sastra keralam march 2008

am¿®v 2008 1

imkv X - am -knI

H‰-]Xn 7 cq], hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy 84 cq], X]m-en¬ e`n-°m≥ hcn-kwJy Un.-Un., Fw.-H.

amXw Ab-bv°p-I. Un.-Un.-bn¬ amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkvX-tI-cfw Ft∂ Fgp-Xm-hq.

tImgn-t°mSv amdm-hp∂ hn[-Øn¬ Un.-Un. FSp-°pI

IØp-Iƒ, cN-\-Iƒ, Ab-bvt°≠ hnemkw:FUn-‰¿, imkvX-tI-c-fw, tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 673002hcn-kw-Jy, ]cm-Xn-Iƒ, ta¬hn-em-k-am-‰w, GP≥kn F∂n-hbv°v Fgp-XpI

amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkvX-tI-c-fw, Nme-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv 673 002

t^m¨ : 0495 2701919, mIvkv : 0495 2304780, C -sa-bn¬ : [email protected]

2008 am¿®v ! e°w 449

tIcf

imkvXkmlnXy

]cnjXv

]kn≤oIcWw]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ 39˛mw h¿jw

imkv X - am -knI

sImS-°mSv io[-c≥, tUm. _me-Ir-jvW≥ sNdq-∏, them-bp-[≥ ]¥o-cm-¶m-hv,hnP-b-Ip-am¿ ªmØq¿, PÃn≥ tPmk-^v, tUm. ]n apl-ΩZv jm^n, ]n tPymXn, sI.-]n iin-Ip-am¿,

Sn.-]n hniz-\m-Y≥, ]ho¨N-µ, ]n kp\n¬tZhv, \h-\oXv IrjvW≥ Fkv, cRvPnØv Fkv

NnXo-I-cWw : kXojv. cq]-I-ev]\: hnP-b-Ip-am¿ ªmØq¿. Km^nIvkv : sjdn≥ tkhy¿

FUn‰¿: s]m^. sI ]m∏qń, amt\PnMv FUn‰¿ : Sn.]n. kpIpamc≥ Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿: Fw.-Sn. apcfn

14

16

27

30

]Xm[n]kanXn:

32

35

38

9B¿°p-th≠n

]n kp\n¬tZhv

Pnen≥ cmkhyh-km-b-im-e-bnse kvt^mS-\-ßƒ

Fw -Sn - ap-cfn

B≥ HIz-d≥kv A‰v Huƒ Io°v _nUvPv

hnPbIp-am¿ ªmØq¿

ssl sU^-\nj≥

cRvPnXv Fkv Xpd-hq¿

U¶n-∏\n \nb-¥Ww ][m\w

tUm: ]n tkma-kp-µ-c≥

imkvX-⁄-cpsS Pohn-X-I-Y-Iƒ

]n tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

ssPh C‘-\-hn-f-Iƒ C¥y-bnepw

ssN\-bnepw Pe-£m-aw-kr-jvSn°pw

hn sI Pbvtkm-a-\m-Y≥

_ln-cm-Imi hm¿Ø-Iƒ

]n B¿ Nµ-tam-l≥

amb-°m-gvN-Iƒ

IÆ≥ Icn-ßmSv

34

en -

kvtIm]vsU

mKm‘n-Pn-bpsS hgntb \S∂ Hcmƒ

\mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn

k¿∆-i-‡s‚ ]tl-fn-I-kam-l-cWw : tP∏okv19

]]© cl-ky-ß-fpsS Xmt°m¬

tUm. at\mPv tImaØv

biv]m¬ amjpw Ipýfpw

s]m^.-sI.-]m-∏qń 540

imkvX-tI-cfw4

t^mt´m-Iznkv- ˛ 84 DØcwt^mt´m-Iznkv- ˛ 84 DØcw

sFIycmjvS k`, 1993 apX¬, am¿®v 22 temI Pe Zn\-ambn BN-cn-®p-

h-cp-∂p. 2005 se PeZn\w c≠mw Pe Zi-I-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p.

1981 apX¬ 1990 hsc BN-cn® H∂m-aXv Pe ZiIw \qdp-tIm-Sn-bn-tesd

P\-ßƒ°v sh≈-sa-Øn-®p, 8 tImSn-tbmfw P\-ßƒ°v ipNo-I-cW kwhn-

[m-\-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. F∂m¬ Ct∏mgpw 110 tImSn P\-ßƒ Pe£maw

A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. 240 tImSn P\-ßƒ°v icn-bmb ipNnXz kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-

√.

]´n-Wn-bp-sSbpw Zmcn-Zy-Øn-s‚bpw \n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\pw kpÿnc hnI-

k-\-Øn\pw am\h Btcm-Ky-Øn\pw th≠ \n¿Æm-bI LS-I-ß-fmWv ip≤-

P-ehpw ipNn-Xz-hpw. Pew, enwK-\o-Xn, ZmcnZy \n¿Ωm¿÷\w F∂n-h-bnemWv

2005 ˛ 2015 "Pew Poh\v' ZiIw i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv.

kmº-ØnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Km¿lnI Bh-iy-ßƒ°pw th≠ Pe-

Øns‚ D]-tbmKw kw_-‘n®v kaq-l-ßƒ°p≈ ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ k¶o¿Æ-

am-Wv. BWp-ßƒ°pw s]Æp-ßƒ°pw C°m-cy-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-amb ap≥K-

W-\-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fp-am-Wv D≈-Xv. kvXo ]pcp-j≥am-cpsS ]¶p-Iƒ

Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw kmº-ØnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Km¿lnI Pe D]-

tbm-K-Øns‚ apJy DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw IqSn t]dp∂ kvXoI-fpsS A`n-]m-b-

ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bpamWv "Pew Poh\v' Zi-

I-Øns‚ e£yw.

"

P¿a-\n -bnse _¿Kv BƒSn-\. temIsØ BZysØ bqØv

tlmÃ¬. sNdp-∏-°m-cmb k©mcn-Iƒ°v Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n

kvIqƒ A[ym-]-I-\mb dn®m¿Uv n¿am≥ Xs‚ kvIqfn¬ Hcp tUm¿an-

‰dn Bcw-`n-®p. AXm-bn-cp∂p temIsØ BZysØ bqØv tlmÃ¬.

Hcn-°¬ ^n¿am\pw kwLhpw shÃv ^men-b-bn-te°v Hcp S°nwMv

\S-Øn. B ka-b-Øp-≠mb i‡-amb sImSp-¶m-‰v Ahsc h√msX

he-®p. Xma-kn-°m≥ Hcp CShpw In´msX Ah¿ hnj-an-®p. HSp-hn¬

Kma-Ønse Hcp kvIqfn¬- A-h¿ A¥n-bp-dßn. AtXmsSbmWv

^n¿am≥ bqØvtlm-Ã¬ F∂ Bi-b-hp-ambn apt∂m-´p-t]m-b-Xv. Xs‚

kvIqfn¬Xs∂ AXn-\p≈ ÿew BZyw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp

At±lw. ]n∂oSv P¿a-\nbn¬ bqØv tlmÃepI-fpsS Hcp irwJeXs∂-

bp-≠m-°m≥ At±lw ]cn-ian®p. C∂v temI-am-k-Iew ]S¿∂p ]¥-

en® henb Hcp ]ÿm-\-am-bn, k©mcn-I-fpsS Bim-tI-µ-ambn,

bqØvtlmÃ-ep-Iƒ hf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

am¿®v 2008 5

"Ip™p-Æn-amjpw Ipýfpw'

F∂p ]d-™m¬ a\- n¬ sXfn-bp∂

Hcp NnX-ap-≠-t√m˛ IjvSn®v apń-\p-

XmsgsbØp∂ H‰-ap-≠p-Sp-Øv, Dds°

IY ]d-™v, Ihn-X-sNm-√n, Ipń-I-tfm-

sSm∏w BÀm-Zn®pw BÀm-Zn-∏n®pw

\S-∂n-cp∂ Hcp Ip™p-a-\p-jys‚

NnXw.

biv]m¬ amjpw Ipýfpw F∂p

]d-bp-tºmƒ Xn-I®pw hyXy-kvX-am-

sbmcp NnX-amWv a\- n¬ sXfn-bp-

I. Ip¿Øbpw Pm°‰pw [cn® Hcp

BPm-\-_m-lp. \o≠, ]mdn-∏-d-°p∂

sh≈n-ap-Sn. ]Xp-s°-bp≈ kwkm-cw.

ùXn-I-im-kvX-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂

imkvX -⁄≥. bqWn -th -g vkn‰n

Km‚ vkv IΩo-js‚ ap≥ sNb¿am≥.

henb hnZym-`ymk Nn¥-I≥...

]s£, Ipń-I-fpsS ASp-sØ-Øp-

tºmƒ BfmsI amdpw. Ah-tcmSp

Ipkr-Xn-t®m-Zy-ßƒ tNmZn®p sNmSn-

∏n -°pw. Ah-cpsS tNmZy -ßƒ°v

DØcw \¬Ipw. Xami ]d-bpw.

Aßs\ ckn®pw ckn-∏n®pw F¨]-

sØm-∂nepw _meyw ssIhn-SmsX

kq£n-°p∂ Hcp apØ-»≥. Hcp ¢mkv

Ign-bp-tºm-tg°pw imkvXw CX ck-

I-ctam F∂p \Ωƒ kzbw tNmZn®p

t]mIpw.

Ign™ s^_p-hcn amk-Øns‚

XpS-°-Øn¬ tUm.-b-iv]m¬ Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-c-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. imkvX-km-t¶-

XnI ayqknbw lmfn¬ \nd-™n-cn-

°p∂ kvIqƒ Ipń -I -tfm -sSm∏w

At±lw c≠p-a-Wn-°q-tdmfw sNe-h-gn-

®p. Hcp Ipkr-Xn-t®m-Zy-hp-am-bmWv

At±lw XpS-ßn-b-Xv."" ]£n-Iƒ

Ft∏mgpw Fs¥-¶nepw Xn∂p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°pw. B\, HÍw t]mep≈ henb

Pohn -Iƒ°v Znhkw Hcp t\cw

`£Ww Inń-bmepw aXn. \ap°p c≠p-

t\-c-sa-¶nepw thWw. F¥p-sIm-≠m-W-

ßs\?''

]e DØ-c -ßƒ h∂p.˛

B\bv°pw a‰pw hey hb-dp-≠v, Infn-

Iƒ°v Ip™n-h-b-dm-Wv. CØn-cntb

Xn∂m≥ ]‰q.... Fs∂m-s°.

""AsXm∂z-√,'' biv]m¬ ]d-™p.

""c≠p NXp-c-s∏-ń-Iƒ k¶-ev]n-°p-I.

H∂ns‚ hi-ß-fpsS Ccń hoXap-

≠mIpw a‰-Xns‚ hi-ßƒ. hen-∏tam?

H∂m-a-Ø-Xns‚ 8 Cc-ń-bp-≠m-Ipw. D]-

cn-Xe hnkvXo¿Wtam? 4 Cc- ntb hcq.

hi-ß-fpsS hen∏w 3 Ccń

Bbmtem,hym]vXw 27 Cc-ń-bm-Ipw.

hnkvXo¿Ww 9 Cc-ń -bpw F∂p

sh®m¬ hym]vX-tØ-°mƒ Ipd™

\nc-°nte D]-cn-Xe hnkvXo¿Ww

IqSq. Pohn-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw CXp

icn -bm -Wv . DjvW c‡-Po -hn -

Iƒs°√mw Np‰p-]m-Sn-t\-°mƒ NqSp-

Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂p

NqSp \jvS-s∏´psIm-≠n-cn-°pw. XWp-

∏p-Im-eØv NqSp IqSp-X¬ \jvS-s∏-Spw.

AXp-sIm-≠mWv XWp-∏p-Im-eØv \mw

IqSp-X¬ `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xv. C\n,

biv]m¬ amjpw

Ipýfpw

s]m^. sI.]m∏qń

imkvX-tI-cfw6

]£n-Iƒ F¥n\m Ft∏mgpw Xn∂p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂p \nßƒ°p

]d-bm≥ ]‰ns√?''

Ipń-Iƒ ]d-™p,""]£n-Iƒ°v

hym]vXw Ipdhpw D]-cn -Xe

hnkvXo¿Ww IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv. AXp-

sIm≠v IqSp-X¬ Du¿÷w \jvS-s∏-

Spw. henb arK-ßƒ°v \jvSw Xmc-X-

tay\ Ipd-hmWv.'' ioX-c-‡-Po-hn-

Iƒ°v Du¿÷w Xm]-ambn \jvS-s∏-

Sm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v F´p-Im-en°pw jUv]-

Z-ßƒ°pw Xosc-°p-d®p £Ww aXn

F∂ \nK-a-\-Ønepw Ah-sc-Øn.

Hcp anSp-°n-bpsS tNmZyw: "" Pohn-

°m≥ sh≈w Bh-iy-an-√mØ Pohn-

Iƒ ]]-©-Øn¬ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw

D≠m-Iptam?''

biv]m¬ Aev]w Ipg -ßn.

At±lw ]d™p""`qan-bnse F√m

Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw t]mj-I-ßƒ ico-c-

Øn-te°v BKn-cWw sNøp-∂Xv Pe-

Øn¬ ebn-∏n-®n-´m-Wv. Pe-tØmfw

\s√mcp embIw ]Ir-Xn-bn-en-√.

AXp-sIm≠v ]]-©-Øn¬ Fhn-sS-

sb-¶nepw hnImkw ]m]n® Poh-Pm-

e-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ Ahbpw PesØ

Bi-bn-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cn°pw F∂p

\mw Duln-°p-∂p. thsd sXfn-shm-

∂p-an-√. Pe-Øn\v thsdbpw HØncn

A¤p-X -I -c -amb KpW-ß-fp -≠v .

AsXms° \nßƒ a\- n-em-°m≥

ian-°-Ww.''

Hcp aqe-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp Ipkr-

Xn-t®m-Zyw.""\£-X-ß-sf-s°m≠v

F¥m ]tbm -P\w?'' s]m^.

-b-iv]m¬ ]d™p""\£-X-ßfpw

kqcy\pw H∂pw \ap°p ]tbm-P-\w

sNøm-\√ Pzen-°p-∂-Xv. Ah ]Ir-

Xn-bpsS ^mIvS-dn-I-fm-Wv. ]]©w

D≠mb ka-bØv sslU-P\pw

Ipd®p loen-bhpw amXta D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p-≈q. \£-X-°m-ºnse Db¿∂

NqSnepw a¿± -Ønepw Ch

At\ym\yw Iqń-apń ^yqj≥

\S-Øn-bmWv a‰p aqe-I-ßƒ

D≠m-Ip∂Xv. Cu ]In -b-

bnse Hcp "ss_t]mUIvSv'

amX-amWv NqSpw shfn-®-hp-sam-

s°.''

""Pzen-®p-Xo¿∂m¬ hen-b-

\-£-X-ßƒ s]mń-sØ-dn-°pw.

At∏mƒ AXp-hsc AXp-ev]m-

Zn-∏n® F√m ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw

[qfn -bmbn Np‰pw NnX-dpw.

Aßs\ NnX-dnb GtXm

ap≥Im-e-\-£-X-Øns‚ [qfn-

bn¬ \n∂mWv \ΩpsS

kqcy\pw `qan-bp-sa√mw ]n∂oSv

cq]w sIm≠-Xv. B A¿∞-Øn¬ \Ω-

sf√mw- \£-X-[q-fn-bn¬ \n∂p- ]n-d∂

\£-X-°p™p-ß-fm-Wv. AXmWv

\£-X-ß-sf-s°m-≠v \ap -°p≈

]tbm-P-\w.''

ASpØ tNmZyw Ipń-I-tfm-Sm-bn-

cp-∂p. ""RßsS \mń-sems° [mcmfw

Cu®-I-fp-≠v. `£Ww FSp-Øp-sh-

®m¬ Cu® h∂p s]mXn-bpw. ChntSw

Dt≠m Cu®?''

Ipń-Iƒ ]d™p:

"" HØncn D≠v, k¿.''

""Cu®bv°v GXm\pw BgvNsØ

Bbpt D≈q Xm\pw. F∂n´pw

\Ωƒ F¥m Cu®-Iƒ NØpInS-°p-

∂Xv A[nIw ImWmsØ? Hmtcm Znh-

khpw Bbn-c-I-W°n\v FÆw NmtI-

≠-Xs√?''

Hcp anSp°n ck-I-c-amb Hcp-Øcw

]d-™p: ""Cu®-Iƒ ]d∂p apI-fn-

hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS Bip-]Xn InS-°-I-fn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-

°s∏Sp-∂Xv ip≤-P-ehpw icn-bmb ipNnXz kwhn-[m\ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-

∂p-sh-¶n¬ XS-bm-am-bn-cp∂ tcmK-ßƒ _m[n-®-hsc InS-Øm-\m-Wv.

am¿®v 2008 7

Nµ\w I´p-I-SØpw t]mse

Nne¿ Ct∏mƒ ]mºn≥hnjw I´p-

I-S-Øp∂ Imcyw \nßƒ ]X-ß-

fn¬ hmbn-®p-Im-Wpw. lrtZm-K-

Øn\pw k‘nhmX-Øn-\p-sa√mw

]‰nb kn≤u-j-[-ßfpw hocyw- Iq-

Snb el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw ]mºn≥

hnj-Øn¬ \n∂p-In-´p-sa∂p h∂-

tXmsS tImSn-I-fpsS I®-h-S-amWv

B cwKØp \S-°p-∂-Xv. C\n-bn-

t∏mƒ t]∏-ń-hn-j-Øn\pw h≥ Un-

am‚ v hcm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠-sX. a-

kvXnjvI NnIn-’bv°v Ah ]-

tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa∂p I≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Xe-t®m -dnse tImi-ßsf

_m[n -°p∂ ]e tcmK -ßfpw

Ct∏mƒ NnIn-’n-°m≥ ]bm-k-

amWv; ImcWw Atßm´v acp-∂p-

Iƒ°v ]th-i -\ -an -√. "ªUv˛

te°p s]mßpw. AhnsS a¿±w Ipd-

hm -b -Xp -sIm≠v _eq¨ t]mse

s]mń-®n-X-dn-t∏m-Ipw.''

lmfn-emsI Iq´-®ncn Db¿∂p.

]ns∂ ck-I-c-amb Hcp N¿®. HSp-hn¬

F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v icn-bmb DØ-c-

Øn¬ FØn: NØm¬ DSs\ Ddp-ºp-

Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-Ipw. Ipsd-sb-ÆsØ

Infn-Iƒ im∏n-Spw. ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ H∂pw

"shbvÃv' Bbn-t∏m-In-√.

]nt∂bpw HØn-cn-tNm-Zy-ßfpw

N¿®-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn. "_¿apUm Sbmw-

Knƒ icn°pw D≈-XmtWm?' "\nd-ap≈

hkvXw \\-bp-tºmƒ F¥m \nd-

Øn\v Iń IqSps∂?'. Nµs‚ Np‰pw

t]∏ń hnj-Øn\pw

hne In´pw

s_bv≥ _mcn-b¿' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

Acn∏ IS∂v acp∂pw tcmKm-Wp-

°fpw a‰v A\y hkvXp-°fpw Xe-

bv°p-≈n¬ FØn-√. \mUo-tIm-i-ß-

fpsS \miw aqe-ap≈ Aƒjn-tagvkv

t]mesØ tcmK-ßƒ s]cp-Ip-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. lm¿hm¿Uv saUn-°¬

kvIqfnse aRvPp -\mYv F≥.

kzmanbpw kl Kth-j-Icpw tN¿∂v

CXn-s\mcp ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øn-bn-

cn-°p-∂p. dm_okv sshd-kp-Iƒ°v

Acn∏ Xpf®v AIØp IS-°m≥ Ign-

bpw. (t]-∏ń hnjw _m[n-°p-∂Xv

Xe-t®m-dn-t\-bm-Wt√m) Cu sshd-

kp-I-fpsS t]mó-\n¬ Huj[w Hfn-

∏n®v sh®v Xe-t®m-dn-se-Øn-°m≥

]‰pw. GXp òI-c-s\bpw D]-Im-cn-

bm°n am‰m≥ (Xn-cn-®pw) imkvX-

Øn\p Ign-bp-sa-∂¿∞w.

sI.]n

Nne-t∏mƒ ImWp∂ he-b-sa-¥mWv?'

"ag-hn-s√¥m hf-™n-cn -°ps∂?'...

ÿe-]-cn -an -Xn -aqew AsXm∂pw

ChnsS hnh-cn -°p -∂n -√. HSp -hn¬

At±lw Hcp tNmZyw tNmZn®v Ah-

km-\n-∏n-®p. AXn-\p-Øcw \nßƒ

Is≠-ØWw: F√m hkvXp-°fpw Dcp-

Ip-tºmƒ hnI-kn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-

Xv. sh≈w Xncn-®m-Wv. sFkm-bn-cn-°p-

tºm-gmWv hym]vXw IqSp-X¬, AXp

sh≈-Øn¬ s]mßn-°n-S-°pw. F¥m-

W-Xn\p Imc-Ww.? Imc-W-a-dn-bp-∂-h¿

Fgp-Xq.. !

imkvX-tI-cfw8

Cta-PnwKv kmt¶-XnI hnZy,

UnPn -‰¬ bpK-Øn¬ AXn-thKw

apt∂dns°m≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. B[p-

\nI Iyma-d -Iƒ t^m°-knw-Kv,

FIvkvt]m-j¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms°

kzbw \n¿W-bn®v ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-

hp-≈-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ft∏mƒ ¢n°v

sNøWw F∂ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb Xocp-

Nncn-A-f-°m\pw

tkm^v‰vshb¿

lrZbw tISm-bm¬ thsdm∂v

\n¿Ωn®v sh°p-I, Icƒ t]m-bm¬,

hr° t]mbm¬, t]mtÃ‰v tISm-

bm¬ thsdm∂p sh°p-I˛ Fs∂-

¶nepw CXp km[n°pw F∂v

imkvX-⁄¿°v Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ CX-thKw km[y-am-Ip-

sa∂p Bcpw Icp-Xn-bn-√. sÃw

sk√p-Isf GXv Ah-b-h-ambpw

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp°mw F∂-h¿°-dn-bm-

am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ sÃwsk√p-I-

fpsS `mj Ah¿°p \n›-b-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp lrZ-b-ambv hf-cq,

As√-¶n¬ Hcp hr°-bmbv hfcq

F∂v Ah-tbmSv Fßs\ ]d-bpw.

Ct∏mƒ Imen-t^m¿Wnb k¿∆-I-

K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. IÆp-I-fp-tSbpw

Np≠p-I-fp-tSbpw BIr-Xn-bn¬ hcp∂

hyXym-kw Af∂v Hcm-fns‚ ]p©ncn

0 ap-X¬ 100 hsc-bp≈ kvsIbn-en¬

A¶n-X-s∏-Sp-Ømw F∂mWv ]pXnb

I≠p-]n-Sp-Øw. Xnam\ am∏nwKv D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp -Øp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Nncn -

°p∂ Bƒ Iyma-d-bn-te°p Xs∂

t\m°-W-sa-∂p-an-√. 300 hsc hi-ß-

fn-tet°m 150 hsc apI-fn-tet°m Xm-

tgt°m Ncn-™n-cp-∂mepw Hwtdm¨

tIm¿∏-td-js‚ Cu tkm^v‰vshb¿

icn-bmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-a-sX. Hcp

sk°‚ns‚ ]Øn-sem-∂n¬ Xmsg

kabw sIm≠v Nncn Af-°m≥ Ign-

bp∂ Cu tkm^v‰vshb-dn\v hen-

∏hpw Ipd-hm-Wv. tIhew 46-kb!AXm-bXv samss_¬ t^mWnse

Ip™n-Iym-a-d-I-fn¬ t]mepw CXv D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-t™-°pw.

DS-a-ÿ≥ k¶-S-s∏´ncn-°p-∂Xp

I≠m¬ Xam-i-]-d™v Nncn-∏n-°m≥

ian-°p∂ t^mWn-s\-∏-‰n-sbms°

Btem-Nn-°m-dmbn At√?

em-im-e-bnse s]bvtZmw-Kvbmßpw

•mUvtÃm¨ C≥Ãn -‰y q - ´ nse

_ºv B¿ tImIvkn\pw AXn\v

Hcp am¿§w Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Fw_n-tbm-WnIv sÃwsk√ns‚

(ESC) ]e `mK-Ømbn knen-°¨

\mt\m-h-b-dp-Iƒ k∂n-th-in-∏n-

°p-I. Ah-bn-eqsS sshZyp-X-Im-

¥nI kn·-ep-Iƒ \¬IpI. GXp

`mKØv, GXp Xcw kn·¬

\¬Ip∂p F∂-X-\p-k-cn®v sÃw

sk√p -Iƒ hf¿∂p hn` -Pn® v

s]cpIn hyXykvX Ah-b-h-ß-

fmbn amdpw. sXmenbpw ssXakpw

Hs° Cu hn[w \n¿an-°m-sa∂v

h∂n-cn-°p-∂p..

am\w Ct∏mgpw a\p-jys‚ IpØ-I-bm-

Wv. CXpw XIcpw F∂mWv ASp-Ø-bnsS

h∂- hm¿Ø-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

apJ-ßƒ Xncn -® -dn -bm -\p≈

kmt¶-XnI hnZy Ipsd-°m-e-ambn \ne-

hn-ep-≠v. ]e B[p-\nI Iyma-d-Ifpw

apJw IrXy-amb t^m°-kn¬ sIm≠p-

h-cm≥ Cu kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-

Icƒ thtWm lrZbw thtWm?Icƒ thtWm lrZbw thtWm?Icƒ thtWm lrZbw thtWm?Icƒ thtWm lrZbw thtWm?Icƒ thtWm lrZbw thtWm?

am¿®v 2008 9

] ] © c l - k y - ß - f p s S ] ] © c l - k y - ß - f p s S ] ] © c l - k y - ß - f p s S ] ] © c l - k y - ß - f p s S ] ] © c l - k y - ß - f p s S

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

tUm.-a-t\mPv tImaØv

s^_p-hcn 2008 9

]pXp-Nn-¥-Iƒ

BIm-i-Øn¬ Zriy-am-Ip∂

Zpcq-l-kw-K-Xn-I-sf, ]Ir-Xy-Xo-X-i-

‡n-I-fpsS Iq´p-]n-Sn-°msX ssh-

⁄m--\nI ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS ImWm≥

BZy-ambn ian-®Xv Ko°p Nn¥-

I≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p kaq-l-ßƒ

ambnI Nn¥-I-fn¬ apgp-In-bn-cp-∂-

t∏mƒ BIm-i-Øn-t‚bpw `qan-bp-

tSbpw LS-\-tb-°p-dn®v hy‡hpw

bp‡n-_-≤-hp-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ

\¬Im≥ Ah¿ ian-®p. ]n¬°m-

esØ imkvX-]-T-\-ß-fn-te-°p≈

a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS BZysØ Nph-Sp-

sh∏v C°q-´-Øn¬ ]K-¤-\m-bn-

cp∂p sYbv¬kv (Thales, 640-546BC). At±lw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬

\n∂p tPymXn-»m-kvX-a-`y-kn-®-Xmbn

Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Nµ\p kzbw ]Im-

in-°p-hm-\m-In-s√∂pw NµnI kqcy-

] -Im -i -Øns‚ ]Xn -^-e -\ -am -

sW∂pw BZy -ambn ]d -™Xv

sYbv¬kv BWv. 585 BCbn¬ kqcy-

K-lWw ]h-Nn-®Xv At±-lsØ

]i-kvX-\m--°n. ]]-©-Øns‚ kØv

Pe-am-sW∂ A`n-]m-b-°m-c-\m-bn-

cp∂p sYbv¬kv. A\-¥-amb ]f-b-

]tbm-[n-bn¬ BIm-i-°p-S-bv°-Sn-

bn¬ s]mßn °n-S-°p∂ ]c∂ e-

I-amWv `qan (kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw, HØ

\Sp°v Kokv Xs∂).

sYbv¬kns‚ injy-\mb A\-

Ivkn-am‚¿ (Anaximander, 611-547BC) BImiw Hcp ]q¿Æ-tKm-f-am-

sW∂ Bibw sIm≠p h∂p. BIm-

i-a-WvUew [ph-\-£-XsØ tIµ-

am°n Id-ßp-∂p-sh∂v \nco-£n-®-

Xns‚ ]n≥_-e-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv.

kqcys‚ Ab-\-N-e-\-ßƒ I≠v

`qan°v knen-≠-dns‚ BIr-Xn-bm-

sW∂pw At±lw \ncq-]n-®p. Ing-°p-

]-Sn -™m-dmbn Dcp≠pw sX°p-h-S-

°mbn \of-Øn-epw. AXn-\p-Np‰pw

kqcy≥ h¿Øp-f-ambn k©-cn-°p-∂p.

AZr-iyhpw \nKq-V-hp-amb " A]v F

tdm¨' F∂ hkvXp-hmWv ]]-©-

Øns‚ kØv F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂ A\-

Ivkn-am‚-dpsS ASpØ aXw.

_n.-kn. A©mw \q‰m-t≠msS

Kl-ßsf \£-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p

th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-™p. `qan°v

tKmfm-Ir -Xn -bm-sW∂v BZy-ambn

]kvXm -hn -®Xv ss]Y-tKm -dkv

bh-\-]m-c-ºcyw

]Ir-Xy-Xo-X-i-‡n-I-tfm-Sp≈

`b- o-X-hn-Im-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂p

tamN\w t\Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

a\p-jy≥. ]Ir-Xn

-]-Xn- m-k-ßƒs°√mw

uXn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-ap-s≠∂

Nn¥ hf¿∂p. `qan-sb-∂Xp

]]-©-tI-µw.

BIm-i-tam, ]hn-X-tem-I-hpw.

kz¿§-Øns‚ PymanXn

Fß-s\-sb-∂-Xmbn

ASpØ IuXpIw.

c≠v

imkvX-tI-cfw10


Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

(Pythagoras, 582-497 BC) Bbn-cp-

∂p. Nµs‚ à-W-]Yw qa-[y-tc-Jsb

At]-£n®v sNcn -™-Xm-sW∂p

Is≠-Øn-bXpw \£-X-ß-fpƒs∏´

BIm-i-ta-em-∏ns‚ mK-a√ kqcy-N-µ-

∑mcpw Kl-ßfpw F∂p Xncn-®-dn-

™Xpw At±-l-am-Wv. kpXm-cy-amb

GtXm B[m-c-ß-fnt∑-emWv BImi-

tKm-f-ßƒ LSn∏n°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv

F∂m-bn-cp∂p hnizm-kw.

XpS¿∂v , A\-I vk-tKm -dmkv

(Anaxagoras, 500-428 BC) Nµs‚

hr≤n-£-b-ßfpw Kl-W-ßfpw Fß-

s\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-®p.

\£-X-ßfpw kqcy\pw Kl-ß-fp-

sams° IØn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]md-°-

√p-I-fm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚

A`n-]m-bw. ]]-©-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-

L-S-I-ßƒ Pew, hmbp, A·n, `qan

F∂o NXp¿`q-X-ß-fm-sW∂v Fw]n-

tUm-¢nkv (Empidocles, 400- 430BC)kn≤m-¥n-®p.

tπt‰mbpw Acn-tÃm-ńepw

P y m a n - X o - b - ] - T - \ - ß ƒ

(Geometry)hf¿∂-t∏mƒ AXnse

cq]-ß-fpsS kuµ-cyhpw ka-an-Xnbpw

]]-©-Øn-\p-ta¬ Btcm-]n-°m\pw

Nne ]WvUn-X¿ apXn¿∂p. CXn¬ FSp-

Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂ hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p

tπt‰m. (Plato, 427-347 BC)BIm-i-

Øp-≈-sX√mw ]q¿Æ-tKm-fm-Im-c-am-

sW∂pw Ah hrØ-]-Y-ß-fn-eq-sS-

bmWv k©-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw At±lw

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]s£, Cu k¶ev]w

sIm≠v Kl-N-e-\-ßsf ]q¿Æ-ambn

hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v ka-

Im-enI\-mb bptUmIvkv (Eudoxux,408-355 BC)Is≠-Øn. hm\-\n-co-£-

W-]-Sp -hm-bn -cp∂ At±lw h¿j-

Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ Ir-

Xy-Øn\v \n¿Æ-bn-®Xpw FSpØp ]d-

tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

Ko°p Nn¥-I-cn¬ G‰hpw D∂-

X-s\-∂v -Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏´ Acn-tÃm-

ń¬ (Aristotle 384-322 BC)tπt‰m-

bpsS injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ap≥Km-an-I-

fpsS Nn¥-Iƒ apgp-h≥ kam-l-cn®v

kz¥w ]cn-iaw hgn AXns\ ]pjvSn-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ At±lw ian-®p. ]]-©-

L-S-\sb kw_-‘n®v tπt‰m-bp -

tSbpw bqtUm-Ivk-kn-t‚bpw Bi-b-

ßsf Acn-tÃm-ń¬ hn]p-eo-I-cn-®p.

kcf-amb hrØ-]-Y-ßƒ°p ]pd-sa-

bmbn A[n-hr-Ø-ß-fnt∑emWv (Epi-cycles ) Kl-ßƒ k©-cn-°p-∂-sX∂

k¶-ev]-am-bn-cp∂p ][m-\w. ]]©

krjvSn-bn¬ Fw]n-tUm-¢nkv k¶-

ev]n® \mep- aq-e-I-ß-fpsS kmwKXyw

icn-sh-®-tXm-sSm∏w BIm-isØ

kqNn∏n°p∂ CuY¿ F∂ aqeIw

IqSn -bp -s≠∂v ]kvXm -hn®p.

`qan Dcp-≠-Xm-sW∂p ÿm]n-°m≥

bp‡n-_≤-amb \ymbo-I-c-W-ßƒ

Acn-tÃm- n¬ apt∂m- p-h-®p. hS-t°m´p

t]mIp∂ k©m-cn-Iƒ°v hS-°≥ NI-

hm-f-Øn¬ ]pXnb \£-X-ßƒ Z¿in-

°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w sX°≥

NI-hm-f-ko-a-bnse \£-X-ßƒ ad-

bp-∂-Xmbpw tXm∂p-∂p. `qan-bv°p

hml-\-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ hgn-bnse ac-ßƒ ]nd-tIm-t´m-Sp-∂Xv

I≠n- n-t√. CXn¬ as‰mcp Imcyw IqSn Ffp∏w i≤-

bn¬ s]Spw. kao-]-Øp-≈h IqSp-X¬ thK-Ønepw

AI-se-bp-≈h ]Xp-s°-bp-amWv ]nt∂m°w

\oßp-∂-Xv. AXm-b-Xv, \ΩpsS k©m-c-Zn-i°v

ew_-am-bp≈ hkvXp-°ƒ°v ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ÿm\-

N-e\w Ah-bpsS Zqc-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn-cn-

°pw. Cu XXzw BIm-i-tKm-f-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Zqcw

Is≠-Øm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. AXmWv ZrKv`w-i-

hn-Zy. Htc ka-bØv c≠v hyXy-kvX-bn-S-ß-fn¬

\n∂v Nµs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ ]›m-Ø-e-Ønse

\£-X-ßƒ°n-S-bn-e-Xn\v ÿm\-am‰w ImW-s∏-

Spw.Cu hyXym-k-Øns‚ tImW-fhv (`w-i-tIm¨)

ÿe-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ AIew (]m-Z-Zq-cw) Ch-b-

dn-bm-sa-¶n¬ Nµ≥ FX Db-c-Øn-em-sW∂v

IW°vIq´mw. \£-X-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ Zqc-°q-Sp-X¬ ImcWw

tImW-fhv Xp—-am-bnt´ ImW-s∏-Sq. AXn\v `qan-bpsS k©m-c-]-Y-Øns‚

hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Af-sh-Sp∏p \S-Øp-I-bmWv t]mw hgn

ZrKv-`w-i-hnZy

am¿®v 2008 11


Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

Xmt°m¬

tKmfm-Ir -Xn -bm -sW-¶n¬ amXsa

Cßs\ kw`-hn-°q. (`qan Dcp-≠-Xm-

sW∂v t\cn´p sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv,

18 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-tijw s^¿Un-

\m‚ v saK-√≥ qan Np‰n k©-cn-®-t∏m-

gm-Wv.) Acn-tÃm-ń-ens‚ Nn¥-Iƒ

FXtbm \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw B[n-Im-

cn-I-X-tbmsS \ne-\n-∂p.

Acn-tÃm-ń-en-b≥ ]]©w

BIm-i-Ønse ]In-b-I-sf-°p-

dn®v am\-h-cm-in°v BZy-[m-c-W-Iƒ

]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-ØXv Ko°p-Nn-¥-I-fm-

bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØp tPymXn-»m-

kvX-sa∂ imJ ]cn-]p-jvS-am-°p-∂-

Xn¬ AXv kp]-[m\ ]¶v hln-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. ]]-©-Øn¬ KWn-

X-Øns‚ (]-tXy-In®v Pyman-Xn-bpsS)

km[y-X-Iƒ BZy-ambn I≠-dn-™Xpw

Ko°p-Im¿ Xs∂. Acn-tÃm- n¬ aq∂p

\q‰m -≠sØ ap≥Km-an -I-fpsS hn -

⁄m\w kam-l-cn-®-t∏m-gXv a\p-jy-N-

cn-X-Ønse kp]-[m\ tcJ-bm-bn.

BC 350 Ime-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw qan

AXn hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp tKmf-am-

sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n-√. Acn-tÃm-ń-ens\ kw_-

‘n-®-nS-tØmfw \n›-e-ambn \n¬-

°p∂ `qtKm-f-am-bn-cp∂p ]]-©-tI-

µw. qan à-W-]-cn-I-a-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-

∂p F∂v Icp-Xp-hm-\∂v ]tXy-In®v

\ymb-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. \£-X-

ß-sf∂ Zo]vX _nµp-°ƒ sIm≠v

Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏´ tKmfm-Imc Bh-c-W-

amWv BIm-iw. \£-X-ßƒ k©-cn-

°p-∂n-s√∂pw Kl-ßƒ NmInI

Ne\w \S-Øp-∂p-sh∂pw Is≠-Ø-

s∏-´p.\·-t\-X-ßƒ sIm≠p ImWm-

hp∂ _p[≥, ipI≥, sNm∆, hymgw,

i\n F∂o Kl-ß-fpsS Ne\-ßƒ

Ko°p-Im¿ ]Tn-°m≥ ian-®p.

kqcy-N-µ≥amcpw Kl-ßfpw

GXp-b-c-Øn-emWv F∂q-ln-°m≥

t]mep-a∂v \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-Xn-cp-∂p.

`qtKm-f-Øn\pw \£-X-J-NnX BIm-

i-tKm-f-Øn-\p-an-S-bn-enh hrØ-]-Y-

Øn¬ Np‰n -k-©-cn -°p∂p F∂p

kn≤m-¥n-°-s∏-´p. ]fp-¶p -t]mse

kpXm-cy-amb B[m-c-h-e-b-ß-fm-Wn-

hsb Xmtgm´p hogmsX Xmßn

\n¿Øp∂-Xv. a\p-jys‚ Kmly-Øn-\p-

a-∏p-d-ap≈ Nne \nb-a-ßfpw ]In-b-

I-fp-amWv BIm-i-Øn-t‚Xv F∂m-bn-

cp∂p Ko°p ]WvUnX-cpsS aXw.

F∂m¬, Pyman-Xo-b-amb hrØ-

]-Y-N-e-\-ßƒ h®p-sIm≠v Zo¿L-Im-

em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Kl-ÿm-\-ßƒ

]h-Nn-°p-hm-\m-In-s√∂p Ko°p-Im¿

Xncn-®-dn-™p. aplq¿Ø-ßƒ Ipdn-

°mt\m Kl-W-ßƒ ap≥Iq-ń-b-dn-

bmt\m km[n-°p-∂n-√. hymgw, i\n,

XpS-ßnb Kl-ßƒ hI-KXn (Retro-

grade motion, D®n -bn -se -Øp∂

ImeØp ]nd -tIm´p hew sh®v

ho≠pw -bmX XpS-cp∂ ]Xn-`m-kw)

\S-Øp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂p hni-

Zo-I-cn-°m\pw ]‰p-∂n-√.

CtX-∏‰n tπt‰m Fgp-Xn -bXv

kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.˛"\£-X-ßƒ ssZhn-

Ihpw \nXyhpw AN-©-e-hp-am-Wv.

Xmc-a-WvU-e-tKmfw Htc thK-X-bn¬

`qansb Np‰n -s°m -≠n -cn -°p -∂p.

F∂m¬ kqcy\pw Nµ\pw Kl-

ßfpw BIm-i-Øv, `qan°pw \£-X-

ßƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ Id-ßp-I-bm-Wv. Ah-

bpsS ]mX-Iƒ AXn-k-¶o¿Æ-a-tX.

Ah hnhn[ hrØ-]-Y-ß-fn¬ amdn

amdn k©-cn-°p-I-bm-hmw.

tπt‰mbv°p tijw bqtUm-

Ivkkv 26 A[n-hr-Ø-]-Y-ßƒh-®p-

sIm≠v Kl-N-e-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-

°m≥ ian®p. Acn-tÃm-ń¬ 28 ]Y-

ßƒ IqSn tN¿Øv AXns\ IqSp-X¬

]q¿Æ-am-°m≥ Hcp-Zyaw \S-Øn-sb-

¶nepw Bi-b-°p -g∏w apgp -h\pw

\oßn-bn√ ( Cu ]Xn-k-‘n°p

ImcWw \n›-e-amb `qansb B[m-c-

am°n Pyman-Xob krjvSn-Iƒ \S-Øn-

b-Xm-sW∂p ]tXy-In®p ]d-tb-≠-Xn-

√-t√m. CsX-ßns\ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-´p.

F∂v ]ndsI hmbn-°mw)

]]-©-\n¿Ωn-Xn -sb-∏-‰n -bp≈

Acn-tÃm-ń -ens‚ ]©-`q-X-k-¶¬-

∏hpw bp‡n-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-

≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jy\p ]cn-kcw

\nco-£n-®m¬ Kp-W-K-W-ß-fn¬ ]msS

hyXy-kvX-amb LS-\m-]-c-ambn hyXn-

cn-‡-X-bp≈ \mep Imcy-ßƒ ImWm-

\m-hpw. aÆv, Pew, hmbp, A·n.

At∏mƒ Hmtcm hkvXphpw Cu \mep

"aqe-I-ßƒ' DNn-Xamw hn[w tN¿∂p-

≠m--b-h-bm-sW∂p \ncq-]n-°mw. GsXm-

s° A\p-]mX-Ø-n-emWp kwtbm-

P\w F∂-X-\p-k-cn®v hkvXp-hns‚

KpWw hyXym-k-s∏-Spw. \mep-aq-e-I-

ßƒ°p ]pdsa ]]-©-Øns‚ kmc-

k¿∆-kz-amb A©m-a-sXmcp LSIw

IqSn-bp-s≠∂v Acn-tÃm-ń¬ A`n-]m-

b-s∏´p. CuY¿ F∂ aqe-I-amWv

imkvX-tI-cfw12

JtKm-f-ßƒ°v HmP v ]I-cp-∂-Xv.

Acn-tÃm-ń-ens‚ hn⁄m-\-ti-

Jcw hnhn[ cmjvSo-bm-[n-\n-thi

]Xn-k-‘n-Isf AXn-Po-hn-®p-sIm≠v

\q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS ]n¬°me ]WvUn-

X¿°p am¿§-Zo-]-ambn \ne-\n-∂p. Ae-

Ivkm-≠-dpsS AI-a-W-tijw Ko°p

ssh⁄m-\nI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

tIµw CuPn-]vXn-te°p \oßn BC

323¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-bn¬ khn-ti-

j-amb Kth-j-W-ayq-knbw ÿm]n-°-

s∏-´p. CXp ]e XhW tdma≥ BI-

a-ßƒ°n-c-bm-hp-Ibpw KŸ-ti-J-c-

Øns‚ mK-ßƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-I-bp-ap-≠m-

bn. 640ADbn¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ Ae-

Ivkm-≠nb ]nSn-®-S°n Ko°p tcJ-

Iƒ apgp-h≥ IS-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn.

CXp ]n∂oSv 12˛mw \q‰m-≠n-emWp

Is≠-Øs∏´Xv. XpS¿∂v C‰-en-bnepw

^m≥knepw Acn-tÃm-ń-eo-b≥ Nn¥-

Iƒ ]N-cn-®p. ]n∂oSp _n´-\n¬

HmIvkvt^m¿Uv, tIw_nUvPv k¿∆-I-

em -im -e -I -fn -eq -sS -bXv A∂sØ

kmº-Zm-bnI hnZym-`ym-kØns‚ `mK-

am-bn.

Acn-tÃm-ń-en-\p-tijw

Ko°p Nn¥m ]mc-ºcyw Acn-

tÃm-ń -ens‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ HXpßn

\n∂p t]mbn-√. ho≠pw A©p \q‰m-

t≠mfw ]e ]WvUn-X-cn-eqsS AXp

XpS¿∂p.

Acn-tÃm-ń -ens‚ ka-Im-en -I-

\mb sldm-ss¢-Un-kv (Heracleides)

`qan-bpsS kzbw à-W-sa∂ k¶ev]w

sIm≠p-h-∂p. CXp hgn BIm-i-tKm-f-

ß-fpsS ssZ-\nI Ne-\-ßsf Xr]vXn-

I-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-sa-∂-t±lw I-

s≠-Øn. am-X-a-√, _p[-s\bpw ipI-

s\bpw \nco-£n®v Ah kqcys\ Np-

‰p-∂-Xmbpw Duln-®p.

BC 320-\ptijw IS-∂p-h∂

Acn-Ãm¿°kv (Aristarchus) ss]Y-

t K m - d - k n -

s ‚ b p w

sldm - ss¢ -

Un-kn-t‚bpw

Bi-b -ßƒ

sh®v Hcp

]]-©-NnXw

s a \ - b m ≥

ian-®p. `qan

D ƒ s ∏ - s S -

bp≈ Kl-

ß ƒ

k q c y s \

N p ‰ p - ∂ p -

sh∂pw CXn-

\n-S-bn¬ `qan

kzbw Id-ßp-

∂ p - sh∂p w

k¶-ev]n-®m¬ JtKm-f-N-e-\-ßsf

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ Bi-b-°p-

g∏w \oßp-sa∂v BZy-ambn ]d-™Xv

At±-l-amWv (`m-c-Xo-b-\mb Bcy-`-

S\pw CtX Bibw ]d-™n-´p-s≠-

¶nepw AXv F´v \q‰m-≠n\p tij-am-

sW-∂-dn-bp-I. B Ime-am-b-t∏m-tgbv°v

Ko°v Bi-b-ßƒ `mc-X-Øn¬ ]N-

cn®p Ign-™n-cp-∂p F∂-Xn\pw sXfn-

hp-≠v) kqcy-N-µ≥am-cpsS hen-∏hpw

Zqchpw IW-°p -Iq -´m\pw Acn -

Ãm¿°kv apXn¿∂p. Af-hp-]-I-c-W-ß-

fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Im-cWw IrXyX Ipd-hm-

bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw iaw Gsd it≤-b-am-

Wv.

Kl-\ne ]h-Nn-°m-\p≈ ]iv\-

ßƒs°√mw H‰-b-Sn-°p≈ ]cn-lm-c-

am-hp-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Acn-Ãm¿°-

kns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ°v XWp-∏≥ hc-

th¬∏mWv e`n -® -X v . H∂m-asØ

ImcWw AXv A∂sØ aX-hn-izm-k-

ß-fp-ambn tbmPn-®n-cp-∂n-√m-sb-∂-Xp-

X-s∂. `qan-bn-tebpw BIm-i-tØbpw

\nb-aßƒ hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-sW-∂m-bn-

cp-∂t√m A∂sØ [mc-W. amX-a-√,

`qan \n›-e-amb ]]-©-tIµw

Btb ]‰q. qan Nen-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

k¿∆-N-c-h-kvXp-°fpw sXdn-®p-t]m-Ip-

at√m. Cu [mc-W-Isf Xncp-Øm-\p≈

sXfn-hp-Itfm \ymbo-I-c-W-ßtfm

Acn-Ãm¿°-kns‚ Iøn-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

IrXy-X-tbmsS Kl-\n-e-Iƒ IW-°m-

°m-\p-XIpw hn[-samcp KWn-X-]-≤Xn

Xo¿°m-\p-am-bn-√.

Ko°p ]cº-c-bnse as‰mcp

]K¬`-\mWv BC 276\p tijw Pohn-

®n -cp∂ Fdm-t´m-kvX-\okv (Era-

tosthenes) Hcp KWn-X-⁄≥ IqSn-

bm-bn-cp∂ At±lw AXn-k-a¿∞-

amb am¿§-Øn-eqsS qan-bpsS Np‰-fhv

25000 ssaem -sW∂v Is≠-Øn.

]t£ B t\´w AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-

SmsX t]mbn. ImcWw AXns‚ \men-

sem∂p t]mepw A∂sØ amtem-

I¿°p ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\p-

tijw it≤-b-amb ]I-S\w ImgvN-

sh® ]WvUn -X -\m -bn -cp∂p

ln∏m¿°kv (Hipparchus, 190-120

BC)ZrKv`w-i-hnZy (Parallax Method)

hgn Nµ-\n-te-°p≈ Zqcw `qan-bpsS

h y m k -

Øns‚ ap∏-

Xp - a - S -ßm -

s W - ∂ -

t±lw IW-

° p - I q - ´ n .

henb ]ng-

s h m ∂ p w

]d -bm -\m -

h m Ø

I W ° v

BC 134¬

hr›n-I-°q-

-Øn¬ Hcp

] p X n b

\ £ X w

A t ± l w

Is≠-Øn.

am¿®v 2008 13

\£-X-a-WvUew AN-©-e-am-sW∂

hnizmkw AtXmsS XI¿∂p. BIm-

i-Ønse ]pXnb kw`-h-ßƒ i≤n-

°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ Hcp \£X hnX-

c-W-]Sw (Star Map) Bh-iy-am-sW-

∂-t±lw Xncn-®-dn-™p. A£mw-iw

tcJmwiw Xncn®v Nn´-tbmsS \£-X-

ÿm-\ -ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp -Ønb

BZysØ "Ãm¿am]v' ln∏m¿°-

kns‚ hI-bmWv (C∂pw CtX coXn-

bmWv Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂-Xv) ]Im-i-

Xo-h-X-b-\p-k-cn®v BZy-ambn \£-

X-ßsf h¿§o-I-cn-®Xpw At±-l-

Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-I-fn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

\n›-e-amb `qan tIµ-am-°n-

bp≈ tKmf-]-≤-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂t√m

A∂v JtKm-f-N-e-\sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-

°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hrØ-ßfpw

A[n-hr-Ø-ßfpw (Epicycles) Bbn

samØw 54 FÆ-amWv Acn-tÃm-ń¬

k¶-ev]n-®-Xv. A\n-b-X-hr-Ø-ß-fpsS

( Ecen t r i c s )AS n -ÿm - \ -Ø n¬

ln∏m¿°kv AXv Ggmbn Ipd-®p.

Aßs\ Pyman-Xn-bpsS `mh-\m-fl-I-

amb ]tbmKw hgn sa®-s∏´ coXn-

bn¬ Kl-\ne ]h-Nn -°m-sa∂p

h∂p. kz¥-ambn Hcp ]©mw-Khpw

At±lw Xøm-dm-°n. aplq¿Ø-ßƒ

IqSp-X¬ IrXy-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-°m-

sa∂v h∂-tXmsS ln∏m¿°kns‚

]≤Xn P\-]oXn t\Sn.

Ko°p-]-c-º-c-bnse HSp-hn-esØ

it≤-b-\mb ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p

tSmfan (Ptolomy).AD 127 apX¬

151hsc ]i-kvXn-bn-en-cp∂ At±lw

]q¿∆Kman-I-fpsS kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Nn´-

tbmsS tImUo-I-cn®v Ah-bn¬

an\p-°p- ]-Wn-Iƒ \S-Øn-bmWv Ncn-

X-Øn-enSw t\Sp-∂-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv

ln∏m¿°-kns‚ KŸ-ßƒ \jvS-s∏-

´p-t]mb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ B kn≤m-¥-

ßƒ hni-Z-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn® tSmf-an-

bpsS cN-\-Iƒ ]i-kvX-am-bn. Kl-

ÿm-\-ßƒ ]h-Nn-°m≥ AXm-bn-

cp∂p \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw Bibw (1400

h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw ssSt°m

_msl-bmWv AXns\ sa®s∏SpØn-

b-Xv) tSmf-an-bpsS KŸw "al-Øaw'

F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "A¬am-PÃv' F∂p

hnfn-°-s∏-´p. tdmam kmam-Py-Øns‚

XI¿®-bv°p-tijw Ad-_n-Iƒ CXp

Ic-ÿ-am°n \thm -∞m-\ -Imew

htc°pw tPymXn -»m -kvX-Øns‚

B[m-c-K-Ÿ-am-bn-cp∂p A¬am-P- v.

8 tImSn h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ Hcp t^mkn-emWv NnX-Øn¬. Ncn-Xm-Xo-

X-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ No¶-Æn-bpsS Cu t^mkn¬ 2004¬ _ko-ense

tams≠ Bƒt´m ]´-W-Øn-\-SpØv \n∂v Inń-b-Xm-Wv.

\o≠ ssIIm-ep-I-tfmSp IqSnb Cu No¶-Æn-bpsS hg-°-ap≈ ico-c-

Øn\v Xe apX¬ hm¬ hsc 1.7 ao‰¿ \of-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v IW-°m-°-

s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch _ko-ens‚ hc-≠ -`q-an-bn¬ Int´-jykv Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Po-

hn-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww.

No¶-Æn-I-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Ønse Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Xn-cp∂ Hcp IÆn-bmWv

CXv. ssUt\m-tkm-dp-I-fpsS ImeØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]mY-anI No¶Æn P\p-

kp-Isf B[p-\nI P\p-kp-I-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn.

2008 P\p-hcn 31\v dntbm Un P\o-tdm-bnse sÛ-d¬ k¿∆-I-em-im-

e-bn¬ \S∂ hm¿Øm-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ BZy-ambn ]Z¿in-∏n-°-s∏-´-t∏m-sg-

SpØ NnX-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv Iem-Im-c≥ a÷bpw

amwkhpw \¬In ]p\-kr-jvSn® cq]-am-Wv.

Ncn-Xm-XoX No¶Æn

imkvX-tI-cfw14

`cn-°p-∂Xv cmPm-hm-bmepw kp¬Øm-\m-bmepw ]kn-

Ut‚m ][m-\-a-¥ntbm Bbmepw sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv P\-

ß-fpsS [\-am-Wv. F√m-h¿°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏´ hn`-h-ß-

sf-∏-‰n-bmWv Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Xo¿®-bmbpw F√m-

h-cp-tSbpw \∑-bv°p-th-≠n-bm-IWw AXv. C∂sØ amX-

a-√ , hcpw Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS IqSn \ne-\nev]pw t£ahpw a\-

n-ep-≠m-IWw.

]t£ ]e-t∏mgpw h≥InS ]≤-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n Xocp-am-\-

ß-sf-Sp-°p-tºmƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS a\-knep≈Xv

CsXm-∂p-am-bn-cn-°n-√. B^n-°-bnse setkmtØm

sslem‚ vkv Pe]≤-Xn-bpsS A\p-`-h-ßƒ CXn\v ASn-

h-c-bn-Sp-∂h-bm-Wv. Cu hº≥]-≤Xn Xt±-i-hm-kn-Isf

klm-bn-°p-I-b√ Zpcn-X-Øn-em-gvØp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

setkmtØm ]≤-Xn-bnse BZy AW-s°-´m-bn-cp-

∂p -tI‰vsk(Katse).B^n-°-bnse G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb

AW-s°-´mWv CXv. Pe-k-ar-≤-amb setkm-tØmbv°v

AXp hn‰v Zmcn-Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°m-h-iy-

amb [\w Is≠-Øm-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p temI-_m¶v ]n¥p-

W® Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS ]n∂nse bp‡n. Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS

BZy-L´w 13800 tImSn cq] sNe-hn¬ 10 h¿jw ap≥]v

"shfp -°m≥ tX®Xv ]m≠mbn' Fs∂mcp sNm√p -≠t√m. setkmtØm

sslem≥Uvkv Pe-]-≤-Xn-sb-∏‰n B \m´p-Im¿ Aßs\-bm-bn-cn°pw ]d-bp-I.

B¿°p-th≠n?B¿°p-th≠n?

]q¿Øn-bm-bn. setkm-tØm, Pew

Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXp XpS-ßn,

F∂m¬, hmKvZØw sNø-s∏´

t\´-ßƒ aco-Nn-I-bm-bn. setkm-tØm-

bpsS ]¿∆-X-]-tZ-i-ßƒ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-

I-ambn XI¿∂p. ]mtZ-inI a’y-˛-

kky P\p- p-Iƒ ]eXpw hwi-\m-

iØns‚ h°n-em-bn. Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-

ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ 27000 Bfp-

Iƒs°-¶nepw hoSpw Pohn-X-am¿§hpw

\jvS-am-bn.-Xm-gv∂-bn-S-ß-fnse H∂-c-e-

£-tØmfw t]cpsS Pe-e-`y-Xbpw

Im¿jn-I-˛-a-’y-_-‘\ km[y-X-Ifpw

kmc-ambn Ipd-™p. Ign™ h¿jw

sFIy-cm-jvS-k` ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp

A`y¿∞-\, cq£-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂

]Xn-k‘n ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ setkm-

tØm-bnse P\-ßƒ°pw I∂p-Im-en-

Iƒ°pw sh≈-apƒs∏sS ASn-b-¥nc

klmbw FØn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.!

Pe-I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-

am-\w, Hcp hnI-k-\-\n[n hgn P\-t£-

a-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ I£n-cm-jvSo-bhpw kzP-\-]-

£-]m-Xhpw Xf¿Ønb \n[n 2003¬

]q´n-sIt´-≠n-h-∂p. ]≤-Xn-aqew P\-

ßƒ Zcn-Z-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-S-cpXv F∂m-

bn-cp∂p [mc-W-sb-¶nepw AXp-Xs∂

kw`-hn-®p.Gdn-b-Iqdpw \jvS-]-cn-lmc

]≤-Xn-Iƒ \njv^-e-am-bn. \jvS-amb

Poh-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ ]p\:krjvSn-°m≥

Ign-™p-an-√. sshIp∂ ]p\-c-[n-hmkw

Zpcn-X-Øn-em-gvØnb Zcn-Z-k-aq-l-Øn-

]n kp\n¬tZhv

imkvX-tI-cfw14

am¿®v 2008 15

te°v, AW-s°-ńs‚ ]Wn-s°-

Ønb Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v IpSn-tb‰

sXmgn -em -fn -Ifpw tN¿∂-t∏mƒ

FbvUvkv t]mep≈ tcmK-ßfpw

]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-®p, PohnXw sa®-s∏-Sp-

Øm-s\-Ønb ]≤-Xn, Hcp P\Xsb,

am\w t]mepw _m-°n-bm-°msX

XI¿°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

GsXmcp h≥ ]≤-Xn-tbbpw

t]mse CXnepw Agn-aXn hym]-I-am-

bn-cp-∂p. BI¿j-I-amb DS-º-Sn-Iƒ

t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]apJ Iº-\n-Iƒ

A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v ssI°qen \¬In-

bn-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™p. F∂m¬

òa≥ Iº-\n-Isf Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fmbn

hn[n® set_m-tØm-bnse tImS-Xn-

Iƒ°v Ahsb sXmSm-\m-bn-√. am\y-

∑m-sc∂p \Sn-°p∂ hnI-knX cmjvS-

ßsfms° Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fmb kz¥w

]uc≥amsc kwc-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-

∂p.

B^n-°-bnse F√m hº≥

AW-s°-´p-I-fp-tSbpw NcnXw Zpc¥

]cy-h-km-bn-bm-Wv. IShpw cmjvSob

Ak-a-Xzhpw hym]-I-amb ]cn-ÿnXn

\mihpw Bbn-cp∂p an° ]≤-Xn-I-

fp-tSbpw BXy-¥nI êw. IqSp-X¬

DNn-X-am-Ip-am-bn-cp∂ sNdp-InS ]≤-Xn-

Iƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-am-bn-cp∂ hn`-

h-ß-fmWv Ch A]-l-cn-®-Xv. ]s£

C∂pw temI-amsI hº≥ AW-s°-

´p-Iƒ°m-bp≈ ia-ßƒ XpS¿∂p-

sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

DKm-≠-bn¬ ss\ense kpµ-c-

amb Hcp Pe-]m-X-ÿ-e-ØmWv hnhm-

Z-]q¿Æ-amb _pPm-Ken AW-s°´v

3200 tImSn-tbmfw cq] sNe-hn¬

Db¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn -°p-∂-Xv. Ahn-

SpsØ a\p-jy-cpƒs∏-tS-bp≈ Pohn-

k-aq -l -ßƒ°v G¬°m-hp∂

BLmXw amX-a-√, ]Xo-£n-°-s∏-

Sp∂Xpt]m-se, Xmßm-hp∂ sNe-

hn¬ Du¿t÷m-ev]m-Z\w \S-°ptam

F∂ kwi-bhpw hnZ-KvZsc DXvI-WvT-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Db¿∂ ]≤-Xn-s®-e-

hv,-Km-aoW sshZyp-X-hn-X-cW irwJ-

e-bv°mbn H∂pw _m°n shbv°p-I-

bp-an-√.

\ne-hn-ep≈ AW-s°-´p-I-fn¬

\n∂v IqSp-X¬ kzm`m-hnI \oscm-

gp°v A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm≠v kmw_kn

\Zn-sbbpw AXnse a’y sshhn-

[yw, h\y-Pohn taJ-e-Iƒ, kao-

]ÿ Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-

sbbpw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-\p≈

ia-ßƒ°v Xpc¶w shbv°p-∂-XmWv

ssN\bpw _koepw kl-I-cn®v

samkmw-_n-°n¬ ]≤-Xn-bn-Sp∂

]pXnb AW-s°-´v.

h≥InS Iº-\n-Iƒ D‰p-t\m-°n-

s°m -≠n -cn -°p∂ ]≤-Xn -bmWv

tImwtKm-bn¬ ]cn-K-W-\-bn-en-cn-

°p∂ temIsØ G‰hpw henb

AW-s°-´v˛ Km‚ v CwKm.-aq -∂p-

e£w tImSn cq]-bv°p-ta¬ sNehp

]Xo -£n -°p∂ CXv B^n -°-

bnse G‰hpw Zp¿_-e-amb Cu

]tZ -i -tØ°v Agn -a -Xnsb

BI¿jn-°pw. Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-

≠n -cn -°p∂ tZi-hm -kn -Iƒ°v

sshZypXn FØn-°m-\p≈ hnX-c-W-

irw-J-e, Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-a-√.

J\-\w, XSn-hy-h-kmbw XpS-ßn-b-

hbv°v Gsd ]tbm-P\w sNøpw

F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ Km≥Uv CwKm,

Pe-]-hm-l-sØbpw \Zo-XS \nt£-

]-ß-tfbpw Bi-bn-°p∂ ]mh-

s∏´ I¿j-I-tcbpw ap°p-h-tcbpw

XI¿°pw.

Ipd™ sNe-hn¬

Du¿÷hpw ip≤-P-e-hp -sams°

Z m c n - Z y - \ n ¿Ωm¿÷ -\ -Ø n\ v

Bhiyw Xs∂. F∂m¬ h≥InS

]≤-Xn-Iƒ Cu ASn-ÿm\ Bh-

iy-ßƒ°v DXIpw F∂-Xn\v sXfn-

hp-I-sfm-∂p-an-√. \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂

InS-∏m-S-ßfpw Poh-t\m-]m-[n-Ifpw

\ΩpsS \mń¬ ]d-bp-∂Xpw CtX

IY-I-fm-Wv.

setkm-tØm-bpsS ]¿∆-X

-]-tZ-i-ßƒ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambn

XI¿∂p. ]mtZ-inI a’y- -

kky P\p- p-Iƒ ]eXpw

hwi-\m-iØns‚ h°n-em-bn.

Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-

®n-cp∂ 27000 Bfp-Iƒs°-

¶nepw hoSpw Pohn-X-am¿§hpw

\jvS-am-bn.-Xm-gv∂-bn-S-ß-fnse

H∂-c-e-£-tØmfw t]cpsS Pe-

e- y-Xbpw Im¿jn-I- -

a-’y-_-‘\ km[y-X-Ifpw

kmc-ambn Ipd-™p.!

imkvX-tI-cfw16

kao]-Im-eØv \S∂ cmkhyh-kmb Zpc-¥-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw

it≤b-amb H∂mWv Pnen≥ cmk-hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn¬ \S∂ kvt^mS-

\-ßƒ. 2005 \hw_¿ 13 -\m-bn-cp∂p Cu Zpc-¥w. kw`hw \S-∂Xv

ssN\-bnse hS-°p-In-g-°≥ ]tZ-iØv Pnen≥ ]hn-iy-bnse Pnen≥

\K-c-Øn¬. Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ s]tSm-sI-an-°¬ πm‚n¬ GXm≠v

Hcp aWn-°q-tdmfw \o≠p-\n∂ kvt^mS-\- ]-c-ºc Xs∂ \S-∂p. mIvS-

dn-bnse Bdp-t]¿ At∏mƒXs∂ sIm√-s∏-´p. [mcmfw t]¿°v ]cn-

°p-]-‰n. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Isf hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v Hgn-∏n-t°-

≠n-h-∂p. πm‚n¬ \ns∂m-gp-Inb hnj-am-en\yw Aap¿ \Zn-bpsS ssIh-

gn-bmb tkmMvlzm \Zn-bn¬ 80.-In.-ao-‰¿ \of-Øn¬ ]c-∂p-In-S-∂p.- ssN-

\-bpsS hS°p Ing-°≥ ]tZ-i-sØ-bm-sI -Zn-h-k-ß-tfmfw Zpcn-X-

Øn-emgvØn Cu amen-\y-∏mS. CXn¬ ][m-\-ambpw s_≥ko\pw

ss\tSm-s_≥ko-\p-amWv Ie¿∂n-cp-

∂-Xv. tkmMvlzm-bn¬ \n∂pw Aap¿\-

Zn-bn-se-Ønb Cu amen\yw Znh-k-

ß-tfmfw \Zo-P-esØ hnj-a-b-am°n

\n¿Øn.

c≠p-Zn-hkw Ign-™-t∏m-tg°pw

kvt^mS-\-Im-cWw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-

™p. T 102 Sh-dn-ep≠mb XI-cmdv bYm-

k-abw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bm-™-

XmWv ]iv\-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-b-Xv.

AXv T 101mw\º¿ πm‚nse kvt^mS-

\-Øn¬ Iem-in-®p. AXn-i-‡-am-bn-

cp∂p kvt^mS-\-ßƒ. -A-Xns‚ i‡n-

bn¬ sI´n-S-Øns‚ P\-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ

100 apX¬ 200 hsc ao‰¿ AI-e-

tØ°v sXdn-®p-t]m-bn.

\hw -_¿ 13 Rmb-dmg vN

D®bv°v GXm≠v 1.45\v Bbn-cp∂p

BZy-kvt^m-S -\w. AtX XpS¿∂v

AhnsS h≥ A·n-_m[ D≠m-bn.

]nt‰-Zn-hkw ]pe¿s® \mep-a-Wn-tbm-

Pnen≥ cmk-hy-h-km-b -im-e-bnse

Fw Sn apcfn

kvt^mS-\-ßƒ

am¿®v 2008 17

sS-bmWv Xo apgp -h-\mbpw AW-

bv°m≥ Ign-™-Xv. [mcmfw t]¿°v

]cn-t°-‰-Xmbpw kvt^mS\ ]c-ºc

Xs∂-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn

ZrIvkm£n-Iƒ ]d-™p. h≥ A]-I-

S-sØ- Xp-S¿∂v ]Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw

t]sc B ]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw Hgn-∏n-®p.

s_bvlphm bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse hS-

°≥ Imº- n-tebpw Pnen≥ C≥Ãn-

‰yq´v Hm^v sIan-°¬ sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn-

tebpw hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw Hgn-∏n-°-s∏-

´-h-cn¬ Dƒs∏-Spw.

ssN\m \mj-W¬ s]tSm-fnbw

tIm¿∏-td-js‚ (CNPC) DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-

emWv Pnen≥ s]tSm-sI-an-°¬ Iº-

\n. A]-ISw \S∂ DSs\ Xs∂ kw`-

h-sØ-°p-dn®v hni-Z-amb At\z-j-W-

Øn\v kn.-F≥.-]n.-kn. A[n-Ir-X¿

DØ-c-hn- p. πm‚n-ep-≠mb Hcp XI-cmdv

Imc-W-amWv kvt^mS\w \S-∂-sX∂pw

bYm-k-abw AXv Is≠Øn ]cn-l-

cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-s√∂pw Iº\n

]n∂oSv Adn-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

kvt^mS-\sØ XpS¿∂v ]h-

ln® hnj-am-en\yw Xs∂-bmWv Cu

kw`-h-Øn-tebpw ][m-\-Zp -c -¥w.

GXm≠v 100-S¨ amc-I-hn -j-amWv

tkmMvlzm \Zn-bn-te°v Hgp-In-sb-Øn-

b-Xv. AXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ s_≥ko≥

ico-c-Ønse tizX-c-‡m-Wp-°sf

A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ cmk-hn-j-am-Wv.

\Zn-bnse s_≥ko≥ Afhv Hcn-SØv

A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb Af-hn-t\-°mƒ 108

aSßv A[n-I-am-sW∂p I≠p. \Zn-bn-

se-Ønb amen-\y-∏mS \nc-h[n ]hn-

iy-I-sfbpw ] -W-ß-sfbpw Zpcn-X-Øn-

em-gvØn-s°m≠v Znh-k-ß-tfmfw Hgp-

In. ssN\-bnse h≥ ]´-W-

ß-fn -sem-∂mb lm¿_n-

\n¬ Cu hnj-am-en\yw

ImcWw A\p -` -h -s∏´

ZpcnXw Nn√-d-sbm-∂p-a-√.

Aap¿ \Zn-bpsS ssIh-gn-

bmWv tkmMvlzm \Zn.

ssN\-bp-tSbpw djy-bp-

tSbpw AXn¿Øn -bn¬

sh®mWv AXv Aap¿ \Zn-

bp-ambn tNcp-∂-Xv. Aap¿

\Zn-bn-se-Ønb amen\yw

djy-bnse J_-tdmhvkvIv

]´-W-Øn-eq-sS -H-gpIn HSp-

hn¬ im¥-k-ap-Z-Øns‚

`mK-amb Sm¿Smdn IS-en-Sp-

°n¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p. AXp-h-

sc -bp≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬

ZpcnXw hnX®p Cu amen-\y-∏m-S.

kvt^mS\w \S∂ DSs\ Xs∂

Pnen≥ ] -W-Ønse ip≤-Pe hnX-c-

W-Øn-\m-bp≈ Hcp πm‚ v AS-®p.

tkmMvlzm \Zn-bn-se Pe-am-bn-cp∂p

AhnsS D]-tbm-Kn®p h∂Xv. \Zn-bpsS

Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-®n-

cp∂ Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v

DSs\ Xs∂ h¿≤n-®- tXm-Xn¬ sh≈w

]h-ln-∏n®psIm≠v \Zn-bnse Hgp-

°n\v B°w Iq´m\pw A[n-Ir-X-cpsS

`mK-Øp-\n∂v ia-ap-≠m-bn.

ssN\-bnse h≥ \K-c-ß-fn-sem-

∂mb lm¿_n-\n¬ P\-kwJy 30

e£Øne-[nIw hcpw. Ah-cn¬ `qcn-

`mKw t]cpw IpSn -sh-≈-Øn-\mbn

tkmMvlzm \Zn-sb-bmWv Bi-bn-°p-

∂-Xv. \hw-_¿ 21\v Akm-[m-c-W-amb

Hc-dn-bn∏v \K-c- -c-W-IqSw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-

®p. \K-c-Ønse IpSn-sh-≈-hn-X-cWw

GXm\pw Znh -k-tØ°v \n¿Øn-

sh°psa∂m-bn -cp∂p Adn -bn -∏ v .

At∏mgpw Pnen≥ ^mIvS -dn -bn¬

\n∂p≈ amen\yw Ahn-tS°v HgpIn

FØn-bn-cp-∂n-√. IpSn-sh≈ hnX-cWw

\n¿Ø-em -°n -b -Xns‚ bYm¿∞

ImcWw P\-ßƒ°p- ap-ºn¬ shfn-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√.- AXv [mcmfw ]iv\-

ßƒ°n-S-bm-°n. amX-a√ \K-c-Ønse

F√m Ipfn∏p-c-Ifpw Im¿ I-gp-Ip∂

tIµ-ßfpw AS-®n-Sm\pw DØ-c-hn-d-

°n-bn-cp-∂p. Cu \S]SnIƒ ]e-Xcw

Inwh-Z-¥n-Iƒ ]c-Øp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-°n.

`qan-Ip-ep°w hcm≥ t]mIp-∂p-sh∂p

hsc-sbØn ]N-c-Ww. b-hn-lz-e-cmb

P\-ßƒ sXcp-hn-en-d-ßn. In´m-hp-∂X

sh≈hpw `£-W-km-[-\-ßfpw tiJ-

cn -°m≥ Ah¿ hyK -X -Im -´ n .

kq∏¿am¿°-‰p-I-fn¬ km[-\-ßƒ

1991 \pw 2000 Øn\pan-S-bn¬ 2557 ]IrXn Zpc-¥-ß-fn-embn 7

e£-tØmfw Bfp-Iƒ ac-W-a-S-™p. CXns‚ 90% hpw

Pe-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´kw -h-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

imkvX-tI-cfw18

s]s´∂v Imen-bm-bn. \K-c-Øn¬

\n∂v ]pd-tØ-°p≈ sSbn≥Sn-°-‰p-

Ifpw hnam-\-Sn-°-‰p-Ifpw s]mSp-∂s\

Xo¿∂p. \Zn-bn¬ a’y-ßƒ NØp-

s]m-ßm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv P\-ß-fpsS

i≤-bn¬ s]´p.

A∂p sshIo v \K-c- -c-W-IqSw

IrXy-amb hnhcw ]pd-Øp-hn- p. Pnen≥

kvt^mS-\sØ XpS¿∂p≈ aen-\o-I-

c-W-amWv Pe-hn-X-cWw \n¿Øn-sh-

°m≥ Imc-W-sa∂pw \mep-Zn-h-k-

tØ°v Xocp-am-\n® Cu \S-]Sn \hw-

_¿ 23 hsc \o´p-I-bm-sW∂pw Adn-

bn-∏p-≠m-bn. kvIqfp-Iƒ°v Hcm-gvN-°m-

e-tØ°v Ah-[n- ]-Jym]n®p. lm¿_n-

\n-te°v sh≈-hp-ambn S°p-Iƒ \nc-

¥cw HmSm≥ XpS-ßn. At∏mtg°pw

\K-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Bfp-Iƒ Hgn-™p-

t]m-Im\pw XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.

cmk-hy-h-kmb Zpc-¥-ß-fpsS

NcnXw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ hy‡-am-

hp∂ H∂p-≠v. Ft∏mgpw A]-I-S-sØ-

∏‰n hmkvX -h -hn -cp -≤ -amb hmZ -

ßfpambn-´m-bn-cn°pw A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

cwK-sØ-Øp-I. Chn-tS-bpw-N-cnXw

Bh¿Øn-®p. kvt^mS-\-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v

bmsXmcp amen-\yhpw tkmMvlzm

\Zn-bn-te°v Hgp-In-bn-´n -s√-∂m-bn-

cp∂p Ah-cpsS AhIm-i-hm -Zw.

sh≈hpw Im¿_¨ssU HmIvssk-

Up-am-WsX \Zn-bn-te-s°m-gp-In-b-Xv.

Hcp Znhkw Ign -™-t∏m -tg°pw

Pnen≥ Iº\n A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ H∂p

ae°w adn-™p. BZyw \¬Inb

hnh-c-ßƒ Ah¿ Xncp-Øn. Pe-hn-X-

cWw \n¿Øn-b-Xns‚ bYm¿∞ -Im-

cWw ]d-bm≥ Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-

bn. \K-c- -c-W-Iq-S-Ønse D]-K--h¿Wcpw

ssN\m \mj-W¬ s]tSm -fnbw

tIm¿]-td-j-\nse sU]yq´n P\-d¬am-

t\-Pcpw lm¿_n≥ kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw

P\-ß-tfmSv £a tNmZn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

XnI®pw \mS -Io -b -amb Hcp

kw`hw Unkw-_¿ 6\v \S-∂p. A∂v

Pnen≥ D]-ta-b¿ Xs‚ hk-Xn-bn¬

acn®p InS -°p -∂Xv I≠p. CXv

ssN\okv Kh¨sa‚ns\ i‡-amb

Nph-Sp-sh-°p-∂-Xn\v t]cn-∏n-®p. hyh-

66 cmPy-ß-fn¬ sshZypXn DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xn-sb-¶nepw Pe

sshZypX ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. C\n-sbmcp 24 cmPy-ß-fn¬ CXv

A©n-sem-t∂mfw hcpw.

km-b-Zp-c-¥-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-

tºmƒ ]e-t∏mgpw \nKq-V-Xm-ev]-cy-

ßƒ ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ I≠p h∂n-cp-

∂p. F∂m¬ 21˛mw \q‰m -≠nepw

AØcw Xm¬]-cy-ß-fpsS sNdn-b-

tXm-Xn-ep≈ kzm[o\w Hfn-™n-cn-°p-

∂Xv Pnen≥ Zpc¥w ssI-Imcyw

sNbvX-t∏mgpw Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-™p.

]q¿W-ambpw P\-]-£-Øp-\n -∂p -

sIm≠v Hcp Zpc-¥sØ kao-]n°m≥

th≠ kmwkv°m-cnI D∂Xn t\Sm≥

C\n-sbX kmwkv°m-cnI hnπ-h-ßƒ

th≠n-h-cpw.? !

am¿®v 2008 19

en -kvtIm]vsU

m

imkvXtI-cfwa\- n¬ Nn¥-bn¬

Adn-hn¬ ]hr-Øn-bn¬

sshhn-[y-am¿∂

Imen-sUm-kvtIm]v

k-am-l-cWw: tP∏okv

hy‡n

apc-fo-[¿ tZh-Zmkv BwsX

bv°v Pohn-X-Øn¬ F¥p-am-Im-am-bn-cp-

∂p. IW-°‰ kzØp≈ P∑n IpSpw-

_-Øn-emWv P\n-®-Xv. \nb-a-_n-cpZw

t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. ]mIvSokv sNbvXv

h°o-embn t]sc-Sp-°mw.-cm-jvSo-b-

°m-c-\mbn A[n-Imcw Iøm-fmw.

F∂m¬ F¥m-IWw F∂-Xn¬

At±-l-Øn\v kwi-b-an-√m-bn-cp-

∂p. Ip™p-∂m-fpapX¬ PmXn

Nn¥bpw Abn-Øhpw hen-∏-

s®-dp-∏-hp-sa√mw a\- n¬\n-

∂-I-‰nb apc-fo-[¿ apXn¿∂-

t∏mƒ Km‘n-in -jy -\m -bn.

tZiob kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬

]s¶-Sp-Øp. tcmK-Øn\pw Zmcn-Zy-

Øn\pw Npj-W-Øn\pw Ah-K-W-\-

bv°p-sa-Xnsc t]mcm-Sp∂ a\pjy

kvt\ln-bm-bn, _m_ BwtX-bmbn

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bn¬ 2008

s^_p-hcn 9 hsc Pohn-®p.

1914 Unkw-_¿ 26\v alm-cm-jvS-

bnse hm¿[- Pn-√-bn¬ lnwK≥L-´n-

emWv P\-\w. \nb-a-_n-cpZw t\Sn-b-

tijw Ipd-®p-Imew A`n-`m-j-I-\mbn

At±lw tPmen t\m°n. AXn-\n-S-bn-

emWv A°m-esØ GXp sNdp-∏-°m-

c-t\bpw t]mse tZiob ka-c-Øn¬

BIr-jvS-\m-hp-∂-Xv. alm-fl-Pn-bpsS

tkhm - i -a -Ønse PohnXw

BwsXsb BsI am‰n adn -®p .

Km‘nPn At± -lsØ hnfn -®Xv

"A`bv km[Iv' (kXym -t\zjn)

F∂m-Wv . tkhm - ia°m-eØv

hnt\m` `msh, SmtKm¿ F∂n-hsc

]cn -N -b -s∏ -´Xpw BwsX-bpsS

Pohn-XsØ kzm[o-\n-®p.

\mKv]qcn-\-SpØv "B\-µ-

-h≥' Fs∂m-cm-iaw ÿm]n®v

IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°v Hc-`-b-tI-µ-

sam -cp -°n -s°m-≠mWv BwsX

kmaq-ln-I-]-h¿Ø\w icn-bmb

A¿∞-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-°p∂-Xv.

kaq-l-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn¬

\n∂v Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-

cp∂p IpjvT-tcm-Kn -Iƒ.

I¬°-Ø-bnse kvIqƒ

Hm^v tSm∏n-°¬ saUn-kn-

\n¬ tN¿∂v IpjvT-tcm-K-Nn-

In -’-°p≈ ]cn -io -e -\w

t\Sn. tcmKn-Isf NnIn-’n-

°pI amX-a√ Ahsc ]p\-c-[n-

h-kn -∏n -°m\pw kaq -l-Øn\v

IpjvT-tcm-Kn-I-tfm-Sp≈ Ad∏pw

shdp∏pw am‰n-sb-Sp-°m\pw \nc-¥-c-

i-a-amWv BwsX \S-Øn-b-Xv. `mcy

km[-\bpw a°fpw At±-l-Øn-t\m-

sSm∏w \n∂p. A£o-W-amb ]cn-i-a-

Øn-t‚bpw ip`m]vXn hnizm-k-Øn-

t‚bpw tIµ-ambn B\-µ-h≥

amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kao-]sØ 60 Kma-

ß-fn-te°v Cu ]h¿Ø\w hym]n-

∏n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cmPysØ _m[n® F√m-Xcw

hgntb \S∂ HcmƒKm‘n-Pn-bpsSKm‘n-Pn-bpsSKm‘n-Pn-bpsS

hgntb \S∂ Hcmƒ

imkvX-tI-cfw20

en -kvtIm]vsU

m

hn]-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Cu Km‘n-b≥

i≤m-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p. h¿§ob hnImcw

ap‰n-\n∂ ImeØv 1985¬ I\ym-

Ip-amcn apX¬ Imivao¿ hsc "`mcXv

tPmtUm' F∂ t]cn¬ BwsX Hcp

bmX \S -Øn. kap -Zmb

kulm¿±hpw kam-[m-\-hp-am-bn-cp∂p

Cu ]cy-S-\-Øns‚ e£yw.

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øns‚

Imcy -Ønepw _m_ BwsX

Dd-®- \n -e-]m-sS-Sp -Øp. hnI-k-\-

Øns‚ t]cn¬ \ΩpsS ]Ir-Xnsb

\in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw Zp:JmIp-

e-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]Ir-Xn-tbm-sSm∏w

\in-°p-∂Xv \ΩpsS kwkv°m-chpw

IqSn-bm-Wv, ]tXy-In®pw BZnhmkn

kwkv°m-cw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv \¿ΩZ

]≤-Xn-s°-Xnsc ta[m-]-S vI-dpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ ka-c-Øns‚

ap≥\n-c-bn¬ _m_m BwsX ]s¶-

Sp-Ø-Xv. AW-sIń Pew s]mßp-∂n-

SØv hoSp-sIń kzbw apßn acn-°m≥

Xøm-sdSpØp At±-lw. _m_m

BwsX-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw ]n¥p-

Wbpw \ne -\n¬]n -\pwtamN-

\Øn\pambn t]mcm-Sp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-

ßƒ°v, kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v , hy‡n-

Iƒ°v Ipd -s®m -∂p -a√ IcpØp

]I¿∂-Xv.

]fl-io, ]fl-hn -`q -j¨,

Km‘nss]kv, Awt_-ZvI¿ A¥m-

cmjvS Ahm¿Uv, sdbva¨

amKvkmsk Ahm¿Uv XpS-ßn-bh

_m_ BwsXbv°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

ASn-apSn Km‘n-b-\m-bn-cp∂p

_m_ BwsX. ss]Xr-I-ambn e`n-

°p-am-bn-cp∂ kzØp-°ƒ apgp-h≥

ths≠∂p sh®v , P\-ß-fpsS CS-

bn¬ km[m-c-W-°m-c-\mbn Pohn®p

At±-lw.

Fs¥√mw sSIvt\m-f-Pn-Ifm-

bn-cn°mw \ΩpsS Pohn-XsØ am‰n

adn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂Xv? `mh-\-bp-sS-

A-Xn-cp-Iƒ FX -th-W-sa-¶nepw

hnI-kn-∏n-°mw, ImcWw Akm-[y-

ambn H∂p-an√ F∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ hn[-Øn-emWv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-

Zy-bpsS hf¿®. `mhn-sb-∏‰n kz]v\-

ßƒ ImWp -∂-Xn -\p -aptº

Ct∏m-gsØ hf¿®-sb-

∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-

c - ß ƒ

A\n-hm-cy-

a m - W v .

A¥m-cm-jvS-

X - e - Ø n ¬

i t≤ -b - \ mb

sF Sn hnZ-KvZ≥

io B¿.-]n. ememPn

Fgp -Xnb "]pXnb

\q‰m -≠n¬ ]pXnb

sSIvt\m -fPn' F∂

]pkvXIw B[p -\nI

kmt¶-XnI hnZy hf-cp-∂-

Xns‚ hgn-I-fn-te°v shfn®w

hoip∂ ]pkvX-I-am-Wv.

\ΩpsS kz]v\-ßƒ°pw AXo-

X-amb coXn-bn-emWv Kth-j-W-ßƒ

\S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS

ico-c -Øn-\p -≈n¬ IS∂v sN∂v

tcmKm-Xp-c-amb tImi-ßsf NnIn-’n-

°p∂ \mt\m-tUm-IvS¿am¿. ico-c-

Øn-\p-≈nse A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb

am‰-ßsf ]pd-tØ-°-dn -bn -°p∂

Ip™p Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ XpSßn \mt\m-

sS-Ivt\m-fPn \¬Ip∂ km[y-X-Iƒ

hsc Cu ]pkvXIw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.

sk¬t^m¨ am‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-

bn-s°m-≠ncn-°p∂ as‰mcp kmt¶-Xn-

I-XbmWv. 1973 G]n¬ 13\v am¿ń≥

Iq∏¿ F∂ Ata-cn -°≥

kmt¶-XnI hnZ -K vZ≥

jqhns‚ hep-∏hpw CjvSn-

I -bpsS `mc -hp -ap≈

BZysØ samss_¬

t^m¨ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-

t∏mƒ CXv temI-

Ønse hm¿Øm-hn-

\n -ab cwKsØ

am‰n adn°pw

F∂v ]Xo-£n-

®n-´p-≠m-hn-√.

AXn -t∏mƒ

s h d p w

hm¿Øm-hn-

\n-ab am[y-a-

Øn¬ \n∂pw hnt\m-

tZm-]m-[nbpw Iºyq-´-dp-sa√mw

Bbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Hcp

]Sn IqSn IS∂v tUmIvS¿ IqSn

BIm≥ t]mhp-I-bm-Wv. \nß-fpsS

ico -c -tØmSv samss_¬t^m¨

tN¿Øv sh®m¬ AI-se-bp≈

tUmIvSsd Btcm-Ky-hn-h-c-ßƒ Adn-

bn-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ \n¿t±iw

XncnsI kvIo\n¬ ImWn-°m\pw

samss_¬t^m-Wn\v km[n-°pw.

]e Imcy -ß-fnepw samss_¬

]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw

Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

!

\mw `mhn-bn¬

am¿®v 2008 21

t^m¨ Hcp tUmIvS-sd-t∏mse kzbw

Xocp -am -\ -ßƒ Adn -bn -°p -Ibpw

sNøpw.

hnh -c -ap≈ hoSp -Iƒ F∂v

tIƒ°p-tºmƒ A¤p-X-am-Wp-≠m-hp-

∂-Xv At√? F∂m¬ hoSns‚ ]cn-N-c-

Whpw \nß-fpsS ]cn-N-c-Whpw hoSp-

Xs∂ \S -Øp -I -bm -sW-¶ntem?

AXmWv kvam¿´v tlmapIƒ. \nß-

tfbpw \nßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-h-tcbpw

amXw AI-tØ°v Ib‰n hnSp-Ibpw

Ah-cpsS BtcmKyw, `£Ww a‰v

kuI-cy-ßƒ F√mw Xncn-®-dn™v

]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-bmWv

kvam¿´v tlmap-Iƒ.

imkvX-tI-c-f-Øns‚ Cu t]Pv

Ata-cn -°-bnse Hcp kplr-Øn\v

Ab-®p -sIm-Sp -°-W-sa-¶n¬ t]Pv

^mIvkv sNøp-Itbm C˛-sa-bn¬

sNøp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.

F∂m¬ \nßƒ°v kplr-Øns\

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ sh®v t\cn´v I≠v

ssIsIm-Sp -°-W-sa -¶n¬ AhnsS

t]mImsX ]‰n-√t√m? sSen-t]m¿t´-

j≥ F∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy a\p-jys\

Hcp ÿeØv \n∂pw A]-Xy-£-

\m°n as‰mcp ÿeØv ]Xy-£-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂ hnZy-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-s\bpw

hkvXp-°-tf-bp-sa√mw Bt‰m-anIv Xe-

Øn¬ kvIm≥sNbvXv hnL-Sn∏n®v ,

kvIm≥ sNbvX hnh-c-ßƒ Zqc-ÿ-e-

tØ°v Ab®v AhnsS ]p\:krjvSn-

°p-∂-XmWv Cu hnZy. mIvkv sNøp-

tºmƒ t]Pnse hnh-c-ßƒ kvIm≥

sNbvXv Ab-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂

\sΩ kvIm≥ sNbvXv Ab-bv°p-bmWv

CXp-sIm≠v Dt±-in -°p-∂-Xv. CXv

ssii-hm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ kmt¶-XnI

hnZy-bm-Wv.

kn\n -a -I -fn¬ ]bm -kap≈

1.

CXv Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ tZiob

]XmIbmWv. AK 47 CXn¬

Bte-J\w sNbvXncn-°p∂p .

cmPyw GXmWv?

2. \mk hnt£-]n® Hcp _ln-cm-

Imi hml-\-Øns‚ t]cmWv

"sa ≥P¿'. GXp Kl-Øn-s\-

bmWv Cu hml\w e£yw

sh°p-∂Xv?

3. ]m°n-ÿm≥ ]kn-U≠v apjvd-

^n\v ]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ Hcp iIm-

c-t∏cp hnfn-°p-∂p-≠v. "_pjd v'.

A¥-cn® t_\-ko¿ qt´mbv°pw

AhnsS Hcp iIm-c-t∏-cp≠v ]d-

bmtam?

4. CXv `c-XvtKm]n. A`n-\-bn®

BZy Ne-®nXw GXv?

5. a\p -jy-i-co -c -Øn¬ \mhns\

Dd-∏n®p \n¿Øm≥ klm-bn-

°p∂ F√v GXmWv?

6. Hcp A¥¿t±-iob ]pc-kv°m-

cambn \¬Ip-∂-XmWn inev]w.

GXm-WXv?

7. International Criminal PoliceOrganisation (A¥¿t±-iob

Ip‰m -t\z -jW kwLw) \v

s]mXpsh ]d-bp∂ t]sc-

¥mWv?

8. "sh\n-tkze'˛ Hcp Z£nW

Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-am-Wv. GXp

hm°n¬ \n∂mWv Cu t]cv

Dcp-Øn-cn-™Xv F∂-dn-bmtam?

Iznkv tIm¿W¿ tNmZy-ßƒ

kwL- \cwK-ßƒ A`n-\-bn-°p-∂Xv

Uyq∏p-I-fm-W-t√m. F∂m¬ a\p-

jy¿°v Akm-[y-amb cwK-ßƒ

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Iºyq-´¿ krjvSn-

I-fmb Uyq∏p-Iƒ cwK-sØ-Øn-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. Hcn-°epw ]mb-am-Im-Xn-cn-

°m≥ Un.-F≥.-F-bn¬ Nne am‰-ßƒ

hcp-Øn-bm¬ aXn-bm-Ip-sa∂v ]Xo-

£n®v Kth-j-W-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p.

]pXnb \q‰m-≠nse kmt¶-XnI

hnZy-Iƒ `mhnbpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw

th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-hmØ hn[w

Cg]n-cn™p InS-°p-∂p. AXns‚

Adn-hp-I-fn-te°pw hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn-

te°pw \bn-°p-∂-h-bmWv"]pXnb

\q‰m -≠n¬ ]pXnb sSIvt\m -

fPn'F∂ ]pkvX-Iw. Cu ]pkvXIw

\mw `mhn-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv

F∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p-∂p.

]km-[\w: Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv,

hne: 55 cq]

imkvX-tI-cfw22

en -kvtIm]vsU

m

-\q-X-\-imkvXw

\mt\m

sSIvt\m-fPn

\mt\m

sSIvt\m-fPn

k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp

t]cmWv "\mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn'F∂-Xv.

F¥mWv "\mt\m' F∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Dt±-in-

°p-∂Xv? H∂ns‚ \qdv tImSn-bn¬ Hcwiw

F∂-XmWv \mt\m F∂ ]Z-Øns‚

A¿∞w 100000000

1 CXns\ Npcp°n 10--˛9

F∂v FgpXmw. At\-I-tImSn X∑m-X-Iƒ

tN¿∂m-Wt√m \mw ImWp∂ hkvXp-°-

sfm-s°bpw \n¿Ωn-°s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm

X∑m-Xbpw ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam B‰-

ßƒ tN¿∂-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm X∑m-X-bp-

tSbpw cmk-`u -XnI KpW-ßƒ

hyXykvXhp-am-bn-cn-°pw. \ap-°m-h-iy-amb

KpW-K-W-ß-fp≈ hkvXp-°ƒ B‰-ßsf

]p\:Iao-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-

XmWv \mt\m -sS -I vt\m -f -Pn -bpsS

ASnÿm\w. tdmUp-I-fpsS \ofw

Intem-ao-‰-dnepw tImi-ß-fpsS hep∏w

ssatIm-ao-‰-dnepw ]d-bp-∂Xv kuI-cy-

] -Z -am -b -Xp -t]mse B‰-ß-fpsS

hep∏w \mt\m-ao-‰-dn¬ ]d-bp-∂-XmWv

kuI-cyw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv B‰-ßsf

ssIImcyw sNøp∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-

sb \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn F∂v hnfn-°p-

∂-Xv.

A\-¥-km-[y-X-I-fp≈ imkvX-im-

J-bm-Wn-Xv. Hcp tamXncw t]mse [cn-

°m-hp∂ Iºyq-´dpw 200˛Hmfw kn.-Un-

I-fn¬ sIm≈m-hp-∂X hnh-c-ßƒ Hcp

t]mÃ¬ Ãmºns‚ hep-∏-Øn¬

HXp°m-hp∂ saΩdn Nn∏p-Ifpsa√mw

\mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn-bpsS km[y-X-I-fm-

Wv. hymh-km-bn-Im-h-iy-Øn\p≈ cmk-

Xz-c-I-ßƒ, hne-Ip-d-™Xpw KpW-ta-∑-

bp-≈-Xp-amb eq_n-°‚p-Iƒ XpSßn

temIØv \mt\msSIvt\m-f-PnbpsS

kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ]Xo-£n-°p∂ [mcmfw

taJ-e-I-fp≠vv. Iym≥k¿ t]m-ep≈

tcmK-ßƒ°v tcmK-_m-[nX tImi

tfm-sSm∏w Btcm-Ky-ap≈ tImi-ß

Iptd-sbms° \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm

C∂sØ NnIn-’m-co-Xn. F∂m¬ tcm

_m[n® tImi-ßsf amXw sXc™

]nSn®v sIm√p∂ NnIn’m coXn \mt

sS-Ivt\m-fPn apt∂m- p-sh-°p∂ hmKvZ

am-Wv. C∂sØ an° NnIn’m coX

fnepw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-am¿§-ßfn

KpW-]-c-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ C

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-°mhpw.

`mhn-bpsS inev]hn

am¿®v 2008 23

F√mw km[n-°p∂ k¿∆-i-‡-

\mb Hcm-fp-s≠-∂n-cn-°-s´. Ct±-l-Øn\v

B¿°pw Nen-∏n-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp I√v

\n¿Ωn -°m -\m -hp -sa∂v Dd -∏m -

Wt√m?B¿°pw Nen-∏n-°m-\m-hmØ

Hcp I√v Ct±lw \n¿Ωn®p F∂n-cn-°s´.

C\n-sb-¥mWv ]iv\w. B¿°pw Nen-

∏n-°m-\m-hmØ Cu I√v k¿∆-i‡\v

Cf-°m≥ km[n-°ptam?

]apJ _n´ojv KWn-X-im-kvX-

⁄\pw Nn¥-I-\p-amb _¿´‚ v d -

emWv Cu ]tl-fn-I-bpsS D]-⁄m-

Xmhv . k¿∆-i-‡≥ Cu I√v Cf-°n-sb-

]tl-fnI

Im¿´q¨ kXojv

k¿∆-i-‡s‚

]tl-fnI

∂n-cn-°-s´, At∏mƒ B¿°pw Nen-∏n-°m-\m-hmØ I√v \n¿Ωn-

°m≥ Ct±-l-Øn\v km[n-°p-sa∂ ]kvXm-h\ sX‰m-sW-∂vv hcp∂p.

AYhm I√v Cf-°m≥ km[n-®n√ F∂n-cn-°-s´, At∏mƒ F√mw

sNøm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂ ]kvXm-h\ sX‰m-Ip-∂p. k¿∆-i-‡-\pw-

F√mw sNøm≥ km[n-°p-∂-h-\p-amb Hcmƒ F∂ km[y-Xsb Cu

]tl-fnI tNmZyw sNøp-∂p.

i-ß-

ßfpw

mWv

mKw

™v

t\m-

Zm\-

Xn-I-

epw

Cu

nZyIm¿∫¨ \mt\m Syq_p-I-fpsS hf¿®

Iao-I-cn®v krjvSn® cq]w. Ccpºv cmk-

Xz-c-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv CXv km[n-

®-Xv. 7500 -C ¬ FØn-eo≥ hmXIw hnL-

Sn-∏n-®mWv \mt\m Syq_p-Iƒ hf¿Øn-b-

Xv. henb hrØ-ßfpsS `nØn-Iƒ°v

15 mm hoXnbpw 1 mm Db-c-hp-am-Wp-≈-

Xv. ]mt‰-Wns‚ samØw hymkw tIhew

8 mm Dw. CØ-c-Øn¬ Im¿∫¨ \mt\m

Syq_v LS\I-fpsS \nb-¥nX cq]o-I-

cWw BWh tXmXn -ep≈ (atomicscale) in¬∏-ß-fpsS krjvSn-°p≈ Hcp

hgn-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. `mhn-bnse inev] hnZy.

imkvX-tI-cfw24

en -kvtIm]vsU

m

CsXmcp _p≤n-]-c-amb hymbm-a-am-Wv. DØcw Is≠Øn Ab°q G‰hpw \√ DØ-c-Øn\v imkvX-tI-cfw kΩm\w \¬Ipw

kaky˛10

kaky

]d™pê n - ∏ n -° m - \ p≈

_p≤n-ap-´p-Im-c-W-am-sW∂p tXm∂p-

∂p, Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ign™

ka-kybv°v hfsc Ipd®v ]Xn-I-c-

W-ßsf Inń-bp-≈q.

henb Xnc-°n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-

¶nepw B Xncp -h -\ -¥-]pcw

kq∏¿^mÃv B‰n-ß-se-Øn-b-

t∏m-gmWv F\n°v ko‰v Inń-b-Xv.

_kn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cn¬ ap°m¬

]¶pw AhnsS Cd-ßp-I-bm-sW∂p

tXm∂n. hmXn-en-\-cn-In-ep≈ ko‰n-

en-cp-∂v Rm≥ Cd-ßp-∂-h-tcbpw

Ib-dp-∂-h-tcbpw FÆn-s°m-≠n-cp-

∂p. ]n∂oSv _kn-ep-≈-h-cpsS

FÆw t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ Fs‚

tXm∂¬ icn-bm-sW∂p I≠p.

_kn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cpsS IrXyw

¾ mK-am-bn-cp∂p Cd-ßn-t∏m-b-h¿.

A∂sØ B›-cy-ß-fpsS

XpS°w amX-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

kq∏¿^mÃv alm-›cyw

_kv ]n∂oSv Ig-°q-´Øpw ioIm-

cyØpw \n¿Øn-b-t∏mgpw CtX-

t]mse bmX-°m-cpsS ¾ `mKw Cd-

ßn-t∏mbn. aq∂p -tÃm-∏p-I-fn¬

\n∂p Ib-dn-bXpw Htc FÆw bmX-

°m¿! 7 t]¿ hoXw.

kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn Rm≥ ka-N-

Xp-c-°-´-Isf Aev]-sam∂v am‰n hc-

®n- p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ ap≥,-]n≥, ta¬, Iogv,

CSXv (NnXw t\m°p-∂-bm-fns‚ CS-

Xp-I-tømSv ASp-Øp-h-cp∂), heXv

F∂n-ßs\ NXp-c-°-´-bpsS hi-ß-

sf-∏-‰n-∏-d-bmw. C\n NnX-Øn-ep≈

I´-I-fpsS A`n-ap-J-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hi-

ß-fn¬ FX IpØp-Iƒ Ds≠∂v

Is≠Øm≥ ian-°mw.

cma≥ sh® I´-I-fn¬ he-Xp-h-

i-Øp-≈-Xns‚ he-Xp-h-iØv \mep

IpØp-Iƒ D≈-Xn-\m¬ \ap-°p-th≠

CS-Xp-h-iØv aq∂v IpØp-I-fm-bn-

]t£ Rm\nXv \nß-tfmSv ]d-

™Xv B›-cy-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th≠n-

b√. ioIm-cy-Øp-\n∂v ]pd-s∏-´-

t∏mƒ _kn¬ FX-t]-cp-≠m-bn-

cp∂p F∂v \nßƒ ]d-bm≥ th≠n-

bm-Wv.

kaky 10, Imen-sUmkvtIm]v, imkvX-tI-c-fw, tImgn-t°mSv 2

F∂ hnem-k-Øn¬ X]m-entem [email protected] F∂

hnem-k-Øn¬ e-mail Btbm Ab-°mw.

hgn hni-Z-ambn Fgp-Xm≥ aSnt°-≠.

X]m-en¬ Ab-°p-∂-h¿ Ih-dn\p ]pdØpw

e-mail Ab-°p-∂-h¿ k_vPIvSv sse\nepw

problem solving F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Ah-km\ XnøXn am¿®v 20

DØcab°q; kΩm\w t\Sq.

ka-ky˛9 \n¿[m-cWw IpØp-Iƒ FX?

kp\n¬ tZhv

cma≥

IrjvW≥

am¿®v 2008 25

kΩm\w:

cn°pw F∂v a\- n-em-°mw. FXn¿h-

i-ß-fn¬ BsI Ggv hc-Ø-°-hn-[-

am-Wt√m IpØp-Iƒ CSm-dv.

CXns\ H∂v CS-tØ°v adn-

°p∂p F∂v hnNm-cn-°p-I. At∏mƒ

CS-Xp -h-isØ I´-bpsS t]mse

tase \mepw ap∂n¬ Bdpw CSØv

c≠pw IpØp-Iƒ BIpw. I -Iƒ Htc-

t]m-se-bp-≈h BsW∂p ]d-™n-´p-

≈-Xn-\m¬ CS-Xp-h-isØ I´-bpsS

he-Xp-h-iØv A©vIp-Øp-I-fm-bn-

cn°pw F∂v CXn¬ \n∂pw a\-kn-em-

°mw. At∏mƒ IrjvW≥ ]d™

DØcw 8(3+5) Bbn-cn-°pw.

C\n IrjvWs‚ tNmZy -Øn-

te°p IS -°mw. ChnsS he-Xp

-h-i-sØ- I-´-bpsS CS-Xp-h-iØv 4

IpØp-I-fm-sW-∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv. Cu

I´sb ap∂n-te°v Hcp XhW adn-

®m¬ H‰-°p-Øp-ambn Ct∏mƒ ]n∂n-

ep≈ hiw apI-fn-se-Øpw. CSsØ

I´-bp-ambn CXn-\p≈ hyXymkw

ap∂nep-≈Xv 5 IpØp-I-fm-sW-∂-Xm-

Wv. CXns\ Xnc-›o-\-ambn c≠p

XhW (C-S-tØmt´m he-tØmt´m

BImw. 900 hoXw c≠p-X-hW As√-

¶n¬ 1800 ) Xncn-®m¬ c≠p-Ip-Øp-I-

fp-ambn ]n∂nse hiw ap∂n-se-Øpw.

H∏w CS-Xp-h-i-Øp-ff 4 IpØp-I-fp≈

hiw- h-e-Xp-hiØmIp-Ibpw sNøpw

Aßns\ IrjvWs‚ tNmZy-Øns‚

DØ-chpw 8(4+4) F∂m-Ip-∂p.

1. samkm-ºn-°v. B^n-°-bn-em-

Wv Cu cmPyw.

2 _p[≥ (sa¿°p-dn).

3. "t_\-kodn's‚ A¿∞w "A\p-

]aw' F∂m-Wv. "a\- m-£n-bn-

√m-Ø-hƒ'F∂¿∞-ap≈ "t_ -

k-ao¿' F∂ D¿Zp-hm-°mWv

t_\-kodns‚ iIm-c -t∏-c v .

]ikvX am[y-a-]-h¿Ø-I≥

tUhnUv _¿kmanbm≥ Hcp

A`n-ap-J-Øn¬ kao-]-Im-eØv

CXv Nq≠n-°m-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

4. kzbw-hcw (A-Sq¿tKm-]m-e-Ir-

jvW≥ kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp).

5. ltbm-bnUv (`m-j-Wm-ÿn).

6 Kman Ahm¿Uv.

7 C‚¿t]mƒ.

8. en‰n¬-˛-sh-\okv.

Iznkv tIm¿W¿ DØ-c-ßƒ

lcn]-kmZv sI sI

"iol-cn', ssIcfn \K¿

]nem-Ød ]n H, IÆq¿ 670501

Krl-\m -Y≥ Hmô -kn¬\n∂n-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ aWn Ggv. t\schoń-te°v . AhnsS sN∂-t∏mƒtK‰n¬ Xń-bn-√. IX-In¬ apń-bn-√. s_√-Sn-®n-√. `mcysb hnfn-®n-√.tK‰pw IX-Ip-sa√mw X°-k-a-bØvXms\ Xpd-∂p. CXmWv Xmt°m¬th≠mØ ]pXnb temIw.

\nßfpsS CjvS - ] -ImcwXms\ Xpd-°p∂ hmXn-ep-I-fp≈Cu temIØv BsI-°qSn HcpXmt°m¬ amXta Bh-iy-ap-≈q.B Xmt°m¬ Fßpw hmßm≥In´p-I-bn-√. B¿°pw hn¬°m\pwIgn-bn-√. B¿°pw tamjvSn-°m-\p-am-hn-√. IÆnse IrjvW-a-Wn-t]msekq£n-t°≠ Cu Xmt°m¬ as‰m-∂-√. \nß-fpsS IÆnse IrjvW-a-Wn-bpsS Np‰p-ap≈ h¿Wm-`-ambt\X-] -Sew(Iris) Xs∂-bm -Wv .Bsf Xncn-®-dn-bm-\mbn Hcp \q‰m-

t≠m-f-ambn D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p∂hnc-e-S-bmf kº-Zm-b-sØ-°mƒanI-®Xpw Ip‰-a-‰Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥Ffp-∏-ap-≈-Xp-am-W v Ir-jvW-a-Wn-bpsS ]mt‰¨ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈Cu ]pXnb _tbm-sa-SnIv kwhn-[m\w. c≠p-t]-cpsS t\X-]-S-e-ß-fpsS ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ Hcn-°epw ka-am-bn -cn -°p -I-bn√ F∂-XmWv Cu\qX\ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ]n∂n-ep≈ XØzw... Hcp Xmt°m¬ Zzm-c-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ LSn-∏n-°m-hp∂ HcphoUntbm Iyma-dbpw AXn-t\mSp_‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ Iw]yq-´dpwAS-ßnb Hcp b¥-kw-hn-[m-\-amWvCXn-\m-h-iy-ap-≈-Xv. Cu kwhn-[m-\-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-Øn-te-°v]th-i-\m-\p-aXn D≈-h-cp-tS-sb√mwIÆnse sFdn-kns‚ NnX-ßƒIw]yq-´-dns‚ saΩ-dn-bn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°pw. ]th-i\w tXSp-∂-h¿ Iyma-d-°-Æn-te°v H∂p t\m°p-Itbth≠q. sFdn-kns‚ NnX-sa-SpØvAXv saΩ-dn-bn-ep≈ NnX-ß-fp-ambnHØp-t\m°n F√mw icn-bm-sW-¶n¬hmXn-ens‚ ]q´p-Xp-d-°p∂ \S-]Snc≠p sk°‚p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ D≠m-Ipw.

(]pXnb \q‰m -≠n¬ ]pXnb

sSIvt\m-f-Pn F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬\n∂v )

Xmt°m¬

th≠mØ hoSv

Nn¥v

imkvX-tI-cfw26

]Z-]-iv\w- am¿®v 2008

]Z-]iv\w t]mÃv Im¿Un¬ I≈n-h-c®v ]qcn-∏n-®-b-bv°p-I. t]cpw ta¬hn-em-khpw Fgp-Xm≥ ad-∂p-t]m-I-cp-tX.

en -kvtIm]vsU

m

A\p

Ah-km\ XnøXn : am¿®v 20. Ab-bvt°≠ hnemkw : ]Z-]iv\w, am¿®v 2008, imkvX-tI-cfw, tImgn-t°mSv 673 002

s^_p-hcn ]Z-]iv\w kΩm-\m¿l¿

* DÆn-Ir-jvW≥. Fkv

AºmSn

]mWm-h-≈n. ]n.H

tN¿Ø-e˛ 688566

* A]¿W.-sI.-]n.

D/o ]n.-hn.-th-em-bp-[≥

DX-´mXn

Im™n-c-ßmSv ]n.H

Icn-ºw, Xfn-∏-d-º˛ 670142

he-tØm´v

2. Zpcq-l-ambn acWw kw`-hn® Hcp

I\ym-kvXo-bpsS t]cv Cß-s\-

bmWv.

4. \ΩpsS Hcp ico-c-`mKw.

5. ]qhn-s\-bn-jvSw, ]qhn-\njvSw.

7 alm-Ihn Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ IYm-

]m-Xw˛ Ihn-Xbpw.

9 kln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv.

11. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øn-\-SpØ Hcp

ÿew. Cu \mSns‚ t]cn¬

Adn-b-s∏´ Hcp \S-\p-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p \ΩpsS kn\n-a-bn¬.

14. AΩm-a≥ \´mepw AΩmbn

sh®mepw \ap°pw Iq´Ww

15. "Zni'bdn-™n-s√-¶n¬ KXn-tI-

Sp-Xs∂.

16. Ac-b-∂-∏n-S-bm-Wn-Xv.

19. CXv _jo-dns‚ IYm-]mXw.

21 \mhv Xs∂. ckn-°m-\-Xt√

th≠Xv.

22 DØ-tc-¥y-bnse \Zn.

23 ASn-®m¬ apgßpw.

24 CsXmcp Xcw NqXp-I-fn-bm-Wv.

Xmtgm´v

1. "`wKn-'bp-≠v,t√?.

2. \S\pw \Snbpw sNøp-∂Xv.

3. tKm]n-bpsS "X_-enÃv Aø-∏≥'

Cu kn\n-a-bn-em-Wv.

6. "amfw' Xs∂.

8. I¨]oen.

9 cmam -bW-Øn¬ hnò -j-Ws‚

]Xv\n.

10. Hcp IS¬Po-hn . Hcp ]mSv sI´p

-I-Y-Iƒ Cu]mhw PohnsbIpdn-®p≠v.

12. cNn-®mse CXp-≠mhq.

13. ]´Ww F∂¿∞w.

17. ]I-en-\p-tijw.

18. ssIøn¬ Inń-bXv.

19. tIc-f-Øns‚ Dbcw IqSnb ae.

20. CXp apgp-h≥ ]qcn-∏n-°m\pw thW-

sam-cp...

25. CXp -sI-´m¬ t]mbnt√ Imcyw

1

2 3

4 5

6 7 8

9 11 12 1310

14

16 17 18

15

19 20

21

22 23

24 25

1 2 3 4

5

6 7 8 9

10 1311 12

14

15 16

A S hn ] ≤ Xn

iz h k Xn c

°vXn an cw X em

Yn

e] I

√

hn c lw I h W

e l cn

X

h

h \n

b

* ^vfmknUv tPm¿÷v

]p≈n-°m-ń¬

Iqcm-®p≠v

AtXzmSn ]n.H

tImgn-t°m-Sv˛ 673527

* Aºnfn ioIp-am¿

7˛_n

sk‚ v.-tPm-k vkv GHSS

aptØmen

tIm´-bw˛ 686620

am¿®v 2008 27

al-Ømb kn\n-a-Ifn-eqsS Hcp bmX

Bwt_mkv _nb¿kv

(Ambrose Bierce) F∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-

c≥ 1890¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® AXn

at\m-l-c -amb sNdp -I-Y-bmWv

"Huƒ Io°v ]me-Ønse

kw`hw'. Ata-cn-°≥ B`y-¥-c-bp-

≤-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ sÛ-

d¬ B¿an-bpsS ]nSn-bn-e-I-s∏´

Hcp a\p-jy-\mWv IY-bn¬ \mb-

I≥˛ ]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp IpSpw-_-

Ønse AwKhpw tXm´-ap-S-abpw

Bb s]bv‰¨ ^¿Iz¿.

HuƒIo°v ]mew XI¿°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ Ań-adn ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-

Øn-sb-∂m-tcm-]n®v Abmsf ae-

bn-Sp -°nse B sdbn¬ tdmUv

]me-Øn¬ sh®v Xq°n-te-‰p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ Hcp-°-ßƒ Imń-s°m≠mWv

IY XpS-ßp-∂-Xv.

Ia-c-ln-X-amb IY ]d-®n¬

ssienbpw sRń-∏n-°p∂ IYm-

¥y-hpw˛ Cu sNdp-I-Ysb hfsc

hyXy-kvX-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. AXn ]i-

kvX-amb Cu IY 1891¬ ]pd-Øn-

d-ßnb "]´m-f-°m-cp-tSbpw knhn-en-

b≥amcp-tSbpw IY-Iƒ'˛ F∂

IYm-k-am-lm-c-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Cu IYsb Ah-ew-_n®v \nc-

h[n kn\n-a-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-ń-cp-

∂p. Ah-bn¬ BZy-tØXv 1929¬

hnP-b-Ip-am¿ ªmØq¿

B≥ HIz-d≥kv A‰v

Huƒ Io°v _nUvPv

ac-W-Øn\p ap∂n¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-´p-h-

cp∂ Hcmƒ°v X\n°v Np‰p-ap≈ ]IrXn

]g-b-Xnepw FXtbm kpµ-chpw kPo-h-hp-

am-bmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I. ªm°v & ssh‰n-

em-bn´p IqSn ]Ir-Xn-bnse ]Im-i-Øns‚

Aùa kv]¿i-ßƒ Iyma-d-bn-eqsS \sΩ

A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v Cu kn\na.

imkvX-tI-cfw28

]pdØp h∂ "Nmc≥' F∂ \n»_vZ

kn\n-a-bm-Wv.

F∂m¬ 1962¬ tdm_¿´ v

F≥dnt°m (Robert Enrico) F∂

kwhn-[m-b-I≥ Xnc-°-Y-sb-gpXn Hcp-

°nb "B≥ HIz -d≥kv A‰v

HuƒIo°v _nUvPv'F∂ eLp

NnXw (La Riviera du HibouF∂mWv ^©v t]cv). aqe-I-Y-tb-

°mfpw FXtbm Db¿∂ Hcp Iem-

in-ev]-am-bmWv sIm≠m-S-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

'The twilight Zone' ]c-º-c -bn -

epƒs∏-SpØn Ata-cn-°≥ sSen-hn-j-

\n-emWv CXv kwt]-jWw sNø-s∏-

´-Xv. kn\n-a-bn¬ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚

t]cn-t\m, sNbvX Ip‰-Ønt\m H∂pw

kwhn-[m-b-I≥ ]k‡n sImSp-°p-

∂n√. h[-in£ hn[n-°-s∏´ Hcp a\p-

jy≥ amX-amWv CXnse IYm-]m-Xw.

"kw`m-j-W-ßƒ' sIm≠v hni-Z-am-

t°≠ Hcp "IY'bpw kn\n-a-bn-en-√.

aqSn -s°-ńb Hcp ]`m-X-Øn-

emWv HuƒIo°v ]me-Øn\p apI-

fn¬ in£ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

Hcp°w \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]me-Ønse

…n∏-dp-Iƒ°v kam-¥-c-ambn ]pd-

tØ°v \oń-bn-cn-°p∂ ]e-I-bpsS

πm‰vt^m-an -em-Wn-t∏mƒ Abmsf

\n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ssIIƒ sIń-

bn-cn°p∂p.. Igp-Øn¬ Ib¿ Ipcp-°p-

∂p.. in£ \S-∏n-em-t°≠ Bcm-®m-

cpsS Im¬ ]e-I-bn¬ \n∂pw amdn-

bm¬ Abmƒ Xmtgm´p hogpw... Bcm-

®m-cpsS _q´p-I-fpsS CØncn A\-

°-ßƒ t]mepw Db¿Øp∂Xv òXn-

bpsS Rc-°-ß-fmWv... in£- \-S-∏n-

em-°p-∂p.

Igp-Øn¬ IpSp -°nb Ib-dp -

ambn Abmƒ ]me-Øn¬ \n∂pw

Xmtg°v hogp-∂p... Fß-s\tbm

Ib¿ apdn™v Abmƒ ]me-Øn-\-Sn-

bn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg-bn-te-°mWv

]Xn-°p-∂-Xv.. XWp-Øp-d™ AKm-[-

X-bn¬ Poh-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]nS-®n-

emWv ]n∂o-Sv... sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬

sh®v ssIbnse sI´p-Iƒ Agn-bp-

∂p. izmkw hnßn s\©p-]n-f-cp-∂Xp

t]mse... apI-fn¬ Pe-]m-fn-I-fn-eqsS

]Imiw ImWmw.. Pohn-X-Øns‚

]Imiw Xs∂... Abmƒ apI-fn-te°v

B™p-s]m-ßm≥ ian-°p-∂p.. Pe-

∏-c-∏nseØn BZy \nizmkw! Pohn-

X-Øn-te°v Xncn-s®-Øn-b-Xns‚

BÀm-Zw.. ]s£ ]pg-bpsS Ic-bn¬

\n∂pw Xpcp-Xpcm shSn-bp-≠-Iƒ

Abmƒ°v t\sc Nodn hcp-∂p-≠v.

sh≈-Øn-eq-fn-bn-´pw, \o¥nbpw

hfsc t\csØ ia -ß-fn -eqsS

Xf¿∂v Ah-i-\m-sb-¶nepw Abmƒ

kpc-£n-X-Zq -cØv Ic-bn-e-Sn -™p.

Abmƒ°v t_m[w sXfn-bp-tºmƒ

tIƒ°p-∂Xv Np‰p-ap≈ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS

a[p-c-i-_vZ-ß-fm-Wv... Nm™n-d-ßp∂

shbn-en¬ ac-ß-fpsS \ng¬.. Xncn®p

Inńb Pohn-X-Øns‚ BÀm-Z-Øn¬

temI-Øn\v ]pXnb hnkva-b-`w-Kn-

Iƒ!

Cg™pw, \S∂pw Abmƒ

hnZqc-c-Xbnse B hoSn\p t\¿°v

\oßp-∂p...... kuay-amb Hcp Cfw

Im‰p-t]mse B hoSns‚ hcm-¥-

bn¬ Hcp bph-Xn ˛ Abm-fpsS `mcy˛

BÀm-Z-Øns‚ D∑m-Z-th-K-tØmsS

Abmƒ Ahƒ°-cn-In-te°v IpXn-

°p-I-bm-Wv. \oń-]n-Sn® ssII-fp-ambn

Ahƒ Abmƒ°-cn-In-te°v HmSn hcp-

∂p. . . Ah¿ XΩn¬ kv]¿in -

°p∂Xn\v sXm´p-ap≥]p≈ \nanjw...Bwt_mkv _nb¿kv

am¿®v 2008 29

Igp-Øn¬ Ib¿ apdp-Ip-∂p.....

HuƒIo°v ]me-Øns‚ X≠n¬

RmWp InS-∂m-Sp∂ Abm-fpsS icocw!

Igp-Øn¬ Ib¿ apdp-Ip-∂-Xn\p

apºp≈ Hcp \nan-j-Øn¬ Abm-

fpsS a\- neqsS an∂n-t∏mb ]Xym-

i-bpsS Zriy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p \mw I≠-

h-sbm-s°-bpw˛ Hcp km≤y-X-bp-an-

√mØ hn[w ]´m-f-°m-cm¬ hf-b-

s∏´ B ÿeØv \n∂v c£-s∏-Sm-

\m-tb°pw F∂ ]Xymi Abm-fn¬

_m°n-bp -≠m-bn -cp -∂p. Pohn -Xm-

k‡n ac-W-Øn\p ap∂n¬ IqSp-X¬

Xoh-am-bn-cn°pw!

®-h-bmWv kn\n-a-bpsS ap°m¬ mKw

kw`-h-ßƒ.

ac-W-Øn\p ap∂n¬ \n∂v c£-

s∏-´p-h-cp∂ Hcmƒ°v X\n°v Np‰p-

ap≈ ]IrXn ]g-b-Xnepw FXtbm

kpµ-chpw kPo-h-hp-am-bmWv A\p-`-

h-s∏-Sp-I. ªm°v & ssh‰n-em-bn´p

IqSn ]Ir-Xn-bnse ]Im-i-Øns‚

A`ua kv]¿i-ßƒ Iyma-d-bn-eqsS

\sΩ A\p-` -hn -∏n -°p-∂p≠v Cu

kn\na.

tdm_¿´v F≥dnt°m

bYm¿∞ Imehpw k¶-ev]-\-ß-

fpsS Ime-ssZ¿Lyhpw ka-b-L-S-\-

bn¬ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Hcp \nanjw

sIm≠v Abm-fpsS a\- n¬ kw`-hn-

tZim-¥c Pe tiJ-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ccp-∂q-tdmfw A¥¿t±iob

DS-º-Sn-Iƒ Ign™ A¿≤ iX-I-Øn¬ H∏p hbv°-s∏- n- p-≠v.

Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ amXw ssZ¿Ly-

ap≈ Cu kn\n-a˛ "kn\n-a-bpsS N´-

°q-Sp-Isf' s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈

hgn-sbm-cp°w \S-Øn-b-h-bn¬ ][m-

\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.

tdmP¿ PmIz‰v F∂ \S-\mWv

CXnse ][m-\-thjw sNbvXn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv.

1962se "Im≥ ^nenw s^Ãn-h-

en' ¬ 'Palme D'or ' ]pc-kvImcw t\Sn-

bXp IqSmsX 1964 se G‰hpw \√

eLp-Nn - X -Øn -\p≈ A°m-Uan

Ahm¿Upw Cu kn\na t\Sn. !

imkvX-tI-cfw30

hoUntbm t^m¿am-‰p-I-fnse

G‰hpw ]pXnb kmt¶-XnI hnZy-

bmWv ssl sU -\n-j≥. \mw km[m-

cW ImWp∂ hoUntbm knUn-Iƒ

F√mw (SD) Ãm≥tU¿Uv sU^-\n-

j-\n-ep-≈-Xv. AXp-t]mse km[m-cW

Sn. -hn . sk‰p -Ifpw Ãm≥tU¿Uv

sU^-\n-j-\n-emWv ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-

Xv. AXm-bXv Hcp hoUntbm NnXw

GXm≠v 525 hcn-I-fn-embn `mKn-°p-

Ibpw Hcp Ce-IvtSm¨ _ow Cu hcn-

I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-

tºm-gmWv Hcp hoUntbm NnXw

\n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ Hcp

sk°‚n¬ 24 hoUntbm NnX-ßƒ

Hcp Snhn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

CXmWv Ãm≥tU¿Uv sU^-\n-j≥

AYhm SD.

Hcp hoUntbm NnXw \n¿Ωn-

°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv kvIm\nw-Mv. CXv

c≠p Xc -ap -≠v . t]mKkohv

kvIm\nwMv C‚¿tekvUv kvIm\nw-

Mpw. H∂mw hcn-bn¬ XpSßn 525˛mw

hcn hsc XpS¿®-bmbn kvIm≥

sNøp∂ ]In-b-bmWv t]mK-kohv

kvIm\nwMv. F∂m¬ 1,4,5... Cßs\

BZyw kvIm≥ sNøp-Ibpw XpS¿∂v

2,4,6 F∂n-ßs\ kvIm≥ sNøp-Ibpw

sNøp∂ ]In-b-bmWv C‚¿tekvUv

kvIm\nwMv. c≠p coXnbpw C∂v

]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v.

ssl sU^-\n -j -\n¬ Hcp

hoUntbm Zriy-Øns\ 1125 hcn-I-

fmbn `mKn-°p-∂p. Cßs\ sNøp-

tºmƒ hcn-I-fpsS hoXn Ipd-hm-bn-cn-

°pw. AX-\p-k-cn®v Zriy-Øns‚

IrXy-Xbpw hy‡-Xbpw IqSp-∂p.

Ch-bnse F√m hcn-Ifpw \ap°v

ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-b-√. F∂m¬ B

hnhcw HDbn¬ Dƒs]-´n -cn -°pw.

henb kvIo\p-I-fn-te°v s]mPIvSp

sNø-s∏-Sp -tºmƒ NnX -Øns‚

hy‡X ImØp-kq -£n -°m≥

HDD]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew Ign-bp-∂p.

HDD]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp Zriy-

Øns‚ Um‰ SDsb At]-£n®v

hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. CXv Hmtcm hcn-

bp-tSbpw If¿ hnhcw FX-tØmfw

IqSp-X¬ kq£n-°p∂p F∂-X-\p-k-

cn®v ho≠pw IqSn-bn-cn-°pw. (1125 hcn-

Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hoUntbm Zriyw

\n¿Ωn-°p∂ sSen-hn-j-\p-I-fmWv

HDTVIƒ. IqSmsX tUmƒ_n UnPn-

‰¬ kdu-≠v ku≠v (Dolby DigitalSuround Sound) t^m¿am-‰mb AC-

3bpw CXns‚ IqsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

cn°pw. CXp aqew \√ hy‡-X-bp≈

i_vZhpw Zriyhpw HDTVIƒ e`y-am-

°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CXn\v HDt^m¿am‰n-

ep≈ kwt]-j-Whpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

km[m -c -W-bmbn HD D]-

tbmKn°p∂ t^m¿am-‰p-I-fmWv

720 P= 1280 x720 ]nIvk¬ (t]m-

K-kohv kvIm\nw-Mv),

1080i =1920 x1080 ]nIvk¬

(C‚¿tekvUv kvIm\nw-Mv),

1080 P =1920 x1080 ]nIvk¬

(t]m-K-kohv kvIm\nw-Mv) F∂nh.

Hcp NnXsØ GI-tZiw 1280 x720 IpØp-I-fmbn `mKn-°p-Ibpw

Hmtcm IpØp-I-tfbpw th¿Xn-cn®v

Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ Um‰

kq£n-°p-IbpamWv 720 P ¬ sNøp-

∂-Xv. t]mK-kohv kvIm\nwMv aqew

IqSp-X¬ hy‡-X-bp≈ NnXw e`n-°p-

sa-¶nepw kwt]-j-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ Um‰-bp -tSbpw _m≥Uvhn -

UvØn-t‚bpw Af-hn¬ KWy-amb

HD

ssl sU -\n-j≥HDHD

cRvPn-Xv F-kv Xpd-hq¿

am¿®v 2008 31

h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

BZysØ HDTVkwt]-jWw

\S-Øn -bXv t\m¿Øv Itcm -en -

\bnep≈ WRAL-HD¬ \n∂m-Wv.

Ata-cn-°-bn-ep≈ F√m TV \ne-b-

ßfpw kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ HDbnte°v

am‰m-\p≈ iaw XpSßn°gn-™p.

kwt]-j-W-Øn-\mbn kwt]-j-W-

\n-e-b-ß-fnepw kzoI-c-Wn-I-fnepw

]tXyIw D]-I-c-W-ßƒ LSn-∏n-t°-

≠-Xp -≠v . IqSmsX IqSp -X¬

_m≥UvhnUvØpw e`y-am -°-Ww.

F∂m¬ e`y-am -°p∂ i_vZ-Øn-

t‚bpw NnX-Øn-t‚bpw hy‡X ]cn-

K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ CXn\v IqSnb Bh-

iy-I-X-bmWv D≈-Xv.

HDt^m¿am‰ v hoUn -tbm -Iƒ

kq£n-°m-\mWv ][m-\-ambpw HD/

DVDIƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ( CXv

Htc -k-abw DVDBbpw HD

DiskBbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.)

Hcp DVD D]-tbm-Kn®v GXm≠v 4 aWn-

°q¿ SD(Ãm≥tU¿Uv sU^-\n-j≥)

hoUntbm kq£n-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

F∂m¬ HD-DVD bn¬ 48 aWn-°q¿

SDhoUntbm kq£n-°mw. AXm-bXv

HD-DVDbn¬ IqSp-X¬ Um‰ kq£n-

° m - s a - ∂ ¿ ∞ w .

DVDbn¬ Hcp HD]mfn

IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm-

WnXv km[n-°p-∂-Xv. HD

]mfnbnse Sm°p-I-

fpsS hoXn Ipd-hm-bn-cn-

°pw. AXp-sIm≠v IqSp-

X¬ Sm°p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-

Sp -Øm≥ Ign -bpw.

HD]mfn -bnse Um‰

doUp sNøm≥ 405 \mt\m-ao-‰¿ \oe

tek-dp-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ DVD]mfn doUp sNøm≥ 650

\mt\m-ao-‰¿ Nph∏v tek-dp-I-fmWv D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. DVDbn¬ hoUntbm

kq£n-°p-∂Xv MPEG-2t^m¿am‰pI-

fn-emWv. F∂m¬ 4D, MPEG-4 t^m¿am-

‰p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Um-‰-

bpsS hen∏w Iq´m-sX -Iq-Sp-X¬ hnh-

c -ßƒ kq£n -°m≥ Ign -bp -∂p.

IqSmsX HD-DVDIfn¬ HDMI (HighDefinition Multimedia Interface) D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Izmfn‰n Ipd-bm-\p≈

km≤y-Xbpw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. HD-DVD

sπb-dp-Iƒ°v Htc kabw HDUnkvIp-

I-tfbpw DVDItfbpw doUp sNøm≥

km[n-°pw. amX-a√ DVDhoUn-tbmsb

HD bnte°v am‰n hy‡X KWy-amb

tXmXn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw Chbv°v

Ign-bpw.

km[m-cW DVDbpsS Um‰ kw -c-

W-tijn 4.7GB BWv. c≠p- ]m-fn-Iƒ

D]-tbm -Kn -°p -tºmƒ GI-tZiw

8.4GBUm‰ kq£n-°m≥ Ignbpw.

AtX kabw HD-DVDbpsS Um‰ -I-

∏m-kn‰n 15GB bmWv. CXv GI-tZiw

4 aWn-°q¿ HDhoUn-tbm°v Xpey-am-

Wv.c≠p -]m-fn-I-fp≈ HDbn¬ 30GB

AXm-bXv 8a-Wn-°q¿ HDhoUntbm

kq£n°mw.

HD bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \mw I≠p-h-

∂n-cp∂ hoUntbm t^m¿am-‰p-I-sf-

°mƒ hy‡-Xbpw IrXy -Xbpw

\¬Ip∂ \msf-bpsS ASn-ÿm\

t^m¿am -‰m -Wv . hfsc henb

kvIo\pIfnte-°p≈ ]Z¿i-\-ßƒ

hy‡X Ipd -bmsX ssIImcyw

sNøm-\mbn HD Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ D]-

tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂p.

IqSp-X¬ Um‰ kw`-c-W-ti-jn-

bp≈ UnkvIp-I-fpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-

tØmsS HDhoUntbm kq£n -

°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw Ffp-

∏-am-Ipw. UnPn-‰¬ kn\n-a-bpsS am[y-

a-ambn HD amdn-°-gn-™p. kn\n-a-bn¬

B[p-\n-I-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ FUn-‰nwKv

kt¶-X-ßƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn¬

HD°v hfsc ][m-\-s∏´ ]¶p-≠v.

AXn-i-‡-amb hoUntbm kwhn-[m-

\-ßfpw \S-∏n¬ hcp-∂-tXmsS HD

\msf -bpsS hoUn -tbm, kn\na

t^m¿am-‰mbn amdp-sa-∂-Xn\v kwi-b-

an-√.

Pe hnX-c-W-Ønepw ipNn-Xz-Ønepw apS-°p∂ Hmtcm cq]bpw

GXv ]tZ-iØv F∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v 34 aS-ßp-hsc

kmº-ØnI ew \¬Ipw.

!

imkvX-tI-cfw32

1956 apX¬ 1996 hsc C¥y-bn¬

GI-tZiw 60-Hmfw XhW U¶n-∏\n

s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´ Ahÿ D≠m-bn- p-≠v.

1963¬ BZy-ambn U¶n-∏\n dnt∏m¿´v

sNbvXXv (C-¥ybn¬) I¬-°-Ø-

bn¬ BWv. s]s´ -∂p -≠m -Ip∂

s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-]iv\w F∂-Xn-

\m¬ Cu tcmKw \nb-¥n-t°-≠Xpw

XS-tb-≠Xpw hfsc ][m-\-am-Wv.

B¿t_m sshdkv hn`m -K -Øn¬

(^vfmhn sshd-kv) 1,2,3,4 F∂o Xc-

Øn¬ s] -h-bmWv tcmK-tl-Xp.-C-¥y-

bn¬ Cu tcmKm-Wp-hns\ ]cØp-∂Xv

CuUnkv CuPn]vXn hn`m -K -

Øn¬s∏´ sImXp-Ip-I-fm-Wv. Cu

tcmK-Øns‚ C≥Ip-t_-j≥ ]ocn-

bUv 5 apX¬ 6 hb v hsc-bm-Wv.

Nne-t∏mƒ 3 apX¬ 10Znhkw hsc

\ofmw. ]I¬ ka-b-ØmWv sImXpIv

a\p-jysc ISn-°p-∂-sX∂pw km[m-cW

Dujvam-hn¬ Cu sImXp-In\v aq∂v

BgvN-hsc AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-

∂Xpw ][m\w Xs∂.

Cu sImXpIv ]c-am-h[n 400-ao-

‰¿hsc amXsa ]d°q F∂-Xn¬

AXn-i-tbm‡n C√. ]t£ Zqc-ÿ-e-

ß-fn-te°v a\p-jy-cp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

hml-\-ßƒ hgn ]I-cmw. a¨kq¨

Ign-™m-emWv U¶n-∏\n IqSp-X¬

]I-cm≥ km[yX F∂-Xn -\m¬

sImXpIv \n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Im-cy-Øn¬

AXoh PmKX thWw. 3 Xc-Øn¬

tcmKw ]Xy-£-s∏-Smw.

1 . ]\nbpw ico -c -th -Z -\ -bp -ambn

]Xy -£-s∏-Sp∂ km[m -cW

U¶n-∏\n (DF)

2. c‡-kmh Imc-W-am-hp∂ sU¶p

sla-td-PnIv ôh¿

3. c‡-k-Ω¿±hpw \mUn-an-Sn∏pw XI-

cm-dn-em-°p∂ tcmKw AYhm U¶p

tjm°v kn≥Uw(Dengue ShockSyndrome)

U¶n-∏-\n°v ]tXyI acp-∂n-√.

U¶n-∏-\n°v Imc-W-amb sImXpIp-I-

ƒ s]‰p-s]-cp-Ip∂ ÿe-ßƒ: sh≈w

sIń-°n-S-°p∂ CS-ßƒ, ]mX-ßƒ,

_°-‰p -Iƒ, -Ip -∏n -Iƒ, Sb-dp -Iƒ,

ta¬°q-c-bnse Hmhp-Iƒ,-sh-≈-°p-gn-

Iƒ,-hr-£-ß-fnse Zzmc-ßƒ F∂n-h-

bmWv. Cu sImXp-Ip-Iƒ°v BZysØ

8 Znhkw hsc sh≈w Bh-iy-ap-≈-

Xn-\m¬ BgvN-bn-sem-cn-°¬ CØcw

U¶n∏\n

tUm.]n tkm-a-kp-µ-c≥

\nb-¥Ww ][m\w

am¿®v 2008 33

]mX-ßfpw a‰pw iq\y-am-°p-∂Xv U¶n-

∏\n XS-bp-∂-Xn\v hfsc KpW-I-c-am-

Wv. ]t£ BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-t‚bpw

(Global warming) πmÃnIv amen-\y-ß-

fp-tSbpw sISp-Xn-Iƒ \nanØw C¥y-

bn¬ U¶n -∏\n t]mep≈ tcmK-

ßƒs°Xnsc AXoh PmKX thWw.

tcmKw _m[n® sImXp-Ip-I-fn¬

1. sNSn-Iƒ sh°p∂ ]qs®- n-Iƒ

sh≈w sIń \n¬ °msX

t\m°pI.

tcmKmWp sImXp -Ins‚ Pohn -

Xm¥ywhsc-bp-≠mIpw. km[m-cW

Dujvam-hn¬ s]¨sIm-Xp-In\v 3

BgvN hsc \ne-\n¬°mw. hońepw

Np‰p-h-´Øpw sImXp-Ins‚ em¿h-Iƒ

FX-bp-s≠-∂v \n¿Æ-bn®v _nt´m

(C≥sUIvkv ]Im-cw) tcmK-\n-b-

¥W Imcy-Øn¬ AXoh PmKX

]Xn-tcm-[-am¿§-ßƒ

2. hoń-\-IØpw Ip∏n-I-fnepw `c-

Wn -I -fnepw sh≈w \nd®v

sNSn-Iƒ sh°p-∂-h¿ BgvN-

tXmdpw sh≈w am‰p-I.

3. D]-tbm-Kn-°mØ t¢mk-‰p-I-

fn¬ BgvN-tXmdpw sh≈w

^vfjv sNøp-I.

4. BgvN-bn -sem-cn -°¬ hoSpw

ÿm]-\hpw \S∂p t\m°n

Fßpw sh≈w sIń \n¬°p-

∂n-s√∂pw sImXp-In\v ap -bn v

s]cp-Im≥ kuIcyw e`n-°n-

s√∂pw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I.

5. sh≈-°p -gn -I -fn¬ BgvN -

tXmdpw Ipd®v asÆ-Æ-tbm,

Uoktem Hgn®v sImXp-Ins‚

em¿h-Isf \in-∏n-°p-I.

6. sh≈w tiJ-cn®v hbv°p∂

]mX-ß-ƒ, UΩp-Iƒ, Sm¶p-Iƒ

F∂nh aqSn-sh®v sImXp-Ip-

Iƒ ap´-bn-Sp-∂Xv XS-bpI

7. I°qkv Sm¶n-t‚bpw a‰pw …m_p-

I-fn¬ hnS-hp-s≠¶n¬ hn≈-ep-

Ifpw Zzmc-ßfpw kna‚n-´-S-bv°p-

I. sk]v‰nIv Sm¶p-I-fpsS sh‚n-

te -‰nßv Ipg -ep -I -fn¬

ss\tem¨ he-Iƒ sI´p-I.

8. Nnc-´-Iƒ, ]mX-ßƒ Sn∂p-Iƒ

πmÃnIv Ih-dp-Iƒ, Sb-dp-Iƒ,

apX-em-bh ]cn-k-cØv Ae-k-

ambn CS-cp-Xv. Ah-bn¬ sh≈w

sIń-\n∂v sImXpIv ap´-bn´v

s]cp-Ipw.

9. sh≈-Øn¬ IqØm-Sn -Isf

\in-∏n-°p∂ Km_p-kn-b,-K∏nXpS-ßnb a’y-ßsf hf¿Øp-I.

10. ASp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂pw Ipfn-ap-dn-

bn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw ]pd-tØ-s°m-

gp-Ip∂ Agp-°p-sh≈w K≈n

tS∏v sh®v thÃv hm´¿]n‰v

sIń AXn-te°v hnSp-I.

11. amen\y kwkvI-c-W-Øn\v icn-

bmb coXn -Iƒ Ah-ew -_n -

°pI;πmÃnIv hkvXp-°ƒ hen-

s®-dn-b-cp-Xv.

][m-\-am -Wv. U¶n-∏\n XS-bm≥

]tXyI hmIvkn-\p -Iƒ e`y-a -√.

CuUnkv CuPn]vXn sImXp-Ip-I-fpsS

\nb-¥-W-am-Wv ][m-\w. Nn°p≥

Kp\n-b, ae-º-\n,-a-¥v, P∏m≥ Pzcw

F∂n-h-bmWv a‰v sImXp-Ip -P-\y

-tcm-K-ßƒ.

imkvX-tI-cfw34

_ln-cm -Im -i -Øn¬ \n∂pw

`uam-¥-co-£-Øn-te°v hcp-∂Xpw

Asbm-Wo-I-c-W-£-a-X-bp-≈-Xp-amb

]k-c-W-amWv tImkvanIv civan-Iƒ.

civan-I-fpsS ]Ÿm-hn-ep≈ IWn-I-

Iƒ°v sshZypXn Nm¿÷v \¬Im-

\p≈ Ah-bpsS Ign -hn -s\-bmWv

Asbm -Wo -I -c -W -£-a -X -sIm≠v

A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. hnIvS¿ ^m≥knkv

sl v F∂ imkvX-⁄-\mWv Cu

civan-Isf BZy-ambn Is≠-Øn-b-Xv.

BkvSn -b -bnse ssÃdnb

(Styria) F∂ Dƒ\m-S≥ ]tZ-isØ

Hcp Imkn-en¬ Bbn-cp∂p (tIm-´-tbm-

Sp-Iq-Snb sIm´m-cw) sl v P\n-®-Xv.

1883¬. ]nXmhv B Imkn-ens‚ DS-a-

bmb ]`p-hns‚ apJy -h-\-]m-e-I-\m-

bn-cp∂p.

hnIvS-dns‚ kvIqƒ, tImtfPv ]T-

\-ßƒ kao] \K-c-amb Kmkn-em-bn-

cp-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ k¿∆-I-em-im-e-

bn¬ \n∂pw 1906¬ Du¿P-X-¥-Øn¬

]n.-F-®v.-Un. FSp-Øp. ]Im-i-]-T\

(Optics)Ønem -bn -cp∂p At∏mƒ

Xmev]-cyw. Kmkv k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬

AXn-\p≈ kuI-cy-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-

sIm≠v At±lw hnb-∂-bn¬ t]mbn

s]m^-k¿ ^m≥kv FIvk-\-dpsS

Iogn¬ A≤y-b\w XpS¿∂p.

tdUn-tb-j≥ ]T-\-ßƒ°v hgn-

Xp-d∂ hnip-X-cmb imkvX-RvP--cn¬

Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p s]m^. FIvk-\¿. Kpcp-

hn¬ \n∂pw tdUntbm BIvSn-hn-‰nsb

kw_-‘n -®p≈ AZ-ay -Pn -⁄mk

injy-\n-te°p ]I¿∂p. A¥-co-£-

ssh-ZypXn (atmospheric electricity)

hnIvS¿ ^m≥knkv sl vPohn-X-I-Y-IƒPohn-X-I-Y-IƒPohn-X-I-Y-IƒPohn-X-I-Y-IƒPohn-X-I-Y-Iƒ

]n.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

tImkvanIv civan-Iƒ

Is≠-Ønb imkvX-⁄≥

(1883- 1964)hnIvS¿ ^m≥knkv sl v

Aßs\ sl ns‚ Kth-j-W-hn-j-

b-am-bn.

`mKy -h -im¬ B Pn⁄mk

k^-e-am-°m-\p≈ hgnbpw Xma-kn-

bmsX Xpd-∂p-In-´n. ]k-cW ]T-

\sØ Dt±-in-®p≈ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v

tdUnbw dnk¿®v F∂ ÿm]\w

1910˛¬ Bcw-`n -®p. BkvSn -b≥

A°m-Zan Hm^v kb≥k-kns‚

(Austrian Academy of Sciences)B Kth-jWtIµ-Øn¬ Kth-j-I-

\m-bn-t®¿∂ hnIvS¿ sl v ]n∂o-

Sp≈ ]Øp-h¿jw AhnsS XpS¿∂p.

AhnsS tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in®v

ASpØ h¿j-Øn-em-Wv, sl v, mhn-

bn¬ X\n°v t\m_¬ ]pc-kvImcw

t\Sn-Ø∂ Kth-jWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-

Xv. AXv ka-Im-eo\ imkvXsØ

Ipg-°n-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]iv\-Øns‚

DØcw Is≠-Øm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. \√-Xp-

t]mse C≥kp-te‰v sNbvX Ce-

IvtSm-kvtIm-∏p-I-fpsS (ssh-Zyp-Xn-

bpsS km∂n[yw Is≠-Øm≥ D]-

tbm -Kn -°p∂ D]-I -c -W-ßƒ)

AIsØ hmbp-t]mepw Ab-Wo-I-cn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B ]iv\w.

sshZyp -tXm¿÷-Øn¬ \n∂v

am¿®v 2008 35

kºq¿Æ-ambn c£- In-´-Ø-°-hÆw

Bh-cWw \¬I-s∏´ B kwhn-[m-\-

Øn -\p -≈n¬ Fßs\ sshZypXn

Nm¿÷v h∂p?]Y-a-ZrjvSym Inńb

DØcw qan-bnse teml-[m-Xp-°-fpsS

]k-c-W-]-h¿Ø\w aqew F∂m-bn-

cp-∂p. ]s£ Xnsbm-U¿ hpƒ^v F∂

imkvX-⁄≥ \S-Ønb Hcp ]co-

£Ww Cu \nK-a-\sØ \ntj-[n-®p.

]mco -knse 300 ao‰¿ Db-c -ap≈

Cu^¬S-h-dns‚ Xd-tbmSv tN¿∂

`mKØpw apIƒ`m-K-Øp-ap≈ Ab-Wo-

I-c-Ww At±lw Af∂p t\m°n.

I≠Xv apI-fnse Ab-Wo-I-cWw

Xmsg-bp-≈-Xnepw hfsc IqSp-X-emWv

F∂m-bn-cp -∂p. ]s£ Xnsbm-U¿

hpƒ^ns‚ ]co-£-W-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°-

s∏-ń-√. XpS¿∂v a‰p Nne imkvX-

⁄¿ _eq¨ D]-tbm-Kn®v hyXyÿ

D∂Xn-I-fnse A¥-co£w ]T-\-hn-t[-

b-am-°n-sb-¶nepw Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn®

D]-I-c-W-ßƒ Ip‰-a-‰-X√ F∂ Imc-

W-Øm¬ B ]co-£-W-^-e-ßfpw

Xnc-kvIr-X-am-bn.

hnIvS¿ sl v ap≥Ime ]co-£-

W-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ah-

bn¬ kw`-hn® ]ni-Ip-Iƒ a\- n-em-

°n, Ah Hgn-hm-°n-sIm≠v _eq¨

]co-£-W-ßƒ \S-Øn. hnhn[ Db-c-

ß-fnse Xm]-\n-ebpw a¿±hpw Af-°p-

∂-Xn-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ At±lw

kzbw Unssk≥ sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw ]e-]e Db-c-ß-

fnse Ab-Wo-I-c-W-Øns‚ Af-hp-

Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp -Øp -Ibpw GXv

Db-c -Øn -emWv `qan -bn¬\n -∂p≈

tdUn-tb-j≥ C√m-Xm-Ip-∂Xv F∂p

C‘-\-Øn-\p≈ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ Bhiyw ]cn-l-cn-°m-

\mbn C¥ybpw ssN\bpw ssPh C‘-\-hn-f-Iƒ°v ]mapJyw

\¬Im-\mWv Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Cu cmPy-ß-fnse Pe-

ti-Jcw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-te°v \bn-°p-sa-∂mWv kqN-\. `£y

Bh-iy-ßƒ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ CXv hnLmXw krjvSn-°pw.

A¥m-cmjvS Pe amt\-Pvsa‚ v C≥Ãn-‰yq- ns‚ ]T-\-]-Imcw

2030-\Iw temI-Ønse FÆ-bpsS Fgp-]Xv iX-am\w Bh-iy-

ambn hcp-∂Xv C¥y-bv°pw ssN\-bv°p-am-bn-cn-°pw. Xß-fpsS

kmº-ØnI hyhÿ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Cu cmPy-ßƒ

Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ ssPh- C-‘-\-ßƒ Dev]m-Zn-

∏n-°m≥ ian-°pw. C‘-\-hn-f-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬

Pew Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂p. ssN\bpw C¥ybpw

AXn-ò-I-c-amb Pe-£maw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m≥

t]mhp-I-bm-Wv. Ccp cmPy-ß-fn-ep-ambn 250 tImSn-

-°-SpØv P\-ßƒ hkn-°p-∂p.

ioe-¶-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Pe- am-t\-

Pvsa‚ v C≥Ãn-‰yq-ńse hnZ-Kv[¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv, "Ccp

cmPy-ßfpw `£y- D-ev]m-Z-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb Pe-

kw-`-c-W-an-√msX sRcp-ßp-∂p' F∂m-Wv. Akw-

kvIrX FÆ-bpsS hne Hcp _mc-en\v 80 tUmf-dnepw

A[n-I-ambn XpS¿∂m¬ ssPh C‘-\-ßƒ em`-I-c-am-

Ipw. hnd-Iv, NmWIw, Icn-ºv, [m\y-hn-f-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬

\n∂p-amWv Ch e`y-am-°p-∂-Xv. ssN\ tNmf-Øn¬

\n∂m-sW-¶n¬ C¥y Icn-ºn¬ \n∂mWv ssPh

C‘\w(ap-Jy-ambpw FØ-t\mƒ) D¬]m-Zn-∏n-

°p∂Xn\p≈ Bkq-X-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂-

Xv. c≠v hnf-Ifpw Ht´sd Pew Bh-iy-am-b-

h-bm-Wv. ssPh C‘-\-hn-f-I-fpsS D¬∏m-

Z\w 2020-\Iw \men-c-ń-bm-°m-\mWv

ssN\ e£yw sh°p-∂-Xv.

ssPh C‘-\-hn-f-Iƒ

Pe-£maw krjvSn°pw

C¥y-bnepw ssN\-bnepw

hn.-sI.-P-bvtkm-a-\m-Y≥

hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fn¬ Km¿lnI aen-\-P-e-Øns‚ 90% \p taepw hymh-km-bnI

aen\Pe-Øns‚ 70% hpw Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn\pw hnt[-b-am-

ImsX D]-cn-Xe Pe-tkm-X- p-I-fn¬ Ie-cp-I-bm-Wv.

imkvX-tI-cfw36

Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv 500

ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn-em-sW∂v ÿoco-I-cn-®p.

1911 apX¬ 13 hsc-bp-ff aq∂p

h¿j-ß-fn-embn ]¥≠v ]co-£-W-

ß-fmWv sl v \S-Øn-b-Xv. ]I¬

ka-bØv Bdpw, cmXn Ime-ß-fn¬

Bdpw F∂n-ßs\ ]T-\-ßƒ hn`-Pn-

°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]q¿W kqcy-K-l-W-k-

a-b-Øm-bn-cp∂p Ah-bn¬ Hcp ]co-£-

Ww.

`qX-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw Dbcw IqSp-

t¥mdpw A¥-co-£-ssh-ZypXn (td-Un-

tb-js‚ sXfn-hv) Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\p-]-

Icw AXn-thKw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xmbn

sl v I≠p. `ua-[m-Xp-°-fn¬ \n∂p-

ap≈ tdUn-tb-j-\mWv Ab-Wo-I-c-

Whpw X¬^-e-amb sshZyp-Xnbpw

krjvSn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ qan-bn¬ \n∂pw

Dbcw IqSp∂ IW-°n\v AXp

Ipd™p Ipd™p htc-≠-Xm-W-t√m.

A™qdp ao‰-dn-\-∏pdw AXv C√m-Xm-

tI-≠-Xp-am-Wv. ]s£, ]T-\-ßƒ

ImWn-®Xv t\sc adn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. Ipsd

Intem-ao-‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬ tdUn-tb-j≥

`qan -bpsS \nc -∏n¬ I≠-Xnepw

FXtbm aSßv Bbn h¿≤n-°p-∂p.

AXn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ kzm`m-hnI \nK-

a\w tdUn-tb-j≥ hcp-∂Xv apI-fn¬

\n∂pw, AXm-bXv _ln-cm-Im-iØp

\n∂p-amWv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

kqcy-K-lWw tdUn-tb-js‚

i‡nsb Xosc _m[n -°p -∂n -s√-

∂mWv I≠-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw tdUn-

tb-j≥ hcp-∂Xv kqcy-\n¬ \n∂√

F∂ A\p-am-\-Øn-se-Øn.

sl ns‚ kn≤m¥w ]co-£-W-

ß-fpsS ]n≥Xp-W-bp-≈Xpw bp‡n-`-

Z-hp-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw imkvX-k-

aqlw Ipsd-°m-e-tØ°v AXv Ah-

K-Wn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw temI-

a-lm-bp≤w Ign™v Ata-cn-°-bn¬

\S∂ Kth-j-W-ßƒ Ahbv°v

km[q-I-cWw \¬In-°-gn -™mWv

_ln-cm-Imi ]k-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ sl ns‚ kn≤m¥w AwKo-I-

cn -°-s∏-´ -Xv . At∏mƒ sl ns‚

t]cn¬ B civan-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏- p. 1925-

emWv tdm_¿´v F. an√n-I≥ Ahsb

"tImkvanIv civan-Iƒ' F∂v ]p\¿\m-

a-I-cWw sNbvX-Xv.

1920¬ sl v amXr-hn-Zym-e-b-amb

Kmkv k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ]co-£W

Du¿P-X-¥-Ønse Atkm-kn-tb-‰Uv

s]m^-k-dmbn tN¿∂p. B h¿jw

icXv°m-e-Øm-bn-cp∂p hnhm-lw. h[p

Hcp blq-Z-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ P\n® adnb

s_¿Øm hm¿W¿ _nkv\ F∂

bph-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. adnb s_¿Ø-

bpsS c≠mw hnhm-l-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

ASpØ h¿jw Kmkv k¿∆-I-em-

im-e-bn¬\n∂pw Ah-[n -sb-SpØv

sl v Ata-cn-°-bn-te°p t]mbn.

sl ns‚ ]cn-⁄m\w D]-tbm-Kn®v

AhnsS Hcp Kth-j-W-tIµw ÿm]n-

X-am-Ip-Ibpw At±lw AXns‚ Ub-

d-IvS-dmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. c≠p-h¿j-tØmfw Ata-cn-°-

bn¬ sNe-h-gn-®-tijw sl v Km v

k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn-te°p aS-ßn. c≠p-

h¿jw Ign™v 1925¬ At±lw

Atkm-kn-tb‰Uv s]m^-k¿ F∂

\ne-bn¬ \n∂pw s]m^-k¿ ]Z-hn-bn-

te°pw ]n∂oSv 1929¬ Du¿P-X-¥-hn-

`m -K -Øns‚ Uo≥ F∂ ÿm\-

tØ°pw Db¿Ø-s∏-´p.

GXm≠v c≠p-h¿jw Ign™v

At±lw Kmkn¬ \n∂pw

C≥kv_qIv k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bnse

]co-£-W-Du¿÷-X-¥-hn-`m-K-Ønse

s]m -k¿jn∏v kzoI-cn®v Ahn-tS°v

amdn. AhnsS ]k-c-W-sØ-°p-dn -

®p≈ ]T-\-Øn\v Hcp ÿm]\w

C≥Ãn -‰yq´ v Hm^v tdUn -tb -j≥

dok¿®v D≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww sl ns\

BI¿jn-®-Xv. At±lw AXns‚ Ub-

d-IvS-dmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

1931˛¬ hnIvS¿ sl v Du¿÷-

X-¥-Ønse t\mt_¬ ]pc-kvIm-c-

-Pe tkN\w aqew

an° hnf-I-fp-sSbpw DXv]m-Z\w 5 Cc- n-hsc h¿≤n-°p-∂p.

am¿®v 2008 37

Øn\p sXc-s™-Sp -°-s∏-´p . B

h¿jsØ Du¿P-X¥ ]pc-kvImcw

c≠p imkvX-⁄¿ ]¶n-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-

∂p. sl pw t]mkntSm¨ Is≠-

Ønb imkvX -⁄-\mb Imen -

t^m¿Wnb k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bnse

Imƒ kn B≥tU-gvk\pw.

sl v ho≠pw Kmkv k¿∆-I-em-

im-e-bn-te°v aS-ßn. Cu ]mhiyw

IqSp-X-embn Hcp BI¿j-W-hp-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. Du¿P-X-¥-Ønse s]m^-

k¿jn∏n\p ]pdsa nknIvkv C≥Ãn-

‰yq-´ns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿ ÿm\hpw At±-

l-Øn\p \¬I-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]s£

sl n\v kz¥w \mSp-ambn hnS-]-d-tb-

≠p∂ kabw BK-X-am-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-

∂p. BkvSnb \mkn-I-fpsS A[o-\-

X-bn-e-a¿∂p. ]Xv\n blq-Z-kvXo-bmWv

F∂ apJy-Im-c-W-Øm¬ Kmkv k¿∆-

I-em-im-e-bpsS A`n-am-\-amb B

imkvX-⁄s\ tPmen-bn¬ \n∂pw

]ncn-®p-hn-´p. AXp-sIm≠pw ]oV\w

Ah-km-\n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√; \mkn-Isf

kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXv XpS°w

amX-am -bn -cp -∂p. B Zº-Xn -Isf

tIm¨sk≥tS-j≥ Iymºn-te°v

sIm≠p-t]m-Im-\mWv Dt±-in-®n-cn-°p-

∂Xv F∂v \mkn clkyt∏m-eo -

knse DtZym -K -ÿ\pw Ah-cpsS

kplr-Øp-amb Hcp hy‡n Ahsc

Adn -bn -®p . X°-k-a -bsØ B

ktµiw sIm≠v Ah¿°v Ab¬

cmPy-amb kzn‰-vk¿e≥Un-te°v Hfn-

®p-I-S-°m≥ km[n-®p. AhnsS \n∂v

a‰v Ht´sd bqtdm-]y≥ _p≤n-Po-hn-I-

sf -t∏mse Ahcpw Ata -cn -°≥

sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ A`-bhpw ]pXn-

sbmcp Pohn-Xhpw Is≠-Øn.

Ata -cn -°-bn¬ sl n -s\ -

t∏mse ]Xn -`m -im -en -bmb Hcp

imkvX-⁄\v kzoIm-cyX In´p-hm≥

]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. t^m¿Umw

k¿∆-Iemime-bnse Hcp s]m^-k-

dmbn At±lw \nb-an-X-\m-bn.-slkv

Zº-Xn -am¿°v 1944¬ Ata-cn -°≥

]ucXzw e`n-®p.

sl pw hneyw Sn amIv\n^pw

tN¿∂v a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw

\n¿K-an-°p∂ AXn kq£va ]k-c-W-

ßsf Is≠-Øm-\p≈ kt¶Xw

Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. AXv sshZy-im-kvX-

Øn\v e`n® Aaq-ey-amb kw`m-h-\-I-

fn-sem-∂m-Wv. tdUn-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw

a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn\p `hn-°p∂ hnj-

_m[ Pohm-]m-b-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-

Xn-\p-apºv Is≠-Øm\pw NnIn-’ ka-

b-Øn\p \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw AXv DX-In.

Ccp-]Xp h¿jsØ tkh-\-Øn-

\p-tijw t^m¿kmw k¿∆-I-em-im-e-

bn¬ \n∂pw sl v hnc-an-®p. ]s£

At±lw hni-a-Po-hn-X-Øn\p ]Icw

Ahn-sS-Øs∂ thX-\-c-lnX s]m^-

k-dm-bn, A≤ym-]\hpw Xs‚ ]nb-

s∏´ et_m-d- -dn-bn¬ ]co-£-W-ßfpw

XpS¿∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

adnb s_¿Ø sl v 1955¬

A¥-cn-®p. tcmK-i-ø-bn-em-bn-cp∂ adn-

bsb Ah-cpsS A¥y-Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬

ipiq-jn-®n-cp∂ Fen-k-_Øv tlmb-

¶ns\ B h¿jw sl v hnhmlw Ign-

®p.

H≥]-Xp -h¿jw -IqSn ]n∂n´ v

hnIvS¿ sl v 1964 Unkw-_-dn¬

\ncym-X-\m-bn.

sImXp-In-s\mcpHcp sIm√w temIØv ]Øp

e£-Øn-e-[nIw t]¿ ate-dnb ]nSn-

s]-´p -a -cn -°p -∂p -≠sX. ate-dnb

tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ]c-Øp-∂Xv At\m- n-

ekv s]¨sIm-Xp-Ip-I-fm-sW∂pw

a\p-jys‚ Ic-fnepw Nph∂ c‡m-Wp-

°-fn-ep-amWv Ah s]cp-Ip-∂-sX∂pw

Adn-hp≈ Imcy-am-Wv. Gsd-°m-e-

ambn a\p-jy≥ sImXpIp \nhm-

cWØn\p ian-°p-∂p. ]s£, sImXp-

Ins‚ FÆw IqSp-∂-X-√msX Ipd-

bp∂ e£-W-an-√. sImXp-In\v Hcp

Po≥ sXdm∏n \S-Øn-bmtem F∂

Nn¥ tPm¨ tlm]vIn≥kv k¿∆-I-

em-im-e-bnse am¿-skte tP°_vkv

semtd-\bn¬ DZn-®Xv Cu kml-N-

√m-Xm-Ip∂ Hcp Po≥ Ah-bn¬ k∂n-

th-in-∏n-°pI. AXv Ffp-∏-am-Wv.

]s£ F√m sImXp-In-t\bpw ]nSn®v

Po≥ sXdm∏n \S-Øm≥ ]‰ptam?

AXns‚ Bh-iy-an√ F∂p sXfn-

™n-cn-°p-∂p. Po≥ am‰w hcp-Ønb

sImXp-Ip-I-fpsS Ip™p-ßƒ°pw B

KpWw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw, F∂p amX-a-√,-

km-[m-cW sImXp-Ip-I-sf-°mƒ AXn-

Po-h-\-tijn Ahbv°v D≠m-bn-cn-°p-

sa∂pw ImWp-∂p.

c‡w IpSn-t®m-fq, ]s£ ate-

dnb ]c-Øt√ F∂ At]£ \h-

Pm-X-sIm-Xp-I-hwiw kzoI-cn°pw F∂

]Xo-£-bn-emWv a\p-jy≥.

Po≥ sXdm-∏n

!

cy-Øn-em-Wv. ate-dnb tcmKm-Wp-°sf

kzoI-cn-°m≥ sImXp-Ip-Iƒ°v Ign-hn-

imkvX-tI-cfw38

]n B¿ Nµ-tam-l≥

kmt¶-XnI XI-cm -dp -Iƒ ]cn -l-cn® v

kvs]bnkv jń¬ A‰vem‚ n v s^_p-

hcnbn¬ C‚¿ t\j-\¬ kvs]bnkv tÃj-\n-

¬ t]m-bn Xncn®p h∂p. 7 t]c-S-ßp∂ _ln-

cm-Imi Kth-jI kwL-ambn-cp∂p hml-\-

Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

13 Znhkw \o≠ ZuXy-Øns‚ ][m\

e£yw ESA \n¿Ωn® sImfw-_kv et_m-d-´dn

ISS ¬ LSn-∏n-°p-Ibmbncp∂p. kwLmw-K-am-bn-

cp∂ sF-lm¿´v ZuXy-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬-

ISS ¬ Xßp-Ibpw HIvtSm-_-¿ 12 apX¬ ISS ¬

]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Um≥Sm\n (Dantani) `qan-bn-

te°v aS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

CXv \mk-bpsS 12 masØ jń¬ ZuXyhpw

I.S.S. te°p≈ 24˛masØ \n¿ΩmW ]d-°-ep-

am-bncp∂p.

1492 ¬ AXvem‚n°v IS∂v Ata-cn-°-bn¬

FØnb InÃ-^¿ sImfw-_- ns‚ Hm¿Ω-

°mWv ESA bpsS _ln-cm-Imi tamUyq-fn∂v

sImfw-_ v F∂ t]¿ \¬In-b-Xv. 2 _ney¨

US tUmf¿ sNehv hcp∂ t]SIw I.S.S. se

]h¿Ø\ hym]vXw 75 M3 h¿≤n-∏n-°pw. 7 ao.

\ofhpw 1.5 ao. hymk-hp-ap≈ sImfw_ v t]S-

I-Øn∂v 12.87 S¨ `mc-ap-≠v. 6 BgvN-bv°Iw

]q¿Æ-ambn ]h¿Ø\ k÷amIp∂ Cu t]S-

I-Øn¬ 3 Kth-j-I¿°v Xma-kn®v ]h¿Øn-

°mw. P¿Ω-\n-bn-ep≈ ESA bpsS \nb-¥W

tIµ-Ø¬ \n∂m-bn-cn°pw CXnse Kth-jW-

]-T-\-ßƒ \nb-¥n-°p-I. 20 KW sshZypXn th≠

t]S-I-Ønse Xm]-\ne 160 C apX¬ 270 C hsc

\nb-¥n-°mw. sImf-º v t]SIw ISS se

lm¿aWn 2 tamUyq-fn-t\m-SmWv LSn-∏n-®Xv.

aq∂v ]mh-iy-ambn \S-Ønb _ln-cm-Imi

\S-Ø-ß-fn-eqsS (Space Walk) CXv km[y-am-

°n-b-Xv. tISp-h∂ ssKtdm-kvtIm∏v am‰p-I,

ss\S-P≥ Sm¶v LSn-∏n-°p-I, sImfw_ v t]S-

I-Øn-\-v ]pdØv tkmfm¿ sSenkv-t°m∏v Dd-∏n-

°p-I, _ln-cm-Im-iØv teml-ß-ƒ°v kw`-hn-

°p∂ A]-Nbw a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-

ßƒ LSn-∏n-°pI, Cßs\ Hcp-]mSv tPmen-Iƒ

sNbvX-ti-j-am-Wv s^_p-hcn 20 \v A‰vem‚n v

aS-ßnsb-Øn-bXv.

kvs]bnkv jń¬ AXvem‚n- v.

bqtdm-]y≥ kvt]kv GP≥kn-bpsS Hmt´m-am-

‰n°v Im¿tKm hml\w ATV. am¿®v 7 \v ^©v

Kbm-\-bnse tIµ-Øn¬\n∂v Gcn-bm≥ 5

tdm°‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v hnt£-]n-°pw. 400 In.-ao.

Db-c-Øn¬ àWw sNøp∂ I.S.S. te°v 8 S¨

D]-I-c-W-ßƒ FØn-°m≥ CXn\v Ignbpw.

BZysØ Automatic Transfer Vehicle ∂v

kb≥kv ^nIvj≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c\mb Pqƒ

thWns‚ t]cmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Bdv

amkw hsc I.S.S.t\mSv tN¿∂v \n¬°p∂ A T V 6

S¨ amen-\y-ß-fp-ambn aS-°-Øn¬ A¥-co-£-

Øn¬ IØn \in-

°pw. Ct∏mƒ D]-

t b m - K n - ° p ∂

djy≥ Im¿tKm

h m l - \ - a m b

t]mK n\v 2

S¨ `mc -amWv

hln-°m≥ Ign-bp-

∂-Xv.

ISSte°v ]pXnb Im¿tKm hml\w

am¿®v 2008 39

i\n-bpsS G‰hpw henb D]-

K-l-amb ssS‰m-\n¬ `qan-bn¬

D≈-Xns‚ 100 aS -ßn -e -[nIw

]IrXnhmX-Ihpw a‰p ssltUm

Im¿∫-Wp-Ifpw Ds≠∂mWv ]T-

\-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ssS‰m-

\n¬ aossY≥ ZmhI cq]-Øn¬

ag-bmbn s]øp-∂Xpw XSm-I-ß-

fn¬ ZmhI aossY\pw apsº

Is≠-Øn -b n - c p∂psh¶nepw

AXns‚ H´m-sI-bp≈ Afhv

IW-°m-°p-∂Xv BZy-am-bn-´m-Wv.

hfsc XWpØv -˛1790 C Xm]-\n-e-

bn¬ ZmhI cq]-Øn¬ aossY\pw

CussX-\p-amWv \nd-™p-In-S-°p-

∂-Xv. IS¬°-c-bn¬ ImWp∂

\ΩpsS Hcp Znh-ksØ £Ww D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm≥

3000 en‰¿ sh≈w thWw. \ap°v IpSn-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-am-b-Xns‚

1000 aS-ßm-Wn-Xv.

ssS‰m-\nse C‘\ tiJcwIdpØ a¨ Iq\-I-fn¬ I¬°-

cn°v kam -\ -amb tXmeo≥

(THOLIN) F∂ ]Zm¿∞-am-sW-

∂mWv Duln-°p-∂-Xv.

i\n°v Np‰pw àW]Y-Øn¬

XpS-cp∂ Im n\n t]SIw CtX-

hsc ssS‰ms‚ 20% D]-cn-X-e-

Øns‚ ta∏v Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

ssS‰m≥ D]-K-l-Øns‚ DØc

]tZ-i-ØmWv IqSp-X¬ XSm-I-

ßƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. `qan-

bnse ]IrXn hmXIw GXm≠v

130 _ney≥ S¨ BsW-∂mWv

IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

ssS‰ms‚ A¥-co£ hmX-I-ß-

fn¬ ss\S-P≥ ][m\ LS-I-am-

Wv. 5140 K.M hymk-ap≈ ssS‰m≥

hymg -Øns‚ Km\n -anUv Ign -

™m¬ kuc-bq-Y-Ønse G‰hpw

henb D]-K-l-am-Wv.

\ΩpsS kuc-bq-Y-Øn-t\mSv

hfsc kmay-ap≈ Hcp kuc-bqYw

Is≠-Øn-b-Xmbn HmIvkvt^mUv

k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Kth-j-I¿

Adn-bn-®p. ]pXnb kuc-bq-Y-

Ønse henb c≠v Kl-ßƒ

hmXI òa≥amcpw hymg-Øn-

s‚bpw i\n-bp-sSbpw 80% hen-∏-

ap-≈-h-bp-am-Wv. kqcys‚ ]IpXn

amXw ]nWvU-ap≈Xpw ]Imiw

Ipd-™-Xp-amb Hcp \£-X-Øn\p

Np‰p -amWv Kl-ßƒ àWw

sNøp-∂-Xv. henb c≠v Kl-ß-fp-

sSbpw ]nWvUØns‚ A\p-]mXw

3:1 F∂-Xm-Wv. CXv hymgw/i\n

A\p - ] m - X -

Øn\v Xpey-

am-Wv.

\ £ - X -

Øn¬ \n∂v

henb Kl-

Øns‚ Ccń

Zqc-Øn-emWv

s N d n b

Klw. c≠v

K l - ß ƒ

bYm-Iaw 5 h¿j-Ønepw 14

h¿j-Ø-nep-amWv ]cn-I-

aWw sNøp-∂-Xv. (12: 30)

Cßs\ c≠v kuc-bq-Y-

ßƒ XΩn¬ [mcmfw kam-

]pXnb kuc-bqYw

\-X-I-fp-≠v.

CtX-hsc 250 \£-X -

ßƒ°v Np‰pw Kl-ßsf

Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 25 \£-X-

ßƒ°v Np‰pw H∂n-e-[nIw

Kl-ß-sfbpw!

imkvX-tI-cfw40

Dd-°-Øn\pw DW¿®-Iƒ°pw

CS-th-f-Iƒ Npcp-ßn-®pcpßnh-∂p.

HcmgvN ho≠pw IS-∂p-t]m-bn. Hcp-\mƒ

\Nn-tI-Xp-hns‚ \n¿Øm-sX-bp≈

s]mń-®ncn tI´p-sIm-≠mWv a[p-_me

Dd-°-ap-W¿∂-Xv. cmP-a-µncw t]mse

B¿`m-S -]q¿Æ-amb Hc-I-Ø-f-Øn-

emWv Ah-cpsS Iń-ep-Iƒ tN¿Øn-

ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Iń-ep-Iƒ F∂v hnfn-°p-

∂-Xnepw t`Zw Ahsb ‰ot]m-bvIƒ

F∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xmhpw \s∂∂v a[p-

_m-ebv°v tXm∂n. AXbv°v sNdp-

Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah. ]e-Xcw Syq_p-Ifpw

Xe-Io-gmbn Xq°n-bn´ acp-∂p-Ip-∏n-

Ifpw HmIvkn-P≥ knen-≠¿ Dƒs∏-tS-

bp≈ sshZy-imkvX D]-I-c-W-ßfpw

AhnsS k÷o-I-cn-®n-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS

saØ-Iƒ°n-cp-h-iØpw sIm®p Itk-

c-Iƒ ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-cp-∂p. GtXm

\nco-£-I¿ cm∏-I¬ t`Z-an -√msX

Ah¿°v Np‰pw Imh-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p

F∂v a[p-_m-ebv°v a\- n-em-bn.

Nph-cn¬ c≠p NnX-ßƒ ame-Nm¿Øn

Xq°n-bn-cp-∂p. cq]-am‰w hcp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-

ºp≈ ]gb thj-Øn-ep≈ a[p-_m-

ebpw \Nn-tI-Xp-hp-am-bn-cp∂p B NnX-

ß-fn¬. a[phpw s]mń-®n-cn-®p-t]m-bn.

Intam-W-t]m-ep≈ h¿Æ-∏-In- p≈ B

hkvX-Øn-\-IØv CØn-cn-°p-™≥

\Nn-tI-Xp-hns\- I-≠m¬ apºv I≠n-

´p≈ Bcpw Atøm-]mhw sh®v Nncn®p

Ipg-™p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xm\pw B

cq]-Øn-em-Wp-≈-sX∂pw AXmWv

\Nn-tI-Xp-hns‚ s]mń-®n-cn°v Imc-W-

sa∂pw a[p-hn\v DSs\ a\- n-em-bn.

Ahƒ Nph-cnse NnXØnte°v angn-

]m-bn-®Xpw Nncn s]s´∂p \ne-®p.

\Nn-tIXphpw Atßm-´p -t\m-°n.

Ah\pw Nncn \ndp-Øn. \Nn s\Sp-

ho¿∏n-´p. a[p-hn\pw D≠mbn `mh-t`-

Zw. ]g-bcq]w Fs∂-¶nepw Xncn®p

In´p -I -bm -sW-¶n¬ AXp-

Xs∂bmWv kzm`m -

hnIw F∂-

h ¿ ° v

tXm∂n.

]pXnb Pohn-X-Øn-te°v ]cn-

h¿Øn-°-s∏´ Ahsc A`n -\ -µn -

°mt\m kzoI-cn -°mt\m Bcpw

FØm-ØXv Ahsc sX√v \ncm-i-s∏-

Sp-Øm-Xn-cp-∂n-√. At∂cw "Nnepw

Nnepw' Fs∂mcp hmbvØmcn Ah-

cpsS ImXn¬ apg-ßn. sX√-Ise Hcp

h´-ta-ibv°v apI-fn¬ Hcp inev]w

t]mse F.-hn.-Fkv AÆm≥ Ccn-°p-

∂Xv Ah¿ I≠p. Ahs‚ Ac-hm¬

Xmf -Øn¬ Nen -®p -sIm -≠n -cp∂p

"I¨Km -Pyp -te -j≥kv en‰n¬

tImtaUvkv' AÆm≥ Ahsc A`n-

hmZyw sNbvXp. Ah≥ `mh-t`-Z-an-

√msX ]d-™p-Xp-S-ßn.

"`qan -bn¬ aq∂mw temI-a-lm-

bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

Rm\mWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ AXn\v

Imc-W-°m-c≥'. "]ns∂ Xm\-√msX a‰m-

sc-¶nepw hnNm-cn-®m¬ Hcp aq∂mw

temI-bp≤w D≠m-°p-hm≥ ]‰ptam?'.

\Nn -tI-Xp -hns‚ \mhn≥Xp -ºn¬

Cßs\ Hcp ]Xn-I-cWw h∂p apń-

sb-¶nepw Ah-\Xp \nb-¥n-®p. a[p-

hm-Is´ Pn⁄m-k-tbmsS AÆms‚

a pJ - tØ -°p - ‰ p - t\m -° n .

AÆm≥ ]d-™p-Xp-S-ßn.

Chn -sS -bp -≈ -h -sc√mw

aq∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w

kvIo\n¬ \nco-£n-®p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. AWp-

t_mw-_pw, sslU-P≥

t_mw_pw N°-°pcp s]m´p-

∂-Xp-t]mse s]mń-sØ-dn-®p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]e- q-J-WvU-

ßfpw CXn-\Iw A]-Xy-£-am-bn-

°-gn -™p. B^n-°≥ ImSp -Iƒ

IØn-sb-cn-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

I≠m-ar-K-ßfpw lnt∏m-Ifpw ac-W-sh-

]m-f-tØmsS tImwtKm-\-Zn -bn¬

sN∂p NmSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Zzo]p-

Iƒ ap°mepw IS-en-\-Sn -bn-em-bn.

lnam-ebw Dcp-In-sbm-en®psIm≠n-cn-

°p-∂p. DØ-c-J-WvU-ßƒ sh≈-Øn-

\-Sn-bn-em-Wv. ]pI-°q-Wp-Iƒ°n-S-bn-

t\mh¬-

A≤ymbw 20

amb-°m-gvN-Iƒ

H2OH2O

am¿®v 2008 41

ep≈ Nne hnS-hp-Iƒ amX-amWv `qan-

bn-te°v t\m°m-\p≈ Infn-hm-Xn-ep-

Iƒ. sshZyp-Xnbpw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab

_‘-ßfpw Xosc Cs√-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-

bmw. _ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-f-f -tÃ-j-\p-Iƒ

\¬Ip∂ hnh-c -ßƒ hni-I-e\w

sNømt\m hnX-cWw sNømt\m `qap-

JØv Hcp tIµhpw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂n-

√. IS-en-\-Sn-bn-te-bpw, `qan-°-Sn-bn-

tebpw kpc-£m-_-¶-dp-Ifpw ]h¿Ø-

\-c-ln-X-am-Wv. a\p-jy≥ F∂ P¥p-

h¿§w an°-hmdpw Hcm-gvN-sIm≠v Ip‰n-

b-‰p-t]m-Ipw. a‰v Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw hwi-

\m-i-Øns‚ h°n-em-Wv. ih-ßƒ Ic-

bnepw IS-enepw Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

t_mw_¿hn-am-\-ßfpw anssk-ep-Ifpw

Ipń-Iƒ Fdn-™p-S® Ifn-∏m-´-ßƒ

t]mse `qap-J-ØmsI NnX-dn-°n-S-°p-

I-bm-Wv. ]mXn-sh¥pw AwK-`w-Kw-

h∂pw \odp∂ ico-c-hp-ambn Ip™p-

ßfpw hr≤cpw kvXoIfpw \ne-hn-fn-

°p-I-bm-Wv. kvIqfp-Ifpw Bip-]-Xn-

Ifpw Nmc-°q-\-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]pX-

™p-In -S -°p -I -bm -Wv . a\p -jy≥

F¥n\o Bfl-\m-i-Øn-\n-S-h-cpØn

F∂v Nn¥n-°p-I-bmWv Rm≥'

"Xm¶-fmWv aq∂mw temI-bp-≤-

Øn\v Imc-W-°m-c≥ F∂m-Wt√m

Ipd®p apºv ]d-™-Xv. AÆm≥

]d™p \n¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ a[p-_m-e-

tNm-Zn-®p. "AsX Rm\m-W-Xn\v hgn

acp-∂n-´Xv' AÆm≥ Zp:JtØmsS adp-

]Sn ]d-™p. "AsX-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p

k¿? \Nn-tIXp AÆm-s\-I-fn-bm-°m-

s\∂ t]mse tNmZn®p. F∂m¬ \Nn-

tIXp Xs∂ _lp-am-\]q¿∆w k¿

F∂v hnfn-®-Xn¬ kt¥mjw ]I-Sn-

∏n-®p-sIm≠v AÆm≥ ]d-™p-Xp-S-

ßn."\nßƒ°-dn-bm-a-t√m, Aa-cm-¥p-

cp-Øn-°m¿°v Aøm-bn-c-Øn-\p-ta¬

\yq¢n-b¿ t_mw_p-Ifpw AXnepw

FXtbm Ccń BW-h-an-ssk-ep-

Ifpw Ds≠-∂v . dpkm -¥p -cp -Øp -

Im¿°pw, -No-\m-¥p-cp -Øn-°m¿°pw

AX-Xs∂ BW-hm-bp -[-ti-Jcw

ssIh-i-ap-≠v. FÆ-a‰ BW-th-Xc

Bbp-[-ßƒ thtd-bpw. Ch H∂msI

s]mń-sØ-dn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ `qap-

JØv Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬∏v A]-I-S-Øn-

em-Ipw. CXv ap≥Iq-ń-I-≠mWv Rm≥

H2OF∂ H‰-bmƒ Hm∏-td-j≥ kwL-

Sn-∏n-®-Xv. AÆm≥ ho≠pw Bfl-]-iw-

k-bn -te°v IpXn -°p -I -bm -sW∂v

\Nn°v tXm∂n.H2OF∂Xv sh≈-

Øns‚ cmk-kq-X-hm-Iy-as√? a[p-

_me tNmZn®p "AsX AÆm≥ ]d-

™p.' Aa-cm -¥p -cp -Øn -°m -cpsS

I∏¬]S H∂msI ap°n°f-™m¬

Hcp -h≥ BW-hm-bp-[-ti-Jcw AtXm-

sSm∏w IS-en-\-Sn-bn-emIpw F∂v Rm≥

Icp-Xn. IS¬ Hcm-W-h-i-h-∏-d-ºm-bn-am-

dp-sa-¶nepw `qan-bnse BW-h-òXn

sX√v Ipd-bp-sa∂v Rm≥ [cn-®p. amX-

a√ C∂sØ ań-ep≈ i‡n-tI-µo-

I-cWw Ah-km-\n-°p-sa∂pw temI-

Øn\v H‰-t∏m-eokv F∂ Ahÿ amdp-

sa∂pw Rm≥ sX‰n-≤-cn-®p.

"Xm¶ƒ H2O Hm∏-td-j-s\-°p-dn-

®p- ]-d-™n√' a[p-_me CSbv°p

Ibdn∏d-™p. AXp Xs∂-bmWv

Rm≥ ]d-™p-h-cp-∂-Xv. " Aa-cm-¥p-cp-

Øn-°m-cpsS I∏¬∏S Nne A`ym-k-

]-I-S-\-ßƒ°mbn \nß-fpsS ae-bm-

¥p-cpØn IS-en¬ h∂p-tN-cp-sa∂pw

At∏mƒ IS-en -\ -Sn -bnse Pew

H∂msI sshZypX hnt«-jWw hgn

HmIvkn-P\pw sslU-P\pambn-Øn-

cn®v s]s´-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ iq\y-X-bn-

te°v H∂msI ap°n-°-f-bm-sa-∂p-am-

bn -cp∂p Fs‚ πm≥' AÆm≥

XpS¿∂p. "Xm¶ƒ°v H‰bv°v CXv

sNøm≥ Ign™p F∂mtWm ]d-bp-

∂Xv?' \Nn-tIXp tNmZn-®p. "]ns∂

C√msX?' AÆms‚ Ac-hm¬ Adn-

bmsX c≠p-h´w Db¿∂-XmWv? Nnepw

Nnepw F∂ hmbvØmcn apg-ßn.

"AsX-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p F hn- F-kv?'

`b-`‡n _lp-am-\-ß-tfmsS a[p-

_me tNmZn-®p. as‰mcp NcnX hnkva-

b-Øn-te°v F hn Fkv AÆm≥

Iq∏p IpØn. (X pScpw)

Kl-\ne 15 ˛3˛ 2008 8PM, Lat. 10o.301 N Long 76o.151 Eamk-hn-ti-j-ßƒ: am¿®v 3: _p[≥ kqcy-\n¬ \n∂v 270 AI-e-Øn¬. am¿®v 7: Idp-Ø-hm-hv. am¿®v 20: ka-cm-X-

Zn-\w. am¿®v 21: shfp-Ø-hmhv. am¿®v 23: _p[≥ ipI≥ 10 AI-e-Øn¬. am¿®v 27: _p[≥ bpdm-\-kn¬

\n∂v 1.70 AI-e-Øn¬.

_p[≥ 22h.14 1.33 11 -120.531.1611 -44.620 262.190 -0.5. 1.11736 5.14 AM 4.55 PM Ipw`w cminbn¬.

ipI≥ 22h.22 1.32 11 -110.211.5311 -42.6o 264.15o -3.9 1.54537 5.21 AM 5.04 PM Ipw`w cm-in-bn¬

sNm∆ 06h.171.2311 +250.561.3411 +70.270 327.270 0.5 1.17633 12.48 PM 1.30AM anYp\w cmin-bn¬

hymgw 19h.171.5311 -22 0.101.24 11 -78.140 189.790 -2 5.52129 2.28 AM 1.52 PM [\p cmin-bn¬

i\n 10h.241.44 11 +110.551.1311 +42.09o 83.35 o -0.2 8.35611 5.07 PM 5.27 AM Nnßw cminbn¬

bpdm-\kv 23h.201.4911 -5P.001.4811 -27.33o 269.74o +5.9 21.0819 6.17 AM 6.08 PM Ipw`w cminbn¬.

s\]vSyq¨ 21h.461.3611 -140.001.5011 -52.64o 260.39o +8.0 30.87477 4.45AM 4.22PM aIcw cminbn¬.

N m ¿ ´ n ¬KlßsfkqNn∏n°p∂ ]XoIw

Klw ssd‰vAk≥j≥

sU¢nt\j≥ Bƒ n‰yqUv AknaØv Im¥nam\w `qan-bn¬\n∂vZqcw. (AU)

AkvXa\kabw cminÿm\w

Printed and Published by V.G. Gopinathan on behalf of Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad and Printed at KTC Offset Printers Calicut -673007and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673002. Editor: Prof. K. Pappootty Approved by CSIR for financial support.

DZbkabw

Ah-km\ XnøXn : am¿®v 20.

hnemkw:

t^mt´m Iznkv 85,

imkvX-tI-cfw,

Nme-∏pdw ]n. H,

tImgn-t°mSv ˛2

temI-]-i-kvX-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn.

Ct±-l-sØ-∏‰n Hcp sNdnb Ipdn-s∏-gpXn

Ab-bv°pI.

t^mt´m-Iznkv- ˛ 85t^mt´m-Iznkv- ˛ 85

[ph≥

taSw

Ikn-tbm-∏nb

HmdnK

tcmlnWn

tchXn

B≥tUmanU

ao\w

A¬tKmƒ

AizXn

Sbmw-Kpew

ko‰kv

`cWn

Im¿ØnI

FShw

Xncp-hm-Xnc aIocyw

Hmdntbm¨

Iyms]√

anYp\w

ImÃ¿

t]mfIvkv

I¿°n-SIw

]qbw

Im\nkv ssa\¿

]pW

¿Xw andm

Fdn-Um-\kven∏kv

doK¬

Im\nkv taP¿

kndn-bkv

Nnßw

aIw

]qcw

AØw

k]vX¿jn-Iƒ

Bbneyw

DXw

I∂n

AK-kvXy≥

Nc\£Xw

Cc´\£Xw

hm¬\£Xw

£pZKlw

s\_pe:

Gs Oc Gc PINeb

.0 1 2 3 4 5

magnitude:

\£-X- \n-co-£Ww

N

WE

S

Cu amksØ BImiw 8pm, 15-3-2006

sastra keralam march 2008

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