opposition to his policy developed within abolitionist

groups.

- Garrison also advocated an unpopular position in favor of equal rights for women.

- After the Civil War, he promoted free trade, suffrage for women, and fair treatment for Native Americans.

167. frederick Douglass:An escaped slave and outspoken abolitionist

Escaped from his Maryland owner and published his own newspaper, the north Star

Favored the use of political methods of reform

IN the Civil War, he helped put together regiments of African-Americans from Massachusetts and urged others to join the Union army

Known as the father of American civil rights movement

168. Population Growth and Change, Early 1800s: Labor shortage meant more opportunity for work

Influx of immigration included German skilled labor and Irish Catholics, who faced discrimination

Growing of population in the West and in rural areas

Urbanization outgrew public services, leading to inadequate security and clean water for city-livers

Race riots, religious riots, and street crime became part of city society

169. Women in the Early 1800s:Women participated in limited political activity that was mostly religious and reform in nature, such as

abolition

Employment was limited mostly to school-teaching

They still lived in a "cult of domesticity," in which a woman's role in marriage was to maintain the home for her husband and to raise the

children

A woman's property became her husband's

In future years, the women's rights movement would rise to confront this "cult of domesticity"


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170. Martin Van Buren: Eighth President

Democrat from New York who had served as Jackson's vice president after Calhoun left the position

Established independent treasury, a system maintaining government funds independently of the national banking systems; it existed in o

form or another until 1921

Panic of 1837 hampered attempts to follow Jackson's policies, and he was unsuccessful in re-election

171. William Henery Harrison: Ninth president,

A westerner who fought against Native Americans.

military hero of the western frrontier, became famous at the Battle of Tippecanoe;

nicknamed "Old Tippecanoe",

died of pneumonia after only one month in office

172. John Tyler: Tenth President

Took office following the death of President William Henry Harrison

States' righter, Southerner, and strict constitutionalist

Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him

Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain

Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845

173. U.S.-British Tension and Webster-Ashburton Treaty:American ship was burned by Canadian loyalists

Canada and the United States disputed the boundary of Maine

British ships sometimes topped American ships to suppress American slave smuggling

The treaty settled the boundary of Maine and the border disputes in the Great lakes

Created more cooperation between the United States and Britain in curbing the slave trade

174. Irish and German Immigration: 1840s saw dramatic increases in Irish immigration due to potato famine in Ireland

Poverty of the Irish immigration caused settlement in eastern cities and competition for jobs

The 1850s had increases in German immigration due to the failed revolution in 1848

Many Germans settled in Wisconsin because they had money and other resources; helped to cultivate the upper-Midwest portion of the

united states

The five points neighborhood of New York City included Irish immigrants, African-American, and Anglo, Italian, and Jewish cultures; itencapsulated the melting-pot phenomenon in the United States


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175. Manifest Destiny: Belief that American was destined to ex[and to the Pacific, and possibly into Canada and Mexico

John O'Sullivan, an American journalist, wrote an article pushing for the annexation of Texas and coined the phrase "Manifest Destiny"

Came out of post-1812 War nationalism, reform impulse of the 1830s, and the need for new resources

Those Whigs who supported Manifest Destiny favored more peaceful means; other Whigs fared American expansion, concerned about

raising the slavery issue in new territories

Manifest Destin was an engine of both discovery and destruction; while American pushed westward, the ideas behind Manifest Destiny

fueled the Mexican War and the displacement of Native Americans

176. Transportation in the 1840s and 1850s: Tremendous expansion of railroad lines, creating a national market for goods

Railroads linked the Midwest and the Northeast

Steamboats and clipper ships became more popular for travel

177. Four Economic Classes in the South: - 1800s.

- Planters: Owned large farms and groups of slaves, and exercised political and economic control with cotton exports.

- Yeomen: The largest group, yeomen worked land independently, sometimes along with slaves, to produce their own foods, like corn.

- Poor Whites: Lived in squalor that was often as bad as that of the slaves.

- Slaves: Worked the land; it was noteworthy that three-fourths of white in the South did not own slaves.

178. Slave Labor Roles: - 1800s.

- On large farms, white overseers directed African American drivers who supervised groups in the fields as they performed gang

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