Sarah E. Johnstone

What is the Latest Research on Breast Cancer Diagnosis, and

Treatment Options?

Definition of Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer can either be benign or malignant tumors

“These extra cells form a growth or a mass of tissue called a growth or a tumor”

Vocabulary

Benign Tumor: stays at the original site, is contained Malignant Tumor: grows and spreads into other body

tissue and organs Metastasis: occurs when the abnormal cell travel

through the body via the bloodstream Cancer: are malignant tumors

•Cancer Cells: Cells that grow unchecked

•Tumor: is a mass of abnormally growing body cells

HISTORY of BREAST CANCERHISTORY of BREAST CANCER

Breast cancer has been known and Breast cancer has been known and treated since ancient timestreated since ancient times

Treatments through the years have Treatments through the years have become more and more advanced become more and more advanced ~Diet ~Diet ~Ointment ~Ointment ~Cautery ~Cautery ~Sutures ~Sutures ~Mastectomy ~Mastectomy

Statistics

WOMEN 1 in 20 who have breast

cancer die in 1960 1 in 7 who have breast

cancer die today Incidence of breast

cancer are increasing due to changes in the way we live like: postponing child birth; taking replacement hormones and oral contraceptives; eating high fat foods; drinking more alcohol.

180,000 will be diagnosed with breast cancer this year¾ are 50 or older2/3 of newly diagnosed cancers show no signs that cancer has spread beyond the breast

…more Statistics

MENEach year about 1,450 cases of male

breast cancer are diagnosedApproximately 470 men die of breast

cancer each yearAbout 1% of all breast cancer cases are

male

Risk FactorsRisk Factors

AgeAge History of breast cancer History of breast cancer

Breast ChangesBreast Changes Genetic alterationsGenetic alterations Reproductive and Reproductive and

menstrual history menstrual history RaceRace

more Risk Factors

Radiation Therapy to Chest

Breast density Taking DES (diethyl- stilbestrol) Being obese after

menopause Physical inactivity Alcoholic beverages

Where Breast Cancer Occurs

What is Breast Cancer?

A Benign tumor is not cancerous Not life threatening Can be removed with

low risk of recurrence Benign tumor cells do

not spread to surrounding tissue

A malignant tumor is cancerous Are life-threatening Can be removed but

can reappear Malignant tumors

metastasize

Genetic LinksBRCA1 and BRCA2

Dr. Mary Claire King discovered the gene mutations BRCA1 and BRCA2

Gene 17 is a cancer suppressing gene

Diagnosis

There are several diagnostic options: Mammogram Biopsy Ultrasound MRI Self- Exam

Mammography

A diagnostic mammogram is an x-ray of the breast changes in women who have no signs of breast cancer. It usually involves two x-rays of each breast. Using a mammogram it is possible to detect a tumor that can’t be felt.

~the white arrow points to the tumor

Tamoxifen

o is a chemotherapy drug

o is an estrogen inhibitor

o some health benefits: like reducing the risk of developing cancer up to 49%

o some health risks: liver cancer, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Herceptin

Herceptin is an antibiotic used to combat breast cancer

It combats the cancer cell HER2

Herceptin cuts the risk of relapse in half

Works Cited

Genentech. Proposed Mechanism of Action. 2005. www.gene.com/.../ oncology/herceptin/moa.jsp. Oct 19, 2005.

Kowalczyk, Liz.Dramatic Gain in Breast Cancer Found. October 19, 2005. The Boston Globe. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_27560.html>. Oct 19, 2005.

Goodsell, David S. “Estrogen Receptor”. Protein Data Bank. Oct 25, 2005. <http://www3.cancer.gov/legis/testimony/bcresearch.html>.

“Tamoxifen Model”. Illlistration. Oct 25, 2005. Protein Data Bank. <http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/ molecules/pdb45_2.html>. Oct 27, 2005.

Klausner, Richared, MD. “New Directions in Breast Cancer Research”. May 9, 2001. National Cancer Institute. <http://www3.cancer.gov/legis/testimony/bcresearch.html>. Oct 13, 2005.

“Breast Cancer Drug ‘Beats’ tamoxifen”. March 21, 2002. BBC News. news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/health/1885834.stm>. Oct. 18, 2005.

“Breast Cancer Drug ‘Beats’ tamoxifen”. March 21, 2002. BBC News. news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/health/1885834.stm>. Oct. 18, 2005.

“Mammograph of breast with cancer”. Photograph. Diagnostic Services and Treatment: Breast and Cervical Cancer. <http://www.dhss.mo.gov/ BreastCervCancer/Diagnostics.html>. Oct 30, 2005

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Campbel, Niel A.; Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor and Eric J. Simon. Biology Concepts and Connections: Custom Edition for College of the Sequoias. 2006. San Francisco, California; Benjamin Cummings.

“Model of Carcinoma”. Illistration. Aug 25, 2005. Ludwig Institute for Cancer: Research Integrated signaling group. <http://www.licr.uu.se/groups/is/>. Oct 20 2005.

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Begin Your Journey to Independent Health (Picture) “Wine Glasses”. Photograph. Harvard School of Public Health. 2005.

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“Potrait of an old Woman”. Painting. Paintings by Peiter Bruegel, the Elder. <http://gallery.euroweb.hu/html/b/bruegel/pieter_e/painting/>. October 27, 2005.

Breast Cancer in Men. General Information on Breast Cancer. April 2005. <http://imaginis.com/breasthealth/bcmen.asp#symptoms>.

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Pictures: April 1999    |    Volume 1, Issue 4    Pennsylvania's Assistive Technology Lending Library http://www.temple.edu/instituteondisabilities/atlend/news/apr99/vo1no4.html

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