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vuZGvni Zvirfasi mamisaleqsandre (rezo) ezug-

baias naTel xsovnas

w i n a s i t K v a o b a

winamdebare naSromi Cveni samecniero saqmianobis erTi mimarTulebis SemaJamebeli Sromaa. masSi warmo-dgenilia megrul-lazuris morfologiuri, morfonologiuri, morfo-sintaqsuri da semantikuri sistemebis kvleva ori ZiriTadi gramatikuli kategoriis mixedviT: erTi mxriv, esaa gramati-kuli ricxvis kategoria, romelic saziaroa saxelebisa da zmni-saTvis, riTac is universalur kategoriad gvevlineba da war-moaCens enobriv sistemebSi mimdinare Tanmxvedr proce-sebs; meore mxriv, gaanalizebulia piris kategoria, rogorc morfonologiur, aseve funqcionalur doneze. mesame saki-Txi, rac ara mxolod megrul-lazuris, aramed iberiul-kavkasi-uri enebis ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTebelia, ergatiuli kon-struqciis problematikaa, romlis kvlevam araerTi saintereso tendencia gamoavlina.

am wignis I nawili _ gramatikuli ricxvis gamoxatvis sis-tema _ Cveni sadisertacio Sroma (1999w.) gaxldaT, Tumca amJerad is gadamuSavebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili, kerZod, gavaanalizeT ricxvis kategoria, rogorc metKvelebis nawilTa translaciis saSualeba morfosintaqsis doneze; piris nacval-saxelTa diqotomiis Teoriuli gaazreba isev emKareba e. benvenistis zogad debulebas, magram profesor T. uTurgai-Ziseuli interpretaciiT.

aseve gaTvaliswinebulia Cveni sadisertacio naSromis recenzentis _ mixeil qurdianis Tvalsazrisi mravlobiT ricxvSi inkluziuri da eqskluziuri piris nacvalsaxelebis semantikur kvalifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT.

seriozulad gadamuSavda sintaqsuri nawili. predikatul SesitKvebaSi ricxvSi SeTanxmebis sakiTxi ganxilulia morfo-sintaqsur doneze calmxrivi da ormxrivi markirebis im mi-dgomiT, romelic warmoadgina prof. T. uTurgaiZem Tavis bolodroindel naSromebSi. Cven viziarebT debulebas, rom

megrul-lazuris gramatikis sakiTxebi

ricxvSi SeTanxmeba semantikis doneze maSinac gvaqvs, roca predikatuli SesitKvebis erT-erTi wevri (saxeli an zmna) mravlobiTis niSniTaa markirebuli: koCefi mours `kacebi modis~ _ winadadebaSi mTqmelisTvis `siarulis~ procesi avtomaturad dakavSirebulia erTze meti subieqtis moqmedebasTan, iseve, rogorc SesitKvebaSi `jirxoloq qˆ-morTes~. ricxvis kategoriis universaluroba amaSic Cans: is logikur-semantikuri kategoria, romlis formalizacia niS-navs erTmxrivi markirebidan ormxriv markirebaze gada-svlas. vfiqrobT, am mimarTulebiT saintereso viTarebas aC-venebs megrul-lazuri.

wignis II da III nawilebi asaxavs bolo wlebis kvlevas, rac iTvaliswinebs piris kategoriis sistemur analizs megrul-lazurSi. erTi mxriv, vcadeT dagvezustebina piris kategoriis aGmniSvnel alomorfTa distribucia megrulSi, meore mxriv, aGvewera piris alomorfTa sistema lazurSi saerTo suraTis Seqmnis mizniT. gansakuTrebuli KuradGeba daeTmo piris niSanTa funqciur analizs subieqt-obieqtis kombinaciebis mixedviT orpirian da sampirian zmnaSi.

piris da ricxvis gramatikul kategorias uSualod ukavSir-deba ergatiuli konstruqciis sakiTxi, ramdenadac ergatiulo-ba megrul-lazurSi formalizebulia rogorc aqtantis, aseve zmna-Semasmenlis doneze.

kvlevis Sedegebma warmoaCina megrul-lazuris morfo-nologiuri, morfosintaqsuri da semantikuri sistemebis saer-To maxasiaTeblebi, aseve gansxvavebuli tendenciebic, rac gapirobebulia ara mxolod urTierTizolaciiT, aramed Sinaga-ni imanenturi kanonzomierebiTac.

vfiqrobT, winamdebare naSromi xels SeuwKobs rogorc zanuris gramatikuli sistemis Semdgom kvleva-Ziebas, ase-ve qarTveluri enebis SedarebiTi gramatikis fundamenturi sakiTxebis damuSavebas.

wignis struqtura emKareba qronologiur princips, ker-Zod, kvleva daviwKeT saxelebsa da zmnaSi ricxvis kate-goriis SeswavliT, Sesabamisad, mas daemKara aqtanturi kategoriebis morfonologiuri, morfosintaqsuri da seman-tikuri analizi, amitomac mizanSewonilad miviCnieT wignis dawKeba ricxvis kategoriiT.

dasasrul, ar SeiZleba madlierebiT ar movixsenio Cemi

4

l a l i e z u g b a i a

pirveli samecniero xelmZGvaneli, profesori korneli dane-lia, romelmac damavala ricxvis kategoriis Seswavla me-grulSi. universitetSi sadiplomo naSromze muSaobisa da masTan Sexvedrebis periodi saukeTeso mogonebad darCa Cems cxovrebaSi. korneli danelias rCeviT, sadisertacio na-Sromis Temadac ricxvis kategoria SeirCa, amJerad megrul-lazurSi.

gansakuTrebuli madloba minda gadavuxado saqarTve-los mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespodents, baton vaja Sengelias, romlis xelmZGvanelobiT davasrule sadisertacio naSromi. rac mTavaria, KovelTvis vgrZnobdi mis mxardayeras samecniero karieris gzaze.

minda madloba vuTxra arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaT-mecnierebis institutis samecniero koleqtivs Tanadgomisa-Tvis; aseve, winamdebare wignis teqnikur redaqtors rusu-dan papiaSvils, inglisuri versiis mTargmnel-redaqtors manana rusieSvils, wignis Kdis dizainers qeTi rogavas gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis.

5

nawili I

ricxvis kategoriis gamoxatvis sistema

S e s a v a l i

ricxvis gramatikuli kategoria Tavisi universalurobiT gamoirCeva _ saxelsac moepoveba da zmnasac. amave dros, misi funqcionireba, erTi mxriv, saxelsa da, meore mxriv, zmnaSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia. cnobili enaTmecnieri o. iesperseni SeniSnavs: ricxvis kategoria, erTi SexedviT, Zalian martivi Cans, magram, Tu Grmad da-vakvirdebiT, mTeli rigi logikuri da lingvistikuri xasiaTis siZ-neleTa winaSe aGmovCndebiT [iesperseni 1958, 216].

logikuri TvalsazrisiT, ricxvis kategoria gulisxmobs se-mantikur opozicias: erTi ~ erTze meti. es ukanaskneli SeiZ-leba iKos ori, sami, oTxi da a. S. garda amisa, arsebobs Jgufi e. w. uTvladi sagnebisa, sadac ricxvis gageba gan-sxvavebulia Tvlad sagnebSi ricxvis gagebisagan.

gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT, ricxvis kategoria gulisxmobs semantikur opozicias mxoloobiTi ~ mravlobiTi, rac enaTa umravlesobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. zogierT enaSi gvaqvs orobiTi da samobiTi ricxvic.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, o. iesperseni gamoKofs ricxvis warmoebis or sistemas: logikursa (SemecnebiTs) da gramatikuls (sintaqsurs) [iesperseni 1958, 216]. maT Soris mimarTeba aseTia:

l o g i k . k a t . s i n t a q . k a t . A . T v l a d i

erTi ........................................

mxoloobiTi


ori ........................................sami .......................................... erTze meti ..........................

orobiTisamobiTimravlobiTi

B . u T v l a d i ............................

mxoloobiTi

specialur literaturaSi ricxvis kategoria miCneulia enob-rivi azrovnebis obieqtTa (saganTa) raodenobriv maxasia-Teblad, romelic mxolod arsebiT saxelebsa da piris nacval-saxelebs SeiZleba hqondes. danarCen metKvelebis nawi-lebs ricxvi sintaqsurad ewarmoebaT [iesperseni 1958, 217; lel 1990, 583], kerZod, saxelis an nacvalsaxelis ricxvis for-mas eTanxmeba zmnis forma _ sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, zmna gviCvenebs mocemuli procesis mimarTebas erTi an ramdenime subieqtisadmi. aseve, zedsarTavi saxelis for-mac SeiZleba gamoxatavdes mimarTebas arsebiTi saxelis ricxvis formisadmi [axmanova 1966, 516]. orsave Se-mTxvevaSi gvaqvs ricxvSi S e T a n x m e b a , rac sintaq-suri kategoriaa da ara logikuri. amitomac, o. iespersenis azriT, idealur enaSi arc adiunqtivebs, arc zmnas ar eqne-boda mravlobiTi ricxvis gansakuTrebuli forma [iesperseni 1958, 242].

zmnuri formis mravlobiTis gageba orgvari SeiZleba iKos: erT SemTxvevaSi is gamoxatavs moqmedebis mra-valgzisobas, ramdenJerme Cadenil aqts, romlis gamoxatva sxvadasxva enaSi gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT xdeba [ies-perseni 1958, 244]1; meore SemTxvevaSi mravlobiTobis gageba sakuTriv zmnaSi ki ar devs, aramed qvemdebare-subieqtSi, anu: `isini modian~ gamoxatavs ara imdenad `siaruls~, ramdenadac `mosiaruleebs~. esaa gramatikuli movlena, romlis safuZvelzec gamoiKofa ricxvis morfosin-taqsuri kategoria.

1 Sdr. x o l m e o b i T i qarTulSi.

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zmnis mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoeba gulisxmobs: mo-qmedebs erTi, Tu _ erTze meti [SaniZe 1980, 46]. Sesaba-misad, ricxvis kategoriis Kvelaze martivi struqtura binaru-lia: urTierTdapirispirebulia mxoloobiTi da mravlobiTi [lel 1990, 584], magram arsebobs sxva sistemebic, romelSic CarTulia orobiTi, samobiTi ricxvic, magaliTad, indoevropul da semitur enebSi, Tumca aqac gaqrobis gzazea. es proce-si, mkvlevarTa azriT, civilizaciis Sedegia _ ricxvis gamoxat-vis sistemis gamartiveba enobrivi azrovnebis progresad aris miCneuli [iesperseni 1958, 239]. arsebobs gansxvave-buli Tvalsazrisic: arn. Ciqobavas SexedulebiT, `safuZvlia-nad unda miviCnioT im mkvlevarTa azri, romelnic fiqroben, rom `orobiTi~ da `samobiTi~ ricxvi gardamavali safexuria erTidan mravlisaken~ [Ciqobava 1952, 271]. ufro metic, germaneli mecnieris, v. fon humboldtis azriT, orobiTi ricxvi Tavisi bunebiT iTavsebs mravlobiTi da mxoloobiTi ricxvis gagebas. es ganpirobebulia adamianis msoflxedviT, romlis Tanaxmad samKaro aGiqmeba or dapirispirebul elementTa erTobliobad [humboldti 1985, 395-399].

cxadia, ricxvis logikuri, filosofiuri arsi imdenad Sei-Zleba gvainteresebdes, ramdenadac is gvyirdeba gra-matikuli ricxvis saanalizod. Cveni mizania, sistemurad gavaanalizoT ricxvis kategoria saxelebsa da zmnaSi megrul-lazuris mixedviT.

I Tavi

saxelTa mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoeba

$ 1. mravlobiTis {-ef} sufiqsi da misi alomorfebi

specialur literaturaSi aGniSnulia, rom megrulsa da lazurSi saxelTa mravlobiTis warmoeba xdeba {-ef} sufiq-siT, romelic erTvis saxelis fuZes da gadahKveba mas Kvela brunvaSi [Ciqobava 1936, 49-50]. zanurSi gatarebulia sa-xelis ricxvis warmoebis aglutinaciuri principi: Koveli brun-vis niSani ricxvisgan damoukidebel afiqss warmoadgens da

8


ricxvis niSnis Semdeg daerTvis saxels. megrulsa da lazurSi brunvaTa gansxvavebuli raodeno-

baa. megrulSi gamoKofen cxra brunvas [KifSiZe 1914, 68; Ciqobava 1936, 43], xolo lazurSi _ Svids [mari 1910, 9; Ci-qobava 1936, 43]. qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, zanurs mo-epoveba specifikuri brunvebi _ mimarTulebiTi da daSorebi-Ti, megrul dialeqts damatebiT _ daniSnulebiTi (lazurs ar gaaCnia); qarTulis brunvaTagan lazurSi ara gvaqvs viTare-biTi, xolo wodebiTis forma arc megruls axasiaTebs da arc _ lazurs. brunvaTa rigis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi gan-sxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi arsebobs [mari 1910, 9; 29; KifSiZe 1914, 68-69; Ciqobava 1936, 43-44; JanJGava 1999, 7], magram amas amJerad CvenTvis principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs. mravlobiT ricxvSi brunvaTa rigi ase gamoiKure-ba:

m e g r u l i l a z u r isax.: koC-ef-i koC-ef-e `kace-

bi~moTx.: koC-en-q | koC-em-q | koC-ef-q koC-ef-e-qmic.: koC-en-s | koC-em-s | koC-ef-s koC-ef-e-snaT.: koC-ef-iS(iºˆ) koC-ef-e-S(i)mi-mar.:

koC-ef-iSa | koC-ef-ˆSa koC-ef-e-Sa

daSo-r.:

koC-ef-iSe | koC-ef-ˆSe koC-ef-e-Se(n)

mo-qm.:

koC-ef-iT(i) koC-ef-e-Te(n)

da-niS.:

koC-ef-iSo(T) | koC-ef-ˆSo(T) _

vneb.: koC-ef-o _rogorc megrulSi, aseve lazurSi {-ef} ricxvis niSans fo-

nologiurad Sepirobebuli alomorfebi gaaCnia. megrulSi am-gvari alomorfebia /-en/ da /-em/, romlebic or brunvaSi _ moTxrobiTsa da micemiTSi gvxvdeba mxolod, danarCen brunvaSi /-ef/ formanti ucvlelad rCeba. magaliTad,s a x e l o b i T i : abrag-ef-i (xub. 226,6) `abragebi~,

cir-ef-i (xub. 233,19) `qaliSvilebi~, sumar-ef-i (xub. 256,8) `stumrebi~, muricx-ef-i (sam. 51, 39-21) `maKre-

9


bi~, Gvanwk-ef-i (sam. 19,13-8) `Gawvebi~...

n a T e s a o b i T i : amxanag-ef-iS (xub. 186,19) àmxa-nagebis~, mun-ef-iS (xub. 185,11) `maTi~, raS-ef-iS (xub. 178, 27) `ra-Sebis~, nger-ef-iS(i) (sam. 75, 52-43) `mglebis~, frinvel-ef-iS(i) (sam. 18, 12-28) `frinvelebis~...

m o q m e d e b i -T i :

xil-ef-iT (Kif. 70,8) `xilebiT~, Jayv-ef-iTˆ (Kif. 85,11) `JayvebiT~...

v i T a r e b i T i : kvat-ef-o (xub. 218,31) ìxvebad~, ykud-ef-o (Kif. 91,7) `yurylebad~...

mravlobiTobis /-ef/ sufiqsze moTxrobiTi da micemiTi brunvis niSnebis darTvisas warmoiqmneba fq, fs Tanxmo-vanTkompleqsebi, romlebic ìCenen tendencias kanonikur -nq da -ns kompleqsebad gardaqmnisa, rasac emKareba mravlobiTis {-ef} morfemis fonologiurad monacvle [-em] da [-en] vari-antebi~ [gudava, gamKreliZe, 1981, 212]. rogorc Cans, moTxrobiTsa da micemiTSi marTlac xdeba fq, fs Tanxmo-vanTkompleqsis daZleva [JanJGava 1999, 15], Tumca es procesi araa absoluturi xasiaTisa, anu /-en/, /-em/ morfe-maTa gverdiT /-ef/ sufiqsic ixmareba. magaliTad:m o T x r o b i T i :

-en-: Ten-en-q (xub. 146,3) àmaT~, ZGab-en-q (xub. 119,7) `gogoebma~, dem-en-q (xub. 205,32) `devebma~, CqiC-qu-en-q (t. I, 38, 68-27) `bavSveb-ma~, qaJ-en-q (t. I, 77, 147-17) `qa-Jebma~, sinJal-en-qˆ (Kif. 94,22) `si-Zeebma~, vezir-en-qˆ (KifS. 53,35) `vezirebma~...

-em-: in-em-qˆ (KifS. 96,25) ìmaT~, patin-em-q (Kif. 42,19) `batonebma~, me-Zobel-em-q (Kif. 157,2), `mezobleb-ma~, naTes-em-q (Kif. 158,1) `na-Tesavebma~... Jimal-ef-q (xub. 194,28) `Zmebma~,

10


-ef-: squal-ef-q (xub. 238,30) `Svileb-ma~, Ten-ef-q (xub. 233, 37) àmaT~, boS-ef-qˆ, (KifS. 268,13) `biyebma~, in-ef-q (KifS. 254, 24) ìmaT~, mun-ef-q (sam. 75, 52-14) `TviTon~, Tecalef-q (sam. 30, 20-20) àseTebma~...

m i c e m i T i :-en: Gurel-en-s (xub. 226, 25)

`mkvdrebs~, nadir-en-c (xub. 186, 10) `nadirebs~, Sxur-en-s (xub. 194, 35) `cxvrebs~, zarazan-en-s (xub. 206, 4) `zarbaznebs~, ndGal-en-c (Kif. 80, 25) `dGeebs~...

-em:

-ef:

ZGab-em-c (xub. 238, 31) `gogo-ebs~, Jal-em-cˆ (Kif. 82, 8) `xeebs~, pap-em-c (Kif. 156, 25) `mGvdlebs~, boS-em-cˆ (Kif. 84, 29) `biyebs~, ubedur-em-s (Kif. 168, 27) ùbedurebs~, xasl-em-s (t. I, 71, 157-2) `gverdebs~... aTen-ef-s (xub. 262, 17) àmaT~, cxen-ef-s (xub. 254,26) `cxenebs~, meSar-ef-s (Kif. 12, 11) `mgzav-rebs~, nosal-ef-s (Kif. 42,8) `rZlebs~, Tol-ef-c (sam. 19,13-7) `Tvalebs~, vayar-ef-c, ber-ef-c do pap-ef-cia (sam. 74, 52-12) `vay-rebs, berebs da mGvdlebso~...

i. KifSiZis teqstebis mixedviT senakurSi metia /-en/ su-fiqsis xvedriTi wili Semdegi proporciiT: -ef(12): -en(47): -em(1), xolo zugdidur-samurzaKanulSi didia /-em/ morfemis xvedriTi wili: -ef(37): -en(20): -em(64). a. lomTaZe SeniS-navs, rom `senakur kilokavSi mravlobiTis maCveneblad mxolod e rCeba. es faqti gansakuTrebiT abaSis raionis me-tKvelebaSi igrZnoba: Cqim mezobeleq e gayirebas Zaam memoxvares `Cemi mezoblebi (`mezoblebma~) am gayir-vebis dros Zalian damexmarnen~, ‡urzen Citeq qemkay-komes Jas `KurZeni Citebma Seyames xeze~ [lomTaZe

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1987, 145]. msgavsi movlena dasturdeba lazurSic (ix. gv. 29).

mkvlevarTa mier 60-iani wlebis Semdgom Caweril teq-stebSi [gudava 1975; samuSia 1990], romelTa umetesoba zugdidur-samurzaKanul kilokavs ganekuTvneba, SeiniSne-ba erTi tendencia _ {-ef} morfema pozicias imKarebs. k. samuSias mier gamoqveKnebul masalaSi faqtobrivad arc gvxvdeba -em-iani an -en-iani formebi. Cven mier samur-zaKanos soflebSi mopovebul teqstebSi /-ef/ sufiqsiani for-mebia gabatonebuli, magaliTad:

Tinefq ginaSqves, mara xaTe venarTes Tinefs... ìmaT gaatares, magram maSinve ver Cavidnen isini~; va-yarefq qaTomirCqines, berZen do‡viliTia `vayrebma gada-mibires _ berZeni mokalio~; Taq momp‡unes Cqim Jima-diefq àq momiKvanes Cemma biZebma~; `...do midar-Tes tKaSa Te jirxolo Jimalefq `da wavidnen tKisken es ori-ve Zmebi~; inefs breli cqvafa vako ìmaT bevri qeba ar unda~; JveSo abragefs Txilandˆ sofelˆ `Zvelad abragebs sofeli icavda~; kazak do KaraCiq gounwKˆ Sara Tenefs, muSenda Tinefs vakodˆ Cqin kanon... `kazakma da Kara-Caelma gauxsna maT gza, ratom-da maT ar moswondaT (ùndoda~) Cveni kanoni~; odo, amser oko brSvinaTi kun-Txuefsi `hoda, amaGam unda davustvinoT kuTxeebSi~...

amgvar tendencias Cven qarTvelur enaTa fonotaqtikis sazogado CvenebiT vxsniT. qarTulSic Cveulebrivia fq, fs kompleqsebi _ nulovani da mzardi napralovnebis Tanxmo-vanTmimdevrobebi [uTurgaiZe 1976, 98-105]. Cveni azriT, am saukunis dasawKisSi, savaraudoa, rom respondentTa umetesoba ar flobda srulKofilad saliteraturo qarTuls da maTi metKvelebac ufro `bunebrivi~ iKo. xolo ukanasknel xans, saKovelTao ganaTlebis pirobebSi orenovneba (me-grul-qarTuli) albaT garkveulwilad `zGudavs~ enobriv Cve-vas. amgvari inovacia Cans -eb-iani formebi. mag., i. KifSi-Zis teqstSi forma afxanak-eb-s _ ena qogˆmuucxades jir-xolo afxanakebs (Kif. 5, 5) ès gamoucxades orive amxa-nagebs~ _ SeiZleba Secdomad CagveTvala, rom ara ms-gavsi SemTxvevebi k. samuSias teqstebSi:

nabiJ-eb-c: `daikuntarenc nabiJebc (sam. 12, 6-8)

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`dagimoklebs nabiJebs~;Tavad-eb-cia:

sqano Jgˆri vaakodˆ... varTi sqani mayko-mali, didi Tavadebcia (sam. 74, 52-8, 11) `SenTvis kargi ar undoda... arc Sens myamels, did Tavadebso~.

Cvens teqstebSic gvaqvs aseTi magaliTebi:ger-eb-sia: hava, aqian JoGoriS melalua mus oxvaru-

dua Tqvan samefo{S} gerebsia... `haio, aqauri ZaGlebis Kefa ras uSvelidao Tqveni samefos mglebsao~;

Sobil-eb-s: qˆmurTumˆna Sobilebs, gayirebulefs, Te rxvilˆ kaTaS... `mosulan am daxvretili xal-xis mSoblebi, sawKlebi~...

abragebs: oykomal nokobuena gayirebul abra-gebs... `saymeli ndomebiaT gayirvebul abragebs~...

cxadia, Kvela es SemTxveva individualuri movlenaa, romelsac lazurSic vxvdebiT. s. jGenti `lazuri teqstebis~ Se-saval nawilSi wers: `ori mTqmelisagan Caweril teqstSi da-dasturebulia saxelTa mravlobiTis mawarmoebeli -eb sufiq-si -ef-is nacvlad: nJalebe (teq. 105, 24) xeebi; Jumale-beʼsTeri bortiT (teq. 104, 6) ZmebiviT viKaviT; orZobe (teq. 103, 32) skamebi; biyebe (teq. 103, 23) biyebi; gza-lebe (teq. 103, 12) gzebi; henTebe (teq. 103, 24) isini; oxoebe (teq. 103, 3) saxlebi; odabe (teq. 103, 4) oTaxebi; kibiebeTe xe qogominwKu-a (teq. 55, 10) kbilebiT xeli ga-mixsnao. es movlena Cven individualur movlenad mi-gvaCnia da amitom misi pirvandel formad miCneva ar iq-neboda swori~ [jGenti 1938, XVI].

megrulsa da lazurSi saxeluri fuZisa da {-ef} morfemis urTierTgavlenis procesi araerTgvarovania. specialur litera-turaSi aGniSnulia, rom megrulSi `fuZis aqtiuroba saerTod metia, vinem qarTulSi, magram im zomisa ar aris, rogorc lazurSi~ [Ciqobava 1936, 59]. kerZod, megrulSi mravlobi-Tobis -ef sufiqsis darTvisas ikveceba fuZiseuli a, e xmov-nebi: ae e, ee e, xolo o-ze daboloebul saxelebSi Sei-niSneba fonetikuri procesi oe ue... `Kvela aGniSnuli Se-mTxveva unda ganvixiloT, rogorc megrulisTvis arabunebri-

13


vi xmovanTmimdevrobebis (ae, ee, oe) daZlevis cda~ [Jan-JGava 1999, 16]. amgvari varaudi eKrdnoba Semdeg debu-lebebs: 1. megruli erTxmovnobisaken miiswrafvis; 2. me-grulisTvis asatania (dasaSvebia) xmovanTa mimdevroba, romlis pirveli wevri daxuruli xmovania, meore ki _ Gia (ia, ua tipisa) [JanJGava 1999, 6].

ramdenad misaGebia es debulebebi lazurisaTvis? er-Txmovnobisaken swrafva lazursac axasiaTebs, magram procesi aq piruku mimdinareobs, anu fuZis daboloeba ax-dens gavlenas mravlobiTis sufiqsze da ikargeba sufiqsiseu-li -e xmovani. kerZod, a, u, o boloxmovniani saxelebi inar-Cuneben daboloebas:a)

ae aToma `Tma~ _ Toma-fe (jG. 10, 30)nena `sitKva~ _ nena-fe (jG. 9, 17)butka `foToli,butko~

_ butka-fe (jG. 145, 33)

fara `fuli~ _ fara-fe (Ciq. II, 128, 16)forCa `perangi~ _ forCa-fe (Ciq. II, 64, 9)lira `lira~ _ lira-fe (jG. 21, 27)majura `meore~ _ majua-feq (jG. 98, 31)

b)

oe oorZo `skami~ _ orZo-fe (Ciq. II, 47)bozo `gogo~ _ bozo-fe-q (Ciq. II, 53, 23)haSo `ase, ase-Ti~

_ haSo-fe-Te (jG. 8, 34)

g)

ue ukatu `kata~ _ katu-fe (kart. 1972, 16, 3)mu `ra~ _ mu-fe (Ciq. II, 52, 35)doloqunu `Casacmeli~

_ doloqunu-fe (jG. 76, 35)

aGsaniSnavia, rom xofur-Cxalur kilokavSi o da u xmovnebze daboloebul arsebiT saxelebs -efe sufiqsic daerTvis: mtko-efe `mtkavelebi~, mwko-efe `wKavebi~, Tumca imave fuZeebs viwur-arqabulsa da aTinurSi -fe daboloeba gaaCniaT: mtko-fe º mtu-fe, mwko-fe º mwu-fe (kartozia 2005, 87).

14


i da e-ze daboloebul saxelebSi unda gavarCioT sakuT-riv zanuri leqsika, erTi mxriv, da nasesxebi leqsika, meore mxriv. es ukanaskneli emorCileba saerTo wess, anu mrav-lobiTobis sufiqsis darTvisas inarCunebs i da e daboloebas. magaliTad,dugunJi `meqorwile~ _ dugunJi-fe (Ciq. II, 90, 23)mamcudale `matKu-ara~

_ mamcudale-fe

(Ciq. II, 50)

dekike `wuTi~ _ dekike-fe (Ciq. II, 50)konqSi `mezobeli~ _ konqSi-fe-s (Ciq. II, 103, 30)

i-ze daboloebuli sakuTriv lazuri saxelebi TiTqmis ar ar-sebobs, xolo e-ze daboloebulebis SesatKvisebi megrulSi Kvela TanxmovanfuZiania. mag., laz. kuCxe, megr. kuCxi `fexi~; laz. osure, megr. osur-i `qali, coli~; laz. Cilamre, megr. Cilamuri `cremli~... am e daboloebas sxvadasxva kvalifikacia eZleva specialur literaturaSi: erTi mxriv, is mi-Cneulia istoriulad saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad ara marto lazurSi, megrulSic [mari 1910, 9-10; Ciqobava 1936, 49-53; Tofuria 1954, 450; fenrixi, sarJvelaZe 1990, 111]; meo-re mxriv, lazuri -e SesaZloa inovacia iKos da is `gvian gamoKofiliKo saxelTa mravlobiTi ricxvis -efeº-fe morfemi-dan~ [klimovi 1962, 38], anu -e daboloeba mxoloobiTSi unda gadasuliKo mravlobiTis formaTa analogiiT. al. onianis azriT, `am daskvnis marTebulobis maCvenebeli mniSvnelo-vani argumenti aris is, rom amgvari -e regularulad mxolod mravlobiTi ricxvis formaSi dasturdeba, im formaSi, sadac misi adgilia istoriuladac~ [oniani 1989, 93]2. Tumca dais-mis kiTxva: maSin mravlobiTSi saidan gaCnda -e? cxadia, rom e-ze daboloebuli lazuri leqsika mravlobiT ricxvs ise iwarmoebs, rogorc TanxmovanfuZianebi, e. i. dairTavs /-efe/ da ara /-fe/ sufiqss.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom a, e, o, u, i xmovnebze dabolo-ebuli saxelebi lazurSi mravlobiT ricxvSi dairTavs /-fe/ su-fiqss, amosavali unda KofiliKo {-ef} morfema. al. onianis azriT, es procesi hgavs qarTulSi xmovnis momdevnod na-TesaobiTi brunvis morfemis fonetikuri cvlilebis imgvar

2 am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, Cven Tavs vikavebT -fe, -efe su-fiqsTa bolokiduri e-s gamoKofisagan. SevniSnavT, rom es sakiTxi diaqroniuli kvlevis sagania da scildeba Cveni naSromis interesebs.

15


faqts, rogoricaa Zv. qarT. oqro-s(a)º oqro-is(a) _ Tan. qarT. oqro-si. iqve daaskvnis, rom `lazuris ganviTarebis romeliGac safexurze saxelTa mravlobiTobis morfemas un-da hqonoda fonologiurad Sepirobebuli ori alomorfi: xmov-nebis momdevnod _ /-fe/, xolo Tanxmovnebis momdevnod _ /-ef/~ [oniani 1989, 92].

rogorc cnobilia, lazurSi, gansakuTrebiT xofursa da vi-wur-arqabulSi saxelis bolokiduri r sustdeba da ikargeba ki-dec. es movlena TvalsaCinoa mravlobiTis formebSi, sadac sufiqsiseuli -e xmovani fuZiseuli xmovnis gverdiT aGmo-Cndeba xolme _ oxori: oxor-efe > oxo-efe. magaliTad,

oxori `saxli~ _ oxo-efe (kart. 1972, 64, 8)manZageri `mezobeli~ _ manZage-e-

fe(kart. 1972, 40, 24)

mgeri `mgeli~ _ mge-efe (jG. 99, 10)Seri `nivTi~ _ Se-efe (kart. 108, 22)bere `bavSvi~ _ be-efe (kart. 44, 34)ambari `ambavi~ _ amba-efe (jG. 150, 19)JoGori `ZaGli~ _ JoGo-efeq (kart. 1972, 66, 38)mCxuri `cxvari~ _ mCxue-efeq (kart. 1972, 125,

10)xezmeqari `mosamsa-xure~

_ xezmeqa-e-fes

(kart. 1972, 135, 27)

veziri `vaziri~ _ vezi-efes (kart. 1972, 69, 15)rogorc vxedavT, amgvar SemTxvevebSi fuZis aqtiu-

roba sustdeba da -efe sufiqsi mKar pozicias inarCunebs. specialur literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobis sagania

`dalefi~ tipis saxelTa mravlobiTis formebSi -l- Tanxmovnis gaCenisa Tu aGdgenis sakiTxi [mari 1910, 14; KifSiZe 1914, 78-79; Ciqobava 1942, 9; gamKreliZe, mayavariani 1965, 149; arabuli 1997, 181], magram aGsaniSnavia, rom es l KovelTvis ar dasturdeba mosalodnel formebSi. i. KifSi-Zem SeniSna, rom megrulSi sua º fsua `frTa~ SeiZleba Se-gvxvdes mravlobiTSi l-s gareSe: su-ef-i (Sdr. sual-ef-i), xolo xe `xeli~ aseTi formiTac _ xe-ef-i (Sdr. xel-ef-i). es tenden-cia TvalSisacemia lazuris xofur kilokavSi [Ciqobava 1936, 62]. magaliTad, Jaefe || nJafe: `Zelebi~, Sdr. Jalefe||nJalefe: qimoliq

daGiSen Jaefe qomuGu (Ciq. I, 39, 19) `qmarma tKidan SeSa (`xeebi~) mou-

16


tana~; ... nJaefe, diSqafe hodobGes oxoikala (kart. 1968, 150, 16) `xeebi, SeSebi daKares saxlTan~; ... qva do nJafe gegabGas (KifS. II, 47, 27) `qva da xeebi dacvivdes~.

qvaefe `qvebi~, Sdr. qvalefe: awi-Ti mezareS qvaefe iZiren (Kif. II, 4, 32) `saflavis qvebi axlac Cans~; si myife qvaefe masTolia ani-Cqimis (kart. 1972, 92, 14) `Sen wvrili qvebi isroleo Cems mxares~.

xeefe || xefe `xelebi~, Sdr. xel-ef-e: a Cqva doKvi, megotruxas xeefe! (Kif. II, 21, 29) `sxva qeni, mogtKdes xelebi!~; xeSi oqosalefeTe ... xefe iqosamtes (Ciq. II, 65, 6) `xelis gasamSralebeli (tiloTi) xe-lebs iwmendnen~.

moTafe `SviliSvilebi~, Sdr.: moTalefe: mTuge-feSi moTafekala si†TeSen bei manZa-gee voe-a (Ciq. I, 75, 15) `Tagvebis Svi-liSvilebTan miminos Svili mezoblad iKoo~; ia karTaliS moTafe ykomasin-teren (kart. 1972, 84, 34) `imas arwivis bartKebi Seyamen~.

Kaefe `totebi~, Sdr.: Kalefe: man Kaefe ... letaSa qagevonyaf! (Ciq. I, 76, 8) `me totebi miwas mivawvden~.

msvaefe || msvafe

`frTebi~, Sdr. msvalefe: msvaefe (º msvafe) muSi nunkus qomoTxu (kart. 1972, 77, 18) `frTebi mis nikaps Sea-xo~; gixunafs svas (º svaefes) do ba-ba-muSiSi eiSa mindiKonofs (kart. 1972, 101, 23) `daisvams frTebze da mamamisTan waiKvans~.

aGsaniSnavia, rom analogiiT l sonori iseT saxelSic ga-Cenila, romelSic ar iKo mosalodneli. aseTia diSqa `SeSa~ arsebiTi saxeli, romelic krebiTobis gamomxatvelia da iSvia-

17


Tad Tu ixmareba mravlobiTis formiT, lazurSi ki Segvxvda diSqalefe: diSqalefe (|stolbefe) qodvoconar (Ciq. II, 115, 31) `SeSebi (boZebi) davKare~; diSqalefeTe dopkarumT (diSqa biturT Squ do heSo giwvi) (Ciq, II, 114, 15) `SeSebiT davamagrebT (SeSas vitKviT Cven da ise giTxari)~. am-gvari analogiiT megrulSic Segvxvdeba papal-ef-i `mGvde-li~ forma (Sdr. papal-ur-i `mGvdlis naTqvami~, `mGvdeli-viT laparaki~).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelebSi aGdgenili Tu gaCenili l sonori lazurSi, r sonoris msgavsad, midrekilia gaqrobisa-ken, ris Sedegad saxeluri fuZe boloxmovnianad aGiqmeba da mravlobiTobis niSnad Cndeba -fe:nJal-ef-e nJaefe nJafe Sdr. oxor-ef-e oxoefexel-ef-e xe-efe xefe mger-efe mgeefedal-ef-e-q da-efeq dafeq ambar-ef-e amba-efe

(Ciq. I, 133, 32). gansxvaveba isaa, rom r fuZian saxelebSi fonetikuri

gardaqmnis meore safexuri ar dasturdeba: *mgefe, *oxofe, *ambafe, Tumca sazogadod mosalodnelia.

saKuradGeboa g. kartozias SeniSvna, rom Jaefe tipis warmoeba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia xofurisTvis, xolo vi-wur-arqabulsa da aTinurisTvis _ Jafe forma. Tumca es kilo-kavuri sxvaoba morfofonematuri cvlilebis dinamikasac gviCvenebs megrulTan SepirispirebiT [ezugbaia 2004, 36-38]. kerZod, megrulis zugdidur-samurzaKanoul kilokavSi gvaqvs mxolod Jalefi tipis warmoeba, senakur-martvilurSi Jalefi formis gverdiT Tavs iCens Jaefi formac, romlis logikuri gagrZelebaa xofur-Cxaluris viTareba, sadac par-alelurad ixmareba Jalefe º Jaefe tipis saxelebi, xolo ufro samxreTiT, viwur-arqabulsa da aTinurSi Jalefe-s gverdiT gvaqvs Jafe warmoebac. sqematurad es ase SeiZleba gamoisaxos: megr. Jalefi

zugd.-samurz.:

senak.-martvil.:

Jalefi

Jalefi º Jaefi

18


laz. Jalefexofur.-Cxal.:

viw.-arqab.:aTinuri:

Jalefe º Jaefe

Jalefe º Jafe

rogorc Cans, xofur-Cxaluri kilo ufro axlos dgas megrul-Tan, vidre lazuris danarCen kiloebTan, rac araerTi sxva movleniTac dasturdeba (kartozia 2005, 11-12).

g. kartozias azriT, swored xofur-Cxaluri kilos monace-mebis safuZvelze lazurSi SeiZleba gamoiKos -lefe alomor-fi, romelic arsebiTi saxelebis garda gvxvdeba zedsarTaveb-sa da kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSic. igulisxmeba myiTafe º myiTalefe `wiTlebi~, Cqimefe º Cqimilefe `Cemebi~ tipis warmoeba (kartozia 2004, 89). cxadia, zedsarTavTa mcire Jgufze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom -lefe daboloebis l ele-menti fuZiseulia. kerZod, myiTa Sdr. qarT. wiTel-, myife `wvrili~ Sdr. qarT. wrfel-, gi/unZe Sdr. qarT. grZel- da sxv. (Ciqobava 1938, 232; gamKreliZe, mayavariani 1965, 90-97; klimovi 1964, 137; arabuli 1997, 181, kartozia 2005, 88-89). maSasadame, lazurSi, erTi mxriv, gvaqvs formebi: myiTalefe `wiTlebi~, ginZelefe `grZelebi~, myifelefe `wvrilebi~, TiTxulefe `Txelebi~, CiCqulefe `Cvilebi~, ro-melTa -lefe-s l fuZiseulia, xolo meore mxriv, uCalefe `Sa-vebi ~, monkalefe `mZimeebi~, yitalefe `patarebi~, kai/lefe `kargebi~, Cqimilefe `Cemebi~ da sxva. forme-bi, sadac analogiiTaa gaCenili l da Sesabamisad -lefe gamoiKofa rogorc mravlobiTobis alomorfi. Tumca -l ele-ments SeiZleba masubstantivebeli funqcia hqondes.

aGsaniSnavia, rom megrulSi Zireul zedsarTav saxeleb-Si -lefe sufiqsi mxolod yiyelefi `patarebi~ formaSi dastur-deba. rogorc wesi, megrulSi Cveulebrivia formebi: yiTefi, Sdr. laz. myiTafe; ginZefi, Sdr. laz. ginZefe; yifefi, Sdr. laz. myifefe; didefi, Sdr. laz. didefe; Cqimefi, Sdr. laz. Cqimefe da a. S. megruli gamoirCeva atributuli saxelebis sakmaod mravalricxovani da mravalferovani JgufiT, romel-sac pirobiTad `statikuri~ saxelebi SeiZleba vuwodoT. ro-gorc wesi, amgvari saxelebi axasiaTeben sagans mdgoma-reobis an gamometKvelebis mixedviT. igive fuZeebi Cveu-lebrivad zmnur formebSic meordeba. mag.: wkvinta º wkvintal-i `cxvirwamomaxuli; patara

19


pirsaxiani~ o-wkvint-in-an-s `cxvirwamomaxuli iKureba~ Zgvira º Zgviral-i `Kvelaferze ukmaKofilo da ganze maKurebeli~o-Zgvir-in-an-s `ukmaKofilo saxiT iKureba~ (qaJ. III,

430)cqvira º cqviral-i `Kurcqvita; mardi, mousvenari... ~o-cqvir-in-an-s `cqmutavs~ (qaJ. III, 361)yvita- º yvital-i `Tvalmtkivana; visac dayutuli Tvali aqvs~o-yvit-in-uans `Tvals yutavs~ (qaJ. III, 468)... amgvari formebi uxvadaa o. qaJaias `megrul-qarTul

leqsikonSi~ da Cveulebrivia cocxali metKvelebisTvis. aGsaniSnavia, rom saxeluri mawarmoebeli al / a vari-

antebiTaa warmodgenili, magram mravlobiTis formebSi ZiriTadad al daboloebiani formebia gamoKenebuli: wkvin-talefi, wkviralefi, Zgviralefi, cqviralefi, yvitalefi. ram-denadac, l dasturdeba mxoloobiTis formebSic (wkvintal-i), naklebad savaraudoa, rom am tipis saxelebSi gamoiKos mravlobiTis -lef alomorfi.

g. kartozias dakvirvebiT, xofur-CxalurSi erTmarcvlian zedsarTavebs -elefe daerTvis: msqvaelefe `lamazebi~, mJveelefe `Zvelebi~, xCeelefe `TeTrebi~ (SevniSnavT, rom mCxuelefe, formaSi mCxuel > mCxu fuZe gamoiKofa, Sdr. megr. Sxu Sxul-efi, qarT. msxvil-, am-denad -elefe-s ver miviCnevT im rigis daboloebad, rogorc zemoT aGniSnul formebSi _ l. e) [kartozia 2005, 89].

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom lazuris xofur-Cxalur kiloebsa da nawilobriv dasavlur kiloebSi -lefe / -elefe alomorfi SeiZleba ganvixiloT mravlobiTobis morfemis alomorfad. megrulSi naklebad gvaqvs -lef sufiqsis gamoKofis safuZveli, Tumca yiyelefi forma amgvar daSvebas ar gamoricxavs. kerZod,

megrulSi: {ef} : /-ef/, /-em/, /-en/, /-eb/, [/-lef/], lazurSi: {ef}: /-efe/, /-fe/, /-eb/, /-lefe/, /-elefe/.

$ 2. ricxvi, rogorc translaciuri kategoria

ricxvis kategoria moicavs enis morfologiur, sintaqsur

20


da semantikur doneebs. Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, ricxvi gramatikuli kategoriaa, meore mxriv, is leqsikur kategoria-Ta sferosac ganekuTvneba. aq Semodis ricxviTi saxelebi, raodenobis aGmniSvneli saxelebi, rogoricaa `bevri~, `mra-vali~ da a. S. amdenad, enaSi raodenobis gamoxatvis or-gvari saSualebaa _ gramatikuli da leqsikuri. Tumca specia-lur literaturaSi sakamaToa maTi gamiJvnis sakiTxi. aGsa-niSnavia, rom calke kategoriadac aris gamoKofili k r e b i -T o b i s kategoria, romelic myidrodaa dakavSirebuli, erTi mxriv, gramatikul ricxvTan, meore mxriv, leqsikuri ricxvis kategoriasTan [lel 1990, 473]. kidev erTi gza axali leqsikuri erTeulebis warmoqmnisa aris mravlobiTis formaTa seman-tikuri gadaazreba. amgvari procesi damaxasiaTebelia mTe-li rigi enebisTvis. magaliTad, rusulsa da sxva slavur enebSi e. w. pluralia tantum saxelebi Tavis droze miGebul iqna mrav-lobiTi ricxvis gramatikul formaTa leqsikalizaciis Sedegad, anu arsebul denotatTa xelaxali nominacia moxda [degtia-revi 1982, 68-72].

rogorc a. SaniZe aGniSnavs, qarTulSic mogvepoveba mravlobiTis imgvari formebi, romlebsac simravlis gageba dakarguli aqvT (mag.: locvani, daviTni... ) [SaniZe 1980, 78-80]. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis geografiul saxelebze. sa-qarTveloSi dasturdeba mTeli rigi toponimebisa, romlebSic Semonaxulia mravlobiTobis -ev, -eT sufiqsebi [SaniZe 1981, 438-445; JorbenaZe 1980, 338]. aseve produqtiulia toponimTa sawarmoeblad -eb morfema [JaJaniZe 1976, 110-111].

cnobilia, rom saxelTa mravlobiTis warmoeba morfeme-bis saSualebiT xdeba, Tumca supletivizmic iCens Tavs. arn. Ciqobava SeniSnavs, rom `mravlobiTi ricxvia ara Koveli Se-mTxveva, sadac mraval saganze miTiTeba gvaqvs, aramed mxolod iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac s i m r a v l e a fi q s i T a r i s g a d m o c e m u l i , _ sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rode-sac simravle morfologiuri saSualebebiT aris gamoxatuli~... [Ciqobava 1952, 271]. Sesabamisad dgeba mravlobiTobis aGmniSvnel afiqsTa kvalifikaciis sakiTxi.

a. SaniZe wers: `mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoeba arsebi-Tad warmoqmnas ekuTvnis~... `ricxvs zmnaSi aqvs ga-rkveuli niSnebi imisa, rom warmoqmnis kategoriad iqnes

21


miCneuli~... [SaniZe 1980, 47; 166]. bunebrivia, rom me-cniers mravlobiTis -eb sufiqsic warmosaqmnel afiqsad mi-aCnia [SaniZe 1980, 108-109]. gansxvavebuli pozicia aqvs arn. Ciqobavas, romelmac fleqsiur da warmosaqmnel afiqs-Ta gverdiT gamoKo e. w. gardamavali tipis afiqsebi. esenia mravlobiTobis -eb, -T sufiqsebi: `-eb- sufiqsi fuZis sawar-moebeli afiqsia, magram igi mxolod nawilobriv cvlis fuZis mniSvnelobas da am mxriv `CamorCeba~ -osan sufiqss; meore mxriv, mas SeuZlia sitKvaTa SekavSirebisas cvlilebe-bi gamoiwvios, da am mxriv is mogvagonebs damokidebu-lebis aGmniSvnel afiqsebs... orive es garemoeba -eb- su-fiqss aSorebs mniSvnelobis mcvlel afiqsebs da aaxloebs da-mokidebulebis aGmniSvnel afiqsebTan~ [Ciqobava 1952, 236]. igive iTqmis -T sufiqsze zmnaSi. mkvlevari iqve SeniS-navs, rom `g a r d a m a v a l i t i p i gansaxierebaa im bu-nebrivi gadasvlisa da Sinagani kavSirisa, romelic morfolo-giasa, sintaqssa da leqsikologia-semantikas Soris ivaraude-ba~ [Ciqobava 1952, 237].

mesame Tvalsazrisi, gansxvavebiT zemoT naxsenebi Sexedulebebisagan, kategoriulad uarKofs mravlobiTi ri-cxvisa da misi afiqsebis kavSirs warmoqmnis kategorias-Tan: `saxelTa mravlobiTobis -n da -eb sufiqsebi, msgav-sad pirTa mravlobiTobis -T, -en sufiqsebisa zmnebSi, leqsi-kur mniSvnelobas ver cvlian formebSi: ... piri da ricxvi sax-elisa da zmnis saziaro fleqsiuri kategoriebia da amitomac gvaqvs SeTanxmeba winadadebis am or wevrs Soris~ [uTurgaiZe 1986, 131].

cxadia, gramatikuli ricxvis kategoriis Seswavla mravlo-biTobis warmoebis analizs ukavSirdeba, radganac or opozi-ciur erTeuls _ mxoloobiTsa da mravlobiTs _ Soris markire-bulia mravlobiTi ricxvi, anu mxoloobiTis forma mravlobiTis formas Tavisi uniSnobiT upirispirdeba.

cnobilia, rom zedsarTavi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli da maTi ekvivalenti nacvalsaxelebi damoukideblad ricxvis gamo-xatvis unariT `ukve TavianTi sitKvaTa klasis viTarebas ki ar gviCveneben, aramed _ arsebiTTa klasisa, rac sintaqsuri asimilaciis safuZvelze sitKvaTa klasis SenacvlebiT aris gamowveuli~ [daviTiani 1973, 52]. amgvari sintaqsuri gar-daqmna SeiZleba Sefasdes translaciad. rogorc l. tenieri

22


ganmartavs, `Если слово Pierre является существительним, а группа de Pierre выполняет функцию прилагательного, то это означает, что предлог de изменил синтаксическую природу слова, к которому он присоединен. Существительное он синтаксическим путем превратил в прилагательное. Именно это изменение синтаксической природы мы называем транслацией~ [tenieri 1998, 377-378]. xSirad gasubstantivebis procesi e. i. sitK-vaTa erTi klasidan meore klasSi gadasvla, anu translacia sitKvis semantikur gadawevas iwvevs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ricxvis formantis darTviT atributuli saxeli niSan-Tvisebaze ki ar miuTiTebs (Tvisebis simravle bunebaSi ar arsebobs), aramed saganze, romelic am Tvisebis matare-belia. migvaCnia, rom funqciis amgvari cvla ukve niSnavs mniSvnelobis cvlas, ramdenadac sagansa da Tvisebas Soris ver davsvamT tolobis niSans. magaliTad, laz. mJve-Si, megr. JveSi `Zveli~ atributuli saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis forma gamoxatavs rogorc sakuTriv mniSvnelobas `Zvele-bi~ _ mJveSefe||JveSefi, aseve mniSvnelobas _ `winapre-bi~. mag.:

megruli: istoriaT ganagonˆ, JveSefiSi dˆnaCina (sam. 71, 48-202) `saistoriod gagonili, winaprebis (`Zvelebis~) mier dabarebuli~.

lazuri: Cqin JveSefeSe mignafunan-qi... (Kif. II, 4, 20) `Cveni winaprebisgan (`Zvelebisgan~) gagvigonia~; mJveSefeq zopontes (Kif. II, 12, 23) `winaprebi (`Zvelebi~) ambobdnen~. SevniSnavT, rom megrulSi mxoloobiTis for-mac _ JveSi _ SeiZleba Segvxvdes `winapris~ mniSvnelobiT. vfiqrobT, rom amgvari seman-tika Tavdapirvelad mravlobiTis formam Se-iZina da Semdgom gavrcelda mxoloobiTis for-mazec.

lazurSi gvaqvs didilefe, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT badalia megruli unCaSi `ufrosi~ da qarTuli uxucesi si-tKvebisa. didi qarTulisa da zanuris saerTo kuTvnilebaa [kli-movi 1964, 73; fenrixi, sarJvelaZe 1990, 103]. -lefe mravlo-biTis sufiqsis darTviT sitKvis mniSvneloba nawilobriv Seic-vala da didilefe damoukidebel leqsikur erTeuls warmoad-

23


gens. magaliTebi:awi xolo-Ti didilefe ar eris qokuibGes (Kif. II, 6,1) àx-

la kidev ufrosebi erT adgilas Segrovdnen~; didilefeq na zopontes, {m}Tiri teren (Kif. II, 12, 26) ùfrosebi rom am-bobdnen, iseTi Tovli Kofila~; didilefeq kai dobaxes yita Ju-ma (kart. 1968, 153, 3-9) ùfrosebma kargad scemes um-crosi Zma~; didilefeq hemus noZices (dium. 57, IV-31) ùfrosebma imas dascines~...

didilefeʼs mniSvnelobiT upirispirdeba yitalefe ùm-crosebi~ Semdeg konteqstSi: yitalefeq didilefes gui va muCqvina unonan (Ciq. I, 73, 25) ùmcrosebma ufrosebs guli ar unda gadaaKolon~.

yitalefe-s msgavsi warmoeba megrulSic gvxvdeba. umcrosi asakis bavSvebis aGsaniSnavad ixmareba yiyelefi (Sdr. laz. yita, megr. yiye `mcire, patara~):

didiSi gimmaJerebel(i) do yiyelefiSi marduali! (sam. 84, 61-3) `didTa gamomkvebavo da patarebis gamzrde-lo~.

aseve zemoT ganxiluli -lefe / -lef daboloebiani zedsar-Tavi da kuTvnilebiTi saxelebi unda ganvixiloT translaciis SemTxvevad, radgan icvleba maTi gramatikuli statusi _ ar-sebiT saxelad gvevlinebian. magaliTad, winadadebaSi `mCxuelefe jin gesqidun, myifelefe Tude gamulun Gor-maSen~ (Ciq. I, 138, 18) `msxvilebi zeviT darCeba, wvrile-bi qveviT gamova saceridan~ _ mCxuelefe da myifelefe morfologiur doneze ra Jgufis arsebiTi saxelia, sintaqsur do-neze _ qvemdebareebi. gasubstantivebis Sedegad seman-tikis gafarToeba xdeba, ramdenadac mCxuelefe _ es araa pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT `msxvilebi~, aramed GerGili, anu dafquli simindis didi zomis marcvlebi, xolo myifelefe ase-ve araa zustad `wvrilebi~, aramed dafquli simindis mcire zomis marcvlebi anu myadis fqvili.

aGsaniSnavia, rom mCxuelefe, myifelefe formebSi gamoiKofa m- prefiqsuli elementi iseve, rogorc mJveSi for-maSi. savaraudoa, rom es elementi sulac ar iKos ganviTa-rebuli sonori, aramed sworedac masubstantivebuli m- pre-fiqsi imave rigisa, rogoricaa lazurSi mimGeobis mawarmo-ebeli m- iseT sitKvebSi, rogoricaa: m-Sin-e `mxsenebeli~, me-m-JGon-i `moZGvari~... sxvaTa Soris, qarTulSic bu-

24


nebrivia atributuli da substantiuri saxelebis warmoeba erTi da imave fuZisgan m- prefiqsis darTva-ardarTviT: wiT-el-i > m-wiT-ur-i [Ciqobava 1942, 140; 200].

ar gamovricxavT, rom m- prefiqsic iKos masubstantive-beli.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mravlobiTis afiqsi oden fleqsiuri elementia arsebiT saxelebSi, xolo zedsarTav, ricxviT saxe-lebsa da kuTvnilebiT, raodenobiT nacvalsaxelebSi matran-slirebeli, anu warmomqmneli elementia. {-ef} morfemis amgvari daniSnuleba kargad gamoCnda lazurSi, sadac ara marto saxelis saxelad translacia xdeba, aramed zmnizedi-sa da zmnisa _ saxelad. magaliTad, Sqa `Sua, SuaSi~ gamoiKeneba rogorc kavSirad, aseve _ zmnizedad. wina-dadebaSi `yefxe-sTeri mufer drukun sevda Cqimi Sqalefe? (KifS. II, 44, 29) `totebiviT rogor irxeva sevda CemSi?~ _ Sqalefe formaSi -lefe sufiqsi masubstantivebelia. aseve sainteresoa didofe `Zalianebi~ (KifS. II, 43, 33), Sdr. dido `Zalian~.

-fe lazurSi zmnizedebTanac daCndeba. mag.: haSofe duwu do he bozo igzalu (Ciq. II, 48-1) èseebi~ uTxra da es qali wavida~. rogorc arn. Ciqobava SeniSnavs, `zustad rom vTqvaT, h a S o f e ar aris èseebi~. h a S o niSnavs àse~, àmgvarad~ da am ukanasknelis mravlobiTia haSo-fe~ [Ciqobava 1936, 65]. xolo, Tavis mxriv, haSofe for-mam SeiZleba brunvis niSanic dairTos. magaliTad, arqabul teqstebSi davadastureT haSofeTe _ moqmedebiTi brunvis forma: `haSofeTe dido gzas ideʼS-qule ar badi qonages (jG. 27, 5) àmgvarad (àmgvarebiT~) didi gzis gavlis Semdeg erTi moxuci SemoxvdaT~; haSofeTe iri xolo oki-kaTes do badi-na Jantu, eriSa igzales (jG. 27, 9) àmgvarad (àmgvarebiT~) Kvela mogrovda da moxuci rom iwva, im adgilisken wavidnen~.

-eb sufiqsis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb zemoT warmodgeni-li Tvalsazrisebi realurad ar gamoricxaven erTmaneTs, Tu ricxvis kategorias ganvixilavT translaciur saSualebad.

translacia, anu gardaqmna erTi metKvelebis nawilisa meore metKvelebis nawilad, erTi sintaqsuri konstruqciisa _ sxva konstruqciad, SesitKvebis semantikis cvla, anu enis Semadgeneli nawilebis mudmivi gardaqmnisa da urTier-

25


TCanacvlebis unari aris is, rac enas aniyebs sicocxlisunari-anobas.

ricxvis kategoriis logikur-semantikuri arsidan gamo-mdinare, lazurSi -ef morfema zmnis pirian formebTanac daCndeba xolme. am faqts pirvelad KuradGeba miaqcia arn. Ciqobavam. Tavis `lazuris gramatikul analizSi~ mas mohKavs erTi magaliTi _ ha-na giwvi-fe dogaxenen-na, bozo Cqimi meqCare (II, 62, 27) `rac rom giTxari, Tu SegiZ-lia gaakeTo, Cems qals mogcem~ _ da SeniSnavs: `giwvi niSnavs `giTxari (me Sen)~; g i w v i - f e iqneboda `gi-Txar-eb-i~, e. i. `naTqvamebi~. zmna aq konteqstSi saxe-lis mniSvnelobas atarebs, Tumca ordinaruli piriani formaa~ [Ciqobava 1936, 65]. Cvenc araerTi magaliTi davadastureT msgavsi warmoebisa, rogoricaa: Squ-na mowketes-fe, GormoTi vrosi owkedas (Kif. II, 74, 2) `Cvens mnaxvelebs GmerTi ukeTesad xedavs~; sqanden woxle-na ides-fe, var moxTu do si ako ordo moT moxTi? (Kif. II, 11, 15) `Sen-ze adre wasulebi (`wavidnen-ebi~) ar mosulan da Sen ase adre rogor moxvedi?~ na dosqidu-fes Joxontes, arTeGis _ lia, majuras _ kosta (Kif. II, 7, 13) `darCenilebs (`rom da-rCa-ebs~) erqvaT: erTs _ lia, meores _ kosta~; fara-na var uGunan-fes, ficariSi oxori uGunan (Kif. II, 74, 8) `fulis ar mqoneebs (`ar aqvT-ebs~) xis saxli aqvT~; na moxTes-fe Juma-Tqvani ren-a (dium. 25, 1-193) `mosulebi (`rom mo-vidnen-ebi~) Tqveni Zma ariso~; haq na tes-fe goSaSes (dium. 102, XIV-28) `aq mKofni (`rom iKvnen-ebi~) gaoc-dnen~ _ Kvela konteqstSi -fe darTuli zmnis piriani forma saxelis funqciis mqonea: pirvel winadadebaSi (agreTve arn. Ciqobavas mier moKvanil magaliTSic) obieqturi piris gamomxatvelia mravlobiT ricxvSi, xolo danarCen Se-mTxvevaSi _ realuri moqmedi piris ricxvis aGmniSvnelia. amave dros, dosqidu-fes da giwvi-fe formebis garda, Kvelgan warmodgenilia S3-is ricxvis niSani (-an, -es). maSasadame, -fe ver iqneba piris mravlobiTobis gamomx-atveli _ ori morfema erTi da imave funqciiT erT formaSi ar SeiZleba iKos. Cveni azriT, -fe morfemas erTi daniSnuleba aqvs: zmnis piriani formis gasubstantiveba. aqedan gamomdinare, zmnis pirian formas -fe-s Semdeg SeiZleba daerTos brunvis niSani, amis magaliTi daadastura g. karto-

26


ziam aTinur kilokavSi: na bigzaliTu-feSi (kart. 1970, 1-8) `wasulebis (zed. rom wavediT-eb-is)~. agreTve, zemoT-naxsenebi dosqidu-fe-s micemiTi brunvis niSniTaa gaformebuli. rogorc vxedavT, zmnis piriani forma axal Sina-arss iZens: zmnis klasidan gadadis saxelis klasSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom lazurSi mravlobiTis afiqsi aris fle-qsiuric da warmomqmnelic, upriania, iTqvas, gardamqm-neli. es araa warmoqmna leqsikur-semantikuri gagebiT, aramed erTi klasis sitKvis translacia meore klasis sitKvad. kerZod, arsebiTi saxelis klasSi moeqceva Kvela dan-arCeni srulmniSvnelovani metKvelebis nawili.

morfologiis done

zedsarTavi ricxviTi nacvalsaxeli zmnizeda zmna (piriani forma)

`didebi~ `meoreni~ `Cemebi~ `Zalianebi~ `giTxariebi~(naTq-

vamebi)

gansazGvreba gansazGvreba gansazGvreba garemoeba Se-masmeneli

didilefe

arsebiTi

didofemjorafe Cqimilefe giwvi-fe

qvemdebare/da-mateba

27


sintaqsis donesqemidan Cans, rom translacia xdeba rogorc morfolo-

giur, aseve sintaqsur doneze, rac TavisTavad semantikur gadawevasac gulisxmobs.

megrulSi, lazurisagan gasxvavebiT, amgvari gar-daqmna SeCerda saxelis doneze iseve, rogorc qarTulSi, Tumca aSkaraa tendencia upiro zmnis, anu sawKisebis gaformebisa mravlobiTobis sufiqsiT: werebi, cekvebi, Cx-ubebi, laparakebi... faqtia, rom terminologiaSi gaaqtiurda amgvari warmoeba. am mimarTulebiT bevri ram aris sakvlevi da saintereso, rac amJerad scildeba Cvens ZiriTad Temas. Cveni azriT, zogadad translaciis sakiTxi qarTvelur enebSi sagangebo Seswavlas moiTxovs.

$ 3. mu- mesame piris nacvalsaxelis mravlobiTis formebi

megrulsa da lazurSi iseve, rogorc danarCen qarTvelur enebSi, I da II piris nacvalsaxelTa mravlobiTis formebi sup-leturi warmoebisaa. gamoiTqva varaudi, rom qarTulsa da zanurSi pirisa da kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi pirveli da me-ore pirisa orsave ricxvSi Seicavs …e elements, romelic uSualod mosdevs Tavkidur Zireul Tanxmovans an Tanxmo-vanTa kompleqss [gamKreliZe 1959, 36-50]. n. mari qarTu-lis I da II piris nacvalsaxelebSi gamoKofda mravlobiTobis mawarmoebel -en da -em sufiqsebs [mari 1925, 87-88], aseve lazuris piris nacvalsaxelebSic n bolokidurs ricxvis su-fiqsad Tvlida [mari 1910, 34]. Tumca specialur literaturaSi gaziarebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom I da II piris nacvalsaxelTa mravlobiTis formebSi (aseve mxoloobiTSic) -na daboloeba qarTulSi da -n zanurSi sadeterminacio elementia [Ciqoba-va 1936, 73], romelic Tandebulebsa da zmnisarTebSic gvevlineba qarTulSi, da rogorc Cans, istoriulad lokatiuri mniSvnelobis mqone deiqtur nawilaks warmoadgenda [martirosovi 1964, 86].

amJerad Cveni KuradGebis sagania III piris nacvalsaxe-li mu- megrulsa da lazurSi, romelic qarTuli man nacvalsa-

28


xelis SesatKvisia [Ciqobava 1936, 73; CarTolani 1985, 139]. misi mravlobiTi iwarmoeba -ef sufiqsis darTviT, mag-ram TvalSi sacemia mis win gaCenili elementebi: lazurSi _ T: mu-T-ef-e `maT, TviTon~, megrulSi _ n: mu-n-ef-i `maT, TviTon~. am TanxmovniTi elementebis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi gamoiTqva gansxvavebuli mosazre-bebi:

a) n. marma Tavis `yanuri (lazuri) enis gramatikaSi~ mu-Te-fe da nam-Te-fe formebSi gamoKo Te da fe ele-mentebi, rogorc mravlobiTobis sufiqsebi. Sesabamisad, amgvari formebi `ormagi mravlobiTobis~ gamomxatvelad miiCnia [mari 1910, 35].

b) i. KifSiZem megrulSi mesame piris nacvalsaxelis brunebis paradigmaSi mxoloobiTi ricxvisTvis mu nacvalsa-xeluri fuZe gamoKo, magram mravlobiTi ricxvis paradig-maSi _ mun fuZe (mun-ef-i, mun-ef-q º mun-en-q º mun-em-q... ). aseve piris nacvalsaxelTa sqemaSic mesame pi-ris nacvalsaxeli aseTi saxiTaa warmodgenili: `mu<mun ~он, сам~, munefi ~они, сами~ [KifSiZe 1914, 92-93].

g) arn. Ciqobavam rogorc megrulSi, aseve lazurSi miu-TiTa mu nacvalsaxelur fuZeze da aGniSna: `mravlobiTSi lazuri fuZec ganicdis cvlilebas da megrulic: lazurSi -T- da-erTvis, megrulSi -n... ~ es elementebi `erTi da imave Gire-bulebis morfologiuri odenoba unda iKos, oGond sxvadas-xva enobrivi fenidan. maTi morfologiuri funqcia da sadau-roba garkvevas sayiroebs~ [Ciqobava 1936, 76-77].

d) monografiaSi `qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavda-pirveli buneba da naTesaoba~ iv. JavaxiSvilma nacvalsa-xelTa analizisas gamoTqva varaudi, rom megruli CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli Tina Tavdapirvelad ukuqceviTi unda KofiliKo da misi kvali unda Candes meg. munefi da laz. muTefe formebSi [JavaxiSvili 1938, 442].

zanuris saanalizo masalaze dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom mu||muq, munefi||muTefe nacvalsaxelebi iSviaTad ixmareba. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis megrulze, sadac Cve-nebiTma nacvalsaxelma TiTqmis gamoaZeva igi da Tavad ikisra III piris gamoxatva. SeiZleba am faqtormac SeuwKo xeli mu nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelobis daviwroebas da uku-qceviTobis semantikiT Semofargvlas. i. KifSiZe SeniSnavs,

29


rom ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelis funqciiT megrulSi ixmareba dudi `Tavi, TviTon~ forma [KifSiZe 1914, 98]. mag.: ho, Cqim Jaga, Cqimi Cela, dudi mafu ongarali (t. I, 294, 13) `hoi, Cemo Jaga, Cemo Cela, Tavi maqvs dasatiri~; iSa va-gisxununano, dudi vadiGoraTini? (t. I, 292, 19) ìmas ar girCevniaT, Tavi ar moitKuoT?~ muS dus koCi Golansˆni, ina nters vaGolenia (KifS. 98) `Tavis Tavs kaci rom damar-Tebs, imas mteri ar uzamso~...

mu `man~ nacvalsaxelisaTvis ukuqceviTobis semanti-kis meoreulobaze isic metKvelebs, rom Tanamedrove me-grul zepirsitKvierebaSi arcTu iSviaTad ixmareba qarTulidan Sesuli TviTon ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxeli ùmTavresad pirveli piris nacvalsaxelis msazGvrelad~ [martirosovi 1964, 222]. mag.: ma ga‡unuq TviTon (xub. 10, 36) `me gamogKvebi TviTon~; muq TviTon TaS zoJu... `man Tavad ase brZa-na~...

aGsaniSnavia, rom megrulsa da lazurSi mu nacvalsa-xelis ukuqceviToba TvalSi sacemia SerwKmul da rTul wina-dadebebSi. roca es nacvalsaxeli Semasmenlebis momdev-nod an winadadebis boloSi dgas, maSinve subieqti [man] iZens aqtiobis niSans _ `subieqtis aqtiuroba gulisxmobs, rom is moqmedebs TviTon~ [mayavariani 1987, 54]. magaliTad, winadadebaSi _ `cxeni oros qigiorinu, muqˆ JaSi Jincˆ qidiinJirˆ (Kif. 96, 17) `cxeni CrdilSi daaKena, Tvi-Ton ki xis Ziras dawva~ _ subieqtis `muqˆ~ mier ganxorci-elebuli pirveli qmedeba `cxeni oros qigiorinu~ exeba pir-dapir obieqts, miskenaa orientirebuli, xolo meore moqme-deba _ `JaSi Jincˆ qidiinJirˆ~ Tavad subieqtzea orientirebuli, anu TviTon ganicdis am moqmedebas, an mas exeba am moqmedebis Sedegi. moviKvanT sxva sailustracio masa-las:

a) megrulSi:oSi manaTi Cils qimeCˆ, oSi manaTi muq qˆdekinˆ do

oSi manaTi squas qimeCˆ (xub. 195, 20) àsi maneTi cols misca, asi maneTi TviTon daitova da asi maneTi Svils mi-sca~; midee‡onˆ do cas qimikaxunuu do muqˆ sua qimi-kaaforˆ (Kif. 39, 4) `waiKvana da caSi dasva da TviTon frTa moafara~; ludukis qˆdutu kˆla do muq midarTˆ (xub. 89, 14) `ludukis dautova gasaGebi da TviTon wavida~; muyo

30


qiminˆko ludukiqˆn, quwu aleqsandreq do muq midarTˆ iSo (xub. 91, 9) `rogor moqceuliKo luduki, uTxra aleqsan-drem da TviTon wavida~...

b) lazurSi:ar biga ma momCu do ar biga muq qodiqaCu (asaT.

45, 12-21) `erTi Joxi me momca da erTi Joxi TviTon daiyi-ra~; kulani... ia oxoiS doloxe qanaSqves do muTefe igza-les (asaT. 87, 47-6, 7) `gogo... is saxlSi (`saxlis SigniT~) datoves da TviTon wavidnen~; Juma-muSis didi da qome-Cu, muq yuta na tu qeyofu (kart. 194, 5) `Tavis Zmas ufro-si da misca, TviTon ki, romelic umcrosi iKo, is daitova~; guruni do msqveri-na va iCinams koCi, muq ren guruni (Ciq. II, 22, 15) `virsa da Svels rom ver gaarCevs kaci, is TviTonaa viri~...

martiv konstruqciebSi, sadac winadadebis TavSi dgas mu||muq nacvalsaxeli, ukuqceviTobis semantika daCrdilu-lia. mag.: winadadebaSi `muq va uwua Jgˆrova... (xub. 141, 27) `man ar uTxra kargado~. muq nacvalsaxelis piri-elobaa win wamoweuli. aseve lazurSi: muq doyau, he nu-saq-qi... (kart. 1972, 160, 27) `man dawera, am rZalma rom... ~ muq kiTxu-qi, `Sainazi, moT imga?~-a (asaT. 55, 16, 88) `man hkiTxa `Sainazi, rad tirio?~. .

Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis mixedviT megrulsa da lazurSi mu nacvalsaxeli moqmedi piris, subieqtis gamo-mxatvelia. naklebi sixSiriT ixmareba misi mravlobiTis for-mebi, magram aqac subieqts, pirovnebas gamoxatavs. magaliTad,

a) megruli munefi `isini, TviTon~saxelobiTi brunvis formiT: muyo Sxafili kericalo mu-

nefi qeiTiCqvafudes (Kif. 150, 13) `viT mSieri keratebi `TviTon~ Cqamunob-dnen~;

moTxrobi-Ti

brunvis formiT: cxeni odiareSa gutes, mu-nefq qˆmisvanJes (xub. 97, 19) `cxeni sa-Zovarze miuSves, TviTon daisvenes~; ina munenq qimniqunes... (xub. 78, 6) is TviTon maT daixures... ~ munenq vada-nebesia arTianc do rTxulenania samarTals (xub. 88, 21) `maT erTmaneTs ar daane-

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bes da gTxoveno samarTals~; munenq xes jijiri tabaCa qodakes... (xub. 36, 29) `TviTon xelT or-ori dambaCa daiyires~.

micemiTi brunvis formiT: munens sode okodˆn, Teq qˆdolˆ (xub. 105, 14) `maT sadac un-dodaT, iq daeca~; qoT gagminwKu jirxoloq, muyo munefs aSqidiruafudesˆni TeS (xub. 33, 3) `kidec gamoewKo orive ise, ro-gorc maT ekadrebodaT~; mara Ti dGaq gi-odirTˆ munens, muT woxolen (sub. 137, 15) `magram iseTive dGe daadga maT, rac winaT~.

b) lazuri muTefe ìsini, TviTon~

saxelobiTi brunvis formiT: heTefe doGuines do muTe-fe kai sqides (kart. 1972, 164, 24) èseni mokvdnen da TviTon kargad darCnen~; oxoiSi saebi muTefe diKves (asaT. 68, 29-51) `saxlis patroni TviTon gaxdnen~; doK-viles, muTefe qomoxTes oxoiSa (asaT. 92, 48, 13-14) `mokles, TviTon movidnen saxlSi~; muTefe-Ti `var vulurT~-ia mi-wves (Kif. II, 1,8) `maTac àr wavalTo~ miTxres~. majvaa odas muTefe inJira-suntes (kart. 1972, 112, 21) `meore oTax-Si TviTon wvebodnen~;

moTxrobi-Ti

brunvis formiT: muTefeq qaezdes ocxoJi, saponi... do yeiSa qaexTes (kart. 1968, 158, 30) `Tavad aiGes savarcxeli, saponi... da sxvenze avidnen~; yita berefeq, muTe-feqTi iZicafan (Ciq. I, 121, 1) `patara bav-Svebi, isinic icinian~; neknas beqCefeq var amoCqves koCi, muTefeq mexTes faTiSa-iSa (kart. 1968, 175, 15) `karis mcvelebma ar SeuSves kaci, Tavad movidnen xelmwi-fesTan~; muTefeq-Ti ibgares, `si muyo

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kiliT~-a... (Ciq. II, 78, 14) `maTac itires, `Sen rogor mogkaliTo~... muTefeq-Ti oko-kidinu naSqves (jG. 98, 10) `maTac sa-Cxubrad miuSves~.

micemiTi brunvis formiT: muTefesTi xezmeqai ara-biSi biyi uKounteenan (kart. 1972, 104, 20) `maTac mosamsaxured arabi biyi hKoli-aT~; fadiSai-Ti mciqa Sufe diKveen, muTe-fes muTu var uwveen do naSqven (Ciq. I, 124, 5) `mefe cota SemTvrala, maTTvis araferi uTqvams da SemouSvia~ _ am uka-nasknel winadadebaSi muTefes forma da-matebis funqcias asrulebs.

aseTia munefi da muTefe III piris nacvalsaxelebis funqciuri datvirTva megrulsa da lazurSi. rac Seexeba maT formobriv mxares, megrulSi dasturdeba mxolod mu-n-efi forma, anu -ef ricxvis niSnis win KovelTvis dgas n Tanxmo-vani. saerTo wesis Tanaxmad, moTxrobiTsa da micemiTSi ricxvis formanti warmodgenilia -en||-em variantebiT: mu-nenqºmunemq, munensºmunems. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom megrulSi mu-n-ef-i forma aranair cvlilebas ar ganicdis.

lazurSi saintereso viTarebaa. rogorc arn. Ciqobava Se-niSnavs, muTefe formaSi SeiZleba Cavardes ricxvis for-mantiseuli Tanxmovani -ef-e da miviGoT muTee forma [Ciqobava 1936, 82], mag.: muTeeq-Ti va ifxonan (Ciq. I, 38, 20) `TviTonac ar yamen~; muTeeq sode ykomanen, si-Ti heqole ykomi-a (Ciq. I, 38, 12) `maT sadac uyamiaT, Senc iq yameo~. -ef formantis Tanxmovani SeiZleba mice-miTis formaSic daikargos. mag.: ma var vidi muTeS-kala (Kif. II, 1, 8) `me ar wavedi maTTan~: muTefes muTees muTes + kala muTeS-kala.

Kvela zemoT naxseneb SemTxvevaSi -T- elementi au-cileblad warmodgenilia mu- nacvalsaxeluri fuZis momdev-nod. magram aris ori forma, romlebSic n Tanxmovani iCens Tavs. erT SemTxvevaSi T bgeris nacvlad n dgas -fe formantis win: gei mendaxTes qoi-muTefeSiSa. ne-Ti mi-Cqin munefeS saGluGi... (asaT. 191, 168-36, 37) `ukan gabrundnen (`wavidnen~) TavianT sofelSi. arc `vici maTi sicocxle~... meore SemTxvevaSi munTefe forma, sadac

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erTbaSad orive n da T elementia warmodgenili. moviKvanT magaliTebs:

henTefeSi aTmaJaq na yofums bulduJini munTefeSi iven (Ciq. I, 12, 29) `maTi mimino rom iyers... is maTi iqne-ba~; Cqimi mali munTefes hodosqidunan Cqimi oGuuSku-le (kart. 1968, 171, 23) `Cemi qoneba maT darCebaT Cemi sikvdilis Semdeg~; munTefeSi faTiSaiTi eCdojur wanei en (kart. 1972, 114, 10) `maTi xelmwife ocdaori wlis iqneba~; qomoxTu munTefeSi kauliSi ora (kart. 1972, 98, 2) `movi-da TavianT daTqmul dros~; qonulvan kvinCaSa, xorci, Saa-bi jin qogedumenan, munTefeTi qogexedunan (kart. 1972, 88, 30) `mivlen frinvelTan, zed daawKoben xorcsa da SarbaTs, TviTonac dasxdebian~; emuSeni munTefeq biga va geCes, faTiSaiSa qoniKones (kart. 1972, 49, 23) àmitomac maT Joxi ar daartKes (imaT) da xelmwifesTan miiKvanes~. hawi munTefeSi oxoris xenan (Ciq. II, 39, 7) àxla TavianT saxlSi sxedan~.

maSasadame, lazurSi gvaqvs sami forma _ muTefe, munefe, munTefe, maSin, roca megrulSi gvaqvs erTa-derTi munefi forma. SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom amosavali for-ma n-ariani unda KofiliKo. saKuradGeboa, rom III piris na-cvalsaxelTan warmomavlobiT dakavSirebuli kiTxviTi na-cvalsaxeli mu `ra?~ [klimovi 1964, 124; martirosovi 1964, 187-188; fenrixi, sarJvelaZe 1990, 206] udevs safuZvlad ganusazGvrelobiT nacvalsaxels muTxa, muTxani `raGa-ca~ (Sdr. megr. mudga, mudgareni `raGaca~). magram lazurSi Segvxvda munTxani formac. magaliTad, munTxa-ni na unon, qomeCi (kart. 1972, 65-38) `raGaca rom unda, mieci~, sqaniʼsTeri myife do gunZe munTxanefes Cqimiʼ-sTeri baba qomoli koCiSa muTu daxenen-i? (jG. 25, 35) `Sennairi wvrili da awowili raGaceebi Cemnair vajkacs ras uzams?~ munTxa miGutes (jG. 77, 1) `raGaca gvqonda~; he munTxani moxTaSi... (jG. 5, 15) ès raGaca rom movi-des~... munTxanienTe qexTu (kart. 1972, 66, 26) `raGac-nairad avida~; aCqva Ziru-qi, munTxa mulun... (kart. 1972, 176, 3) `sxva raGaca naxa, rom modis~...

cxadia, am formebSi aGdgeba n determinanti-sufiqsi, romelic mxoloobiT ricxvSi gvaqvs xolme: oryaiq uJoxu:

erTaderTi magaliTia, isic saqarTveloSi Cawerili.

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`mun oren~-a (jG. 99, 35) `oryelma (sofelia arqabeSi) da-uZaxa: ra ariso~; si xe-na okondriki do noguri, mun ortu? (jG. 36, 25) `Sen xeli rom modrike da gabrazdi, ra iKo?~ saerTod, zanurSi determinanti -n sufiqsi, piris nacvalsaxe-lebis msgavsad, kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebsac daerTvis, romle-bic mxoloobiTSi ikargeba, magram aGdgeba mravlobiTSi: min? `vin~ _ min-ef-i `vinebi~, muºmun? `ra~ (am ukanas-knels megrulSi mravlobiTi ar ewarmoeba, xolo lazurSi gveq-neba mufe, magram zogJer muefe-c dasturdeba, rac aSka-rad migvaniSnebs determinanti n Tanxmovnis dakargvas) _ [Ciqobava 1936, 83-85]. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom lazuri fonotaqtikis mixedviT nT decesiuri mimdevrobis na-zaluri kompleqsi dasaSvebia [quTelia 1979], SeiZleba viva-raudoT, rom munTefe formaSi SenarCunebulia _ n deter-minanti Tanxmovani, romelic saxezea megrulSi mu-n-ef-i formaSi.

T elementi lazuris formaSi badebs kiTxvas: xom ar aris is naSTi Ti `Tavi~ arsebiTi saxelisa, romelsac ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelobac aqvs [mari 1910, 147]. aGsa-niSnavia, rom megrulSic dasturdeba es Ti odnavi semanti-kuri gadaweviT: `Tavis saxlSi, TavisTan~ mniSvnelobis mqonea. mag., mide‡onu muSi TiSa (Kif. 7, 22) `waiKvana TavisTan~; yiye xaniSi ukuli muSi TiSa guutu (Kif. 7, 24) `cota xnis Semdeg Tavis saxlSi (`TavisTan~) gauSva; muSi TiSa qˆmorTˆ Te koCqˆ (Kif. 13, 2) `Tavis saxlSi movida es kaci~; intˆ muSi TiSa (Kif. 9, 13) `gaiqca Sin (`Tavis-Tan~)...

rogorc vxedavT, Ti ZiriTadad Tan axlavs muSi `misi, Tavisi~ kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxels. SesaZloa lazurSic Ti mi-erTvoda mu(<mun) III piris nacvalsaxels da aZlierebda ukuqceviTobis semantikas: mu{n} Ti `man TviTon~... aG-saniSnavia, rom lazurSi ukuqceviTobis mniSvneloba ufro gamokveTilia, vidre megrulSi.

vfiqrobT, rom laz. mu-T-ef-e da megr. mu-n-ef-i for-maTa T da n elementebi istoriulad gansxvavebuli warmo-mavlobisa Cans. isini mravlobiTobis formebma Semoinaxa imdenad, ramdenadac maT xmovanTgamKari Tanxmovnis funqcia Seasrules.

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$ 4. CvenebiT da mimarTebiT nacvalsaxelTa mravlobiTis formebisaTvis lazuris aTinur kilokavSi

lazuris aTinur kilokavSi CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa siste-ma warmodgenilia ham ès~, him ìs~ formebiT, romle-bic, xofur aa ès~, ia ìs~ da viwur-arqabul haa ès~, hea ìs~ nacvalsaxelebisagan gansxvavebiT, Seicavs mu nacvalsaxelur Zirs: ham<hamu, him<himu. sxvaoba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa mravlobiT ricxvSi: `xofursa da viwur-arqabulSi mxoloobiTi ricxvisa mxolod CvenebiTi na-wilebi gvaqvs: a-||ha- _ e-||he-: maT daerTvis T elementi, mas mosdevs mravlobiTobis mawarmoebeli -ef da saxelo-biTi brunvis daboloeba -e: xof.: a-n-T-ef-e, viw. -arq.: ha-m-T-ef-e||ha-T-ef-e. T-s win m-||n- fonetikuradaa ganvi-Tarebuli~ [Ciqobava 1936, 82]. Sesabamisad, lazurSic aG-dgeba T nacvalsaxeluri Ziri, romelic dasturdeba megrulSi: a-T-e ès~, e-T-i ìs~...

lazurSi saxelTa mravlobiTis warmoebis sistemaSi gan-sxvavebul suraTs qmnis aTinuri kilokavis hani, hini Cve-nebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, agreTve nani `romlebi~ mimarTebi-Ti nacvalsaxeli, romlis mxoloobiTis formaa namu `rome-li~. aGniSnul nacvalsaxelebSi arsad ar Cans -ef sufiqsi, xo-lo saxelobiTis e niSnis nacvlad gvaqvs i, romelic fuZesaa Sexorcebuli da Tan gadahKveba sxva brunvebSic. Tu n-s miviCnevT mravlobiTobis sufiqsad [mari 1910, 13; cagareli 1957, 26], gamodis, rom irib brunvebSi gvaqvs Semdegi mimdevroba: ha-n-i-q, ha-n-i-s, ha-n-i-S... hi-n-i-q, hi-n-i-s, hi-n-i-S... na-n-i-q, na-n-i-s, na-n-i-S... erT SemTxvevaSi haºhi CvenebiT nawilakebs mosdevs mravlobiTi ricxvis ni-Sani n, Semdeg funqciadakarguli saxelobiTis i daboloeba da bolos Sesabamisi brunvis niSani. meore SemTxvevaSic igive Tanmimdevrobaa, mxolod CvenebiTi nawilakis nacvlad gvaqvs nawilaki na, romlis `pirdapiri mniSvneloba `ra~ unda iKos~ [Ciqobava 1936, 184].

megrulSi CvenebiT da mimarTebiT nacvalsaxelTa mravlobiTis msgavsi formebi ar mogvepoveba. rac Seexe-ba qarTuls, aq KuradGebas iqcevs is faqti, rom dasavlur ki-loebSi `mravlobiTi ricxvi iwarmoeba saxelobiTis n- sufiqsia-

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ni fuZis ganzogadebiT sxva brunvebSi. nacvlad Zveli qar-TulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli i g i n i - i m a T tipis warmoe-bisa, gvaqvs: a g i n i | a g e n i , a g i n m a | a g e n m a , a g i n s | a g e n s ... paralelurad a m g e n m a , a m -g e n s , i m g e n m a , i m g e n s ~... [CarTolani 1985, 103]. dasavluri kiloebis Cveneba TiTqos uaxlovdeba aTinu-ri kilos viTarebas, magram Cndeba kiTxva. am dialeqtebSi (guruli, qvemoimeruli, leCxumuri, ayaruli) `saxelobiTis n-iani formis generalizacia danarCen brunvebSi~ miCneulia meoreul movlenad, inovaciad [martirosovi 1964, 315-316; CarTolani 1985, 106]; ra kvalifikacia unda mieces aTinurSi dadasturebul hani, hini, nani formebs?

n. marma Tavis monografiul gamokvlevaSi `lazuri (la-zuri) enis gramatika~ hani, hini formebis analizisas aG-niSna, rom aq Semonaxulia mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani n, ro-melsac mierTvis saxelobiTi brunvis i daboloeba. Semdeg msJelobas ase ganagrZobs: `... показатель мн. числа n появляется и с тубал-кайнским именнымъ окончанием e (n-e), но одновременно с fe _ в форме с двумя показателями множественности: hami-ne-fe эти, здешние, hi-ne-fe-s в техъ (местах) nam-i-ne-fe которые~ [mari 1910, 34].

haminefe, naminefe formebSi ormag mravlobiTze ver vimsJelebT, radganac orivegan gamoiKofa min `vin?~ kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli. lazurSi min forma kargavs bolokidur n-s, magram mas i. KifSiZe adasturebs CxalurSi, sadac aG-dgeba xmovniT dawKebuli sitKvis da nawilakebis (-ia, o) win. mag.: haa min oren? (Kif. I, 11, 54) ès vin aris?~ mi-nefi, naminefi||namˆnefˆ formebi Cveulebrivia megrul-Sic, sadac mxoloobiTSi mi ixmareba n-s gareSe (Sdr. mu < mun `TviTon~). Cveni azriT, aTinurSic ha-min-ef-e forma-Si min `vin?~ kiTxviT nacvalsaxels win erTvis deiqsisi ha, xolo momdevnod _ ricxvis mawarmoebeli -ef sufiqsi. Sesa-bamisad mniSvneloba gviCvenebs pirvel pirTan mKofT: èseni~, àqaurebi~ _ haminefe sade si†Teri-dula iquma-ni? (mari, 87, 8) àqaurebi Kvela miminos yeriTaa dakave-buli?~ forma naminefe adgilze miuTiTebs _ `romeli, rogo-ri adgilebi?~ mag.: Goma si†TeriTe naminefe goxTi orTiyi-Seni? (mari, 89, 6) `wuxel romel adgilebSi waxvedi mimi-nos dasayerad?~

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rogorc vxedavT, nacvalsaxelTa sistemaSi gancalkeve-biT dgas hani, hini da nani formebi. n. CarTolanis mier gamoiTqva varaudi: `xom ar Seicavs n Zirs lazuris aTinur kilokavSi mravlobiT ricxvSi gamovlenili hani-hini?~ [Ca-rTolani 1985, 140]. mecnieri zanurisTvis aGadgens Sem-deg nacvalsaxelur Zirebs: /S/, /q/, *mo/mu/, *dT, n. es ukanaskneli TiTqos ar dasturdeba lazurSi. aq, Cveni azriT, gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime arsebiTi momenti.

cnobilia, rom qarTvelur enebSi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxe-lebi asruleben III piris nacvalsaxelis funqcias, magram ar-sebobs sxvaobac: qarTulSi gvaqvs CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa samwevrovani sistema, sadac òri funqciaa ganviTarebuli: erTi mxriv, mimarTeba pirebTan aris dakavSirebuli (pirvel pirTan mKofi, meore pirTan mKofi, mesame pirTan mKofi), xolo, meore mxriv, gadmocemulia sagnis siaxlove-siSore~ [CarTolani 1985, 7]; zanurSi, aseve svanurSic, gvaqvs Cve-nebiT nacvalsaxelTa orwevrovani sistema, anu mimarTeba pirebTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. sivrceSi orientacia, anu si-Sore-siaxlovis aGniSvna megrul-lazurSi emKareba deiqtur xmovanTa opozicias: a _ axlos mKofi, iºe- Sors mKofi. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa lazurSi [CarTolani 1985, 142].

aTinurSi amgvar orwevra sistemas qmnis ham da him nacvalsaxelebi, romlebSic mu nacvalsaxeluri fuZe Sekve-cili saxiTaa warmodgenili. erTi mxriv, gvaqvs ham, him nacvalsaxelebi, meore mxriv, hamu, himu. maTi funqcie-bic gamiJnulia. rogorc wesi, arasruli formebi ham, him ix-mareba mxolod CvenebiTobis funqciiT, anu msazGvrelad axlavs arsebiT saxels. magaliTad:

ham dGaSi oxo litrof on (mari, 92, 10) àm dGis sax-eli `litrofi~ aris; ham s…aSa viwe ofSa mendraʼni? (mari, 93, 19) àm adgilidan viwemde didi manZilia?~ ham qi-Tab qomomCiko (mari 94, 24) ès wigni rom mogeca~; hus ham deliq Juma muSis uwu-Ci... (Kif. II, 81, 9) àm zarmacma Tavis Zmas uTxra rom... ~ ‡uu, ham Cobaniq mua mo� Godes? (Kif. 81, 26) ù, am mwKemsma ra da-gvmarTa?~ him xoJaq nak yara tku? (mari 95, 11) ìm xo-Jam sad iswavla?~ him s…a ma va miSqun (mari 94, 11) ìs adgili me ar vici~; him dora wulu Juma gza nagu! (Ciq. II, 122, 19) ìm dros umcrosi Zma gzas gaudga!~ him da-

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CxuriSi ianiSa mendaxTu (Ciq. II, 119, 6) ìm cecxlis qve-KanaSi wavida~; naq idu him koCi? (Kif. 83, 24) `sad wa-vida is kaci?~ ali do osmani-Ti him gzas Gures (Kif. 93, 7) àli da osmanic im gzaze mokvdnen~.

Tu ham, him nacvalsaxelebi III piris gamomxatvelia, anu saxelobiT brunvaSi mKofi subieqturi da obieqturi piris funqcias asrulebs, warmodgenilia sruli formebiT: hamu, himu, romelsac zogJer mierTvis -Ti (`ca~) nawilaki. mag.: himu-Ti ‡idu, fara doqlimu (Ciq. II, 128, 23) ìsic wavida, fuli Seinaxa~; himuTi bogzali, var momwondu (kart. 1970, 221, 24) ìsic gavuSvi, ar momewona~; himuTi mendebio-niko, babaSkimi mokapinasen gale (kart. 1970, 220, 25) ìsic rom wameKvana, mamaCemi gamagdebda gareT~; mumuli Sqimi hamuq nukvaTu! (Kif. II, 76, 23) `Cemi ma-mali aman dakla~; hamuq emiSinaxu do tkva (Tqva) muaSeni var emiSinaxiT? (Kif. II, 80, 21) àman Seminaxa da Tqven ratom ar SeminaxeT?~ hamuq baSka xorZa do-Gurinu! (Kif. 80, 4) àman ufrosi rZali moakvdina~.

SeiniSneba erTi tendenciac _ gardamaval zmnebTan mosalodneli moTxrobiTi brunvis nacvlad gvxvdeba saxelo-biTis forma. mag.: himu fara meCu do kaiGo (º†eluka) uin-dru (kart. 1970, 226, 27) ìman fuli misca da navi uKida~; himu oSkomu dido daaGi... (kart. 1970, 227, 8) ìman ya-ma bevri Joxi~... Skuni lazi dido geCu xolo SeiTani, xolo dowamu himu (kart. 1970, 227, 12) `Cvenma lazma ki-dev bevri urtKa eSmaks, kvlav dabegva (`mokla~) iman~; himu diindru vi manaTi xami (kart. 1970, 228, 1) ìman iKida aT maneTad dana~...

micemiTi brunvis nacvladac SeiZleba Segvxvdes saxe-lobiTis forma: daha vrosi dolvonqurtu himu (kart. 1970, 224, 13) ùfro kargi ecva imas~.

ham, him nacvalsaxelTa msgavsad namu `romeli~ mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis Sekvecili forma nam gamoiKe-neba msazGvrelis rolSi. mag.: nam qoiSa eSkaxTare? (mari, 84, 8) `romel sofelSi midixar?~ laqin nam dGa on, va miSqun (mari, 92, 12) `magram romeli dGea, ar vici~; nam kui dolotoCi? (kart. 1970, 228, 19) `romel yaSi Caag-de?~

nacvalsaxelTa sruli da arasruli formebis amgvari fun-

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qciuri gamiJvna megrulisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia. kerZod, aTena º Tena, eTina º Tina nacvalsaxelebis arasruli (mo-kvecili) formebia: Tena > ena / Te / e; Tina > ina / Ti / i. Sesabamisad, piris nacvalsaxelebia KovelTvis sruli formebi, xolo arasruli formebidan n-ariani variantebi: ena, ina. rac Seexeba Te/e da Ti/i formebs, maT CvenebiTi nacvalsaxe-lis funqcia aqvT da àrasodes gvxvdeba damoukideblad, gamoiKeneba rogorc msazGvrelebi, KovelTvis uswreben sazGvruls da ar icvlebian arc brunvis da arc ricxvis mixed-viT (Te koCi ès kaci~, Te koCq àm kacma~... Te koCefi ès kacebi~. Te koCefq àm kacebma~) [cxadaia 2009, 23]. TavisTavad aTena, eTina formebi rTuli agebulebisaa da ori nacvalsaxeluri Ziris _ -T-s da -n-s SeerTebiT Cans miGebuli, romlebsac win erTvis deiqsisebi a da e, eseni aseve ukavSirdebian lazuris ham, him, hani, hini formebSi dadasturebul ha, hi elementebs [mari 1925, 18, 22; CarTo-lani 1985, 140; Ciqobava 1936, 81].

aTinuri teqstebis mixedviT namu nacvalsaxeli III piris gamomxatvelia. mag.: sq…aliTi namu ore, qale miSi an-deri? (mari 113, 25-3) `qaliSvili, romelic aseTia, visia oxe-ri?~ namu-Ti ‡on, miwvi (Ciq. II, 136, 14) `romelic aris, miTxari~.

mravlobiT ricxvSi hani, hini, nani nacvalsaxelebi ix-mareba mxolod III piris funqciiT iseve, rogorc hamu, hi-mu, namu nacvalsaxelebi.

1) dgas saxelobiT brunvaSi da aGniSnavs gardauvali zmnis subieqtur pirs:

hani qomoxTes (Ciq. II, 108, 9) èseni movidnen~; an-Txozes hani... hani imtes (Ciq. II, 132, 27) `gaedevnen eseni... eseni gaiqcnen~; hani qogamaxtes, ‡ar konaGiSa mendaxtes (Ciq. II, 132, 34) èseni Camovidnen, erT sa-saxleSi wavidnen~; hani-Ti igzales, fara niSi eyofuman (Kif. 80, 35) èsenic wavidnen, Tavis fuls aiGeben~; hani-Ti gemiJi Sqimi ‡on! (Ciq. II, 133, 1) èsenic Cemi mezGva-urebi arian~; hani-Ti sumi-Ti okikaTes... (Ciq. II, 133, 15) èsenic samive Seikribnen~... qon, ama hus hini mua ife-len? (mari, 93, 13) àris, magram axla isini risTvis varga?~

2) hani||hini gadmoscems gardamavali zmnis subieq-tur pirs saxelobiTi brunvis formiT nacvlad moTxrobiTisa:

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hani Tqves-qi `Squ-Ti bimtaT!~ (Ciq. II, 133, 6) àmaT Tqves, rom `Cvenc gaviqceTo!~ hani qodoliqunes, du-guniSa ‡ulunan cxenefeTe (Ciq. II, 130, 30) àmaT Caicves, qorwilSi midian cxenebiT~; hini dula iquman (Ciq. II, 107, 3) ìsini saqmes akeTeben~; hini oxori wofxuman (Ciq. II, 107, 3) ìsini saxls aSeneben~; hini Tqves-Ci (Ciq. II, 119, 17) maT Tqves, rom... ~

3) gamoxatavs pirdapir obieqtur pirs:qomefCi hini himu (kart. 1970, 219, 10) `miveci isini

imas~; hini he mebaSqvi, ma qomovTi (Ciq. II, 124, 5) ìsi-ni iq gavuSvi, me movedi~; lazuri askerefe mendaxtes do hini omtines (Kif. II, 72, 29) `lazi Jariskacebi wavidnen da isini gaaqcies~; hini bgoraT, qobZiraT do movionaT (KifS. II, 73, 7) ìsini movZebnoT, vnaxoT da moviKvanoT~.

4) micemiT brunvaSi dgas e. w. inversiul zmnebTan: hinis quSqunan (Ciq. II, 107, 27) `maT ician~; hinis mu-Ti var axeneran (KifS. II, 82, 8) `maT araferi gamou-vaT~...

aTinur teqstSi ver davadastureT nani forma, magram cxadia, misi xmarebis principi igive iqneba, rac namu `ro-meli~ nacvalsaxelisa. maSasadame, hamu, himu, namu da hani, hini, nani formaTa funqciuri datvirTva aseTia _ gamoxaton subieqturi (iSviaTad obieqturi) piri moqmede-bis lokatiuri orientaciis CvenebiT. amave dros, isini, ricxvis mixedviT opoziciur wKvilebs qmnian: hamu _ hani, himu _ hini, namu _ nani. iqmneba STabeydileba, rom mu na-cvalsaxeluri fuZis sapirispirod gvaqvs ni nacvalsaxeluri fu-Ze, romelsac amJerad simravlis gamoxatva akisria (Sdr. megr. ena, ina formebi).

Cndeba kiTxva, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom hamu, hi-mu, namu formebs -ef sufiqsiT ewarmoebinaT mravlobiTi ricxvi. daviwKoT imiT, rom xofursa da viwur-arqabulSi na-mu `romeli~ nacvalsaxelis mravlobiTis formaa namTefe [Ciqobava 1936, 84]. namTefe<*namuTefe nacvalsaxel-Si gamoiKofa muTefe, rac muq `man~ III piris nacvalsa-xelis mravlobiTis formaa. aseve megrulSi namu-s mravlo-biTi gadmoicema namunefi nacvalsaxeliT, sadac munefi forma aseve III piris nacvalsaxelis mravlobiTis gamomxat-velia megrulSi. is faqti, rom megrulsa da lazuris viwur-ar-

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qabul, xofur kilokavebSi namu nacvalsaxelis mravlobiTi -ef sufiqsiTaa nawarmoebi, gvafiqrebinebs, rom nani `rom-lebi~ formisaTvis mravlobiTobis gamoxatva meoreulia. al-baT igive iTqmis hani, hini CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebzec, miT umetes, rom i. KifSiZis mier Caweril masalaSi gvaqvs hanefe forma: ukaCxe hanefes mileTi (koCefe) ofSa xavi diu (Kif. II, 72, 31) `maT ukan uTvalavi xalxiT gaivso... ~ arn. Ciqobavas KuradGeba miuqcevia am formisTvis: `sa-gulisxmoa agreTve aTinuri hanefe 7231 Cveulebrivi hani-s nacvlad (èseni~)... ~ [Ciqobava 1939, XXX]. aqve Tu ga-vixsenebT n. maris mier zemoT moKvanil amonaridSi na-xseneb formas _ hinefes [mari 1910, 34], saintereso sura-Ti iqmneba: hanefe, hinefe formebSi an daCrdilulia han-i formis mravlobiTobis semantika da ricxvis gamoxatva -ef morfemas ekisreba; an han-i nacvalsaxels arc hqonia Tav-dapirvelad mravlobiTobis mniSvneloba da masSi warmo-dgenilia n nacvalsaxeluri Ziri ha||hi deiqsisebis momdev-nod.

*han da *hin formebis daSvebas gvafiqrebinebs ase-ve KifSiZiseul aTinur teqstebSi dadasturebuli hin forma: hin(?) bozo-moTa, sevda-muSiSeni meraGi-na u-Te, ham destani gamiGu (Kif. II, 90, 2-3) ìm SviliSvilma, Tavisi sev-dis gamo bneli fiqrebiT SepKrobilma, es poema gadmoi-Go~... rogorc vxedavT, konteqstSi erTdroulad CvenebiTo-bis funqciiT ixmareba hin ìm, is~ da ham ès, am~ na-cvalsaxelebi. cxadia, orive mxoloobiT ricxvSia, ramdena-dac miTiTebiTis funqciiT xmarebisas CvenebiT nacvalsaxe-lebs mravlobiTi ricxvi ar ewarmoebaT.

vfiqrobT, hin forma iseve dasaSvebia aTinurSi, rogorc him, ham formebi. aGsaniSnavia, rom arqabulSic arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba hemu>hem formebi, rac himu>him nacvalsaxelTa badalia (i/e _ xmovnebs siSoris aGniSvna ekisrebaT zanurSi). imave arqabulSi, kerZod, s. jGentis mi-er Caweril teqstebSi, Segvxvda hen ìs~ forma, romelsac aSkarad mxoloobiTobis gageba aqvs, ixmareba msazGvre-lis rolSi da CvenebiTobis semantikis mqonea. magaliTad, ar ieris qortes oTxo Juma. hen didi-na ren, deli ren do ga-msaraT Joxons (jG. 127, 28) èrT qveKanaSi iKo oTxi Zma. is, ufrosi romelicaa, sulelia da gamsaraTi hqvia~; `ka-a bo-

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zofes dobkiTxa~-a, Tqu fadiSariq. hen didi bozos uwu-qi... (jG. 132, 19-21)... `kargio, qaliSvilebs vkiTxavo~, _ Tqva xelmwifem. im ufros qaliSvils uTxra rom... ~ majurafe din-Jires. hen didi-na ren-qi, Cumers (jG. 130, 14) `sxvebi da-wvnen. is, ufrosi romelicaa, fiqrobs~; hen yuta-na ren, bo-zoq Cumers (jG. 130, 20) ìs gogo, umcrosi romelicaa, fiq-robs~; okul hen yuyuta bozos qoduJoxu (jG. 132, 25) `me-re im patara qaliSvils dauZaxa~; hen yuta bozos mawkin-di-Ti var uGun (jG. 138, 6) ìm umcros qaliSvils beyedic ara aqvs~...

rogorc Cans, aTinuri hani èseni~, hini ìsini~, hane-fe èseni~, hinefe ìsini~, agreTve aTinuri hin da arqabu-li hen ìs~ formaTa n elementi erTi da igive odenobaa da nacvalsaxelur Zirs warmoadgens.

lazursa da megrulSi n nacvalsaxeluri Ziris arsebobas mxars uyers is faqtic, rom zanurSi gardauval zmnebSi me-same subieqturi piris niSnad gvaqvs -n sufiqsi, romelic zm-nas mravlobiT ricxvSic gadahKveba. piris niSnebi ki zmnaSi warmoSobiT nacvalsaxeluri proklitika-enklitikebia.

dasasrul, ismis kiTxva: ramdenad dasaSvebia lazurSi gansxvavebuli fuZeebiT [hamu _ hani, himu _ hini] III piris nacvalsaxelis mxoloobiTi da mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatva? msgavsi ram ar unda iKos SeuZlebeli, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT svanuris lentexuri kilos Taviseburebas _ III piris nacvalsa-xelTa mravlobiTi gadmoicema mxoloobiTis fuZeze sxva na-cvalsaxeluri fuZis mierTebiT: ala _ almin º amnil; eJa _ eJmin, xolo balszemourSi _ r mravlobiTobis sufiqsis darTviT [Tofuria 1979, 232; CarTolani 1985, 124-125].

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II Tavi

piris mravlobiTobis gamoxatva zmnaSi

$ 5. subieqturi piris ricxvis warmoebaI da II seriis mwkrivebSi

SesavalSi iTqva, rom zmnasTan mimarTebiT ricxvis kategoria logikuri TvalsazrisiT scildeba saxelTa mravlobiTis Cveulebriv gagebas. rogorc wesi, zmnaSi aisaxeba masTan SewKobili piris (aqtantis) ricxvi. aglutinaciur da amav-droulad polipersonalur enebSi zmnuri forma asaxavs im da imden pirs, romelsac da ramdensac SeiwKobs, ara mxolod materialurad markirebuls, aramed nulovani markirebis mqonesac. amitomac pirTa ricxvis gamoxatvis analizisas upriania subieqt-obieqtis cnebebiT visargebloT, radgan su-bieqti da obieqti enis logikur-semantikuri donis universaluri kategoriebia. amasTan nebismieri formaluri kategoria (va-lentoba, aqtantebi, adgilianoba... ) `formaluri morfologiisa da sintaqsis agebas emsaxureba. pirTa romloba da rogoro-ba ki definiciis ZaliT, maT semantikur, Sinaarsobliv datvir-Tvas gulisxmobs~ [mayavariani 1987, 79]. am faqtors gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs ricxvis kategoriasTan mimarTebiT, radgan, rogorc specialur literaturaSia SeniS-nuli, qarTvelur enebSi mkacrad aris daculi piri [I, II] ~ arapi-ri [III] diqotomia subieqturi piris ricxvis aGniSvnisas, xolo megrul-lazurSi es principi obieqtur pirebzec vrceldeba [asaTiani 1999, 25-26].

aGniSnuli Sexeduleba emKareba im faqts, rom nebis-mieri sakomunikacio aqti or pirs gulisxmobs. maSinac ki, roca adamiani sakuTar TavTan rCeba, fiqriT meore `me~-s mimarTavs. amitomac v. fon humboldti daaskvnis: swored es niSan-Tviseba, romelic mTel kacobriobas hKofs or dapi-rispirebul klasad _ `Cemi~ (`Tavisi~) da `sxvisi~ _ aris sa-fuZveli Kovelgvari sazogadoebrivi kavSirisa Tu gaerTiane-bebisa [humboldti 1985, 395-399]. amgvari diqotomia kar-gad Cans piris nacvalsaxelebSi. erTi mxriv, gvaqvs dapiris-

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pireba me ~ Sen, meore mxriv _ me/Sen ~ is. frangma enaTmecnierma e. benvenistma korelaciis am or saxes Semdegi kvalifikacia misca: a) subieqturobis korelacia, roca erTmaneTs upirispirdeba `me~ s u b i e q t u r i piri da `Sen~ a r a s u b i e q t u r i piri; b) pirianobis korela-cia, roca erTmaneTs upirispirdeba p i r i [me, Sen] da a r a p i r i [is] [benvenisti 1974, 264-266]. ramdenadac zmnaSi ricxvis gamoxatva myidrod aris dakavSirebuli piris kategoriasTan (mxolod piri SeiZleba iKos ama Tu im ricxvis mqone), sakiTxi ase dgeba: aisaxeba Tu ara pirTa korelaci-is es saxeebi mravlobiT ricxvSic. e. benvenistis azriT, aisa-xeba, magram pirisa da arapiris mravlobiTis gageba gan-sxvavebulia. kerZod, `Cven~ sxva araferia, Tu ara mkveT-rad danawevrebul elementTa gaerTianeba, romelSic gaba-tonebuli mdgomareoba uyiravs `me~-s zogJer im zoma-mde, rom mravlobiTis Secvla SeiZleba mxoloobiTis formiT. amis mizezi isaa, rom `Cven~ ar warmoadgens `me~-s ubralo pluralizacias (`Cven~ ≠ me+me+me... ), aramed esaa `me~, romlis konkretuli sazGvrebi waSlilia, gadaweu-lia... [benvenisti 1974, 268]. `Cven~ bundovnad miuTiTebs imaTze, visac sakuTari `me~-s garda gulisxmobs mTqmeli. maSinac ki, roca kiTxvaze `vin SemomierTdeba me?~ ada-mianebis Jgufi pasuxobs: `Cven Kvela gierTdebiT~, _ TiTo-euli metKvelis poziciidan es niSnavs mxolod amas: `me gi-erTdebi da sxvebic (Cemi azriT)~ [iesperseni 1958, 220-221]. II piris mravlobiTi ricxvis forma `Tqven~ SeiZleba gu-lisxmobdes Cveulebriv mravlobiTs, roca Tqven=Sen+Sen+Sen... an, o. iespersenis terminologiiT, m i a x l o e b i T mravlobiTs, roca Tqven=Sen+erTi an me-ti piri, romlebic ar monawileoben sakomunikacio aqtSi [ies-perseni 1958, 221].

`Cven~ da `Tqven~ piris nacvalsaxelTa amgvari ga-gebidan gamomdinare, e. benvenistis azriT, zmnis piri mravlobiTSi pirs gafarToebulad da difuzurad gamoxatavs [benvenisti 1974, 269]. maT sapirispirod, III pirTan gvaqvs namdvili zmnuri pluralizmi. swored mesame piri, romelic Tavisi arsiT arapiria, SeiZleba gamoxatavdes mravlobiTo-bas, raodenobriobas. amitomac, e. benvenistis Sexedule-biT, zmnasa da piris nacvalsaxelebSi mravlobiTi ricxvi im-

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denad mravlobiTobas ar gviCvenebs, ramdenadac u s a -z G v r o b a s. Sesabamisad, zmnur formaTa daKofa mxo-loobiTisa da mravlobiTis formebad xelaxla unda iqnes in-terpretirebuli piris kategoriis CarCoebSi s a k u T r i v p i -r i s (=mxoloobiTi ricxvi) da g a f a r T o e b u l i p i r i s (=mravlobiTi ricxvi) urTierTdapirispirebis safuZvelze [ben-venisti 1974, 269].

zemoT aGniSnuli msJelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom I da II piri upirispirdeba III pirs, romelic e. benvenistis mier arapirad kvalificirdeba, rac sakamaToa. erTi mxriv, cxadia, rom pirveli da meore pirebi mxolod adamianis aGm-niSvnelia, xolo mesame piri _ adamianisac da araadamian-isac. meore mxriv, pirveli piris simravlis aGmniSvneli `Cven~ gramatikulad da logikuradac gulisxmobs me (pirveli piri) + sxva pirs, ra Tqma unda, `sxva adamians~, romelic SeiZleba iKos `Sen~ da `is~. es kargad Cans im enebSi, sadac inkluzivi da eqskluzivi garCeulia:Cven (inkluzivi) = me (pirveli piri) + Sen (meore piri)

= me (pirveli piri) + Tqven (Sen + is) (mesame piri)

= me (pirveli piri) + Tqven (Sen + isini is (mesame piri) + isini (mesame pirebi)

Cven (eqskluzivi) = me (pirveli piri) + is (mesame piri) = me (pirveli piri) + isini (is + isini)

(mesame pirebi)Tqven Sesabamisad iqneba Sen (meore piri) + is

(mesame piri) an isini (is + isini, mesame pirebi). am kom-binaciebidan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom is (mesame piri) piria, winaaGmdeg SemTxvevaSi is ver miemateboda pirvel da meore pirebs da ver Seqmnida mravlobiTi ricxvis nacvalsaxels.

naTelia, rom Cven, Tqven nacvalsaxelebSi moazre-buli mesame piri iseTive personaluri piria, rogorc, me da Sen. magram arsebobs meore kategoriis (Tu rigis) mesame piri, ufro sworad inpersonaluri piri, romelic, ben-venistis terminologiiT, arapiria. igulisxmeba swored sax-elTa is semantikuri Jgufebi, romlebic adamians ar aGniS-

msJeloba mogvKavs m. qurdianis recenziidan (ix. xelnaweri recenzia Cveni sakandidato naSromisa `gramatikuli ricxvis sistema zanurSi~).

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naven. Sesabamisad nacvalsaxeli isini Tavisi arsiT orgvaria:

(1) isini = is (adamiani) + is (adamiani) : mesame piri(2) isini = is (araadamiani) + is (araadamiani) : mesame

arapiriTavisTavad, isini nacvalsaxelis òrmagi~ buneba kar-

gad Cans morfosintaqsur doneze. kerZod, usulo saxelebiT gadmocemuli qvemdebaris ricxvis markireba zmna-Semas-menelSi ar xdeba (ix. III Tavi).

Cveni azriT, mesame piris semantikurma `dualizmma~ ganapiroba morfologiur doneze ricxvis gamoxatvisas garkveuli asimetria, rac kargad gamoCnda megrul-lazuris magaliTzec.

megrul-lazurSi iseve, rogorc qarTulSi, pirveli da meo-re subieqturi pirebi mravlobiT ricxvSi markirebulia -T sufiqsiT Kvela SesaZlo kombinaciaSi: S1O2, S1O3, S2O1, S2O3. es principi erTnairad vrceldeba gardamaval da gardauval zm-nebze I da II seriis mwkrivTa formebSi. vnaxoT sailustracio masalis mixedviT:

a) megruliawmKo: I piri _ Cqi ukeTenT doxorems ngerefi do JoGo-

rems (Kif. 168, 13) `Cven vukeTebT sa-xlebs mglebsa da ZaGlebs~; tKuraT duc(u) ibGorenT vara... (sam. 8, 1-4) `tKuilad Tavs vitKuebT, Torem... ~ Teq mufSenT maT, SxvaTi (sam. 83, 60-10), ìq vmuSaobT mec, sxvac~; amxanagi voreT (xub. 41, 13) àmxanagi varT~...

II piri _ amxanagef, qaarwKeT, Karsis muq moxvadˆni (t. I, 281, 397-1) àmxanage-bo, xedavT, KarsSi Tu ra moxda~; Cqim ‡orofils veCinenTo? (t. I, 251, 130-2) `Cems SeKvarebuls ar icnobT?~ _ mu-sie, patoni kiTxulenTi-ni CqimiJgura sa-

megrul-lazurSi mwkrivTa raodenobis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa [mari 1910, 46, 50-54; KifSiZe 1914, 059; Ciqobava 1936, 154-156; rogava 1953; margvelaSvili 1983; yumburiZe 1986, 131-135]. Cven mogvKavs ZiriTad dro-kiloTa gamomxatveli mwkrivebi.

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wKars? (Kif. 4, 20) `_rasaa, batono, rom ekiTxebiT Cemnair sawKals?~ _ patoni, samagaliTos miragaduT (Kif. 4, 22) `batono, samagaliTos (`gansacvifre-bels~) meubnebiT~; rxamo nu irJebuT (xub. 21, 17) `xamiviT nu iqceviT~...

uwKveteli:I piri _ oyumares gamwˆmorGvandes, uCenias

vorTˆdiT (t. I, 282, 399-19) `diliT wamo-gvKridnen, `uCenias~ vakeTebdiT~; Cqˆ TudoleSe mofubrinundiT (xub. 61, 20) `Cven qvemodan movfrinavdiT~; isˆ gefsurendiTˆ do safor dixas fTxorˆn-diT (t. I, 283, 1) `imas gavistumrebdiT da safar miwas (`sangars~) vTxridiT~; yKiSis va noCqvedˆ Cqi dus miTˆvoxe-diTi ni... (Kif. 22, 25) `mwKemss ar scodnia, rom Cven TavSi visxediT~...

II piri _ Tqva monaleT qargudiTiavo? (xub. 93, 34) `Tqven mosamsaxured (gamo)adge-bodiTo?~

mKofadi I piri _

(sruli): samangieroT Cqi gagˆmoinwKunT Jgiri oxorus (xub. 84, 25) `samagierod Cven gamogiwKobT karg samosaxlos~; ya xanc va gi‡unanTia (Kif. 105, 6) `cota xans ar wagiKvanTo~; terc sarxoSa vamˆkimyanT, ducu vadobdvanT Jve-Soburo (sam. 83, 60-15) `mters axlos ar movuSvebT, Tavs ar davdebT Zvelebu-rad~; ukuli aka vepuafuTi Te oyvali qi-anasi (t. I, 84, 164-19) `mere ki arc erTi ar viqnebiT am dasawvav qveKanaze~...

II piri _ majira gayirebaSe xolo darsxebafuanT Tqvani dusˆ da... (xub. 55, 33) `meore gayirvebidanac Tu gamoaxsnevinebT Tqvens Tavs... ~ mara muyo inens Teq

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do‡vilunT do... (xub. 93, 31) `magram rogorc ki imaT iq moklavT da... ~ Tqva giCqˆna, Tqvani glaxa saqmeT ma Surc va wami‡onenTˆ da do ‡orofilo qicxov-renTˆ da (Kif. 79, 9) `Tqven iciT, Tqveni cudi saqmeebiT me suls Tu ar wamix-denT da siKvaruliT Tu icxovrebT~; ure-mua vamiCqud da amdGa dumoguru-anTo (t. I, 232, 347-28) ùrmis xeloba Tu ar vicodi, dGes SemaswavliTo~...

wKvetili: I piri _ Jgiri qobali qobZiriTia Caneli (xub. 20,

22) `kargi puri (`Kana~) vnaxeTo amo-suli~; aTeSeni mivo‡oTiT squa (xub. 93, 32) àmitom davkargeT Svili~; ase, mujamc dibrCˆniTˆn(i), qinvoliTˆ go-nebasˆ (sam. 16, 10-45, 46) àxla, roca davberdiT, CavvardiT gonebaSi~; gvalas miTonTxorili dˆ do miTibliT Teqi do qimTiimwK‹T (Kif. 22, 20) `mTaSi ga-moqvabuli (`gamoTxrili~) iKo da Seve-diT iq da movewKveT~...

II piri3 _ muSeni ina‡oTiT wKars Tqvani squa? (xub. 93, 31) `ratom CaagdeT wKalSi Tqveni Svili?~ varia, ma gomiteTia, oGond Tqvani raxtis viTojiri fuTiT umon-dasi, feri domiykadafeiTia (Kif. 105, 16) àrao, me gamiSviTo, oGond Tqvens laxtze Tormeti fuTiT meti rom iqneba, iseTi gamomiyedeTo~; iri dixaSa gilar-TiT, iri qi‡ana diiliT (Kif. 79, 3) `Kvelgan iareT, Kvela qveKana SemoiareT~; _ gokvaTiT anwi, gegˆmiiGiT guri do Cx-onCxi (Kif. 95, 1) `_gakveTeT awi, gamo-itaneT gul-GviZli~; _ mide‡oniT marani-

3 megrul-lazurSi am mwkrivis II piris formebi brZanebiTis funqciiT gamoiKeneba msgavsad qarTulisa.

49


Sa do qoCiT Gvini (Kif. 20, 24) `waiKva-neT maranSi da daalevineT Gvino~...

II kavSirebi-Ti:I piri _

xanda vadˆvarkaTi Tesi (sam. 84, 61-10) `Sroma ar davakloT mas~; geSe-bGaT Ti uSquri do opykomaTia (xub. 94, 20) àmoviGoT is vaSli da Sevyamo-To~; qidˆvosorgaT mosavali, gavam-didraT oJaxi do Cqin rinaSi momavali (sam. 84, 61-18) `davaxvavoT mosavali, gavamdidroT oJaxi da Cveni Kofnis mo-mavali~; _ midavrTaTˆ do qalaqi qiib-ZiruaTia (Kif. 47, 13) `wavideT da qala-qi vinaxuloTo~...

II piri _ va‡vilaT Tqvani SuriS oCxonafalo (xub. 54, 18) àr moklaT Tqveni sulis sacxo-neblad~; Ti Tqvan Jgˆri faniaSi saxeli vemi‡oTaTˆni (sam. 109, 71-25) ìm Tqveni kargi (`bednieri~) oJaxis saxeli ar dakargoT~; mara TqvaT nu gokona uda-CxireT dobyvaTin (t. I, 75, 147-15) `magram Tqvenc nu gindaT ucecxlod damwvaT~...

SevniSnavT, rom megrulis saanalizo masalaSi ver mo-viZieT pirobiTi I da II-is mravlobiTobis magaliTebi, aseve mKofadusrulisa da pirobiTusrulisa, magram es arsebiTad arafers cvlis _ I da II piris ricxvi imave -T sufiqsiT gamoixa-teba. amJerad mogvKavs lazuris sailustracio masala:

b ) l a z u r iawmKo: I piri _ yita mqii ukaTefT do pkankufT (asaT.

138, 88-38) `cota fqvils vuzamT (`gavu-revT~) da vnaKavT~; berefe Squni me-qTebiSe var voSqumT, yara var vozita-famT (Kif. II, 75, 6) `Cvens bavSvebs skolaSi ar vuSvebT, weras ar vaswav-

50


liT~; Squ xavi koCefe voreT (Kif. II, 75, 3) `Cven sxva kacebi varT~; Cqin aSo mgarineri govuluT, Juma Cqimi! (Kif. II, 19, 35) `Cven ase tiriliT davdivarT, Ce-mo Zmao!~

II piri _ KurZeni imxorT-i Tqvan-a (Ciq. I, 28, 12) `KurZens yamT Tqvenao!~ Sarabi moT va SufT-a? (Ciq. I, 28, 13) `SarbaTs ratom ar svamTo?~ Tqvan ia mu kan-kufTa? (kart. 1972, 101, 37) `Tqven amas ras naKavTo?~ Tqva moT ilafuT arTiqaTis? (Kif. I, 13, V-18) `Tqven ratom TamaSobT erTmaneTTan?~ muyo xaC-qumT? (dium. 139, XXXIII-7) `rogor Tox-niT?~ Tqvan mu iqomT? (jG. 19, 18) `Tqven ras akeTebT?~

uwKveteli: I piri _

vitoxuT koCi vortiT a oxoris (asaT. 117, 12) `TxuTmeti kaci viKaviT erT saxlSi~; Cqun hako kai fsqirdutiT (jG. 14, 6) `Cven kargad vcxovrobdiT (`vrCebo-diT~); ukaCxe lazuti dimonyaSkule, doptaxumtiT, godoriT mobikidamtiT do fTorumtiT oxoriSa (kart. 1970, 226, 10, 17) `Semdeg, simindi rom moiweo-da, movtexdiT, godriT movikidebdiT da vzidavdiT Sin~; daCxuri bogzamtiT, no-kanCxule meptoCumtiT (kart. 1970, 226, 10-14) `cecxls vanTebdiT, nakver-cxlebs visrodiT... ~

II piri _ baba, tokse nana-kala onJies na ipara-miTamtiT... (dium. 125, XXV-12) `ma-ma, wuxel dedasTan sawolSi rom lapa-rakobdiT~...

I kavSirebiTi:I piri _ Cqin-Ti dixa mo mefCaptaT faraTe (Kif.

6, 6) `Cvenc miwas nu mivcemT (`ga-vKidiT~) fulze~; bozofes oyaru mo vo-

51


guraptaT! (Kif. 6, 7) `gogoebs wera-ki-Txvas nu vaswavliT~; Cqin yumaniSi-na meitaT, si gistvinufT (Ciq. I, 79, 21) `Cven xval rom SegxvdeT, Sen dagis-tvenT~...

wKvetili: I piri _ Squ (Sku) doloxe dofsqudiT (Kif. 73,

30) `Cven SigniT davrCiT~; mo†TiTu, Ji-ni Txinali qodofxediTu (kart. 1970, 220, 3-9) `movediT, zemo TxilnarSi da-vsxediT~; langaiSa ficari qeSkebiGiTu, hiq facxafe dopiTu (kart. 1970, 220, 3-10) `qarxnidan ficari amovitaneT, iq fa-cxebi gavakeTeT~; nanaTqvaniS buZi fSviT, Juma dobiviT-a (dium. 25, I-208) `dedaTqvenis ZuZu vwoveT (`davlieT~), Zmebi gavxdiTo~; Tqvande-Saqis nako koCi moxTu, iri xolo doboGuriniT (di-um. 25, I-216) `Tqvenamde ramdenic kaci movida, Kvela davxoceT~; Cqin awi duSmanis-na voJginiT (Kif. II, 2, 23) `Cven axla mters rom vaJobeT~...

II piri _ ... ar Tqva dolowkediT, beqi qaiSimerT! (kart. 1968, 158, 10) èrTi Tqven Caxe-deT, iqneb amoiGoT~; xCiniq na dolow-kedas, nunTxiT do qodolotkoCiT, do-gibiT do su†as qogesvaiT (kart. 1968, 158, 21) `dedaberi rom Caxedavs, hka-riT, CaagdeT, moxarSeT da sufraze da-deT~; Tqva daGis koCiS xorci ykomiT do ma var momiGiT (dium. 24, I-187, 188) `Tqven tKeSi kacis xorci yameT da me ar momitaneT~; haq muSen mo-xTiT?-a (dium. 25, I-210) àq ratom mo-xvediTo?~ ha biyi ioniT do Ti nokva-TiT! (Kif. I, 9, IV-57) ès biyi waiKvaneT da mokaliT (`Tavi moyeriT~).

52


II kavSirebi-Ti:I piri _

ham aGasTi mebokvaTafaT! (Kif. II, 31, 2) àm batons movayrevinoT (`movak-veTinoT~)~; `Cala dopkorobaTu~-ma... (kart. 1970, 221, 3-26) `Cala mo-vagrovoT-meTqi~; mu iven, maSqiTan nekna-Ti gomwkaT-a (dium. 23, I-113) `ra iqneba, meSvide karic rom gavxs-naTo~; ar heq-Ti mendeboSqvaT (di-um. 27, I-329) èrTi iqac gavgzavnoT~; xe do kuCxe okobukoraT do zuGas do-loptkoCaT-a (dium. 102, XIV-30) `xel-fexi SevukraT da zGvaSi gadavagdo-To~...

II piri _ Tqvan va dolowkedaT (kart. 1968, 158, 19) `Tqven ar CaxedoT~; fadiSahiq: `haa domixenaT-na, bozo meqCaTen-a (dium. 61, V-81) `xelmwifem: ès rom gamikeToT, gogos mogcemTo~; var Zi-raT-na, iri xolo kilaTen (jG. 78, 32) `rom ver naxoT, Kvela amoxoceT~...

rogorc cnobilia, lazurSi II kavSirebiTis fuZisagan iwar-moeba mKofadis sami tipi: unon meSvelzmniani xofurSi (Cxaluri variantiT); -ere sufiqsiani viwur-arqabulsa da aTi-nurSi; -oren meSvelzmniani arqabulSi.

unon meSvelzmnians amJerad ar SevexebiT, radgan is inversiuli zmnebis tips ganekuTvneba da mravlobiTis gamoxatvac sxva princips mihKveba. Kvelaze farTo ga-vrcelebisa da ZiriTadi tipi mKofadis warmoebisa aris -ere sufiqsiani. mKofadis formebSi xSiria am sufiqsis cveTa: -ere||-re||-e. rogorc arn. Ciqobava SeniSnavs, xmovnebis Semdeg -re mierTvis zmnas, Tanxmovnebis momdevnod ki -ere||-e gvaqvs. Tumca, arc Tu iSviaTad, e-s erTvis -n, romlis morfologiuri funqcia g. kartozias azriT, gauCinarebu-lia, Tumca arqabulSi dadasturebuli oren daboloeba re, en daboloebis paralelurad, afiqrebinebs, rom -n bolokiduri S3-is niSans warmoadgens [kartozia 2005, 118-119]. mravlo-biT ricxvSi, I da II pirSi, -ere da -en sufiqsebis win ricxvis

53


niSani -T dgas. rogorc saanalizo masalidan Cans, -en da-boloebiani mKofadis formebi ufro arqabulisTvisaa damaxa-siaTebeli, gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa igi j. diumezilis mier Ca-weril arqabul teqstebSi. magaliTad, oxois na pykomaTen muTu var miGunan-a (dium. 60, V-7) `saxlSi rom vyamoT, araferi gvaqvso~; hem nTxa-bozo momionaTena-a (dium. 71, VII-45) ìs Txa-qaliSvili momiKvaneTo~; TqvaTi Cqimis-teri dGa ZiraTen (Kif. I, 13, V-24) `Tqvenc CemisTana dGe naxoT~; si mu Godare, bozo momCaTen-i? (dium. 61, V-78, 79) `Sen ras izam, gogos mogvcemo?~ ... va-na gza domoguraTen-a (dium. 25, I-230) `... gza maswavleTo~; Tqva mu GodaTen, ma mu bgorum?-a (dium. 81, IX-92) `Tqven rad gindaT, me ras veZebo~... ha farafe so bZira-Ten? (jG. 23, 5) ès fuli sad vnaxoT?~

-ere sufiqsiani formebi I da II pirSi: xamefe vcada-Tere (Kif. II, 76, 22) `danebi vcadoT~; ... ofSa neZi uGu-no, mevixiraTere! (Kif. II, 77, 16) `bevri kakali aqvs, mo-viparoT~; aha, e Juma, diJini, Squ-Ti deviJinaTere! (Kif. II, 84, 17) àba, Zmao, daweqi, Cvenc daviZinoT!~ bozo-mo-Ta Sqimi meqCaTere do duguni paTere, bozomoTa iona-Tere! (Ciq. II, 98, 23) `Cems SviliSvils mogaTxovebT (`mo-gcemT~) da qorwili gadavixadoT (`vqnaT~), SviliSvili wa-iKvaneT~...

wKvetilisagan nawarmoebi pirobiTi II-is magaliTia: ar daGi qogefxviTko, ukaCxe hem daGi daCxuriTo opyviT-ko, ukaCxe dofaGiTko, ukaCxe-Ti dofxaCqiTko (Kif. II, 55, 3) èrTi tKe unda gagvekafa, mere unda gadagvewva, Semdeg gagvesufTavebina, mere unda mogveToxna~...

s. jGenti SeniSnavs, rom arqabulSi `rodesac zmnebSi mravlobiTis maCvenebel T-s mosdevs sxvaTa sitKvis gad-mosacemi nawilaki -a, T mjGerdeba. mag.: `moGi fara, okobirTad-a~ (11710-9020) moitane fuli, gaviKoTo; `Cqu oCaliSuSe mebulud~-a _ Cven samuSaod mivdivarTo; `Tqves: dobinJirad-a~ _ Tqves: daviZinoTo; boxoronad-a (teq. 62, 8) vicekvoTo, pad-a (teq. 86, 10) vqnaTo; `forCa momiGid~-a (teq. 62, 10) _ perangi momitaneTo da sxv.~ [jGenti, 1938, XV]. msgavsi magaliTi Segvxvda sxva teq-stSic: bozoq uwu-qi: dobinJirad-a (kart. 1972, 166, 32) `gogom uTxra davwveTo~...

54


amrigad, S1 da S2-is erTaderTi markeria -T sufiqsi mravlobiT ricxvSi. arqabulSi SeiZleba daCndes -d alomorfi. rac Seexeba S3-s, misi mravlobiTobis gamoxatva -an da -es formantebs akisria rogorc gardamaval, aseve gardauval zmnebSi. maTi ganawileba mwkrivTa mixedviT xdeba, ker-Zod, awmKo drois formebSi -an sufiqsi gamoiKeneba, xolo namKo drois mwkrivebSi _ es sufiqsi. aGsaniSnavia, rom am morfemebs garkveuli cvlilebebi mosdis rogorc megrul-Si, aseve lazurSi.

megrulSi, rogorc wesi, an sufiqsis TanxmovniTi ele-menti dakargulia, Tu mas ar mosdevs kiTxviTi nawilaki -o (yarun-an-o? `weren?~), an sxvaTa sitKvis -ia||-ie nawilaki (yarun-an-ia `wereno~). arcTu iSviaTad -an sufiqsi sruli sa-xiTaa warmodgenili do `da~ kavSiris win. mag.: Jari uCqˆ-nan do gˆmoCana saqonels (xub. 129, 12) `Sekreba (Krilo-ba) ician da Kidian saqonels~.

a) a < -an sufiqsiani mravlobiTis formebi me-grulSi

awmKo: Tofi xes ukebuna (sam. 112, 73-47) `Tofi xelSi uyiravT~; Cqimi Jimalefi brelcˆ va mu-Sena (Kif. 69, 30) `Cemi Zmebi bevrs ar mu-Saoben~; boSef gumofurinana Savardeni-qiricalo (t. I, 153, 123-3) `biyebi Semomcici-neben (`mafrindebian~) qor-SevardeniviT~; na‡ider Cxous yvalˆnan do ogorana mardu-als (t. I, 169, 240-1) `naKid Zroxas wvelian da agineben gamzrdels~, minqiluna oykumali-Sa (xub. 85, 35) `mieqanebian saymlisaken~; Karulo gurena Jimalefia (xub. 68, 23) `Karau-lad `udganan~ Zmebio~; cxovrena didiSe didi cqvafilo (xub. 32, 35] `cxovroben didad sanaqebod~...

mKofa-di:

Tis raSiS kudels qekakiranan do gutena go-laSa (xub. 14, 27) `mas cxenis kudze gamoa-bamen da gauSveben mTaSi~; aTeJgura ‡udes Tenefi Sxvas xolo gaukeTenania (xub. 21, 24) `amisTana saxls eseni sxvasac gauke-

55


Tebeno~; terefi midamˆGanania dixas gver-do naSinelc (sam. 90, 65-45) mtrebi wamar-Tmeveno Kanas, naxevrad danaSenebuls~; borkis xes qimeTxuna, nTxorilc qinabaT-quana, oros quqˆTodoxoduna, TuTumc qu-TubaTquana (t. I, 280, 396-11, 14) `fexebSi (`wvivSi~) xels Caavleben, TxrilSi Caagde-ben, (TviTon) CrdilSi dasxdebian, Tambaqos gaaboleben~; Tiwkˆmava Karulefi gale ya-xans qidiruluanania (xub. 126, 8) `maSin daraJebi gareT cota xans daiZinebeno~...

b) -an sufiqsi lazurSi ucvlelad aris SenarCunebuli III piris mravlobiTis formebSi:awmKo _

sumiq-Ti heq dginan, muTebuaSi zoponan (dium. 117, XX-34) `samive iq dgas (`dga-nan~), TavisTvis laparakoben~; nTaros mo-laxenan (dium. 25, I-199) `TaroSi sxedan~; aTefe mekirufan ... do bozoS oxoriSa me-ndulvan (Kif. II, 8, 35) `amaT Sekraven... da qaliSvilis saxlSi wavlen~; mykidiSi notexis xCini oxorJalefes okiTxafafan do fuJis qoCa-fan (Ciq. I, 127, 27) `myadis natexs moxuc qalebs Sealocvineben da furs aymeven~; qo-doxedunan Tonis do GaGalafan (kart. 1972, 115, 1) `dasxdebian ToneSi da laparakoben~; baSqa koCefe iKvenan do qoxowonafan (asaT. 213, 126-7) `sxva kacebi iqnebian da mixvdebian~; letefe mu lazuti xaSquman, brinZi-Ti xaSquman (Kif. II, 74, 9) `Tavis mi-waze siminds Toxnian, brinJsac Toxnian~; tu-feGi qosuman (jG. 17, 6) `iaraGs wmenden~;

amrigad, -an S3-is ricxvis erTaderTi markeria awmKo-mKofadis mwkrivebSi da Tavisi funqciiT utoldeba qarTulSi -en, -an morfemebs, romlebic zmnis gardamavlobis mixed-viT nawildebian; amgvari diferenciacia megrul-lazurSi ar xdeba.

rogorc aGvniSneT, S3-is mravlobiTobis niSani namKo drois mwkrivebSi aris -es sufiqsi. kerZod, megrulSi am mo-

56


rfemiT markirebulia uwKvetlis, xolmeobiTis, pirobiTi I da II, wKvetilis formebi. unda iTqvas, rom -es sufiqsis paralelu-rad ixmareba -is formantic. i. KifSiZe am sufiqsebs ukavSi-rebs TiTqos zanurSi arsebul s fuZian meSvel zmnas da wers: `s `существовать~ самостоятельно не употребляется. От него имеем форму es, resp. is (есть, сущий), сращающуюся с глагольными темами в третем лице прош. несовершенного и аориста~ [KifSiZe 1914, 106]. cnobilia, rom S3-is niSani mxo-loobiT ricxvSi megrul-lazurSi samia: s, n, u. amaTgan u moudis mxolod namKo drois mwkrivebs. SesaZloa, megrul-Si raGac safexurze gverdigverd ixmareboda III piris niSani da ricxvis sufiqsic (Sdr. saSual qarTulSi micemiTis S3-is aG-niSvna: -sT). am SemTxvevaSi, Tavs moiKrida ue xmovan-Tkompleqsi. vfiqrobT, ueee fonetikur cvlilebas asaxavs Semdegi formebi: minilesˆni, qˆmˆlaxvilees arTi dedˆbi [<*qˆmˆlaxvil-u-es] (Kif. 63, 27) `rom Sevidnen, Sig naxes erTi dedaberi~; mumasˆ qeSaatKvineesˆ [<*qeSaatKvin-u-es] (Kif. 12, 13) `mamas SeatKobines~. Tavis mxriv, S3-is mravlobiTobis -is morfemis win daCndeba i xmovniTi ele-menti, romelic SesaZloa mwkrivis niSani iKos. Sdr. I da II piris formebi: gobnwKi `gavxseni~, ibCi `vilaparake~ da a. S. magaliTebi:

TiJgura mocadineq i‡iis, wanamowanas Jgiri duqani go-gumanwKiis (Kif. 3, 13) `iseTi beJiTebi aGmoCndnen, rom weliwadSi kargi duqani gamarTes (`gamoawKves~)~; ge-dirTes tarielemqˆ, qigedoxodes muSuSi raSemcˆ, gourqi-isˆ... (Kif. 87, 29) `adgnen vajkacebi, dasxdnen TavianT ra-Sebze, gaayenes~; breli iCiis Sxva do Sxva... (Cif. 94, 1) `bevri ilaparakes sxva da sxva~; iSagorili koCefqu gagmi-Ziis (Kif. 5, 3) `rCeulma kacebma gamoiZies~; squalenq muma gamk‹rgiis (Kif. 79, 12) `Svilebma mama gamoiglo-ves~; Goberi seriT doxiis (sam. 89, 65-19) `Gobe GamiT daSales~; e Sxva sinJalemqˆ gegnociis~ (Kif. 100, 33) `sxva siZeebi gadaikargnen~; gameeTxiis arTiansˆ (t. II, 20, 3) `gamoeTxovnen erTmaneTs~... `gemiwociisˆ ar-Zoqˆ do qˆmazadesˆ (t. II, 22, 23) `wamocvivda Kvela da win miegebnen~. iii/ ‹: gagˆmiinwKisˆ do midarTesˆ gvalaSa (Kif. 56,

10) `gamoewKvnen da wavidnen mTaSi~, aTe-

57


neri planiSa okocis (xub. 51, 2) àmgvari saxiT daiSalnen~; Tqv‹s sumi xolo Jimalenq (xub. 194, 4) `Tqves samive Zmebma~; Tqvis gˆmaJine kaTaq (xub. 16, 19) `Tqves zedam-xedvelma kacebma~; qoc‹s dinaxale abanaSi minJeq do muSi boSenq (xub. 74, 24) `Secviv-dnen SigniT abanos patroni da misi biye-bi~. ...iC‹s yiyexans (t. II, 298, 38) ìsaubres cota xans~. rogorc vxedavT, -is ricxvis alomorfi gvaqvs mx-olod wKvetilis mwkrivSi gansxvavebiT -es sufiq-sisagan, romelic uwKvetelsa da wKvetilSi Tanabrad ixmareba.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom megrulSi S3-is ricxvis niSani {-es} warmodgenilia /-es/ da /-is/ alomorfebiT, Tumca am ukanas-knelis xvedriTi wili minimaluria. {-es} morfemas mKari pozi-cia aqvs rogorc gardamaval, aseve gardauval zmnebTan. sailustracio masala:

a) gardamavali zmnebiuwKveteli _ osursquas aTxindes do ykors abziTen-

desiini (t. I, 289, 411-12) `qaliSvils aTxo-vebdnen da Kmas mziTevSi atandnen~; sumixolos pilˆndesˆ wardgena do CiniSe-ni (t. I, 276, 386-9) `samives gvklavdnen Cin-medlebisTvis~; sofundesˆ yafuriasˆ, ginaafinandesˆ tkilcˆ, oxumuandesˆ (Kif. 56, 14) `krefdnen balaxs (`xevdnen yiafers~), gadaafarebdnen tkils da ax-mobdnen...~ imi sercˆ ndemefi va mˆSa-aTinandesˆ (Kif. 55, 11) ìm Games de-vebi ver bedavdnen Sesvlas... ~

wKvetili _ muyoTi qigŠgones Tena squalenqˆ ni, sumxoloq m‹ndomes ogurafuSa ula (Kif. 7, 14) `rogorc ki gaigones es Svilebma, samivem moindoma saswavleblad wa-svla~; ... yiye sarwumalo quu‡ides mu-malefq Tinefs savayroTi (Kif. 3, 11) `cota

58


ram wvrilmani uKides mamebma vayrobis dasawKebad~; xorcielo oryofes, iSo gegˆmorCesia... (sam. 75, 52, 16) `co-cxlad SegipKres, Tanac gagKideso~; gok-vaTes uSquri do oykomes (xub. 69, 32) `gayres vaSli da Seyames~; qim‹Ges oq-ro do qˆdarGves oxvames (xub. 73, 2) `moitanes oqro da daKares samlocvelo-Si~; menZeli qˆmiyanesˆ do doxuna is-xunesˆ (sam. 92, 66-11) `maspinZeli mo-ixmes da dasxdoma arCies~... b ) g a r d a u v a l i z m n e b i

rogorc cnobilia, /-es/ S3-is ricxvis aGmniSvnelia qarTul-Sic, magram Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTul enaSi mxo-lod gardamaval zmnebs SemorCaT es daboloeba, xolo gar-dauval zmnebSi misi adgili daikava /-nen/ daboloebam. Tumca -es niSani SeiZleba Segvxvdes `gardamavalTagan gamosul gardauval zmnebSi celqobs-icelqebs tipisa~ [Sa-niZe 1980, 178]. megrulSi, aseve lazurSic, -es morfema ganzogadebulia _ Tanabrad moudis rogorc moqmedebiTi, aseve vnebiTi da saSuali gvaris zmnebs. am principiT is uaxlovdeba Zvel qarTuls, sadac -es morfemas aseve gan-zogadebuli funqcia hqonda.

m a g a l i T e b i megrulidan:uwKveteli _ Citefi iyˆryinˆdes (sam. 51, 39-26) `Ci-

tebi jGurtulebdnen~; dapeJebuli suma-refi muSuS ‡uCa irTuudesˆ (sam. 51, 39-27) `dapatijebuli stumrebi TavianT saxlSi brundebodnen~; sumi dGa do sers qorkinebulendesˆ (Kif. 81, 14) `sami dGe da Game yidaobdnen~; daTa do muSi Jimalefi orJginandes da... (Kif. 16, 33) `daTa da misi Zmebi Tu aJobeb-dnen~... simindiS gamdidrebuli kaTa izindˆndes oyiSis (t. I, 193, 293-26) `si-mindiT gamdidrebuli xalxi iyimebodnen welSi~...

wKvetili _ cirenq kisers qeiTaZGirkes, qeiTa-

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GurJoles (xub. 5, 7) `qaliSvilebi Kelze Camoekidnen, Semoexvivnen~; qek‰yiSes Te boSenq Te monadires Saras (xub. 65, 17) `daewivnen es biyebi am monadires gzaze~; zGvapiJˆSa gˆSeles do qeSexvades mekares (sam. 97, 66-208) `zGvispiras amovidnen da Se-xvdnen meJoges~; boSemqˆ ‡uJi gaac-qvirinesˆ (Kif. 93, 18) `biyebma Kuri cqvites~...

pirobiTi II _ duuCinˆ ndemefcˆ muSi dorTaSa uKa-rulesˆko ni do uJinesko ni (Kif. 65, 5) `daubara devebs, rom mis mobruneba-mde unda eKaraulaT da eKurebinaT~; oko gia‡unesˆko-ni, gaamaTxozˆ nde-miSi naulercˆ (Kif. 64, 31) ùnda midev-neboda da miuKva devis nakvalevs~; xolo sumi qalaqefiSa oko ikilesˆkoni (Kif. 4, 30) `kidev sam qalaqSi unda asu-liKvnen~; ... oko uJinesˆko ni ndemiSi mordiliSi muulasˆ (Kif. 64, 29) ùnda da-lodebodnen devis gazrdilis mosvlas~...

aqve moviKvanT lazuris sailustracio masalas:uwKveteli _ muxarebeSe-na muitu, qartalefe, gzas

yofuptes duSmanefeq (Kif. II, 11, 24) `muxarebedan rom agzavnidnen, im we-rilebs gzaSi iyerdnen mtrebi~; mehmed-faSas muTu va kiTxuptes (Kif. II, 11, 24) `mehmed-faSas arafers ar ekiTxe-bodnen~; em zamaniSi koCefeq emuTe iqiptes kabGa (Kif. II, 12, 20) àxlandeli kacebi imiT omobdnen (`Svrebodnen~ oms)~; ukule moites oxoriSa, Jari im-xortes, ukaCxe ixoronamtes, zurna oyandinamtes, dauliTi meCamtes, ox-orzalefe traGodamtes (kart. 1970, 225,

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10-9, 10) `mere modiodnen Sin, saymels yamdnen, Semdeg cekvavdnen, zurnas ayKvitinebdnen, dolsac ukravdnen, qale-bi mGerodnen~; eSkiafe zengini koCefe numCinamtes, qartali nunyaramtes (kart. 1970, 226, 10-32) `KaCaGebi mdidrebs SeuTvlidnen, werils miswer-dnen~;

wKvetili _ oTxeneC asqeri-koCefeq sultani qanaS-qves do sarfiSa qomoxTes (Kif. II, 3, 28) òTxmocma Jariskacma sulTani wa-imZGvara da sarfSi movidnen~; sum wanaSqule papafes jur wana, sum wana Jeza qomeCes (Kif. II, 5, 29) `sami wlis Semdeg mGvdlebs ori weli, sami weli sa-sJeli misces~; berefeq meqTebes mu Zi-res, mu ikiTxes, ia iKves (Kif. II, 6, 2) `bavSvebma skolaSi rac naxes, rac is-wavles, is gaxdnen~; ma haq qodolo-mitales (dium. 168, LV-74) `me aq da-mtoves~; eSkafeq gomCves, faa me-ndemiGes (Ciq. II, 97, 24) `KaCaGebma gamZarcves, fuli wamarTves~; xoJefe-Ti qododgiTes (Ciq. I, 16-13) `xarebic Se-dgnen~...

lazurSi S3-is mravlobiTobis -es formants sxvadasxva saxis fonetikuri cvlileba mosdis. cnobilia, rom lazurSi Se-degia i-s dasustebisa, an refleqsia r, u, K (‡) bgerebisa [Ciqobava 1936, 13; quTelia 1985]. aGsaniSnavia, rom g. kartozias mier 1970 wels Caweril aTinur teqstebSi iyers -es morfemis TanxmovniTi elementis adgils, anu s bgeris refleqsadac gvevlineba es>e, mag.: zengini die hini (kart. 223, 7, 5) `gamdidrnen (`mdidari gaxdnen~) isini~; Squ bitiTuSa lazuti var uGurte (219, 1-9) `Cven rom mivdiodiT, simindi ar hqondaT~; arhave milleTi muaJiri mendaxte (kart. 220, 3, 7) àrqabeSi xalxi muhaJirad wavida (`wavid-nen~); aCiGi va gameiGamte, aSqurinerte (kart. 219, 1-9) àSkarad ar gamohqondaT, eSinodaT~; hini lazuti qu-

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Gurte (kart. 219, 1-8) `maT simindi hqondaT~. aGsaniSnavia, rom aTinurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli S3-is

es>eprocesi bunebrivia kaxuri dialeqtisaTvis, sadac h da s bgerebis refleqsia rogorc piris niSnebSi, aseve micemiTi da naTesaobiTi brunvis formantebSic [JorbenaZe 1989, 315-316]. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukiduresi dasavluri qvesistema (lazuri) da aGmosavluri qvesistema (kaxuri) erTgvarovani procesebis maCvenebelia.

s. jGents SeniSnuli aqvs micemiTi brunvis niSnis -sʼs asimilacia (gamjGereba) sxvaTa sitKvis a-s� darTvis dros. mag. qorbaz-a � qorbas-a `mu� celso~, ar nJaz-a � ar nJas-a� èrT xeso~ da sxv. [jGenti 1938, XV]. amgvari gamjGereba SeiZleba mouvides -es sufiqsis Tanxmovansac a nawilakis darTvisas es>ez. mag.: veziefes va aJgineza do qeloGlani min ienia (kart. 1972, 158, 28) `vezirebi ver moerivneno (àJobes~) da qeloGlani vin ariso~; uCquris efTi do Cqari var Seminaxez-a (jG. 84, 24) `vaSlis xeze avedi da araferi ar Seminaxeso~; kuyiuinaq nana sqaniSi gari muyo mixe-nez-a (jG. 60, 17) `kuyuinam dedaSenis saymeli rogor ga-gvikeTao~...

lazurSi `rom~, `roca~ kavSirebis rols asrulebs -Si na-wilaki, romelic mierTvis zmnis pirian formas [Ciqobava 1936, 185]. Tu es nawilaki aGmoCnda -es ricxvis formantis momdevnod, s Tanxmovani ikargvis: es>e magaliTad:

iparamiTamte-Si < iparamiTamt-es-Si: hanTefeq iparamiTamte-Si oxoiSe ar alaJakli qomoxTu (dium. 93, XII-171) èseni rom laparakobdnen, saxlSi erTi mevale movi-da~;

digure-Si < digur-es-Si: CiraGefeq mundes zanaxaTi digure-Si hemoras doGurinu (dium. 99, XIII-39) `Segird-ebma roca xeloba/xelosnoba iswavles, im dros mokla~;

daykinde-Si < daykind-es-Si: daykinde-Si babamu-Siq muamedis uwu-doren (dium. 122, XXIII-3) `rom dayres, mamamiss muhamedisTvis uTqvams~...

zogJer -Si nawilaks mosdevs -ukule||-kule `Semdeg~ Tandebuli da viGebT Skule daboloebas: qogoyke-S-kule < qogoyk-es-Skule: muxarebes (kabGas) qogoyke-S-kule, mTelis uGutes CaqmaGoni tu†eGi (Kif. 12, 17) `muxarebeSi omis dawKebis Semdeg (`rom daiwKes Semdeg~), Kvelas

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hqonda iaraGi~;ideʼS-qule < id-es-S-qule: haSofeTe dido gzas ideʼS-

qule ar badi qonages (jG. 27, 5) `amgvarad gzas rom da-adgnen, Semdeg SemoxvdaT erTi moxuci~; ide-ide-S-qule xolo ar GeJi qoZires (Kif. 36, 31) `rom iares, iares, Semdeg erTi Gori naxes~;

qodogure-Skule < qodogur-es-Skule: divefeq gza qodogure-Skule goqTes-doren (dium. 26, 1-251) `devebma gza rom iswavles, Semdeg mobrunebulan~...

masalidan Cans, rom -es > -e procesi arqabulisTvis aris damaxasiaTeabeli, gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa diumezilis arqabul teqstebSi.

Segvxvda es > eS procesis magaliTic aseve -Si nawi-lakis gavleniT (asimilacia): †exri, Suqri do axmedi JameSen oxoriSa iSiteS-Si (Ciq. I, 55, 14) `fexri, Suqri da axmedi Ja-medan saxlSi rom midiodnen~...

amrigad, lazurSi -es mravlobiTobis sufiqsi SeiZleba Segvxvdes Semdegi saxecvlilebiT: -e, -ez, -eS, -e.

rogorc vxedavT, megrulsa da lazurSi namKo drois mwkrivebSi S3-is ricxvis gamoxatva xdeba {-es} morfemiT. rogorc {-an}, aseve {-es} morfemaTa ganawilebisas mniS-vneloba ara aqvs zmnis gardamavlobasa Tu gvars, anu qarTuliseburi diferenciacia (-an _ -en; -es _ -nen) megrul-lazurSi ar xdeba.

zanurSi didi adgili uyiravs kavSirebiTis, anu natvriTi ki-los formebs. ra aris S3-is ricxvis niSani am mwkrivebSi? i. KifSiZe megrulSi natvriTi (awmKos kavSirebiTi da mKofadis kavSirebiTi) da II kavSirebiTis formebze msJelobisas aGniS-navs, rom `в 3-м лице ед. ч. a присоединяется суффиксь s(i), а во мн. ч. — n(i)~ [KifSiZe 1914; 067; 065]. Sesabamisad, uGle-bis paradigmebSi III piris formebi Semdegi saxiTaa Setanili: dvan-da-n(i), yarun-da-n(i), ogoran-da-n(i)... -n sufiqsi isto-riulad momdinareobs -an sufiqsisagan, romelic kavSirebiTi kilos -a- sufiqsis gavleniT kargavs xmovans _ es procesi er-Tnairad ganviTarda megrul-lazurSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT arn. Ciqobava kavSirebiTis formebSi S3-is ricxvis niSnad -an sufiqss asaxelebs [Ciqobava 1936; 140, 142]. al. oniani III subieqturi anu `savaldebulo~ piris niSnebad mravlobiTSi megrulisTvis gamoKofs /-an/, /-a/, /-n/ da /-es/ sufiqsebs da

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aGniSnavs: `/-an/, /-a/ alomorfebi TanxmovanTa momdev-nod dasturdebian, xolo /-n/ _ xmovnis momdevnod, amde-nad, maT ganawilebaSi fonologiuri pozicia iGebs monawile-obas~ [oniani 1978, 74]. Cveni mxriv, aGvniSnavdiT, rom megrulSi fonologiurad Sepirobebuli alomorfebia: /-a/, /-an/, /-es/, /-is/, xolo lazurSi _ /-es/, /-e/, /-ez/, /-e/ sufiq-sebi. rac Seexeba /-n/ sufiqss, is morfonologiurad Sepi-robebulia, radganac an > n procesi ganxorcielda morfe-maTa _ kavSirebiTi kilos -a sufiqsisa da ricxvis -an morfe-mis _ zGvarze. es procesi mTlianad gavrcelda megrul-lazurze da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sinqroniul doneze uGlebis paradigmaSi -n sufiqss Tavisi mKari adgili aqvs:

moviKvanT sailustracio masalas:

II kavSirebiTis formebi

m e g r u l S i _ do uzoJˆ muSi Jarc zGvapiJiTˆ dikina-ni, xmelo gegˆnoCoCani do ‡uleT zGvaSa inilani... (sam. 103, 66, 457-460) `da ubrZana Tavis Jars, zGvispi-reTiT daixion, xmeleTze gaiCoCon da KuleviT zGvaSi Cavidnen~... munefiSi mamulˆSeni gegˆmirCqinani qomo-loba (sam. 101, 66-369) `Tavisi ma-mulisTvis gamoiCinon vajkacoba~; wKari qoCi, woxoleni kuCxefi va diSo-lanˆ ni, TeSi (Kif. 8, 33) `wKali daale-vine, wina fexebi rom ar daisvelon ise~...

l a z u r S i _ oGarGalu musaibeTiS-kule delikanlefe majurani odaSa onJiruSa igzalan (Kif. 9, 24) `Kuranze saubris Semdeg gmi-rebi sxva oTaxSi dasaZineblad wavid-nen~; qamewilufan do sum dGa ugaelefeq quimxonan (kart. 1972, 87, 9) `dakrifon da sami dGis uyme-lebma Seyamon~; noGamisaSi koCe-

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feq, Jumalefeq akvanan baxCiSi! (Ciq. I, 133, 25) `patarZlis moKvreb-ma (`kacebma~), Zmebma moutanon saCuqari~; baba! enTefes uwvi do so-Ti e koCi oxoi CqiniSa var-mundiKo-nan! (Ciq. I, 21-16) `mama! amaT uTxari da... es kaci Cvens saxlSi ar waiKvanon~.

amrigad, sinqroniul doneze megrul-lazur zmnaSi subi-eqturi piris mravlobiTobis gamoxatva xdeba Semdegi su-fiqsebiT: I da II pirebisTvis _ -T morfema; III pirisTvis _ -an, -es, -n sufiqsebi. am ukanasknelTa ganawileba xdeba mkacrad daculi kanonzomierebiT: -an _ awmKosa da mKo-fadSi; -es _ uwKvetelSi, wKvetilsa da pirobiTis mwkrivebSi; -n _ I da II kavSirebiTebSi. rogorc r. asaTiani aGniSnavs, `I da II piris saxelebi pirisa da ricxvis aGniSvnis TvalsazrisiT funqcionalurad Tanabari Zalisani arian da upirispirdebian III piris saxels, romelic am TvalsazrisiT ufro SezGudulia, da-matebiT pirobebs moiTxovs da ierarqiulad ufro dabal safe-xurze mdebareobs~ [asaTiani 1999, 20]. amgvar dapirispi-rebas kargad warmoaCens mravlobiTobis markerebi, rom-lebic ase SeiZleba Caiweros:

{-T} [I, II] ~ [III] {-an ∞ -es ∞ -n}ricxvis niSanTa ganawilebis amgvari modeli morfologi-

ur doneze svanurSic gvaqvs: -d [I, II]: [III] -x. saerTod, qarTvelur enebSi subieqturi piris ricxvis gamoxatvis erTiani principia gatarebuli _ sufiqsTa saSualebiT gaimiJnos erTma-neTisagan komunikaciis aqtSi monawile pirebi [I, II] da ara-monawile pirebi [III] [asaTiani 1999, 26], magram megrul-lazurSi es diqotomia daculia obieqturi piris ricxvis gamo-xatvis drosac. swored es Tavisebureba iqneba Cveni Se-mdgomi msJelobis sagani.

$ 6. obieqturi piris ricxvis gamoxatvaI da II seriis formebSi

specialur literaturaSi aGniSnulia, rom axal saliteraturo qarTulSi obieqturi uGvlilebis sistemaSi moxda cvlilebebi: 1.

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pirdapiri obieqtis aGniSvnis Zveli sistema moiSala; 2. pir-veli obieqturi piris (rogorc pirdapiris, aseve iribis) mravlobi-Toba mkvidrad aGiniSneba gv- prefiqsiT; 3. meore obieq-turi piris mravlobiTobas gamoxatavs -T sufiqsi. rac Seexe-ba mesame obieqtur pirs, pirdapiri wKobis dros zmnebSi misi mravlobiToba ZiriTadad ar aGiniSneba, Tumca zogierT dialeqtSi aris tendencia aGiniSnos -T sufiqsiT [Ciqobava 1968, 276-277]. ufro metic, mravlobiTobis -T morfema sul ufro dabeJiTebiT ikavebs -Ke||-ke formantis pozicias, ro-melic zogierT dasavlur da aGmosavlur dialeqtebSi II da III obieqturi piris mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli iKo [qavTaraZe 1974, 229; JorbenaZe 1989, 328-329; meliqiSvili 1988, 77-78]. am tendenciam Tavi iCina qarTul saliteraturo enaSic ukve XI s-dan [sarJvelaZe 1984, 568], gansakuTrebiT fexi moikida me-16 s-dan istoriul sabuTebSi [surmava 1989] da TvalsaCinoa Tanamedrove qarTvel mweralTa enaSic [kik-naZe 1987].

rogorc vxedavT, qarTulSi obieqtis simravlis gamoxat-vis sistemaSi didi gardatexa moxda da Zveli -en-iani mo-deli Seicvala axliT (gv-; -T). rogoria viTareba megrul-lazur-Si? pirvel rigSi, zanuris Taviseburebas ganapirobebs is faq-ti, rom gv- prefiqsis kvali zanurSi ar Cans, rac erTxel kidev adasturebs imas, rom mravlobiTobis aGniSvna am morfe-misTvis meoreulia [Ciqobava 1946, 123; SaniZe, 1980, 169; oniani 1978, 236-239]. obieqtis mravlobiTobis aGsa-niSnavad megrul-lazurSi igive morfemebia gamoKenebuli, rac subieqtTan: -an, -n, -es, -T, magram TiToeuli maTga-nis gamoKenebisas mkacri kanonzomierebaa daculi, rac ori faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli: 1. obieqturi piris romloba; 2. su-bieqturi piris romloba da misi kombinaciebi obieqtur pir-Tan.

(I) modeli, romelic gamoikveTeba megrul-lazurSi, da-kavSirebulia subieqturi da obieqturi pirebis Semdeg kombi-naciebTan: S1O2; S2O1. am SemTxvevaSi O1 da O2-is mravlo-biToba gamoixateba -T sufiqsiT (rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iri-bi obieqtisa). magaliTad:

a ) O 1 d a O 2 r i c x v i s g a m o x a t v a megrulSi

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S2Opl1 _ CqiTi koCi voreTˆ do nˆmˆ bGolanT codaSi ga-

didebasia (Kif. 158, 18) `Cvenc kacni varT da nu `gvizamT~ codvis gadidebasao~; sqani me-ti miTa punania do si xolo midinˆTia (Kif. 235, 19) `Sens meti aravin gvKavso da Senc gvekar-gebio~; mioJini sqani Goronsˆ do si dˆmazee-Tia (Kif. 44, 5) `Sexede Sens GmerTs da da-gvazave~; dˆmarTiTˆ si ukulia do arTo miib-SaTia (Kif. 64, 21) `dagvibrundi mere Sen da erTad wavideTo~...

S1Opl2 _ gayirebas mugoSinanT Cqimi guri xaSiliTi (t. I,

168, 132-3) `gayirvebas mogaxsenebT Cemi dardiani (`moxarSuli~) guliT~; ma Tqva mu-jans qorZiriTˆn, xeTe qime‡orofiT (t. I, 155, 137-3) `roca me Tqven gnaxeT, maSinve Se-miKvardiT~; ma gagigoniTˆ do daCxiri ako-girziT (Kif. 8, 28) `me gagigoneT da cecxli da-ginTeT~; arTis dogiCinanTia do Tqva giCqˆ-nania SiasrulenTia da... (Kif. 26, 25) èrT rames dagibarebT da Tqven iciTo, rogor SeasrulebTo!~

b ) O 1 d a O 2 - i s r i c x v i s g a m o x a t v a l a z u r Si

S2Opl1 _ ham oxorJas uwves `gai domixenamTia?~

(kart. 1972, 161-10) àm qals uTxres: `saymels gagvikeTebo?~ Cqu mendebiGaTen-a, si heSo memaTxozaTe-a (jG. 57, 11) `Cven waviGeb-To, Sen kidev dagvedevneo~; Cqin-na aq bZi-riT, miTikala var Tqva (Ciq. I, 46, 26) `Cven rom aq gvnaxe, aravisTan ar Tqva~; Cqun mi-wviT do Cqun-Ti bxaCqaTen (jG. 6, 21) `Cven gviTxari da Cvenc davToxniT~. Cqun mis me-miSqviT, xasani Cqimi! (jG. 10, 1) `Cven vis Segvatove, Cemo xasan!~

S1Opl2 _ hawi ma bidare, gari mogiGaTen (jG. 61, 8)

àxla me waval, saymels mogitanT~; ma oSku-

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ri degibGaTere, ma-Ti miSinaxiT! va miSina-xaT-na, dudi megikvaTaTere! (Kif. 80, 15) `me vaSls CamogiKriT, mec SeminaxeT, Tu ar SeminaxavT, Tavs mogyriT!~ yita aqini ZiuSi, `beefe qogekyiSiTa~ do uJoxu (kart. 1968, 159, 47) `cota axlos rom naxa, `bavSvebo, da-gewieTo~ da dauZaxa~; ama ma Tqva qodo-goguamT (kart. 1972, 174, 5) `magram me Tqven gaswavliT~; hawi nTaros doqSinaxaTa (dium. 24, I-183) `axla TaroSi dagmalavTo~...

amrigad, megrul-lazurSi O1 da O2-is I da II subieqtur pi-rebTan dawKvilebisas, obieqtis mravlobiToba aGiniSneba -T sufiqsiT. amis sapirispirod O3-is ricxvi aGuniSvneli rCeba S1O3, S2O3 kombinaciebSi. amJerad I, II da III pirTa diqotomia miGweulia imiT, rom markireba xdeba I da II obieqturi piri-sa, xolo III obieqturi piri aramarkirebulia. pirobiTad es mo-deli ase SeiZleba Caiweros:

{-T} [I, II] ~ [III] {Ø}es modeli irGveva, rogorc ki I da II obieqturi piri mesa-

me subieqtur pirTan dawKvildeba: S3O1, S3O2. amJerad amo-qmeddeba mravlobiTobis gamoxatvis sxva principi. ker-Zod, obieqtis ricxvis markireba xdeba S3-is formantebiT _ -an, -es, -n. maTi ganawileba mwkrivTa mixedviT xdeba: -an _ awmKo drois mwkrivebSi, -es _ namKo drois mwkri-vebSi, -n _ kavSirebiTebSi. moviKvanT sailustracio masa-las:

a ) O 1 d a O 2 - i s r i c x v i s a G n i S v n a S 3 O 1 , S 3 O 2

k o m b i n a c i e b S i megrulSiS3Opl

1 _ awmKo-mKofadis -anº-a (< -an) sufiqsiani formebi: CqiT opykomunania Tinava (xub. 240, 6) `Cvenc Segvyamso iso~; iri Cqˆn gasa-yirˆSe Tina bTxilana (Kif. 137, 23) `Koveli Cve-ni gasayiridan is gvicavs~; bzoTonc Tˆri mo-Cxupuna... (Kif. 162, 30) `zamTarSi Tovli gve-Cxubeba~; beqoq qeSˆmatKves da, jirxolos dopiluna (xub. 96, 25) `beqom Tu SegvatKo,

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orives mogvklavs~; dedaq veSemitKvan(i), va-ra goblaxuna jirxolos (t. I, 247, 103, 3) `de-dam ar SegvitKos, Torem gvcems orives~; var, Tena vabGolana Jgirsia (xub. 237, 18) àra, es ar dagvmarTebs sikeTeso~...

uwKveteli _ mKofadis xolmeobiTi: -es sufiqsiani formebi: Tqvani squa qordˆkoni, patis Tina qofcendes (xub. 93, 28) `Tqveni Svili rom KofiliKo, pativs is gvcemda; oyˆmares mudgen jams dobgorundesia, qˆmo-bra‡ˆndesia, gepyvalundesia (xub. 112, 5) `diliT rodisme mogvZebnidao, mogvrekavdao, mogvwvelidao~; ulaludukonia do damifarendesia (xub. 137, 15) èKefa da dagvifaravdao~; aTe patoni mus Joxod, kisers munobxe-desini (t. I, 289, 412-9, 10) ès batoni vin iKo (`ras er-qva~), kiserze rom gvaJda~...

wKvetili: -es sufiqsiani formebi: Cqi mu Sqas voreTia, marTaxiT oyiSi gemiyvesia (xub. 162, 3) `Cven ra SuaSi varTo, maTraxiT zurgi rom agviwvao~; Saras glaxa dGaq qomˆmoyiSesˆ (Kif. 22, 18) `gzaSi cudma amindma (`dGem~) mogviswro~; ah, Goronq sqani bednieroba qˆmoZiresia (xub. 106, 6) àh, GmerTma Seni bedniereba gvaCvenao~; vedˆmemorCiles Kazaxiqia (xub. 156, 2) àr dagvmorCilda glexio~; Grubelq qigˆmanTxes (xub. 75, 32) `Grubeli dagveca~...

S3Opl2 _ a<-an sufiqsiani formebi:

Tqva squa qedgebadebuna wanamowanaSa (Kif. 277, 15) `Tqven Svili dagebadebaT erT weliwadSi... ~ mara va gˆganyKorani Go-ronTqˆ (Kif. 79, 4) `magram GmerTi ar gagi-wKreT~; pilaTˆ ni, musˆ gikeTenania? (Kif. 37, 5) `rom momklaT, ras `gagikeTebT~ (àras gargebT~); gewKinˆ da vagˆmayKora, nayara mus gocilˆna?! (sam. 64, 47-35) `Tu gewKina, ar gamiwKre, werili ras gerCiT?~

b) O1 da O2-is mravlobiTobis aGniSvnaS3O1, S3O2 kombinaciebSi l a z u r S i

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S3Opl1 _ -an sufiqsiani formebi: Cqun-Ti xes moqaCu-

nan! (jG. 17, 32) `Cvenc xelze gveqaCeba~; mundes baba cqaniq duGun mixenanoren, mundes okomyaranoren, hemindos ma cqani bore (jG. 50-15) `rodesac mamaSeni qorwils gagvimarTavs, rodesac (Jvars) dagvwers, ma-Sin mec Seni var~; Cqu heaq dompilanen (Kif. 64, 26) `Cven is mogvklavs!~ xoJaq iroTe momoGerdinaman (Ciq. II, 88, 7) `xoJa Kovel-Tvis gvatKuebs~...

-es s u fi q s i a n i f o r m e b i :aa kulaniq memibarges oxoi (asaT. 143, 91-21) àm

gogom migvilaga saxli~; oxrasqiriq tofeGi gverdi gzas me-moGgires (van. 166, 2) `mazlma Sua gzaze Tofi dagvimiz-na~; qeloGlaniq kave muSeni momiGes musafirefekala? (jG. 72, 2) `qeloGlanma Kava ratom mogvitana stumreb-Tan?~ ... ama manJe muSiq xoJi memixires-a (jG. 30, 30) `magram patronma xari mogvparao~; qCini, haa Tangriq momCes~ (dium. 60, V-35) `dedabero, es GmerTma mo-gvca~; rusiq domyves, domxales, ambai var giCqin-i? (Kif. 20, 9) `rusma dagvwva, dagvbuga, es ambavi ar ici?... ~S3Opl

2 _ -an s u fi q s i a n i f o r m e b iham koini miSiʼn, fadiSai giyiTxanen, CaqCaq fadiSaiSi koinefeʼ nan TqviTa (kart. 1970, 225,� 16) ès cxvrebi visiao, xelmwife rom gkiTxavT, CaqCaq xelmwifis cxvrebia-Tqo, uTxariT~; ar †ukaraSi bereq mufe goGodaman (jG. 77, 7) èrTi Garibis biyi reebs dagiSavebT (`gagike-TebT~).

-n su fiqs i an i mKo fad i (II kavSirebiTisagan nawarmoe-bi):

fadiSai mulun askeriTe, Tqva kilanen (kart. 1970, 225, 19) `xelmwife modis JariT, Tqven dagxocavT~; aGaq ognas-na, dudi memikvaTa-n-ene (Kif. 80, 28) `batonma

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rom gaigos, Tavs mogvyris!~; sinTi xoS va ginon, qi Cqini asqei eq domaKvilan? (kart. 1968, 168, 110) `Senc xom ar ginda, rom Cveni laSqari iq dagvexocos?~.

rogorc vxedavT, (II) modelis mixedviT, O1 da O2 sim-ravlis aGniSvna xdeba S3-is ricxvis formantebiT: -an, -es, -n. mesame obieqturi piris mravlobiToba aqac aGuniSvne-lia: S1O3, S2O3, S3O3 kombinaciebSi obieqturi piris Ø nulovani markeri gvaqvs.

obieqtis mravlobiTobis gamoxatvis (II) modeli pirobi-Tad ase SeiZleba Caiweros:

{-an∞-es∞-n} [I, II] ~ [III] {Ø}maSasadame, obieqturi piris ricxvis aGniSvnis (I) da

(II) modelSi mkacradaa daculi I-II ~ III pirTa diqotomia. pir-veli da meore obieqti markirebulia, erTi mxriv, -T sufiqsiT, meore mxriv _ -an, -es, -n morfemebiT. maT upirispirdeba III obieqturi piri Tavisi uniSnobiT. is zogadi principi, romelic subieqturi piris mravlobiTobis gamoxatvisas vrceldeba qar-Tvelur enebSi, megrul-lazurSi obieqtTan mimarTebaSic iCens Tavs.

rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es faqti megrul-lazurSi?-T sufiqsiT obieqtis markirebisas, komunikaciis aqtSi

monawileobs I da II pirebi, romelTa funqcia urTierTCanac-vlebadia. S1O2 kombinaciaSi meore piri msmenelia, xolo pirveli piri _ moubari. magram S2O1 kombinaciaSi pirTa role-bi Secvlilia. rogorc e. benvenisti SeniSnavs, pirveli da meo-re piris amgvar urTierTmimarTebaSi devs enis, rogorc subi-eqturobiT aGbeydili sistemis arsi. is, visac `me~ vuwodeb `Sen~, Tavis Tavs ganixilavs rogorc `me~-s, xolo `me~ _ rogorc `Sen~. Sesabamisad, ena arsebobs imdenad, ram-denadac komunikaciis aqtSi CarTuli `me~ da `Sen~ pirebi Tavis Tavs moiazreben subieqtad, anu sakuTar realobas aniyeben `ego~-s gagebas.

cnobili lingvisti boduen de kurtene wers, rom egocen-trizmi SeiZleba iKos obieqturic. amis nimuSad mecniers mohKavs is enebi, sadac sqesis kategoriaa garCeuli. mrav-lobiTi ricxvis gamoxatvisas am enebSi xdeba sqesTa niveli-reba, kerZod, mravlobiTSi mdedrobiTi da saSuali sqesis asimilacia xdeba mamrobiTi sqesis mier, xolo `aracocxali-sa~ _ `cocxalis~ kategoriis mier [kurtene 1963, 80]. o. es-

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perseni savsebiT bunebriv moTxovnilebad miiCnevs mam-robiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis sulieri sagnebis erT JgufSi ga-erTianebas mravlobiT ricxvSi. Sesabamisad, zogierT enaSi iqmneba garkveuli sintaqsuri wesi, romlis mixedviT mam-robiTi sqesis ricxvis forma gamoKenebulia orive (mamrobi-Ti, mdedrobiTi) sqesis ricxvis aGsaniSnavad [iesperseni 1958, 217]. rogorc vxedavT, im enebSi, sadac sqesis kate-goriaa garCeuli, mravlobiTSi sqesTa neitralizacia xdeba mamrobiTi sqesis (`privilegirebulis~) niSniT, xolo im eneb-Si, sadac klasis kategoriaa garCeuli, amgvari uniformacia xdeba nivTis klasis niSniT. magaliTad, iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi `adamianis kategoria mravlobiTSi ara Cans, mis ad-gils nivTisa iyers... mxoloobiTSi garCeulia adamiani (pirov-neba) da nivTi, mravlobiTSi es garCeva moSlilia: xdeba de-personalizacia~ [Ciqobava 1956, 318], Tumca zogierT kav-kasiur enaSi, sadac pirovan-klasovani uGvlilebaa, mravlo-biTSic SenarCunebulia adamianisa da nivTis dapirispireba: `nivTis kategoriis erTi niSani adamianTa mravlobiTobas gamoxatavs (KovelTvis b-), nivTTa kategoriis meore niSani _ nivTTa mravlobiTobas (umetes SemTxvevaSi r-|d-)~, ufro metic, darguulsa da qisturSi `I da II klasis saxelebi mravlo-biTis pirvelsa da meore pirSi mravlobiTis zogad d- sawar-moebels gamoivlens... imave klasebis saxelebi mesame pi-ris formebSi b- formantiT warmogvidgeba~ [andGulaZe 1968, 29; 171]. maSasadame klas-kategoriis mravlobiTi ri-cxvis I da II piri formalurad upirispirdeba III pirs da, amave dros, Kvela SemTxvevaSi mravlobiTi ricxvi gamoixateba nivTis klas-kategoriis niSniT.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, megrul-lazurSi obieqtis mravlobiTis gamoxatvis modelebis mixedviT, erTi mxriv, daculia subieqturi egocentrulobis principi _ aGiniSneba adamianis gamomxatveli I da II piris mravlobiTi ricxvi: T sufiqsiT, meore mxriv, imave pirebis mravlobiToba aGiniS-neba III piris mravlobiTobis an, n, es sufiqsebiT.

megrul-lazurSi obieqtis mravlobiTis gamoxatvis orive modelis mixedviT ganze rCeba mesame piri, rogorc ara-markirebuli wevri. magram ramdenadac `markireba Kovel-Tvis garkveulad gapirobebulia~ [mayavariani 1987, 25], potenciurad aris SesaZlebloba aramarkirebuli wevris mar-

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kirebisa, rogorc ki saTanado pirobebi Seiqmneba. istoriulad erT-erTi aseTi faqtori Cans inversia, romelsac ukavSirdeba morfologiuri obieqtis, imave realuri subieqtis mravlobiTo-bis warmoebis sistema. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, orga-nul kavSirSia obieqturi piris ricxvis gamoxatvis (II) model-Tan.

$ 7. inversiis sakiTxi da micemiT brunvaSi da-smuli

RS-is ricxvis gamoxatva

qarTul zmnaSi inversiasTan dakavSirebiT ori Tvalsazri-sia cnobili: arn. Ciqobavas SexedulebiT, Tanamedrove qar-TulSi morfologiuri subieqti da obieqti KovelTvis ar udris su-bieqt-obieqts sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT da am mimarTebaSi pirisa da brunvis kategoriasTan erTad ricxvis kategoriac iGebs monawileobas. aqedan gamomdinare, inversia aris pirTa Sebrunebuli wKoba, rac Tavs iCens rogorc gardama-val zmnaTa III seriis formebSi, aseve `maqvs~, `miKvars~ tipis gardauval zmnebSi [Ciqobava 1950, 057-058; Ciqoba-va 1968, 131-136]. Sesabamisad, inversia gaazrebulia, ro-gorc qarTuli enis ganviTarebaSi momxdari umniSvnelova-nesi istoriuli procesi, rac dakavSirebulia martivi winadade-bis meqanizmis evoluciasTan.

meore TvalsazrisiT, `qarTulSi adgili aqvs piris niSanTa inversias, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom vinis rigis niSnebi erT SemTxvevaSi subieqturi piris aGmniSvnelad gvevline-bian, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki obieqturi pirisa; piruku: manis rigis niSnebi erT SemTxvevaSi obieqturi pirebis amsaxvele-bia zmnaSi, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki _ subieqturi pirebisa~. Sesabamisad, gardamavloba da III seria aris `aucilebeli pi-roba piris niSanTa inversiisaTvis zmnaSi~ [SaniZe 1953, 199-201]. a. SaniZe ar iziarebs mosazrebas `maqvs~, `mi-Kvars~ tipis zmnaTa inversiulobis Sesaxeb, radganac: 1. gardauval zmnaSi gamoricxulia pirdapiri obieqtis arsebo-ba, 2. SeuZlebelia iribi obieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi idges [SaniZe 1981, 504-517].

uaxles qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi mkvlevarTa

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erTi nawili uarKofs inversiis faqts rogorc diaqroniul doneze: savaldebulo da arasavaldebulo pirebis daSvebiT nacvlad subieqt-obieqtisa [oniani 1978, 33-55], aseve sinqroniul do-neze: formaTa perfeqtuli semantikidan amosvliT [uTurgai-Ze, 2003], agreTve qarTulis zmnur sistemaSi subieqt-obieq-tis kategoriis opoziciis moxsniT da nacvlad amisa nebelobis cnebis SemotaniT [asaTiani 1982].

mkvlevarTa mier SeniSnulia, rom inversiis process ga-rkveuli gramatikul-semantikuri safuZveli aqvs. inversia xdeba `zmnaTa im klasebSi, sadac vin-is rigia neitralizebu-li, mis mier gamoxatuli piris aqtiobis da agenturobis xaris-xis daqveiTebis an sruli dakargvis TvalsazrisiT... rac ufro iz-rdeba zmnis formaSi man-is rigis aqtioba, misi egocentruli funqcia, miT ufro igrZnoba formis introvertuloba da inversi-ulobac~ [mayavariani 1987, 84]. inversiis procesis dawKe-bas mkvlevarTa erTi nawili ukavSirebs statikur zmnebs, ro-melTa erT-erTi niSania inversiuloba, rac zogierT SemTxve-vaSi saqceo sistemis daSlis Sedegad aris miCneuli [suxiSvi-li 1976, 43-49]. meore mxriv, `prefiqsiani vnebiTis KalibiT nawarmoeb zmnebSi gamoiKofa erTi Jgufi formebisa, rom-lebic gamoxataven sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs: SesaZleb-lobas, miCneviTobas, gunebas, grZnoba-aGqmas, qona-Ko-las da a. S. Kvela am formisaTvis saerTo semantikuri niSa-nia statikuroba~ [daTukiSvili 1996, 76]. Sesabamisad, gar-dauval zmnebSi gamoKofen labiluri inversiis relatiur vnebi-Tebs, stabiluri inversiis relatiur mediopasivebs da relatiuri agebulebis ZiriTadad ugvaro statikur zmnebs [meliqiSvili 1995]. ufro metic, d. meliqiSvilis azriT, III seriis formebi warmoadgenen ara Sesabamis dinamikur gardamaval zm-naTa inversiul formebs, aramed statikuri zmnebisas, e. i. statikur zmnaTa inversiaqmnilma gadinamikurebulma for-mebma gaagrZeles moqmedebiTi gvaris dinamikur zmna-Ta paradigma da warmoSves perfeqtul droTa formebi [me-liqiSvili 1978, 87].

b. JorbenaZis TvalsazrisiT, `inversiis mizezi qarTulSi sulier (upiratesad adamianis) da usulo saganTa urTierTmi-marTebaSi Zevs: inversiis dros gramatikuli iribi obieqti gamoxatavs sulier pirs, xolo gramatikuli qvemdebaris rolSi gamodis usulo sagani~ [JorbenaZe 1981, 76]. mkvlevris

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azriT, qarTulSi SeiniSneba inversiis morfologiuri aGniSvnis tendencia, kerZod, xdeba inversiis morfologiuri gamoxatva mravlobiTi ricxvis formebSi: uKvar-s mas _ uKvar-T maT. aq `gasaTvaliswinebelia formantTa urTierTobis faqtori~ _ qarTulSi mravlobiTi ricxvis formantTa Sexvedrisas rCeba subieqtis da ar Cans obieqtis mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli formantebi: is Tqven gixatav-T, magram isini Tqven gixa-tav-en. `maSasadame, is, risi mravlobiTobis aGmniSvnelic rCeba subieqtur da obieqtur pirTa Sexvedrisas, enaSi gai-geba subieqtad, risic ara _ obieqtur pirad. amis kvalobaze, konstruqcia: bavSvebs u-Kvar-T dedebi _ imaze migviTi-Tebs, rom am konteqstSi swored `bavSvebs~ formaa ga-gebuli subieqtad, Tumca gramatikulad igi iribi obieqturi pi-ria~ [JorbenaZe 1981, 77]. e. i. -T formantiT gamoixateba mravlobiToba semantikurad gaazrebuli subieqtisa da ara morfologiuri subieqtisa.

amgvarad, qarTulSi inversiis ramdenime gramatikul-semantikuri safuZvelia gamoKofili: 1) manis rigis aqtivoba, egocentruli funqciis zrda; 2) zmnis statikuroba (poliperso-naluri bunebis statikur zmnaSi logikurad pasiuri subieqtisa da logikurad aqtiuri obieqtis arseboba); 3) iribi obieqtis mi-marTeba vin Jgufis saxelTan (is KovelTvis adamianis, pi-rovnebis gamomxatvelia). es ukanaskneli, Cveni azriT, mTavari semantikuri faqtoria, radganac subieqtis cneba enaSi uSualod piris, adamianis raobasTan aris dakavSire-buli (adamiani ~ araadamiani _ es diqotomia vlindeba eno-briv azrovnebaSi Kvela doneze). gramatikul doneze inversi-is procesisTvis, rogorc Cans, xelsaKreli pirobebi swored statikur zmnebSi Seiqmna. saqceo sistemis moSlam da am sistemis wevrTa funqciis gadawevam zmnis struqturis cvli-lebas SeuwKo xeli. m. suxiSvilis azriT, es cvlilebebi aisaxa zmnis pirnaklobaSi, xmovani prefiqsis dakargvaSi, subieq-turi wKobis arqonaSi da sxv. am ukanasknelma ki ganapi-roba is, rom gramatikuli obieqti realuri subieqtis rolSi mo-gvivlina [suxiSvili 1976, 43-49].

relatiur-statikur zmnebSi inversia rom gacilebiT mKari movlenaa, kargad Cans megrul-lazuris magaliTze. ramde-nadac inversia irib obieqtTan aris dakavSirebuli, dgeba mi-cemiTi brunvis morfo-sintaqsuri datvirTvis sakiTxic megrul-

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sa da lazurSi. megrulSi micemiTi brunvis funqciuri datvir-Tva qarTulis msgavsia: is aris rogorc iribi, aseve pirdapiri obieqtis brunva, aseve _ III seriaSi inversiuli gardamavali zmnebis realuri subieqti da relatiur-statikuri zmnebis RS-ic micemiTSi dgas.

micemiTi brunvis pozicia megrulSi mKaria, rasac ver vitKviT lazurze. lazurSi mxolod iribi obieqturi piri da inver-siuli relatiur-gardauvali zmnebis realuri subieqti gadmoice-ma micemiTi brunviT. iTvleboda, rom gardamaval zmnebSi inversia naklebproduqtiuli aGmoCnda _ aq TurmeobiTebis warmoebis sxva sistema damkvidrda [mari 1910, 46; Ciqo-bava 1936, 145], Tumca g. kartoziam Tavisi gamokvlevebiT aCvena, rom `sinamdvileSi, inversiuli TurmeobiTebi lazurSi naSTis saxiT ki ar aris SemorCenili, aramed saKovlTaod aris gavrcelebuli. ufro metic, maT gamoKenebis are gaufarToebiaT da, megrulis msgavsad, zog gardauval zmnasac ewarmoeba~... [kartozia 2005, 98]. Tanac `isaxeba tendencia, gauTanabrdes zmnis inver-siuli formebi pirdapiri wKobis zmnebs sintaqsuri Zalis mi-xedviT... aq ara marto iribi obieqti inarCunebs Tavis brun-vas, aramed subieqtic imave brunvaSi rCeba, ra brunvaSi-caa pirdapiri wKobis dros~ [kartozia 1968, 145]. Jer kidev, arn. Ciqobavam u Z i r a m u n `unaxavs~ formis analizi-sas miuTiTa pirdapir wKobaze inversiulis nacvlad, rac aTi-nuri kilos Taviseburebad miiCnia [Ciqobava 1936, 153], magram g. kartoziam diumezilis, s. jGentis mier Caweril ar-qabul teqstebSi da mis mier mopovebul xofur masalaSic gamoavlina msgavsi SemTxvevebi. mecnieris azriT, `pirda-piri wKobis zmnebTan inversiul formaTa gaTanabrebis ten-dencia reliefurad iCens Tavs gardauval zmnebSi~ [kartozia 1968, 145-146]. miuxedavad inversiuli konstruqciis rGvevi-sa lazurSi, morfologiur doneze relatiur-statikuri zmna Tavis inversiul struqturas inarCunebs. amis dasturia mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatvis sistema.

cnobilia, rom relatiur-statikuri zmnebi mcirericxovania qarTulSi da, Sesabamisad, zanurSic. magram inversiul for-maTa raodenobas zrdis potencialisis kategoriis arseboba megrul-lazurSi. rogorc specialur literaturaSia aGniSnuli, po-tencialisis erT-erTi niSani inversiulobaa, radganac potenci-

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alisis relatiuri forma Cveulebriv gamoxatavs realuri subieq-tis qmedebis SesaZleblobas [Ciqobava 1936, 110-112; Se-rozia 1984, 6-7]. esaa a- ... -e prefiqs-sufiqsiT nawarmoebi formebi, romlebic qarTulSi -e-niani vnebiTebis tolfardia. Cvens masalaSi potencialisis formebi sakmaodaa (gansa-kuTrebiT lazurSi), magram ZiriTadi nawili warmodgenilia qona-Kolebis, grZnoba-aGqmis, miCnevisa da gunebis gamomxatveli zmnebiT.

rogorc zemoT aGvniSneT, lazurSi relatiur-statikur zm-naTa obieqturi wKobis konstruqciebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ir-Gveva, magram zmnis morfologiuri struqtura ucvlelia. zmnaSi warmodgenilia manis rigis piris niSnebi da mravlo-biTobis -an, -es, -n sufiqsebi, romlebic mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmuli realuri subieqtis (morfologiuri obieqtis) markere-bia. RS1 da RS2-is mravlobiTobis aGmniSvnel formebTan Znelia imis dadgena, mTqmeli romel brunvas gulisxmobs, magram RS3-is SemTxvevaSi es TvalsaCinoa. Cvens xelT arsebul saanalizo masalaSi 3-Jer metia micemiTis formebi. magaliTad:

a) RS3 dgas micemiT brunvaSiawmKo: -an sufiqsiani formebi

ia JumalefesTi Cqimi kainoba va unonan (kart. 1972, 42, 9) ìm Zmebsac Cemi si-karge (`sikeTe~) ar undaT~; hako fadiSa-Gefes msqva bozofe uonunan (kart. 1972, 174, 21) `...xelmwifeebs lamazi qa-liSvilebi hKavT~; awi e koCiS berefes Tis nosi va uGunan, muTu var axvenenan! (Ciq. I, 130, 14) àxla am kacis bavSvebs TavSi ykua ara aqvT, verafers ver akeTe-ben (èkeTebinebaT~); majurani berefes var uCqinan (dium. 117, XX-21) `sxva bavSvebma ar ician~; anTefes dido wkai aSvenan (kart. 1968, 166, 67) àmaT Zali-an swKuria~; Cqva do majvaa faTiSaefes aSquinenan (kart. 1972, 43, 12) `sxva da sxva xelmwifeebs SeeSindebaT~; jur Ji-

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mas hagoykondunan (asaT. 158, 99-17) òr Zmas daaviwKdebaT~...

uwKveteli: -es sufiqsiani formebifadiSaG do veziris duGuniS oxenu un-des (kart. 173, 17) `xelmwifesa da vezirs qorwilis gamarTva undodaT~; anTefes uGutes (kart. 1972, 19, 17) àmaT hqon-daT~; lazefes uonutes ar fadiSaGi (kart. 1972, 173, 5) `lazebs hKavdaT erTi xelmwi-fe~; Teli lazistanis amuSen aSqurinetes (Kif. 10, 33) `mTel lazistans amisi eSino-da~...

wKvetili: -es sufiqsianTefes aSquines (kart. 1968, 150, 19) àmaT SeeSindaT~; beefes mu aGodes (kart. 1972, 44, 34) `bavSvebs ra daemar-TaT~; kulanefes Cobani na Guu, kai awo-nes (asaT. 68, 29-51) `gogoebs, mwKemsi rom mokvda, Zalian gauxardaT~; koCefes gvakvies, àa mu ena?~ (kart. 1968, 161, 80) `kacebs gaukvirdaT, es ra ariso?~ hanTefes jur bere daves (dium. 89, XI-7) àmaT ori bavSvi eKolaT~; koCefes xoJa va maGerdines... (Ciq. I, 9-8) `kacebma xoJa ver moatKues (`ver SeZles motKue-ba~)...

b) RS3 dgas saxelobiT brunvaSi

sum Juma baba niSiSe ‡ar dibi uSkuri uGurTes (Ciq. II, 130, 1) `sam Zmas mamisgan erTi vaSlis xe hqonda~; oTxi-xolo Juma oxorJalefe miKonunan (Kif. 645, 11-2) òTxive Zmas colebi gvKavs~; mTiniTi dvaKves ar KuJi bee (kart. 1972, 114, 33) `maTac eKolaT erTi Kru bavSvi~; zenginefe aSkurinetes do meCamtes (kart. 1970, 227, 1) `mdidrebs eSinodaT da aZlevdnen~; belqi konCefe Sqi-mi quSkunan (Ciq. II, 137, 26) `SeiZleba Cemma kaceb-

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ma ician~;SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rogorc a), aseve b) SemTxveva-

Sic, realuri subieqtis mravlobiToba zmnaSi gamoxatulia -an sufiqsiT awmKo-mKofadis mwkrivSi, -es sufiqsiT namKos mwkrivebSi; kavSirebiTSi mosalodnelia -n sufiqsis darTva: uGut-a-n `hqondeT~, aSquin-a-n `SeeSindeT~... mravlobiT ricxvSi relatiur-statikur zmnebSi inversiuli wKoba ufro mKa-ria, vidre mxoloobiTSi. g. kartozias azriT, lazurSi inversiul zmnebTan `nairibali pirmiumarTavi obieqtis micemiTSi da-smis SemTxvevebi~ srul analogias hpovebs Zvel qarTulSi dadasturebul movlenasTan: `mesame seriis mwkrivebSi na-iribali pirmiumarTavi obieqti sporadulad micemiTSia da-smuli~, rogorc qarTulSi, aseve lazurSic es procesi gviandeli Cans [kartozia 1968, 144-145]. Cveni azriT, amis dasturad mravlobiTis formebic gamodgeboda. vfiqrobT, rom mravlo-biTobis -an, -es, -n sufiqsebis arseboba zmnaSi Zlieri argu-mentia inversiuli wKobis SesanarCuneblad, radganac, faq-tia, rom qarTulSic da megrul-lazurSic inversiis procesi da-srulda maSin, roca is gramatikuladac gaformda enaSi, anu zmnis formaSi gaiCina Tavisi warmomadgeneli mravlobiTo-bis sufiqsis saxiT [meliqiSvili 1978; JorbenaZe 1981]. lazur-Si, sadac micemiTi brunvis funqciebi minimaluria da sauku-neTa manZilze aramonaTesave (berZnuli, Turquli) enebis Zlier zewolas ganicdida, bunebrivi iqneboda, rom ara Tu re-latiur-gardauval zmnebs SeenarCunebinaT nominatiuri kon-struqcia, aramed relatiur-gardamavali zmnebic gadasuliK-vnen nominatur konstruqciaze, magram es procesi ar mo-xda. piriqiT, zmnis morfologiuri struqtura ganapirobebs kon-struqciis SenarCunebasac. relatiur-statikur zmnebSi da-mkvidrebuli modeli RS-is ricxvis gamoxatvisa sakmaod md-gradi aGmoCnda. am modelis Tanaxmad, RS3-is mravlobiTo-bis gamomxatveli formantebi analogiiT gadavida pirvelsa da meore pirSi. magaliTebi:

a) RS1-is ricxvis aGniSvna lazurSi-an sufiqsiani: anTefe oxoris minonan... (Kif. I, 10,

11-8) `eseni saxlSi gvinda~; kabaeTi xvala Cqin va miGu-nan (kart. 1972, 45, 23) `Gvino marto Cven ara gvaqvs~; msqibus Cqi koCi miTi va miKounan (asaT. 123, 73-22)

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`wisqvilSi Cven kaci aravin ara gvKavs~; Cqu haa var maykomenan (jG. 56, 9) `Cven es ar gveymeva~; ekonai †iaTi momCi, muko na andGa oxois domibaGunan (kart. 1968, 172, 12) ìmdeni (ìmdeni fasi~) momeci, ramdenic dGes Sin gveKofa~; Cqu gui va momaleman! (Ciq. II, 66, 7) `Cven guli ar mogvdis~; Cqu veziriSa maSqurnafunan (Kif. 31, 5) `Cven vezirisa gveSinia~; xoJaq mu Tqvasere, Squ va maJerenan! (Ciq. II, 88, 8) `xoJam rac unda Tqvas, Cven ar gvJera~; sanqis va maxoronenan (Ciq. I, 50, 9) `... ar gvecekveba~.

-es s u fi q s i a n i f o r m e b i :Cqin Kona miGutes (asaT. 207, 119, 12) `Cven Kana

gvqonda~; eger baba Cqimi va rtukon-na, uSqii hiC va maykometes (Ciq. I, 67, 23) `mamaCemi rom ar KofiliKo, vaSls ver SevyamdiT (`ver SevZlebdiT yamas~); hawi ar Sei gomoykondes he qarmateSi, he-Ti dofTqvaT! (Ciq. II, 61, 17) àxla erTi ram dagvaviwKda wisqvilze, isic vTqvaT~; Cqun haSo mema†ikires (jG. 3, 25) `Cven ase mogvafiqrda~; soGuni gari mamSqorines (Kif. 32, 16) `... saymeli mogvSivda~...

b) RS2-is ricxvis gamoxatva zmnaSiheSo megomsqunan zenginefes (jG. 56, 17) àse

mogixdebaT mdidrebs!~ kulanefe-Cqimi, nanaTqvani vore, va gaSquinan (asaT. 1968, 114, 31) `Cemo Svilebo, deda-Tqveni var, nu geSiniaT~; so ren, so gonunan? (jG. 17, 27) `sad aris, sad gKavT~; Cqimi xali Tqvan va giCqinan (kart. 1972, 13, 29) `Cemi mdgomareoba Tqven ar iciT~; ngai ginonan-i? -a mkiTxes (dium. 164, LIV-6) `saymeli gindaTo?~ _ gvkiTxes~; Jumalefe-Ti qogaykomenan (asaT. 156, 98-36) `Zmebic SemogeymevaT~...

amrigad, lazurSi relatiur-statikur zmnaTa mravlobiTis warmoebis modeli aseTia: rodesac RO mesame piria da masTan kombinaciaSi Semodis RS1, RS2, RS3 _ samsave Se-mTxvevaSi RS-is ricxvi aGiniSneba erTi da imave afiqsiT: -an morfemiT awmKo drois mwkrivebSi; -es sufiqsiT _ na-mKo drois mwkrivebSi, -n sufiqsiT _ kavSirebiTSi. es mode-li vrceldeba mTlianad megrulzec. amJerad moviKvanT me-

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grulis sailustracio masalas:a) RS-is mravlobiTobis gamoxatva

awmKo-mKofadSi -anº-a (<an) sufiqsiTI piri _ oykomali irfeli miGunania (xub. 150, 18)

`saymeli Kvelaferi gvaqvso~; si varia, CqiTi qomiyirania (Kif. 27-20) `Sen ki ara, Cvenc gviyirso~; jˆri dGasˆ Sur(i) midgˆna do xolo arTian(i) va mocodˆna (sam. 62, 46-33) òri dGe suli gvidgas da erTmaneTi ki ar gveco-deba~; Tena irkocˆ bJogˆna (sam. 16, 11-6) ès Kvelas gvZuls~; xeSa vadˆmaxvarxva-lena xuJ TofiSi taxilefi (t. I, 279, 395-11) `xels ver vanZrevT (àr SegveZleba ganZre-va~) TofiT mxardatexilebi~...

II piri _ giodviT saxeli, mu gokonani (xub. 26, 22) `daarqviT saxeli, rac gindaT~; TiT Segile-buna ase demorCilaTie (xub. 158, 3) ìsic SegiZliaT, axla daemorCiloT~; Tqva va gos-quna Cqimi nJareba (sam. 63, 46-54) `Tqven ar gSveniT Cemi gamoJavreba~; Ce-la, busqa, mu giyira, koleqtivi minJeT r‡una (t. I, 36, 63-13, 14) `Cela, buska ra giyirT, ko-leqtivi gKavT patronad~; almasefi gi‡ora do varT xvarenTi manJanefs (t. I, 113, 202-31) àlmasebi giKvarT da arc kadrulobT (`xma-robT~) marJnebs~...

III piri _ dasuro Cqimi guriyua quGunanda (xub. 35, 32) `Tu marTla Cemi gulistkivili aqvT~; mu oyirˆnani va miCqˆ... (sam. 87, 63-57) `ra syirT, ar vici... ~ ZGabens qomonJ vaSibuna (t. I, 238, 33-3) `gogoebs qmari ver uSoviaT~; onarGˆna dalefs (xub. 135, 14) ènaGvle-baT debs~...

b ) R S - i s r i c x v i s g a m o x a t v a - e s s u fi q s i T :

uwKveteli:

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I piri _ squa Cqˆ vapundes (xub. 93, 30) `Cven Svili ar gvKavda~; Te Cqimi Jima dinˆdˆn miCqˆdesia (xub. 106, 37) ès Cemi Zma daikargeboda, gvegonao~; saxorcielesia xolo bJogudesia Cqia ar-Tiania (xub. 111, 31) `sicocxleSic gvZul-dao Cveno erTmaneTi~; Cqia saxorcie-lesia xolo TaSi mi‡ordes arTiania (xub. 111, 28) `Cven sicocxleSic ase gviKvar-da erTmaneTio~...

III piri _ muyo munefs aSqidiruafudesˆni TeSi (xub. 33, 4) `rogorc maT ekadrebodaT ise~; mara papaSi umuSoT xvama ve-Sulebudesˆ (sam. 92, 66-13) `mag-ram mGvdlis gareSe locva ar SeeZ-loT~; inefiSi saxenwˆfoSi dixaSa kuCxi-Si gedgˆmaSaTi oSqurudesˆ (Kif. 81, 31) ìmaT saxelmwifoSi miwaze fexis dadgmisac eSinodaT~: granicefiSa pa-raxodefi gilaledesˆ (Kif. 3, 15) `sa-zGvargareT xomaldebi daudiodaT~...

wKvetili: I piri _ vegeludi do qˆmorTie, maxiolesia

(xub. 39, 28) àr gelodi da rom moxve-di, gagvixardao~...

III piri _ eq ewKines uCaSi dalens (xub. 61, 18) ès ewKinaT ufros debs~; qimerTun, axioles (xub. 45, 12) `rom mivida, ga-uxardaT~, bolos geurCqindes arT osursquaq (xub. 138, 29) `bolos gauC-ndaT erTi qaliSvili~.

RS-is mravlobiToba kavSirebiTSi -n sufiqsiT aris marki-rebuli. mag.: gi‡ord-a-n-i arTiani (Kif. 79, 6) `giKvardeT er-TmaneTi~; rwand-a-n-ia arTiani (sam. 90, 65-78) `gwam-deTo erTmaneTis~; aTeq vaSqoyKord-a-n... (sam. II, 5-39) ès ar dagaviwKdeT...~

amrigad, relatiur-statikur zmnebSi saqceo sistemis

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moSlis Sedegad moqmedeba da zogadad mTeli sametKve-lo situacia mimarTul iqna micemiTi brunviT gadmocemuli pirisaken. es ukanaskneli ki KovelTvis gamoxatavda ada-mians, pirovnebas. inversiis Sedegad, micemiTi, rogorc personaluri piri, logikurad, funqciurad subieqtad iqna gage-buli. Sesabamisad, RS3-ma SeiZina + pirovnebis niSani. Se-iZleba iTqvas, rom inversiul zmnebSi RS1, RS2, RS3 _ Tanaba-ri Zalis mqone pirebia, romelTa mravlobiTobis gamoxatvac erTsa da imave morfemas ekisreba. Sesabamisad inversiul zmnebSi gvaqvs mxolod erTi saxis dapirispireba: RS ~ RO, anu subieqtisa da arasubieqtis dapirispirebaSi mravlobiT ricxvSi mxolod subieqtia markirebuli.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom III seriis gardamavali zmne-bis inversiuli formebic istoriulad gardauval zmnebadaa mi-Cneuli [rogava 1975, 277; meliqiSvili 1978; arabuli 1984, 25-26], araa moulodneli, rom RS-is mravlobiTobis gamo-xatvis modeli relatiur-statikuri zmnebidan gavrcelda III se-riis inversiul gardamaval zmnebze. pirvel rigSi, es iTqmis megrulze, sadac III seriis inversiuli formebi ewarmoebaT rogorc relatiur-gardamaval, aseve relatiur-gardauval zm-nebs. moviKvanT sailustracio masalas:

RS-is ricxvis aGniSvnaIII seriis mwkrivebSi

I TurmeobiTi: -anº-a (<-an) sufiqsiani formebi _ xvale vordiTia do koCi qiSebZine-bunania (Kif. 102, 1) `marto viKaviT da kaci SegvZeniao~; yuria do ka-xeS(i) ducu micxovrebuna Sxva fa-ranc (sam. 117, 78-42) `yuria da ka-xes Tavze gvicxovria erTxans~; ai, JimaGureli, muzma xanc qˆnobrulu-enania (Kif. 81, 22) `ai, Cemo Zmao (`Zmamkvdaro~) ramden xans gvZinebiao~; ai aTeneri xerxiT duu-Gorebuna (Kif. 12, 15) `amgvari xerxiT moutKuebiaT mgzavrebi~; eukinuna do duu‡viluna xoJi (Kif.

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12, 8) àmdgaran da dauklavT xa-ri~; arTiSaxˆ Te vezirens Zalami muTuni samarTali guurCqinuunani (t. II, 330, 19) èrTxelac am vezirebs raGac samarTali rom gauCeniaT~; mefeSi osuriskualens, sums medi-nafuna oqroSi beyedefi (t. II, 326, 36) `mefis qaliSvilebs, sams dahkargvia oqros beydebi~.

-es sufiqsiani formebiII TurmeobiTi: gimasizmarˆ, GoronTemc gegˆmur-

Tumudesi Tudo (t. I, 23, 40-1) `da-mesizmra, GmerTebi CamosuliKvnen Zirs~; gordems meuremefi viSo go-ulaxudes (t. I, 232, 347-20)~ `ba-KaKebs meurmeebi iqiT ucemiaT~; meuremefs uluna do sudis uCivle-budes (t. I, 232, 347-22) `meurme-ebs uvliaT da sasamarTloSi uCivli-aT~; xazinas qigenTxafudes, kari gegˆlutaxudes, fara gegˆmuGalu-des, nabadi qigˆnafaxudes (t. I, 231, 347, 13-16) `xazinas Tavs da-sxmian, kari CamoemtvriaT, fuli gamoetanaT da nabadi wamoefa-raT~.

g. kartozias mier lazuri kilokavebis dialeqtebis mixed-viT mopovebul masalaSic gardamavali Tu gardauvali zm-nebis inversiul formebSi RS-is mravlobiToba gamoxatulia -an da -es sufiqsebiT Sesabamis mwkrivebSi. magaliTebs moviKvanT misi monografiidan `lazuri ena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi~ (gv. 99-102):I TurmeobiTi: qodulubGafunan `CauKriaT~ (kart.

II, 30611), qodogurafunan `dauswavliaT~ (kart. II, 30615), qodudginunan `daudgamT~ (kart. II, 30613), uzopinunan ùTqvamT~

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(ayar. 10426)... II TurmeobiTi: dukidafutes àeSenebinaT~ (Ciq. I,

14619), miZiamutes `gvenaxa~ (= gvenaxeT)~ (kart. II, 15638), guxTi-mutes `Ca(mo)suliKvnen~ (kart. I, 20324).

aTinur-arTaSenulSi -es > -e variantic aris warmodgeni-li: uziramute ènaxaT~ (kart. II, 20516).

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom megrul-lazurSi mice-miTSi dasmuli realuri subieqtis gamoxatvis modeli kargad warmoaCens ricxvis kavSirs personaluri piris kategorias-Tan. inversiis ganxorcielebis gadamwKveti faqtori gaxda personaluri piris raoba, riTac vlindeba kidec enis egocen-truloba.

inversiul zmnebSi ricxvis gamoxatvis zanuri modeli ase SeiZleba CavweroT: RS [I, II, III] ={-an∞-es∞-n}.

es modeli mxolod megrul-lazurSi rodi funqcionirebs. specialur literaturaSi araerTgzis aGuniSnavT, rom qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi (imeruli, guruli, ayaruli) inversiul zmnebTan Cveulebrivia RS-is ricxvis gamoxatva S3-is mrav-lobiTobis niSniT. rogorc n. surmava wers, àyarulSi mice-miTSi dasmuli piris mravlobiTobis mawarmoebeli zmnuri sufiqsebis (-an, -es) nakvTTa mixedviT ganawileba zanuris msgavsia~... sufiqsi -an gardamavali da medioaqtiuri zm-nebis I TurmeobiTsa da gardauvali inversiuli zmnis awmKo-Si gvxvdeba, sufiqsi -es gardamavali zmnis II TurmeobiTsa da statikuri vnebiTis aoristSi, -en gardauvali zmnis uwKve-telsa da wKvetilSi [Tofuria 1954; surmava 1988, 89-92].

gurulSic micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli realuri subieqtis mravlobiToba gamoxatulia -en, -an sufiqsebiT: `maamisi guqcien Svilebs~, `biyebs ezoSi giekeTebien kacis moC-veneba~... [JaJaniZe 1970, 256]. msgavsi viTarebaa qve-moimerulSi, sadac inversiul da gainversiulebis gzaze md-gom zmnebSi TiTqmis ar ixmareba -T sufiqsi subieqtis mravlobiTobis niSnad. mis nacvlad gamoiKeneba -en su-fiqsi. aseve -en sufiqsi gamoxatavs mesame obieqtur pir-sac, roca is micemiT brunvaSia [kublaSvili 1985, 142]. am process dasavlur dialeqtebSi eZleva kvalifikacia, rogorc za-nuris substrats [jGenti 1936; sarJvelaZe 1965, 198], Tumca

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es ufro enis Sinagani ganviTarebis Sedegi Cans, vidre za-nuris gavlena [Tofuria 1954; surmava 1988, 92]. aGsaniS-navia, rom msgavsi tendencia _ -an sufiqsis gamoKeneba -Ke||-T sufiqsebis nacvlad fereidnul kiloSic SeiniSneba [Ci-qobava 1927], aseve mesxurSic [sarJvelaZe 1984, 567].

ufro metic, svanurSic S3-is mravlobiTobis formantiT xdeba II da III RS-is ricxvis aGniSvna. rogorc v. Tofuria Se-niSnavs, es funqcia -x formantisaTvis `SedarebiT axali da-nakisrebi unda iKos: sg Jalat-x eJa, eJrs xaltx eJa = Zv. qar-Tuli Tqven giKuar-s igi, maT xuKuar-s igi. mdgomareoba analogiuria moZme enebSic, oGond gansxvaveba sufiqse-bis gamoKenebaSia: axali qarTuli I da II piris mravlobiTis -Tʼs mimarTavs, svanuri da lazur-megruli ki _ III p. bolo-sarTs~ [Tofuria 1967, 28]. rogorc Cans, es movlena calkeul qarTvelur enebSi maTi Sinagani ganviTarebis Sedegia.

inversiuloba relatiur-statikur zmnebSi erT Tavisebureba-sac warmoaCens. realuri obieqtis (morfologiuri subieqtis) mravlobiTobis gamoxatvisas mxolod erTi modeli moqme-debs ganurCevlad pirTa kombinaciebisa. sqematurad warmovadgenT magaliTebs:

ROpl1 _ si Cqi gi‡or-T `Sen Cven giKvar-

varT~Tis Cqi vu‡or-T `mas Cven vuKvar-

varT~ROpl

2 _ ma Tqva mi‡or-TTis Tqva u‡or-T

`me Tqven miKvar-xarT~

`mas Tqven uKvar-xarT~

ROpl3 _ ma Tinef mi‡ors `me isini miKvars~

si Tinef gi‡ors `Sen isini giKvars~Tis Tinef u‡ors `mas isini uKvars~

rogorc vxedavT, RO3-is ricxvi amJeradac ar aGiniSne-ba, xolo RO1 da RO2-is mravlobiTi ricxvi -T sufiqsiT gamoi-xateba kombinaciebSi: RS1RO2, RS2RO1; RS3RO1, RS3RO2, anu S3-is CarTva ar iwvevs obieqtis ricxvis gamoxatvis (II) modelis amoqmedebas.

vfiqrobT, amas ganapirobebs realuri subieqtis gamo-mxatveli samive piris (I, II, III) gaTanabreba + pirovnebis

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niSniT, rac realuri obieqtis (morfologiuri subieqtis) ricxvis gamoxatvisas ufro metad win wamoswevs enisTvis dama-xasiaTebel subieqtur egocentrizms _ I da II RO ricxvis gamoxatvisas amoqmeddeba mxolod T-aniani modeli.

morfologiuri Tu realuri obieqtis ricxvis gamoxatvis sis-temis analizma al. oniani im daskvnamde miiKvana, rom `saerTo-qarTvelurSi (agreTve garkveul safexuramde qar-Tvelur enebSic) arasavaldebulo pirTa [e. i. obieqtur pirTa _ l. e.] ricxvi segmenturi morfologiuri erTeuliT ar aGiniSnebo-da; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arasavaldebulo pirTa mravlobi-Toba morfologiurad ar iKo gamoxatuli~ [oniani 1978, 212]. realurad obieqtis ricxvis gamoxatva samsave qarTvelur enaSi ukve arsebuli sistemis modifikaciis gziT moxda. `qar-Tuli enis aGmosavlurma dialeqtebma SemasmenelSi da-matebaTa simravlis markireba moaxdines subieqturi I da II pirebis mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli -T sufiqsiT, xolo dasavlurma dialeqtebma imave subieqturi III piris simravlis gamomxatveli -en sufiqsiT (gvxvdeba -es sufiqsic)~ [uTur-gaiZe 2007, 19]. iTvleba, rom dasavluri dialeqtebi mihKv-nen e. w. zanur models, Tumca zanurSi -T sufiqsiTac gad-moicema obieqtis simravle I da II pirSi gansxvavebiT qar-Tulis II da III pirebisa. erTi ram cxadia, zanurSi obieqtis mravlobiTobis aGniSvnis sistema uSualod ukavSirdeba su-bieqtis ricxvis aGniSvnis sistemas, radgan orivegan amosa-valia mTavari principi _ markireba xdeba im pirisa, romelic adamianis gamomxatvelia. damatebiT argumentad movix-mobT specifikur mwkrivTa formebs megrulsa da lazurSi.

$ 8. mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatva megrulisIV seriis mwkrivebsa da lazuris arainversiul

TurmeobiTTa formebSi

I da II seriis ZiriTadi mwkrivebi megrulsa da lazurs sa-erTo aqvs, magram sxvaoba Tavs iCens TurmeobiTTa war-moebaSi. megrulSi gardamaval zmnebs III seriis mwkrive-bi, qarTulis msgavsad, inversiulad ewarmoebaT. am Se-mTxvevaSi amosavalia II seriis formebi, amitomac maT g. rogavam `aoristis TurmeobiTis nakvTebi~ uwoda sapirispi-

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rod àwmKos TurmeobiTis nakvTebisa~, romlebic no-... -e afiqsebiT gamoixateba. swored es ukanaskneli warmoad-gens megrulSi specifikur TurmeobiTebs: `no prefiqsiani TurmeobiTis nakvTebis calke Jgufad (meoTxe Jgufad) gamoKofas moepoveba rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri safuZveli. 1. TurmeobiTis es ori Jgufi _ mesame da meoTxe Jgufebi _ damoukidebeli nakvTebis sistemis mqonea; 2. gardamavali zmna awmKos TurmeobiTis nakvTebSi no-minatiuri konstruqciisaa _ Tina n o y k i r u e T i s, xo-lo aoristis TurmeobiTis nakvTebSi, datiuri konstruqcii-saa _ Tis u y k i r u T i n a . 3. istoriuladac isini sxvadas-xva drois warmonaqmnebia~ [rogava 1953, 18].

IV seriis TurmeobiTebSi ricxvis gamoxatvis sistema emTxveva awmKo drois mwkrivebSi subieqturi piris mrav-lobiTis gamoxatvis sistemas: I da II piris ricxvi iwarmoeba -T sufiqsiT, xolo III piris mravlobiTi gadmoicema Semdegna-irad: III TurmeobiTSi _ -anº-a sufiqsiT; IV TurmeobiTsa da IV pirobiTSi _ -es sufiqsiT; IV kavSirebiTSi _ -n formantiT. magaliTad:

III T u r m e o b i T i

I piri _ tKuraT nobla‡afueTo aTe droSa, Tqva yvirefi (t. I, 279, 395-15) `tKuilad vTamaSobT (`vTa-maSobdiT~) (Turme) am dromde, Tqve da-mwvrebo~...

II piri _ Jgiro nola‡afueT nardis `kargad TamaSobT (Turme) nards~...

III piri _ sum wanas nokeTebuena ‡udes (t. II, 270, 26) `sam wels aSenebdnen (Turme) saxls~; Ticali maxinJi ‡ofena Tinefi, namuda qi‡anas norgilafuena (Kif. 12, 1) ìseTi borotebi Kofi-lan isini, rom qveKanas Kinavdnen (àciveb-dnen~) Turme~...

IV TurmeobiTsa da IV pirobiTSi III piris -an ricxvis ni-Sans Caenacvleba -es sufiqsi. mag.: Tinef noykirued-es dafis ìsini yridnen (Turme) dafnas~; TeS nokobuena, namˆda iro dros notarebued-es-ko(n) ìse ndomebiaT (`nandomebaT~), rom KovelTvis dro etarebinaT Turme...

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IV kavSirebiTSi S3-is ricxvs -n sufiqsi gamoxatavs: TaS noGorebueda-n sqan gamˆnarKis `ase moetKuebinoT (Turme) Seni STamomavloba~...

ricxvis gamoxatvis es sistema icvleba e. w. inversiuli relatiur-statikuri zmnebisaTvis. ramdenadac maT awmKo inversiulad ewarmoebaT, es Tavs iCens awmKos Turmeo-biTSic, kerZod, samsave pirSi RS-is mravlobiTi gamoixate-ba erTi da imave morfemiT: III TurmeobiTSi _ -anº-a sufiq-siT; IV TurmeobiTsa da IV pirobiTSi _ -es sufiqsiT; IV kavSi-rebiTSi _ -n morfemiT. magaliTisaTvis moviKvanT III Tur-meobiTis formebs:

I piri _ Tolsˆ sinTe va nobGvena, mu yirdˆni, va-nobCqvena (Kif. 168, 2-3) `TvalT Cini ar gvqonia (Turme), ra yirda, ar gvcodnia (Tur-me)~;

II piri _ Tqva norCqvena mSvenieri iadoniS toli bira (t. I, 99, 195-7) `Tqven gcodniaT (Turme) mSvenieri iadonis msgavsi mGera~;

III piri _ va nopaluena muTuni, arTi qomoli squaSi meti (Kif. 12, 18) `ar hKoliaT (Turme) aravin, erTi vajiSvilis garda~.

rogorc vxedavT, subieqturi piris (morfologiuria igi, Tu realuri) mravlobiTis gamoxatvisas IV seriis mwkrivebSi mo-qmedebs S-is ricxvis gamoxatvis igive modelebi, rac I da II seriaSia. rogori viTarebaa obieqturi piris ricxvis gamoxatvi-sas?

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis warmovadgenT magaliTebs I seri-is formebTan SepirispirebiT.

1) O-is ricxvis gamoxatva kombinaciebSi:S1O2; S2O1; S1O3; S2O3

awmKo: III TurmeobiTi:si Cqi byarun-T`Sen Cven gvwer~

si Cqi nobyarue-T`Sen Cven gvwer (gvwerdi) Tur-me~

ma Tqva ryarun-T ma Tqva noryarue-T

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`me Tqven gwerT~ `me Tqven gwerT (gwerdiT) Tur-me~

ma Tinefs byarunq`me maT vwer~

ma Tinefs nobyarueq`me maT vwer (vwerdi) Turme~

si Tinefs yarunq`Sen maT wer~

si Tinefs noyarueq`Sen maT wer (werdi) Turme~

rogorc vxedavT, O3-is mravlobiToba ar aGiniSneba, xo-lo O1 da O2-is ricxvi -T sufiqsiT gadmoicema, anu igive T-aniani (I) modeli gamoiKeneba, rac I seriis formebSi.

2) O-is mravlobiTobis aGniSvna kombinaciebSi:S3O1; S3O2; S3O3

awmKo III TurmeobiTiTina Cqi byarunaìs Cven gvwers~

Tina Cqi nobyaruenaìs Cven gvwers (gvwerda) Tur-me~

Tina Tqva ryarunaìs Tqven gwerT~

Tina Tqva noryaruenaìs Tqven gwerT (gwerdaT) Tur-me~

Tina Tinefs yarunsìs maT swers~

Tina Tinefs noyarueìs maT wers (werda) Turme~

aqac O3-is mravlobiToba ar gamoixateba, xolo O1 da O2-is ricxvi _ -an / -a sufiqsiT IV TurmeobiTSi, IV pirobiTSi _ -es, IV kavSirebiTSi _ -n sufiqsiT gadmoicema.

IV seriaSi obieqturi piris ricxvis gamoxatvis orive is modeli gamoiKeneba, romelic I da II seriis formebSi gvaqvs. amdenad, megrulSi IV seriis mwkrivebSi subieqturi da obieqturi piris mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatvis oTxive mo-deli funqcionirebs.

specialur literaturaSi aGniSnulia, rom TurmeobiTis wKebaSi megrul erTpirian zmnasTan gvaqvs a G w e r i T i da o r g a n u l i warmoeba. aGweriT warmoebas axasia-Tebs -ere (||ee||e) sufiqsi. rogorc i. asaTiani SeniSnavs, `-ere sufiqsiani warmoeba TurmeobiTisa megrulsa da lazurs saerTo unda hqondeT. oGond lazuri am mxriv ufro Sorsaa wasuli. -ere sufiqsiani warmoeba TurmeobiTisa lazurSi Tu erTaderTi ara, Kovel SemTxvevaSi Kvelaze ga-vrcelebuli, ZiriTadi warmoebaa Kvela saxis zmnebSi. me-grulSi igi mxolod erTpirian, gardauval zmnebSia~ [asaTiani

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1970, 151]. lazurSi -ere sufiqsiani TurmeobiTi ZiriTadad gavrcele-

bulia xofur kilokavSi da warmodgenilia misi 4 saxeoba: 1. nanamKousrulari TurmeobiTi, 2. naaoristali TurmeobiTi pir-veli, 3. naaoristali TurmeobiTi meore, 4. pirobiTisagan na-warmoebi TurmeobiTi [kartozia 1976, 121].

rogorc megrulSi, aseve lazurSi -ere sufiqsiT nawarmo-ebi TurmeobiTebi mravlobiTSi ricxvis niSnebs boloSi dair-Tavs: -ere sufiqsis momdevnod I da II pirSi daCndeba -T morfema, xolo III pirSi _ -an da -es sufiqsebi. am ukanas-knelTa ganawileba lazurSi ase xdeba: -an sufiqsi S3-is mravlobiTs gamoxatavs nanamKousrular TurmeobiTsa da naoristal TurmeobiT pirvelSi, xolo -es sufiqsiT markirebulia S3 naaoristal TurmeobiT meoreSi. moviKvanT magaliTebs:nanamKousrulari TurmeobiTi:

oS paloni asqeri gamaxterenan (Kif. II, 18, 24) àsi ... Jariskaci gamosulan Turme~; tu†eGefes kvinCefe uTokele qogelaxederenan (Kif. 3, 34) ìaraGze Cite-bi ... damsxdaran Turme~

naaoristali TurmeobiTi I:gowkeduSi, xorci va en, qanixieenan! (kart. 1972,

152, 29) `rom gaxeda, xorci ar aris, mouparavT Turme!~ badi binexi TokiS eine ixmareenan (kart. 1972, 153, 24) `Tokis nacvlad svia cudi venaxi uxmariaT~...

naaoristali TurmeobiTi II:miTxanefe moxTeretes do Cqini zeqie qamorkee-

tes (Ciq. I, 48, 15) `viGaceebi mosulan da Cveni zeqia moutacniaT Turme~; eSqiafe-na moxTasintes do kai di-xazireleretes (Ciq. I, 53, 28) `KaCaGebi rom movidod-nen da kargad moemzadebodnen Turme~...

e. w. inversiul zmnebSi RS samsave pirSi S3-is ricxvis formantebiTaa markirebuli. mag.: ~a! mu loKa Cxomefe gi-Guterenan-a (Ciq. I, 72, 5) ès ra gemrieli Tevzebi gqonia-To~; enTefes Ti arTei `banJgvlia~ _ Joxoni JoGoi uKountee-nan (Ciq. I, 80, 24) `maT erTi `banJgvlia~ rom erqva, iseTi ZaGli hKoliaT~...

viwur-arqabulsa da aTinur kilokavebSi arainversiuli TurmeobiTebi iwarmoeba meSveli zmnebis doren àris~, dortun ìKo~ darTviT [Ciqobava 1936, 141; 144]. Sesaba-

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misad gveqneba doren meSveli zmniT nawarmoebi na-namKousrulari TurmeobiTi da naaoristali TurmeobiTi I, dortun meSveli zmniT nawarmoebi naaoristali TurmeobiTi II. Tumca specialur literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom aTinurSi nanamKousrulari TurmeobiTi da naaoristali TurmeobiTi I ar Cans [kartozia 1976, 121, 767. 2].

subieqturi piris ricxvis niSnebi, rogorc wesi, meSveli zmnis win daCndeba: I da II pirSi _ -T sufiqsi, xolo III pirSi _ mxolod -es sufiqsi funqcionirebs gansxvavebiT -ere sufiqsiani TurmeobiTebisagan. magaliTad, naaoristali TurmeobiTi II-is I piris forma: Skua aSo fTqviTudortua? (kart. 1970, 225, 9-26) `Cveno ase gviTqvamso~. warmo-vadgenT III piris formebs:nanamKousrulari TurmeobiTi:

kinCi ofuTxinamtesdoren... (Kif. II, 65, 20) `Cits aafrendnen Turme~; duna uZiramu heSo ikiTxomtes-doren (dium. 23, I-105) `qveKnis unaxavad ise kiTxu-lobdnen Turme~;

naaoristali TurmeobiTi I:okule baba duGuresdoren (kart. 1972, 168, 32)

`mere mama moukvdaT Turme~, haSoTe oSi do sume-neCi koCi dotkobesdoren (dium. 22, I-66) `amgvarad as samoci kaci damales Turme~.

naaoristali TurmeobiTi II:nana do baba doGuru-Si hanTefeq qelixunes-dor-

tun (dium. 75, VIII-6) `deda da mama rom moukvda amaT daisves (Turme) gverdiT~; ar myife nokefeTe ar odas qamokides-dortun (dium. 28, I-378) `erTi wvrili ZafebiT (TokebiT) erT oTaxSi dakides Turme~.

amrigad, ricxvis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, TurmeobiT-Ta specifikuri formebi megrulsa da lazurSi axals arafers gv-Tavazobs. aqac moqmedebs mravlobiTis gamoxatvis is siste-ma, rac I da II seriis mwkrivebisa da e. w. inversiuli formebis-Tvis iqna enaSi SemuSavebuli. cxadia, rom IV Jgufis Turmeo-biTebi megrulSi da arainversiuli TurmeobiTebi lazurSi axali formaciisaa.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom megrul-lazuri zmnis mTel morfolo-giur struqturaSi, mkacrad gansazGvruli wesebis Tanaxmad, funqcionirebs subieqturi da obieqturi piris ricxvis gamoxatvis

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4 ZiriTadi modeli, romlebic sakmaod mdgradi aGmoCnda. pirveli modeli asaxavs subieqturi wKobis zmnebSi su-

bieqtis ricxvis aGniSvnis sistemas. Tu zmnas ewKoba mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmuli subieqturi piri, misi simravle Ko-velTvis aris aGniSnuli zmnaSi ise, rom daculia [I, II] ~ [III] diqotomia. kerZod, I da II subieqturi piri markirebulia /-T/ sufiqsiT, xolo III subieqturi piri _ /-an/, /-es/, /-n/ sufiqse-biT (an Sesabamisi alomorfebiT). am ukanasknelTa gana-wileba xdeba mkacrad daculi kanonzomierebiT: /-an/ _ aw-mKo drois mwkrivebSi; /-es/ namKo drois mwkrivebSi; /-n/ kavSirebiTebis formebSi. formalurad es SeiZleba ase war-movadginoT:

{T} [I, II] ~ [III] {-an∞-es∞-n} (I)(II) da (III) modelebi gviCvenebs obieqturi piris ricxvis

gamoxatvis sistemas obieqturi wKobis zmnebSi. (II) modeli moqmedebs, roca obieqturi piri warmodge-

nilia kombinaciebSi S1O2, S2O1, S1O3, S2O3. am modelis Ta-naxmad, zmnaSi aGiniSneba O1 da O2-is mravlobiToba, xo-lo O3-is ricxvi ar gamoixateba. Sesabamisad saxezea pirTa diqotomia, romelic formalurad ase warmogvidgeba:

{-T} [I, II] ~ [III] {Ø} (II)es modeli uaxlovdeba (I) models da warmoaCens I da II

piris Taviseburebebs: urTierTCanacvlebadobasa da subieq-tur egocentrizms. I da II pirisaTvis simravlis momniyebeli saerTo semantikuri niSania + sxva, romlis markirebac xde-ba zmnaSi -T ricxvis niSniT, sulerTia, I da II pirebi subieqtu-ria, Tu obieqturi.

(II) modelSi ar figurirebs S3. magram kombinaciebSi S3O1, S3O2, S3O3 moqmedebs obieqtis ricxvis gamoxatvis (III) modeli. ZalaSi rCeba Semdegi principi: O3-is mravlobi-Toba ar aGiniSneba Tumca O1 da O2-is ricxvs gamoxatavs S3-is simravlis morfemebi. amJerad subieqturi egocentriz-mis princips gadakveTs obieqturi egocentrizmi, rac gansa-kuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa im enebSi, sadac pirovan-klasovani uGvlilebaa: mravlobiTSic SenarCunebulia adamianisa da nivTis dapirispireba (sxvadasxva formantiTaa markirebuli, erTi mxriv, I da II pirebi, meore mxriv _ III piri), Tumca or-save SemTxvevaSi ricxvis niSani nivTis klasisaa. Zvel qar-TulSi moqmedi obieqtis ricxvis aGniSvnis sistemac miCne-

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ulia klasovani uGvlilebis gadmonaSTad (Ciqobava 1956). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom {-an}, {-es}, {-n} sufiqsebiT O1 da

O2-is simravlis gadmocemis zanuri (III) modeli uaxlovdeba qarTulSi saxelobiTiT gamoxatuli obieqtis mravlobiTis asax-vis models. is erTgvarad gviCvenebs pirovan-klasovani uG-vlilebisTvis damaxasiaTebel enobriv msoflxedvas:

{-an∞-es∞n} [I, II] ~ [III] Ø (III)(III) modeli myidrodaa dakavSirebuli (IV) modelTan,

romelic aris Sedegi enaSi momxdari istoriuli gardatexisa _ inversiis ZaliT micemiTma brunvam SeiZina meti sintaq-suri aqtioba, anu relatiur-statikur zmnebSi saqceo sistemis moSlam, manis rigis pirTa egocentristuli bunebis gaaqtiu-rebam, adamianis aGmniSvneli saxeliT gadmocemuli mo-rfologiuri obieqtis realur subieqtad gadaazrebam xeli Seu-wKo mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatvis axali modelis damkvid-rebas. inversiam waSala zGvari I, II da III pirebs Soris, ram-denadac III piri mxolod da mxolod +pirovnebis niSniT xasi-aTdeboda. maSasadame, O1, O2, O3 pirebma SeiZines su-bieqturobis niSani, riTac morfologiuri subieqti neitralizebul iqna. Sesabamisad, zmnaSi gamoixata RS-is mravlobiTi ri-cxvi {-an}, {-es}, {-n} formantebiT samsave pirSi:

RS [I, II, III] = {-an∞-es∞-n} (IV)SeiZleba iTqvas, rom megrul-lazurSi mravlobiTobis

gamoxatvis oTxi modelidan pirveli sami eKrdnoba [I, II] ~ [III] pirTa korelacias, xolo meoTxe _ subieqti ~ arasubieqtis korelacias. maSasadame, zanurSi ricxvis kategoriis asaxvisas gadamwKvetia personaluri piris faqtori, ri-Tac kargad Cans enis egocentristuli buneba. SemTxveviTi araa, rom istoriulad ricxvis niSnebma qarTulSi da, nawilob-riv, zanurSic [III] piris gamoxatvis funqciac SeiZines.

zanurSi piris mravlobiTis warmoebis oTxi modelidan (I), (III) da (IV) modelebi axlos dgas qarTulSi moqmed mo-delebTan. specifikuria (II) modeli iseve, rogorc Taviseburia Tanamedrove qarTulSi obieqtis mravlobiTis warmoebis sis-tema. oTxive models Tu gavaerTianebT, ricxvis formantebi ase ganawildeba zanurSi:

piri MS M. O RSI T T, an, es, n an, es, nII T T, an, es, n an, es, n

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III an, es, n Ø an, es, nrogorc vxedavT, ricxvis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, I da II

piri zmnaSi KovelTvis markirebulia, xolo III piri _ mxolod maSin, roca is subieqtia (morfologiuri an realuri).

cxrilis mixedviT, zanurSi -T morfemis funqcia da adgili garkveuli da stabiluria qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac is `moZraobs~ I piridan III pirisaken. saerTod, mravlobiTis formantTa amgvari `moZraoba~ damaxasiaTebeli Cans qarTul-zanurisTvis: zanurSi da qarTuli enis dialeqtTa nawil-Sic S3-is niSnebi gadadian I da II pirSi.

cxadia, rom megrul-lazurSi -T morfema KovelTvis gamoxatavs I da II piris mravlobiTobas (adamianis aGm-niSvneli pirebi) ganurCevlad rogorobisa (subieqti, obieqti), xolo -an, -es, -n morfemebi samsave piris ricxvis aGm-niSvnelia, Tumca markirebisas gaTvaliswinebulia pirTa ro-goroba: III subieqturi Tu I, II obieqturi piri. TavisTavad, -an, -es, -n morfemebis ganawilebis wesi (konkretuli mwkrive-bis mixedviT) kidev erTxel mxars uyers im mosazrebas, rom III piris niSnebsac da ricxvis markerebsac qarTvelur enebSi istoriulad sxva funqcia hqondaT. rogorc Cans, mesame piri Tavisi uniSnobiT upirispirdeboda I da II pirs mravlobiT ricxvSic.

miuxedavad saukunovani izolaciisa, megruli da lazuri gasaocar siaxloves inarCuneben ricxvis warmoebis Tvalsaz-risiT. ufro metic, megrul-lazuri qmnis gramatikuli ricxvis war-moebis erTian sistemas, romelic sintaqsur da semantikur do-nezec warmoaCens saerTo wesebsa Tu tendenciebs.

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III Tavi

morfosintaqsuri da semantikuri analizi

$ 9. ricxvSi SeTanxmebis sakiTxi predikatulSesitKvebaSi

SesitKveba aris sintaqsuri erTeuli, romelSic Semavali sitKvebi qmnian garkveul urTierTdamokidebulebas. es da-mokidebuleba, sul mcire or sitKvas gulisxmobs, romelTa-gan erTi mTavaria, gabatonebuli, meore _ masze damoki-debuli [Ciqobava 1968, 115; kiziria 1982, 21-24]. sitKvaTa urTierTdamokidebulebis ZiriTadi saxeebia: SeTanxmeba, marTva da mirTva. amaTgan SeTanxmeba gulisxmobs si-tKvaTa imgvar kavSirs, roca: 1. saxeli iTanxmebs saxels brunvasa da ricxvSi; 2. saxeli iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi [Ci-qobava 1968, 117; kvayaZe 1977, 17-19]. SeTanxmebis orive saxeoba ganapirobebs rogorc saxeluri, aseve predi-katuli SesitKvebebis Taviseburebebs qarTulSi. predikatuli SesitKveba, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba iKos zmnur-subieqturi da zmnur-obieqturi [kiziria 1982, 24-25].

rogorc specialur literaturaSia aGniSnuli, predikatul Se-sitKvebaSi `qvemdebaris an damatebis ricxvis forma ar aris gamowveuli sxva wevrTan sintaqsuri urTierTobiT, ma-gram amas ver vitKviT Semasmenelze: Semasmenlis ri-cxvis forma damokidebulia qvemdebaresa da damateba-obieqtebze. amitom qvemdebare-Semasmenlisa, erTi mxriv, da damateba-obieqtebisa da Semasmenlis sintaqsu-ri urTierToba, meore mxriv, erT-erT ZiriTad sakiTxad am wevrTa Soris ricxvis (da piris) mixedviT damKarebuli urTi-erTobis garkvevas gulisxmobs~ [kvayaZe 1977, 97-98].

qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis istoria gviCve-nebs, rom nar-Tan-iani da eb-iani mravlobiTiT gamoxatuli aqtantebisa da Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxmeba sintaq-surad gansxvavebulad formdeba Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi. Zvel qarTulSi, erTi mxriv, -n/-T sufiqsiT gaformebuli qvemdebarisa da pirdapiri damatebis ricxvSi SeTanxmeba

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ormxrivi iKo: saxelis simravle damatebiT markirebuli iKo SemasmenelSic _ kac-n-i movid-es... kac-n-i damal-n-a... ~ rogorc T. uTurgaiZe aGniSnavs, `simravlis gageba Semas-menelSi pirmimarT aqtantebs (subieqts, pirdapir damate-bas, irib damatebas) SeaqvT, e. i. Tu pirmimarTi romelime aqtanti mravlobiT ricxvSi dgas, igi uTuod SeiTanxmebs Se-masmenels ricxvSi, miuxedavad imisa, am aqtantis sim-ravle SemasmenelSi markirebuli iqneba Tu ara. SeTanxme-ba ricxvSi imitom unda vivaraudoT, rom mTqmelica da ad-resatic zmnur qmedebaSi monawileTa ricxvs pirmimarTi aqtantis ricxvis mixedviT gansazGvraven~[uTurgaiZe 2007, 11-12). maSasadame, -eb sufiqsiT gaformebuli aq-tantebis SemTxvevaSic ricxvSi SeTanxmebaa, Tumca mar-kireba ar xdeba Semasmenlis mixedviTac. T. uTurgaiZe SeTanxmebis am saxes calmxriv markirebuls uwodebs. Sesabamisad, inovaciad miiCnevs -eb-iani aqtantebisa (maT Soris micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis) da Semasmenels Soris ormxriv markirebul urTierTobas axal qarTulSi, dialeq-tebSi (resp. qarTveluri enebic) [uTurgaiZe 2007, 19; 2009, 173-184].

cxadia, qarTulSi eb sufiqsianma saxelma SeiZina n su-fiqsian saxelTa msgavsi gageba da scada misi msgavsi sin-taqsuri formebis gakeTeba. -eb sufiqsis darad megrul-lazurSic -ef morfemas imTaviTve krebiTobis funqcia hqon-da. rogorc k. dondua SeniSnavs, eb-iani mravlobiTis saxe-lebi, romlebic nivTis an socialurad pasiuri arsebebis aG-mniSvnelia, Semasmenels mxoloobiTSi iTanxmeben rogorc Zvel qarTulSi, aseve megrul-lazurSi [dondua 1967, 143-156]. Tu gramatikuli Sinaarsis gamovlena formis saSuale-biT xdeba [uTurgaiZe 1957, 150], miT ufro umwerlobo ena angariSs uwevs Sinaarss. swored ricxvSi Sinaarsoblivma SeTanxmebam daakisra -eb krebiTobis formants mravlobi-Tobis gamoxatva sintaqsur doneze. rogorc T. uTurgaiZe SeniSnavs, `eb sufiqsian saxels axali funqcia pirvelad ada-mianTa gamomxatvel saxelebTan unda SeeZina~ [uTurga-iZe 1957, 161]. ase unda momxdariKo megrul-lazurSic. momdevno TavebSi ricxvSi SeTanxmebis sakiTxi ormxrivi da calmxrivi markirebis wesiT ganxiluli iqneba swored ori semantikuri Jgufis _ vin da ra Jgufis _ saxelTa Sepirispire-

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bis fonze. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

`vin da ra Jgufebad daKofa saxelTa fundamenturi mniS-vnelobis daJgufebaa, romelic gamsyvalavs qarTvelur ena-Ta mTel sistemas. esaa binaruli semantikuri opozicia, ro-melic amosavalSi adamianisa (pirovnebis) da nivTis morfo-logiur opozicias varaudobs~ [Ciqobava 1979, 119-133; Se-ngelia 1988, 146]. amave dros safiqrebelia, rom am se-mantikuri kategoriis funqcionireba dasaSvebia `enobrivi sistemis sxvadasxva rgolSi (ase rom ar iKos, verc vin da ra kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi Semoinaxavda am dapirispire-bas)~ [Sengelia 1988, 146]. vfiqrobT, rom amgvari dapiris-pireba kargad Cans megrul-lazurSic sintaqsur doneze.

$ 10. vin Jgufis saxelis mier zmna-Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb

qarTulsa da sxva qarTvelur enebSic saxelTa semanti-kuri daKofa, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs vin da ra Jgufis gamo-Kofas. erTi mxriv, gvaqvs adamianis aGmniSvneli saxelebi (vin Jgufisa) da meore mxriv, Kvela danarCeni, ara-adami-anTa saxelebi (ra Jgufisa) [SaniZe, 1980, 38]. megrul-lazurSic mi<min `vin?~ kiTxva daesmis mxolod adamia-nis gamomxatvel saxelebs, xolo mu||mu-a `ra?~ _ Kvela danarCens, rac adamians ar aGniSnavs [mari 1910, 28; Kif-SiZe 1914, 047; Ciqobava 1936, 83]. samecniero literatu-raSi aGniSnulia, rom zan. mi- da qarT. vi- masalobrivadac erTi da igivea [martirosovi 964, 182-183]. cnobilia, rom `vin nacvalsaxels mravl. ricxvi Cveulebriv ara aqvs, mag-ram cda ki aris misi gaCenisa: `Karaulebad v i n e b i ari-an~-o, vkiTxulobT Kazbegis `mamis mkvlelSi~. simravlis gamosaxatavad Cveulebriv `vindavin~ ixmareba~ [SaniZe 1980, 103]. qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, megrulsa da lazurSi mi||min nacvalsaxels mravlobiTi ricxvi ewarmoeba. ker-Zod, megrulSi -ef sufiqsis darTvisas aGdgeba mxoloobiTSi dakarguli determinanti sufiqsi n (al. onianis azriT, is moTx. br. -is uZvelesi niSania iseve, rogorc qarTulSi, [ix. oniani 1989, 148-152]) da miviGebT minefi formas, xolo lazurSi

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mi dairTavs -fe daboloebas, rogorc xmovanfuZiani saxeli da gveqneba mife forma [KifSiZe 1914, 047-048; Ciqoba-va 1936, 84].

maSasadame, zanurSi savsebiT bunebrivia mi `vin~ nacvalsaxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi, rac garkveulwilad migvaniSnebs vin Jgufis saxelTa sintaqsur Zalaze ricxvSi SeTanxmebis TvalsazrisiT.

rogorc cnobilia, I da II piri winadadebaSi an piris na-cvalsaxeliTaa warmodgenili, an zmniT gadmocemuli Se-masmenlis formiT igulisxmeba. rogorc wesi, III piri winada-debaSi arsebiTi saxelebiTaa warmodgenili an CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebiT. Tu subieqti pirveli an meore piria da dgas mravlobiT ricxvSi, is KovelTvis iTanxmebs zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi gamonaklisis gareSe da es SeTanxmeba ormxriv markirebulia. es aris saerTo norma, rac gatarebulia mTlianad megrulsa da lazurSi. ma-galiTad,

a ) megruliI piri: Cqi uxaCqˆnT qobalsia arZa muqTaxorasia (Kif.

168, 9) `Cven vuToxniT Kanas Kvela muqTaxora-sao~; Cqˆ TiT SiblebuanTia bednieri cxovrebas (sam. 91, 65-105) `Cven imiT SevZlebTo bednie-rad cxovrebas~...

II piri: ... ukuli Tqva TiTo-TiToTˆ iSeeliTia (Kif. 28, 13) `mere Tqven TiTo-TiTod adiTo~; Tqva ostatefi reTia vo do? (xub. 21, 17) `Tqven ostatebi xarTo da?~ [danarCeni magaliTebi ix. $ 5 gv. 43-46].

b) l a z u r S i

I piri: nJas na eulunan koCefe, Sku niSanis deuGiramT do pilumTa (kart. 1970, 230, 16-6) `xeze rom adian kacebi, Cven niSans vumiznebT da vklav-To~; Cqin faaS mogafuSa meuluTa (kart. 1972, 12-14) `Cven fulis saSovrad mivdivarTo~...

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II piri: KurZeni imxorT-i Tqvan-a? (Ciq. I, 28, 12) `Kur-Zens yamT Tqvenao?~... ar Tqva dolowkediT, beqi qaiSimerT! (kart. 1968, 158-19) èrTi Tqven CaxedeT, iqneb amoiGoT!~ [danarCeni magaliTebi ix. $5. 49-52].

mesame piris aGmniSvneli saxelis mier zmna-Semas-menlis ricxvSi SeTanxmebisas megrulsa da lazurSi viTare-ba icvleba. lazurSi ver davafiqsireT verc erTi Se-mTxveva vin Jgufis saxelsa da zmna-Semasmenels Soris ricxvSi calmxrivi markirebiT SeTanxmebisa. aq, rogorc wesi, ricxvSi SeTanxmebis principi absoluturad Kvelganaa gatarebuli (magaliTebi ixileT $ 5, gv. 51; 55-56), amas ver vitKviT megrulze. marTalia, mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, roca ricxvSi SeTan-xmeba araa markirebuli. masalaSi erTi tendenciac SeiniS-neba _ aramarkirebulia gardauvali zmniT gadmocemuli Se-masmeneli. moviKvanT sailustracio masalas:

a) gardamavali zmniT gamoxatuli Semasmeneli ricxvSi araa markirebuli:

inefi varwKeni TeSi dogor miTaJinali (xub. 33, 36) ìsini rom ver xedavs, ise moZebne yuyrutana (`gasaxe-di~); ase Te ZGabefi mangiors opasuxˆ Te boSis (xub. 281, 18) àxla es qaliSvilebi samagieros pasuxobs am biys~; ina GoronTiS squalenq q‹Txua (xub. 163, 21) ìs GvTis Svilebma iTxovao~; Tenenq va geguo (xub. 175, 8) àmaT ver gaigo ~; Jimalenq muTun vaTqua (xub. 121, 20) `Zmebma araferi Tqvao~; dokirˆ Tenenq Taq muT qoZˆdˆn veSi (xub. 148, 13) `Sekra amaT, aq rac ki nivTi ido~; Jimalenq uwu (xub. 150, 6) `Zmebma uTxra... ~

b) calmxriv markirebuli SeTanxmeba saxelsa da gardauvali zmniT gadmocemul zmna-Semasmenels

Soris

Tinefi re ostatefi (xub. 21, 15) ìsini aris ostatebi~;

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Cqimi Jimalefi qˆmurs do dor‡vilunsia (xub. 146, 16) `Ce-mi Zmebi mova da mogklavso~; aTe SarefiSa ulirie Cqimi Jimalefi (xub. 148, 19) àm gzebze wasulia Cemi Zmebi~; sqan squalefqˆ doGurˆ (xub. 238, 30) `Seni Svilebi mo-kvda~; muTu uCaSefi qordu ni... (Kif. 5, 21) `rac ki ufro-sebi iKo... ~ maKarefqˆT(i) gakocu (sam. 51, 39-29) `maKrebic daiSala~; mara sinJalemqˆ sole oko morTasia (Kif. 91, 25) `magram siZeebi saidan unda movides~; es enefi vafiqrencˆ (sam. 98, 66-283) àmas eseni ar fiq-robs~; odo munefq Cxomo ginirTˆ (xub. 247, 31) `hoda, isini Tevzad iqca~; Tenenq dirCinu (xub. 138, 28) èseni daberda~. qemerTˆni, qomazadˆ muSi dalenqˆ (t. II, 16, 14) `rom mivida, gamoegeba misi debi~; ena Jimalenq ixuu Zalami (t. II, 12, 24) ès Zmebma Zalian iwKina~; yes qawuxens Jimalefi varenei (t. II, 12, 20) cotaTi ki swuxs, Zmebi rom ar arian (àris~).

g) realur subieqtsa da inversiuli zmniT gamoxatul Semasmenels Soris calmxriv markirebuli

SeTanxmeba

eTi demefis no‡unue xolo dida (xub. 240, 18) ìm de-vebs hKolia kidev deda~; Tenenc Tiq qe‡orofˆ (xub. 186, 16) àmaT is SeuKvarda~; ... Ti osurefc ‡ude usqvamuri afunia (sam. 123, 21) ìm qalebs saxli ulamazo (`daulage-beli~) aqvso~; gurq mexorcqˆ marCqilefc (sam. 105, 67-31) `guli gauskda msmenelebs~; terefc odiareT okodˆ (sam. 89, 65-7) `mtrebs saZovrad undoda~; Tinefcˆ va SeuutKvebuduko noteva (Kif. 75, 1) `maT ar SeetKoT ne-tav~; JveSefc lekuri ukebudu... (sam. 112, 74, 7) `wi-naprebs xmali eyira~;. Tinems vemewonebuni mu eferi cirefi re (t. I. 225, 335-3) `maT rom ar moewoneba, aseTi ra gogoebi arian~; aseian osurens axarens parkiS fara (t. I, 225, 336-1) àxlandel qalebs axarebs (abreSumis) parkis fuli~.

vin Jgufis saxels xSirad axlavs msazGvreli, romelic gamoxatavs raodenobas. aseTi msazGvreli megrulSi Se-iZleba iKos raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli, maT Soris nawilaki-ani formebi jirxolo òrive~ tipisa, aseve krebiTobis se-

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mantikis mqone breli `bevri~, arZa||arZo `Kvela~. lazur-Sic raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis garda msazGvrelad gvaqvs mTeli||Teli `Kvela~ ganusazGvrelobiTi nacvalsa-xeli. rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli saliteraturo enis normis Ta-naxmad, aseTi saxelebiT gansazGvruli qvemdebare dgas mxoloobiT ricxvSi, Semasmenelsac mxoloobiT ricxvSi iTan-xmebs. megrulsa da lazurSi es norma darGveulia, Tumca viTareba erTnairi mainc ar aris. raodenobis aGmniSvneli saxeliT gansazGvruli qvemdebare xan mxoloobiT ricxvSia, xan _ mravlobiTSi, Tumca lazurSi tendencia iqiTkenaa, rom mxoloobiTSi SeewKos sazGvruli msazGvrels. megrulSi msazGvrel-sazGvrulis kavSiri, SeiZleba ase iTqvas, nebis-mieria: Tanabrad aris rogorc SeTanxmebis, aseve SeuTan-xmeblobis SemTxvevebi. bunebrivia, Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis drosac amgvari qvemdebare Taviseburad iq-ceva, magram erTi sxvaoba megrulsa da lazurs Soris aqac TvalSisacemia: lazurSi raodenobis maCvenebeli saxe-liT gansazGvruli qvemdebare (miuxedavad imisa, mxo-loobiTSia Tu mravlobiTSi) zmna-Semasmenels Kovel-Tvis iTanxmebs ricxvSi. moviKvanT sailustracio masalas lazuridan:

a) ricxviTi saxeliT gansazGvruli qvemdebaredgas mxoloobiT ricxvSi da zmna-Semasmenels

SeiwKobs mravlobiTSi

jur Juma m e n d a x T e s noGaSe, Jumu d i i n d r e s (kart. 1970, 229, 14-2) `ori Zma wavidnen qalaqSi, marili iKides~; SqiT bere-Cqimiq (h)andGa diSqaSe i d e s (di-um. 24, I-178) `Cemi Svidi bavSvi dGes SeSaze wavid-nen~; jur koCi o k o x e n a n (jG. 104, 8) `ori kaci sxe-dan~; sum Tane bee arqadaSi d i K v e s (Ciq. I, 79, 19) `sami toli bavSvi amxanagebi gaxdnen~; zamanis jur ko-Ciq KurZeni d o w i l e s (Ciq. I, 22-21) `droulad orma kac-ma KurZeni dakrifes~ ... amma Jur laziq m o g u r e s - a (Ciq. I, 23-24) `magram orma lazma gvaswavleso~...

b) raodenobiTi saxeliT gansazGvruli qvemdebare dgas mravlobiT ricxvSi da Semasmenels iTanxmebs

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mravlobiTSi (ormxrivi markireba)

ju koCefe m u l u n a n (kart. 1972, 167, 11) òri ka-cebi modian~; ... oSi wana woxle xofas jur Jumalefe ma-mooGlefeq kabGas qogoykes (Kif. 12, 11) àsi wlis winaT xofaSi orma Zmebma _ mamooGlebma omi daiwKes~; mTeli koCefe u k u i b G e s do daCxiri q a n o s q i r i -n e s (Ciq. I, 90, 12) `Kvela kacebi gaiqcnen da cecxli Ca-aqres~; awi Jumalefeq mTeliqTi baba-muSiSi kai owko-milus q o g o y k e s (kart. 1972, 135, 3) àxla Zmebma Kvelam mamis gaxda daiwKes~.

lazurisgan gansxvavebiT, megrulSi ori norma iCens Tavs:

a) ganusazGvreli nacvalsaxeliT arZa||arZo `Kve-la~ da ricxviTi saxeliT gansazGvruli qvemdebare mxoloobiT ricxvSi dgas, Semasmenelic mxoloobiT ri-cxvSi SeewKoba. magaliTad:

arZa muSa-moxandeq oko g e g ˆ m i g v a n a s ˆ (sam. 115, 76, 31) `Kvela mSromeli unda gamoZGes~; jiri Jima maxinJi koCi q o ‡ o f e (Kif. 52, 20) òri Zma qurdi Kofila~; q o ‡ o f e n i a viTojiri Jima kaTa (Kif. 14, 22) `Kofila Tormeti Zmakaci~; m i d a r T ˆ e bruo koCqˆ (xub. 168, 17) `wavida es rva kaci~. eCi do viT Karuli g u J a n u n i a Tisia gale (xub. 134, 2) òcdaaTi daraJi uwevs mas garSemo~; aTe KoSisˆ sumi zisunaxe gˆmaxenia (t. II, 14, 15) àm koSkSi sami mzeTunaxavi ziso~.

Tumca SeiZleba gamonaklisic gvqondes _ Semasme-neli mravlobiTSi idges. mag.: àrZo mewamaleqˆ g i n o -y K v i d e s (Kif. 36, 3) `Kvela mewamlem gadawKvites~; SqviT koCq xior-xioria do xargelo miniles (xub. 228, 5) `Svidi kaci xrigin-xriginiTa da xoragiT Semovidnen~. aTe jiri Jimaq otKaleSa midarTesˆ (t. II, 12-16) ès ori Zma sanadirod wavida~. arTˆmajiaS xasias cxovrendes jiri mezobeefi (t. II, 332, 36) `gverd-gverd cxovrobdnen ori mezoblebi~.

b) raodenobis aGmniSvneli saxeliT gansazGvruli qvemdebare dgas mravlobiT ricxvSi, mas Semasme-neli mravlobiT ricxvSi eTanxmeba ormxrivi markirebiT. magaliTad:

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Cqi v o r d i T sumeneCi Jimalefi (Kif. 22, 15) `Cven viKaviT samoci Zmebi~; Te jiri boSefi ciraSi oxvamilafuSa m i i S e s ˆ - n i (Kif. 64, 1) ès ori biyebi gogos mosata-ceblad rom midiodnen~; bolos sumi mediatorenq q e -S i a f a s e s ‡ude, xula (t. I, 216, 320-84) `bolos samma mediatorebma Seafases saxli, xula~; jirxolo sinJalenqˆ dudi g e k o y o f e e s ˆ (Kif. 94, 22) òrive siZeebma Tavi wamoKves~; q e g e d o x o d e s jirxolo tarielemqˆ ra-Semc (Kif. 103, 32) `dasxdnen orive vajkacebi cxenebze~; Cqimi Jimalefq arZoq d i i y K a n y K e s (Kif. 22, 23) `Cemi Zmebi Kvela gaisrisnen~.

gamonaklisebi aqac gveqneba. mag.: Tiwkˆma arTo d i z G o d ˆ xolo breli leqerTefq (sam. 102, 66-421) `ma-Sin sul gawKda bevri vajkacebi~; sum ZGabefi q i m T o -x e galias (xub. 281, 14) `sami gogoebi zis galiaSi~...

rogorc vxedavT, megrulSi mravlobiTobis semanti-kis mqone saxeliT gansazGvruli qvemdebaris forma ganapirobebs Semasmenlis ricxvsac _ mxoloobiTSi da-smul qvemdebares Semasmenelic mxoloobiTSi ewKoba, xolo mravlobiTSi dasmul qvemdebares _ Semasmeneli mravlobiT ricxvSi eTanxmeba. maSasadame, ZiriTadad xdeba formisa da Sinaarsis Tanxvedra.

lazurSi erTgvari uniformacia gvaqvs _ Kvela Se-mTxvevaSi Sinaarsi uswrebs formas, anu raodenobis gamomxatveli saxeliT qvemdebaris gansazGvra sakmarisi pirobaa imisTvis, rom Semasmeneli qvemdebarem mravlo-biT ricxvSi SeiwKos. xSirad amgvar winadadebebSi sa-zGvruli saxeli Cavardnilia da raodenobriobis gamomxatveli msazGvreli kisrulobs qvemdebaris rols. aseT viTarebaSi lazurSi, rogorc mosalodnelia, ricxvSi SeTanxmeba xdeba, e. i. ricxviTi saxeliT an ganusazGvrelobiTi nacvalsa-xeliT gadmocemul qvemdebaresTan zmna-Semas-meneli KovelTvis mravlobiT ricxvSi dgas.

magaliTad:a) qvemdebare ricxviTi saxeliTaa gamoxatuli:

oTxoTi q o g e d g i T e s gzas (kart. 1972, 13, 34) òTxive daadgnen gzas~; jui-Ti o k v a k i d e s (Ciq. I, 84, 18) òrive waiCxubnen~; juiTi arTiqaTis n u g a m a n (kart. 1972, 167, 12) òrive erTmaneTs Sexvdebian~; juri-

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Ti baraber n u l u n a n (jG. 109, 15) òrive erTad dadi-an~; juri-Ti d o G u r e s (dium. 81, IX-107) òrive mo-kvdnen~; juri xolo m e x T e s do g o w k e d e s -Si (KifS. 16, 18) òrive rom mividnen da gaaGes~...

b) qvemdebare gadmocemulia nacvalsaxelebiTmTeli||Teli, iri `Kvela~

CqvaSi berefes owkedu, Teli muslimani d i K v e s (Kif. 5, 37) `sxvis bavSvebs Sexeda, Kvela muslimani ga-xdnen~; mTeliq GaGales do xasanis uwves-qi... (Ciq. I, 90, 26) `Kvelam ilaparakes da xasans uTxres, rom... ~ mTeliq-Ti xoJas o w k e t e s (Ciq. I, 7, 15) `Kvela xoJas xedavdnen~; mCxui mTeliq q o y k o m e s (Ciq. I, 1, 25) `cxvari Kvelam Seyames~; mTeliq xoJas u s i m i n a n do àmin!~ zoponan (Ciq. I, 30, 35) `Kvela xoJas usmenen da àmin!~ amboben~; iri o k i k a T e s do sum CaTali gzaSe q o m o x T e s (dium. 28, I-369) `Kvela Seikribnen da sa-mive gzidan movidnen~; iriq berefe q o m e C e s meqTe-bis (Kif. 5-32) `Kvelam Svilebi SeiKvanes (`misces~) skola-Si~.

m e g r u l S i ricxviTi saxeliTa da ganusazGvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebiT arZa||arZo, iri `Kvela~, `Koveli~ gamo-xatuli qvemdebare Z i r i T a d a d zmna-Semasmenels mravlobiT ricxvSi SeiwKobs. tendencia iqiTken midis, rom moxdes ricxvSi Sinaarsoblivi SeTanxmeba. magaliTebi me-grulidan:

a) ricxviTi saxeli zmna-Semasmenels mravlobiTSi SeiwKobs:

g e g ˆ m i n w K i i s jirxoloq (Kif. 94, 6) `gamoe-wKvnen orive~; r e n a Teqˆ jirxolo (Kif. 83, 7) àrian iq orive~; jirxoloq qaSqvili do qasagani q a ‡ o T e s (xub. 101, 11) òrivem mSvildisari isroles~; jirxoloq satevari g e g ˆ l e n w K e s (xub. 101, 14) `samive satevari Camo-ixsnes~; sumxoloq d Š f x a n a g e s (xub. 112, 22) òri-ve daZmobildnen~; sumi xolo Cilami, squami r d e s (xub. 64, 2) `samive col-Sviliani iKvnen~. magram gvaqvs gamonaklisic: jirxoloq e k i r T ˆ breli xioliT (t. II, 16, 34) òrive waiqca didi sixaruliT~; sumixolos arTi xenwifeSi osursqualefi ‡ u n s i a (t. II, 16, 11) `samives erTi xelmwi-

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fis qaliSvilebi hKavso [colad]. b) ganusazGvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli zmna-Semas-

menels mravlobiTSi SeiwKobs

guluaS(i) oTxozinˆSa arZaq m i d e T a r x a l e s (sam. 93, 66-60) `guluas mdevrad Kvela gacvivdnen~, ar-Zo arTo arTiancˆ m u n a n T x u d e s ˆ (Kif. 99, 19) `Kvela erTad erTmaneTs ecemodnen~; arZoq g e g ˆ n o c i i s ˆ Sxva ardgilefiSa (Kif. 86, 8) `Kvela gacvivdnen sxva adgi-lebze~; arZaq TanaxmaT g i n i r T e s (Kif. 83, 29) `Kvela daeTanxma (`Tanaxma `gaxdnen~). arZaq oko q i m e r -T a n xaniSa didi ZGveniT~; (xub. 14, 24) `Kvela unda mi-vidnen xanTan didi ZGvniT~; irkoCqˆ arTo ùra!~ q ˆ d i -Z a x e s ˆ (Kif. 92, 14) `Kvelam erTad `vaSa!~ daiZa-xes~...

SedarebiT naklebad, magram Tavs iCens SemTxveve-bic, roca Semasmeneli mxoloobiTSi dgas. mag.: arZoq q o Z i r ˆ , muSa rdˆ saqmen (xub. 136, 14) `Kvelam na-xa, Tu raSi iKo saqme~; arZas g a u k v i r d ˆ (xub. 223, 30) `Kvelas gaukvirda~, arZos venok m u G ˆ (xub. 286, 4) `Kvelas gvirgvini moaqvs~; arZaqˆ d o S q u r o n d u a (t. II, 22, 20) `Kvela daSindao~ (Kif. 95, 13); irkocˆ g u -u k v i r d ˆ ... (Kif. 84, 8) `Kvelas gaukvirda~; anw irkoCi i r C q i n a n s (t. I, 24, 41, 3) àwi Kvelas ecodineba~... rogorc vxedavT, formobrivi SeTanxmeba Tavs iCens garda-uval, gansakuTrebiT, inversiul-gardauval zmnebTan.

megrulSi vin Jgufis saxelebs miekuTvneba krebiTi sa-xeli kaTa `xalxi~, romlis mniSvnelobiT lazurSi ixmareba nasesxebi sitKva `milleTi~. amgvari saxeliT gadmocemuli qvemdebare, qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, megrul-lazurSi Semasmenels mravlobiT ricxvSi SeiwKobs. marTalia, me-grulSi iSviaTad Tavs iCens formobrivi SeTanxmebis magali-Tebic, magram saerTo tendencia mxars uyers ricxvSi Sina-arsobriv SeTanxmebas. moviKvanT sailustracio masalas:

a) kaTa `xalxi~ sitKviT gadmocemuli qvemdeba-re

mravlobiTSi SeiwKobs Semasmenelsu J i n e s Sxva kaTaq (Kif. 84, 10) ùKures sxva xalx-

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ma~; Sumili kaTa munefiSi dudiSo ila‡afudesˆ (Kif. 65, 29) `mTvrali xalxi TavisTvis TamaSobdnen~; didebuli ka-Taq S e e x v e w e s (Kif. 5, 15) `didebulma xalxma sTxo-ves~; munefiSi osurefi q i m i ‡ o n a n Ti kaTaq (xub. 16, 35) `TavianTi colebi moiKvanon im xalxma~; T q v i s gˆ-maJine kaTaq (xub. 16, 19) `Tqves zedamxedvelma xalx-ma~; var, muyomi kaTa ‡ o f e n a (xub. 17, 12) àn rogo-ri xalxi Kofilan... ~

zogJer kaTa sitKvis krebiToba daCrdilulia da mas mier-Tvis mravlobiTobis -ef sufiqsi. aseT SemTxvevaSi formobri-vadac qvemdebare Semasmenels mravlobiT ricxvSi moi-Txovs: S e e x v e w e s nuzus gayirebul kaTefq (xub. 78, 34) `Seexvewnen neZvs gayirvebuli xalxebi~; q ˆ m u l a kaTefi do q ˆ g o i c e n a n i e (xub. 123, 17) `movlen xal-xebi da Semogexveviano~...

iSviaTad, kaTa saxelTan Semasmeneli mxoloobiT ri-cxvSic SeiZleba Segvxvdes. mag.: Sqˆrenc kaTa g o -y K o r d ˆ n i (sam. 87, 63-49) `SimSiliT xalxi gawKdeba~; so re Ti kaTefi? (sam. 98, 66-269) `sad aris is xalxebi?~ Te dros yiSkarc q ˆ m a d ˆ r T ˆ cxenam kaTaq gvalo brelq (sam. 95, 66-153) àm dros yiSkars moadga cxeno-sani xalxi Zalian bevri~...

lazurSi milleTi `xalxi~ sitKviT gamoxatuli qvemdeba-re Semasmenels mravlobiT ricxvSi SeiwKobs. mag.: mille-TiqTi mu ‡ v a n , †ukarafeq? (kart. 1972, 135, 35) `xalx-ma ra qnan, Garibebma?~ milleTiq wkaiSi ofSumuSa (ºof-SuSa) i x a z i e n a n (kart. 1972, 87, 35) `xalxi wKlis mo-samarageblad (àsavsebad~) emzadebian~; milleTis dido kai a w o n e n a n (kart. 1972, 88, 1) `xalxs Zalian uxari-aT~...

amrigad, vin Jgufis saxelis mier zmna-Semasmenlis Se-Tanxmebis TvalsazrisiT, megrul-lazurSi gamovlindeba Sem-degi wesebi:

1) lazurSi Kvela SemTxvevaSi saxeli zmna-Semasme-nels mravlobiT ricxvSi iTanxmebs, rogorc wesi, ormxrivi markirebiT.

2) megrulSi, Z i r i T a d a d , vin Jgufis saxeliT gamo-xatuli qvemdebare Semasmenels mravlobiT ricxvSi iTan-xmebs ormxrivi markirebis wesiT, magram Tavs iCens

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calmxrivi markirebis iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca zmna-Se-masmenelTan SewKobili saxeli araa gamoxatuli mravlo-biTis niSniT, magram markirebulia Semasmeneli. lazurSi es wesi TiTqmis ugamonaklisoa, Tumca megrulSi ufro ten-denciis saxe aqvs. maSasadame, saxelis (arsebiTi, ricxviTi...) simravlis semantika sakmarisi pirobaa Semas-menlis markirebisaTvis. predikatuli SesitKvebis erT-erTi wevris markirebiT miGweulia saxelisa da zmna-Semasmen-lis ricxvSi SeTanxmeba. rogorc Cans, e. w. aranormirebuli enisTvis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis ormxrivad markireba Sinaar-soblivi faqtis gamoxatulebis donezec dadasturebis ten-denciis Sedegia.

$ 11. mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmuli ra Jgufissaxeli da zmna-Semasmeneli

rogorc zemoT aGvniSneT, megrul-lazurSic calke Jgufad gamoiKofa araadamianis aGmniSvneli saxelebi, romlebsac mu `ra?~ kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli daesmis. Cvens KuradGe-bas ipKrobs is faqti, rom qarTulSi ra nacvalsaxels mravlo-biTi ricxvi ewarmoeba (rogorc n-ariani, aseve eb-iani: ra-n-i, raebi), xolo zanurSi Taviseburi viTareba gvaqvs: erTi mxriv, lazurSi mu `ra~ nacvalsaxelis mravlobiTi gamoixa-teba mufe (iSviaTad muefe) formiT, xolo megrulSi mu mravlobiTs ar awarmoebs [KifSiZe 1914, 048; Ciqobava 1936, 84]. iSviaTad mravlobiTis semantikis aGsaniSnavad megruli mimarTavs mu nacvalsaxeluri fuZis gaormagebas: mudomu veglaZudˆ stols `raebi (zed. `radara~) ar ido magidaze~... swored iseve, rogorc qarTulSi vin nacvalsa-xelis reduplikacia xdeba simravlis aGsaniSnavad: vinda-vin movida?

amgvari viTareba megrulsa da lazurSi xom ar migva-niSnebs imas, rom ra Jgufis saxelebs zmna-Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unari ar gaaCndaT an naklebad axasi-aTebdaT? es arc unda iKos moulodneli, ramdenadac ra Jgufi semantikurad mainc nivTis kategorias ukavSirdeba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, krebiTobis gamomxatveli Tu SeiZleba iKos. meore mxriv, ra Jgufis semantikuri segmentacia suli-er da usulo saxelebad garkveulwilad aisaxeba sintaqsur

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doneze ricxvSi SeTanxmebis TvalsazrisiT. specialur literaturaSi aGniSnulia, rom qarTulSi `Cveu-

lebrivia ... mr. ricxvSi SeTanxmebis SemTxvevebi qvemde-baresa da Semasmenels Soris, roca qvemdebarea cxovelis an frinvelis saxeli~, xolo `roca usulo (aracocxali) sagnis saxeli qvemdebarea da mr. ricxvSi dgas, Semasmeneli Se-iZleba SeuTanxmdes ricxvSi mas da SeiZleba ara~ [SaniZe 1948, 113-114; kvayaZe, 1977, 102]. amgvari rKevis mize-zi SeiZleba iKos naTargmni literatura im enebidan, sadac qvemdebare Semasmenels uciloblad mravlobiTSi Sei-wKobs, an kidev stilistikuri aucileblobaa mwerlobaSi, Tum-ca `saliteraturo qarTulSi imdenad mkveTrad igrZnoba gan-sxvaveba `bavSvebi izrdebian~ da `xeebi izrdeba~ kon-struqciebs Soris, rom ukanasknelSi SeTanxmeba personifi-kaciis efeqts mogvcemda: xeebi izrdebian... ~ [Ciqobava 1968, 273]. miuxedavad amgvari Sefasebisa, SeiZleba iTq-vas, rom ra Jgufis saxelebsa da Semasmenels Sorisac apri-ori arsebobs ricxvSi SeTanxmeba, radgan `xeebi izrdeba~ gulisxmobs ara erTi, aramed Kvela xis zrdis process. cxa-dia, am SemTxvevaSic unda visaubroT SeTanxmebis markirebis wesze: calmxrivi markirebaa Tu ormxrivi markireba aqtantebsa da zmna-Semasmenels Soris. cxa-dia, mniSvnelovani faqtoria aqtantTa semantika, maT Soris gapirovnebis roli. Cvens xelT arsebul saanalizo masalaSi usulo saxelis gapirovnebis SemTxvevebi minimaluria. al-baT es imiTac aris gamowveuli, rom zGaprebis, anekdote-bis, sxvadasxva ambebis personajebi ZiriTadad adamiane-bi, an cxovelTa da frinvelTa samKaros warmomadgenlebi arian. Cven mier mokvleul magaliTebSi usulo saxelebi rogorc megrulSi, aseve lazurSi, zmna-Semasmenels iTanxmebs ricxvSi calmxrivi markirebiT. moviKvanT sailustracio masalas:

a) megruli:qˆlori inoxen iSi sualefi dˆrikˆns Jas (xub. 115, 19)

`xoxobi rom zis, imisi frTebi dreks xes~; onangerefi gin‹rT zGvaT (xub. 218, 28) ùnagirebi iqceva zGvad~; eTeq ekodgˆnia yandarefia (xub. 133, 37) ìq dgaso yadrebio~; TiS mamalas qinJam Te gvalef (xub. 124, 9) ìse swrafad iGeba es mTebi~; Senobefi muT qˆgedguni,

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irfeli goxoluna varCxili (xub. 35, 14) `Senobebi rac dgas, Kvelaferi gaxlavT vercxlisa~; notexefi TeSi meurs versi do jiri versis (xub. 31, 9) `natexebi ise midis verssa da or versze~; GumaninJi zGvas aSardˆ gvalo breli xvamardefi (sam. 97, 66-216) `wuxel zGvaSi idga Zalian bevri xomal-debi~, aTe oykomalemq arZoqˆ arTianiSi uJguSiq i‡u (Kif. 90, 34) ès saymelebi Kvela erTmaneTze ukeTesi aGmo-Cnda (ìqna~)~; mara aTe saqvarefi Zalami monka do safiqro oqiminalefi renia (Kif. 48, 21) `magram es saqme-ebi Zalian mZime da safiqrali ariso~... gvaqvs gamonaklisi, roca usulo sagani gapirovnebulia da zmna-Semasmeneli mravlobiTSi SeewKoba: neZenq qeSexvewes (t. II, 250, 19) `nigvzebma sTxoves~; Ti neZefi mordelena do qege-Cana Sarapis (t. II, 252, 20) ìs nigvzebi gazrdilan da dga-nan gzis piras~; zarenq rekua qidiyKes (t. II; 272, 19) `zarebma rekva daiwKes~.

b) lazurioxoefe mTeli iyven (kart. 1972, 15, 16) `saxlebi Kve-

la iwvis~; aa qois oxoefe aSo mendra-mendra moT ren? (kart. 1972, 78, 5) àm sofelSi saxlebi ase Sori-Sors ratom aris?~ yandafe-muTefeSi SqiT ndGa do SqiT sers tu (kart. 1972, 194, 20) `maTi qorwilebi Svidi dGe da Game iKo~; qufefe-Ti Txoreli tu (Ciq. II, 77, 18) `qvevrebi Ca-marxuli iKo~; demiriSi ka†efe heq ocons (Ciq. II, 36, 13) `rkinis lursmnebia iq Caryobili~, aGani fuqurefe mu Go-dams? (Ciq. II, 82, 16) àxali foTlebi ras izams?~ kamwa-miS Tomalefe hiSo onu! (Ciq. 11, 102, 24) `wamwamis `Tmebic~ ise aris!..~ mravlobiTSi dgas Semasmeneli Sem-deg winadadebaSi: `mJve TuTa ykiufana do muucxefe iqi-fana (kart. 1972, 144, 25) `Zveli mTvare cxrebao da var-skvlavebi cimcimebeno!~

qarTuli saliteraturo enis normis mixedviT, sulieri sa-gnis saxeliT gadmocemuli qvemdebare Semasmenels ri-cxvSi iTanxmebs anu ormxriv markirebulia [SaniZe 1948, 1137], Tumca arc Tu iSviaTad gvaqvs calmxrivi markirebac msgavsad Zveli qarTulisa da zogierTi dasavluri dialeqtisa (imeruli, guruli) [Ciqobava 1968, 273; JaJaniZe 1970, 254; kublaSvili 1985, 185]. megrul-lazurSi, roca qvemdeba-re sulieri sagnis aGmniSvnelia, zmna-Semasmenels

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iTanxmebs ricxvSi, rogorc ormxrivi markirebisa, aseve calmxrivi markirebis wesiT

a) megruli (ormxrivi markireba)Saras qewobxvades breli gerenq (Kif. 46, 13) `gzaze

Semogvxvdnen bevri mglebi~; xoJefq wKari vaSves do qˆmorTi (Kif. 9, 2) `xarebma wKali ar dalies da modi~; ar-Tixanc GeJefq va Zires, mara ilaJinesi, qoZires... (Kif. 105, 17) èrT xans Gorebma ver naxes, magram rom ga-xedes, SeamCnies~; Sumil-Sumil gordefi stolsi qenkog-varTxudes (t. I, 230, 344, 13) `mTvral-mTvrali baKaKebi magidas usxdnen (rixianad)~; gordefi doSaKarenan do qiZaxˆna `molarTisˆ~ (t. I, 229, 343-19) `baKaKebi SeKri-lan da iZaxian `wamodiTo~; mara toronJenq bira miotes (xub. 134, 20) `magram mtredebma simGera SewKvites~; gedirTes dasuro qoTomenq (xub. 63, 30) àdgnen mar-Tlac qaTmebi~ ... `sumixolo JoGorq arTimajias qiludir-Tes (t. II, 252, 32) `samive ZaGli erTimeores amoudgnen gverdSi~; sodgen kampanias dorZGelena JoGorefi do Ti-Sen ‡uranania (t. II, 252, 39) `sadGac lxinSi gamZGaran ZaGlebi da imitom Kmuiano~.

b) lazuri (ormxrivi markireba)KvaroJefes leSi aCqinenana (Ciq. I, 69, 8) `Kvavebs

leSi egonebaTo~; JoGorefe unkapes (Ciq. I, 28, 4) `ZaG-lebi gaiqcnen~; JoGorefe Tilqis goTxozutes (Ciq. I, 34, 6) `ZaGlebi melias misdevdnen~; katufe unkapeenan edo qagamiGeen (asaT. 143, 21, 25) `katebi gaqceulan, hoda gamoutania~; ia emuSe gelaukidafT-qi kvinCefeq wkifan (asaT. 132, 82-12) ìmas imitom CamovkidebT, rom Citebi krefen~; cxenefeq wkai va Sufana (kart. 1972, 61, 38) `cxenebi wKals ar svameno~; arwivefe gexTes, ganka-pes do qiKones (kart. 1972, 34, 19) àrwivebi mofridnen, gaaqcies da waiKvanes~; ... iri uSquri oykomes nTxale-feq (jG. 115, 22) `Kvela vaSli Seyames Txebma~;

aGsaniSnavia, rom e. w. zGapruli personajebi (devi, eSmaki, yinka, Jazi àvi suli~) gapirovnebuli arsebebia, amitomac am saxelebiT gadmocemul qvemdebares Se-

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masmenelic ormxrivi markirebis wesiT eTanxmeba. maga-liTad:

qiiginesˆ dememqˆ, gagˆmociis gale (Kif. 88, 16) ìgrZnes devebma, gamocvivdnen gareT~; arTi dixas nde-mefi oxorana (Kif. 87, 19) èrT adgilas devebi cxovro-ben~; eSmakefq qomorTes, munefiS moqmedebaSi Cie-ba qodaayKes (Kif. 6, 2) èSmakebi movidnen, TavianTi moqmedebis moKola daiwKes~... sumixolo ndienq qo-morTesˆni (t. II, 16, 15) `samive devebi rom movidnen~.

Tumca gvaqvs calmxrivi markirebac: duZaxˆ demenq (xub. 205, 32) `dauZaxa devebma~; arTi xanire ndiefi va-mawuxensˆni (xub. 9, 20) èrTi xania, rac devebi ar mawu-xebs~; eSmakefq gacdunuvo, xanguro muq agaxnar? (sam. 58, 44-83) eSmakebma gacduna, gijurad ram agaxmi-ana?~. aqi sumi Jima ndiefi oxoransia (t. II, 16, 11) àq sa-mi Zma devebi cxovrobso~.

lazurSi, vin Jgufis saxelTa msgavsad, zGapruli persona-jebiT gamoxatuli qvemdebare KovelTvis iTanxmebs Semas-menels ricxvSi ormxrivi markirebiT: Jazefe imteenan (asaT. 141, 90-34) `Jazebi gaqceulan~; Jazefe zoponan (asaT. 150, 94-13) `Jazebi amboben~; aa yinkafe qomoxTee-nana (kart. 1972, 14, 10) ès yinkebi movleno~; jur Tane devefe enan (kart. 1968, 150, 19) òrni ... devni arian~; devefeq hododges su†a (kart. 1968, 150, 22) `devebma gaSales sufra~...

rogorc aGvniSneT, sulieri sagnis aGmniSvnel qvemde-bares Semasmeneli xan calmxrivi, xanac ormxrivi markirebiT eTanxmeba ricxvSi. calmxrivad markirebulia, roca Semasmeneli gamoxatulia gardauvali zmnebiT. am mxriv erTnairi viTarebaa megrulsa da lazurSi. moviKvanT sailustracio masalas:megruli: Tis m u T o x e n i a toronJefi (xub. 134, 4)

`masSi ziso mtredebi~; cxenefi oxvameT g i n ‹ r T (xub. 218, 10) `cxenebi eklesiad iq-ca~; JoGorefi ‡ o f e did-didi (xub. 14, 16) `ZaGlebi Kofila did-didi~; Ti Citef sode r e n Teqia (xub. 133, 13) `sadac is Citebi aris, iqo~; qianaSi gorCqinaSe bina noGve Taq

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ngerefc (sam. 115, 77-9) `qveKnis dasaba-midan aq bina hqonia mglebs~; arZa cxe-nefc Teq v a l i n e (sam. 114, 76-5) `Kvela cxenebi iq ver wava~; gordefi Tis i x v e w e -b u (t. I, 231, 346-7) `baKaKebi imas ixvewe-ba~; a k i g v a r g v a T u raSenq (xub. 126, 10) `azavTdnen raSebi~, raSefi kirun, Teq (t. II, 272, 17) `raSebi sadac abia, iq~.

lazuri: msqverefe sumi t u (Ciq. II, 79, 11) `Svlebi sami iKo~; sabaxTan asqerefe mexTe-Si, ncxenefe va r e n (jG. 139, 25) ... Jariskacebi rom mividnen, cxenebi ar iKo~; Cqini mamu-lefeq ia d o S q v i d a f s a (kart. 1972, 12, 21) `Cveni mamlebi mas daaxrCobso~, cxe-nefes owkomilu u n o n ! (kart. 1972, 41, 27) `cxenebs saymeli unda!~ msqveriSi berefe jindole oxori muSis m o l a x e n (jG. 57, 38) `Svlis nukrebi zemoT mis saxlSi aris (`zis~); wipilefe muSiq u w u -qi (jG. 110, 21) `Tavis-ma wiwilebma uTxra~; do katufe na m o l a -x e t u odaSi nekna gonwku... (kart. 1972, 16, 3) `da katebi rom iJda, im oTaxis kari gaa-Go~...

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ra Jgufis saxelis mier zmna-Se-masmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis TvalsazrisiT, megrulsa da lazurSi erTnairi viTarebaa. kerZod:

1) usulo saxeli zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi iTanxmebs calmxrivi markirebis wesiT;

2) sulieri sagnis aGmniSvneli saxeli zmna-Semasme-nels ricxvSi iTanxmebs, rogorc calmxrivi, aseve ormxrivi markirebiT.

$ 12. ricxvSi SeTanxmebis sakiTxiSerwKmul winadadebaSi

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SerwKmuli winadadeba farTod aris gavrcelebuli rogorc qarTulSi, aseve zanurSi. ricxvSi SeTanxmebis TvalsazrisiT, saKuradGeboa rogorc erTgvarqvemdebareebiani, aseve er-TgvarSemasmenlebiani winadadebebi.

erTgvari saxelebiT SerwKmuli winadadebis analizisas, wina Tavebis msgavsad, gamovKofT vin da ra Jgufis saxe-lebiT gadmocemuli qvemdebareebiT SerwKmul winadade-bebs.

lazurSi vin Jgufis, anu adamianis aGmniSvneli saxeliT gamoxatuli qvemdebareebi Semasmenels K o v e l T v i s mravlobiT ricxvSi SeiwKobs. magaliTad:

fadiSahi do bozofeq dido axvewes-doren (dium. 71, VII-46) `xelmwife da gogoebi Zalian exvewnen (Turme)~; haSo badi do qCiniq kata ndGas xazii nga ifx-ornan do se†a iqoman (dium. 60, V-36) àse KoveldGe -moxuci da dedaberi mzamzareul saymels yamen da sufras Slian~; seiSi gverdiSa ixvamapteenan-a xoJaq do mola-fe muSiq (Ciq. I, 24-9) `SuaGamemde loculobdnen xoJa da misi molebi~; nana do babaq man ia eiSa mendamiKo-nofan-a (Ciq. I, 74, 5) `deda da mama me im adgilas wa-miKvaneno~; ar zamanis ar oxorJa do ar qomoli qortes-doren (dium. 47, II-1) èrT dros erTi col-qmari Kofilan~; daGiSa niterenan ar biyi do ar bozo diSqaS momaluSeni (Kif. 16, 13) èrTi biyi da gogo tKeSi midian SeSis mosata-nad~;

ra Jgufis sulieri saxelebiT gadmocemuli ramdenime qvemdebarec Semasmenels ricxvSi iTanxmebs. magali-Tad:

JoGoi do mamuliq qikiTqveenan (kart. 1972 12, 3) `ZaGli da mamali daZmobildnen~; ar mkafu do mTuTi ar-qadaSi renan... (kart. 1972, 9, 8); èrTi tura da daTvi me-gobrebi arian~; okule mkafu do mTuTiq kakali dokankes do gai doKves (kart. 1972, 9, 20) `mere turam da daTvma kakali daamtvries da saymeli gaakeTes~; awi mTuTi, Ge-Ji, mkafu, mTeli Sei mulvan do oxosanan (kart. 1972, 15, 24) àxla daTvi, Gori, tura _ Kvela modian da asufTave-ben~: giiniq do joGoi do katuq do mamuliq aSo Kves (kart. 1972, 14, 30) `virma da ZaGlma da katam da ma-malma ase qnes~...

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Segvxvda SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevebic. mag., ar oxoris qortu JoGori do mamuli (jG. 138, 34) èrT saxlSi iKo ZaGli da mamali~; arTei mTuTi do meli qorteen (kart. 1972, 10, 16) èrTi daTvi da melia Kofila~.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom lazurSi SerwKmul winadade-baSi erTgvari qvemdebareebi (saxelebi) zmna-Se-masmenels mravlobiT ricxvSi SeiwKobs (sul erTia, vin Jgufis, Tu ra Jgufis sulieri saxelebiTaa gadmocemuli qvem-debare).

megrulSi aseTi viTareba ara gvaqvs. marTalia, ada-mianis aGmniSvneli saxelebiT gamoxatuli ramdenime qvemdebare (saxeli) ZiriTadad, zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi iTanxmebs, magram SeuTanxmeblobac xSiria (35X19). es ukanaskneli, rogorc mosalodneli iKo, gvaqvs maSin, roca Semasmeneli gardauvali zmniTaa gadmocemuli. moviK-vanT sailustracio masalas:

a) vin Jgufis saxeliT gamoxatuli ramdenime qvemdebaris mier zmna-Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTan-

xmeba:arCqilena Tes papaT do baGana, dida do mumaT

(xub. 87, 7) ùsmenen amas mGvdelic da bavSvi, deda da mamac~; xenwˆfe do muS osurq SqaSa qaSexunes om-bolia (xub. 58, 14) `xelmwifem da misma colma SuaSi da-isves ombolia~; TaTara‡ani do begoq nadirobaSe dir-Tesˆni (xub. 100, 17) `TaTaraKani da bego nadirobidan rom dabrundnen~; zosme do buCunas arTian(i) gaku-CqveCquna (sam. 119, 80-1) `zosime da buCunas erTma-neTi dauCeCqvavT~; gulua do muSi Jarq doxoreSe qˆmo-rTesˆ (sam. 99, 66-297) `gulua da misi Jari samosaxloeba-mde movidnen~; xenwifeqˆ, muSi Cilqˆ, muSi squalefi do muSi sinJalemqˆ molarTes arZoq arTo (Kif. 99, 31) `xelmwife, misi coli, Svilebi da siZeebi wamovidnen Kvela erTad~; qˆm‰zadesˆ munefiSi dianTili do osuremqˆ (Kif. 95, 10) `moegebnen maTi dedamTili da colebi...

b) adamianis aGmniSvnel ramdenime subieqtszmna-Semasmeneli mxoloobiTSi ewKoba:

iSeni mogur dida do mumaq (xub. 82, 26) `mainc maswavla deda da mamam~; gedirTˆ xenwifeS squaq do

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muSi mo‡venJiq (xub. 22, 12) àdga xelmwifis Svili da mi-si mxlebeli~; qidosqidˆ giorgi do Te ZGabiq xvale Te ‡udes~ (xub. 146, 22) `darCa giorgi da es gogo marto am saxlSi~; aTe dros xenwife do muSi Cili Gurel r d ˆ (Kif. 101, 32) àm dros xelmwife da misi coli mkvdari iKo~; muma do didaq neba va meCˆ squas girgviniSi gedgˆma-Si (Kif. 46, 25) `mamam da dedam neba ar misca daqorwi-nebisa~. patˆni do muSi Cilcˆ qˆmuzoJˆ (sam. 92, 66-4) `batoni da misi coli mobrZanebula~; vara saonJGoro oyˆ menZeli do sumarefcˆ (sam. 66, 280) àn samarcxvino syirs maspinZelsa da stumrebs~...

megrulSi ra Jgufis saxeliT gamoxatul ramdenime qvemdebaresTan zmna-Semasmeneli xan mravlobiT ricxv-Si dgas, xan _ mxoloobiTSi (12X9). magaliTad:

a) zmna-Semasmeneli dgas mravlobiT ricxvSi:molarTes badidiSa demqˆ do viTi geri do turaq ba-

didiS gaataxˆSa (Kif. 42, 2) `wamovidnen berikacTan devi da aTi mgeli da tura berikacis gamosatexad~; dinaaJi-nesˆ geri do turaq arTiansˆ (Kif. 42, 6) `Sexedes erTma-neTs mgelma da turam~; q i n g a r a GeJi, qiri, lakvi do TunTi (xub. 11, 15) `tirian Gori, qori, lekvi da daTvi~; ia-nari do qirseTuTa gorˆna do qoZirˆna (sam. 110, 72-29) ìanvari da qristeSobisTve eZeben da ipovian~...

b) zmna-Semasmeneli dgas mxoloobiT ricxvSiokiamxanigˆ baGireq do yukiq (xub. 47, 14) `Seam-

xanagda beGura da Tagvi~; aTe geri do turaq uwuu demsˆ (Kif. 41, 30) àm mgelma da turam uTxra devs~; Ja do tKaq muSiT diyKu calua (xub. 2, 38) `xem da tKem Ta-visiT iwKo celva~; sworeT momikiontu ragad(i) do sq-vam ninaq (sam. 64, 47-1) `swored Tavbru damaxvia sau-barma da tkbilma enam~... ca do qiana inwK (t. II, 252, 35) `ca da dedamiwa iqceva~; Ja do Ja arTiansˆ mikio-tirxˆ (t. II, 26, 1) `xe da xe erTmaneTs exeTqeba~; Ja do quaq arZoq ikiirTˆ... (t. II, 20, 7) `xe da qva _ Kvelaferi waiqca~.

o. uridiam KuradGeba miaqcia megrulis erT Tavisebu-rebasac: roca gvaqvs erTgvarSemasmenlebiani winadade-ba, mravlobiTi ricxvis formiT gadmocemuli saxeli pirvel Se-

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masmenels ver iTanxmebs ricxvSi, magram momdevno mravlobiTSi dgeba (uridia 1960, 176). Cvens saanalizo ma-salaSic Segvxvda amgvari SemTxvevebi:

aTeSi gurSeni weeCxubˆ nosalenqˆ do gegˆ-naa‡oTes oJaxiSe Te rCinˆ koCi (Kif. 40, 3) àmitom wae-Cxuba rZlebi da gaagdes saxlidan es moxuci kaci~; sumi muSi nosalefs goJoguu ndo ginorobuSa quuraguafuna (Kif. 42, 8) `mis sam rZals SesZulebia da xevSi gadaugdi-aT~; enefq ingˆrc vemˆnaTinˆ, piJi aSo qirTines (sam. 93, 66-70) àmaT engurze ver gabedes (`gabeda~), piri aqeT ibrunes~; qimioyiSuu Cqin Turefq, irdixaSe moun-yes (sam. 103, 66-469) `miuswro Cvenianebma, Koveli mxridan daumiznes~; arTi yife Saras ikikaTˆ gverenqˆ brelqˆ do muunyes arTiansˆ dudi... (Kif. 34, 32) èrT viwro gzaze Seikriba bevri gveli da erTmaneTs TaviT dascxes~... sumi gordef doSumele, qogulena qalaqis (t. I, 231, 346-3) `sami baKaKi damTvrala, seirnoben qalaqSi~; Kazaxi do muS squalenq mins dud gusofˆ, mins xe metaxˆ do gegˆnora‡es TeS arZa (xub. 21, 23) `glexma da misma Svilebma zogs Tavi gautexa, zogs xeli mostexa da gaKares ase Kvela~; doxodˆ amuseri xenwifeq do muSi Cilq do ifiqres (xub. 21, 23) `daJda amaGam xelmwife da misi coli da ifiqres~...

amrigad, erTgvarqvemdebareebian SerwKmul winada-debaSi qvemdebaris mier Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxme-bis TvalsazrisiT erTgvari viTareba ara gvaqvs megrulsa da lazurSi.

1) lazurSi rogorc vin Jgufis, aseve ra Jgufis saxeliT gadmocemuli erTgvari qvemdebareebi Semasmenels ri-cxvSi iTanxmebs. gadamwKvet rols asrulebs azrobrivi Se-Tanxmeba;

2) megrulSi vin Jgufis saxelebiT gamoxatuli erTgvari qvemdebareebi, ZiriTadad, Semasmenels mravlobiT ri-cxvSi iTanxmebs, Tumca gvaqvs SeuTanxmebloba ufro metad gardauvali zmniT gadmocemul SemasmenlebTan;

3) megrulSi ra Jgufis saxelebiT gadmocemuli erTgvari qvemdebareebi Semasmenels SeiwKobs xan mravlobiT ri-cxvSi, xan _ mxoloobiTSi. raime kanonzomierebis dadgena Znelia.

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4) mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare erTgvarSemas-menlebian SerwKmul winadadebaSi mxolod bolo Semas-menels iTanxmebs ricxvSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelis mier zmna-Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis TvalsazrisiT, megrul-lazurSi gamoik-veTeba Semdegi viTareba:

a) vin Jgufis saxelebsa da zmna-Semasmenels Soris mravlobiT ricxvSi ormxriv markirebuli SeTanxmebaa; ga-monaklisebi megrulSi saerTo suraTs ver cvlis.

b) ra Jgufis saxelebTan amgvari viTarebaa: usulo sa-xelebi zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi calmxrivi markirebis wesiT eTanxmeba; sulieri saxelebi, ZiriTadad, cdiloben zmna-Semasmeneli mravlobiTSi SeiTanxmon ormxrivi markirebiT, Tumca xSiria calmxrivi markirebac. sulieri sa-xelebis mier sintaqsuri Zalis mopoveba unda ukavSirde-bodes maT gapirovnebas. aGsaniSnavia, rom megrul-lazurSi damateba-obieqtic mxolod I da II pirSi iTanxmebs zmna-Semasmenels mravlobiT ricxvSi ormxrivi markirebiT.

r. asaTianis azriT, qarTulSi `ricxvis SeTanxmebis Tval-sazrisiT aSkarad gansxvavdeba, erTi mxriv, komunikaciis procesSi uSualod monawile I da II da, meore mxriv, komu-nikaciis procesSi uSualod armonawile (III) pirebi: I da II piri zmnas ricxvSi iTanxmebs Kovelgvari pirobis gareSe; III piri ki pirobiTad: Tu is aris (1) sulieri saxeli da (2) saxeli, romel-zedac saubroben (Tema)... (1) piroba saSualebas gvaZlevs qarTulSi gamovKoT sulierobis sintaqsuri kategoria~ [asaTi-ani 1982, 105-106].

Cveni mxriv, unda aGvniSnoT, rom megrul-lazurisTvis sulierobis kategoria ara relevanturia, ricxvSi SeTanxme-bisa da ormxrivi markirebis TvalsazrisiT III pirSic meti Zala aqvs piris (personis da ara sulieris) semantikur kate-gorias.

rogorc vxedavT, ZiriTadi tendenciebis mixedviT me-gruli da lazuri uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, magram arsebobs sxvaobac _ lazurSi unificirebulia saxelisa da zmna-Se-masmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxmeba, xolo megrulSi for-misa da Sinaarsis yidili igrZnoba. analizi gviCvenebs, rom zmna-Semasmenlisa da masTan dakavSirebuli aqtan-tebis urTierToba ricxvis kategoriis mixedviT gansxvavebuli

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saxiT xorcieldeba gamoxatulebis planSi. `radgan aqtan-tebs TviTon SeaqvT ricxvis gageba SemasmenelSi, isini ar sayiroeben mravlobiTi ricxvis niSans qmedebis aGm-niSvnel sitKvaSi. es niSnebi dakavSirebulia mravalpiri-anobasTan: rodesac aqtantTagan zogi mxolobiT ricxvSia, zogi mravlobiTSi, SemasmenelSi sayiro xdeba maTi difer-encireba ricxvis mixedviTac~ [uTugaiZe 2007, 21]. amave dros megrul-lazuris masala mianiSnebs, rom es procesebi bolomde ganxorcielda adamianis semantikis mqone aq-tantebTan, anu vin Jgufis saxelebsa da Semasmenels Soris damKarda ormxriv markirebuli SeTanxmeba ricxvSi. rac Seexeba araadamianis semantikis saxelebs, aq procesi neli da diferencirebulia: erTi mxriv, usulo saxelebsa da Se-masmenels Soris ricxvSi calmxriv markirebuli rCeba Se-Tanxmeba, meore mxriv, sulier saxelebsa da zmna-Semas-menels Soris ricxvSi SeTanxmeba xan calmxriv markirebu-lia, xanac ormxriv markirebuli. rogorc Cans, gadamwKvetia gapirovnebis faqtori. principuli erTianobaa im sakiTxSic, rom I da II piris gamomxatveli subieqtebi KovelTvis or-mxrivi markirebiT iTanxmeben zmna-Semasmenels. ase-Tive SeTanxmebaa damateba-obieqtsa da zmna-Semas-menels Soris, roca damateba I an II piria da subieqti dgas mxoloobiT ricxvSi.

zmnis morfosintaqsuri analizidan cxadi xdeba, rom megrul-lazurSi mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatvis sistema em-Kareba adamiani _ araadamianis semantikur opozicias. Sesabamisad, rogorc morfologiur, aseve sintaqsur doneze gadmoicema personaluri piris, adamianis aGmniSvneli saxelis mravlobiToba.

amrigad, megrul-lazurSi mravlobiTi ricxvis gramatikul kategorias safuZvlad udevs piris semantikuri katego-ria.

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IV Tavi

koordinaciis sistema zanurSi

arnold Ciqobavam 1928 wels subordinacia-koordinaciis cnebebis SemotaniT naSromSi `martivi winadadebis prob-lema qarTulSi~ SesitKvebis struqtura-meqanizmi aGwera, xolo 1936 wels gamocemul monografiaSi `yanuris gramati-kuli analizi~ gaimeora igive Tvalsazrisi lazuri da megruli SesitKvebis mimarTac.

`maTSiac (agreTve svanurSic) orpiriani zmnis Semcve-li winadadeba dafuZnebulia koordinaciaze. subieqti, obieq-ti da zmna _ koordinatebia, masTan zmna iqac ZiriTadi ko-ordinatia, subieqti da obieqti dids an mcire koordinats war-moadgenen. gansxvaveba imaSiGa SeiZleba mdgomareob-des, rom yanuris didi koordinatis adgili qarTulSi SeiZleba mcire koordinatma daiyiros da piruku... ~ [Ciqobava 1936, 183]. am zogadi msJelobiT Semoifargla mkvlevari, Tumca mianiSna, rom koordinaciis sistema, romelic universaluria qarTveluri enebisaTvis, garkveulad modificirebulia zanurSi.

ukanasknel xans qarTulSi koordinaciis sakiTxi kvlav iq-ca msJelobis sagnad, kerZod, Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebam warmoaCina am siste-maSi arsebuli sxvaoba Zvelsa da axal qarTuls Soris [daTu-kiSvili, 1998, 39; meliqiSvili, 2001, 70-79].

Zveli qarTulis mcire koordinati, anu micemiTbrunviani obieqti axal qarTulSi didi koordinatia, rac imas niSnavs, rom mas zmnasTan ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unari aqvs. am procesis dinamika Zveli qarTulidan dGemde da dialeqteb-Sic [buiZe 1996, 131] TvalsaCinos xdis ricxvis gamoxatvis sistemaSi momxdar gardatexas. amave dros koordinaciis meqanizmis aGwerisas unda dazustdes, rom aqtantebsa da Semasmenels Soris ricxvSi SeTanxmeba damokidebulia aqtantTa ricxvze, xolo morfosintaqsur doneze koordinatebi unda Sefasdes ricxvSi SeTanxmebis calmxrivi da ormxrivi markirebis mixedviT. aqtanti CaiTvleba did koordinatad, Tu is zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi iTanxmebs ormxrivi markire-bis wesiT.

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megrul-lazurSi gramatikuli ricxvis gamoxatvis sistemis morfologiuri da sintaqsuri analizis safuZvelze vfiqrobT, Se-saZlebelia dazustdes koordinatTa ragvaroba zanurSi.

S1 da S2 didi koordinatebia, radganac KovelTvis iTan-xmebs zmnas ricxvSi ormxrivi markirebiT. aranairi gamo-naklisi ar xdeba arc megrulSi, arc lazurSi. mag:

a) megruli: Cqi ukeTenT doxorems ngerefi do Jo-Gorebs (Kif. 168, 13) `Cven vukeTebT `saxlebs~ mglebs da ZaGlebs... ~ ... ukuli Tqva TiTo-TiToTˆ iSeeliTia (Kif. 28, 13) `mere Tqven TiTo-TiTod adiTo~.

b) lazuri: Cqin faaS mogafuSa meuluTa (kart. 1972, 12-14) `Cven fulis saSovrad mivdivarTo~; ar Tqva dolow-kediT, beqi qaiSimerT! (kart. 1968, 158-10) èrTi Tqven CaxedeT, iqneb amoiGoT... ~ (ix. gv. 92-93).

S3 CaiTvleba did koordinatad, roca is adamianis aGm-niSvnelia, gansakuTrebiT lazurSi, sadac Cvens xelT arsebu-li masalis mixedviT, ver davafiqsireT verc erTi SemTxveva vin Jgufis saxelis mier zmnis ricxvSi calmxrivi markirebiT SeTanxmebisa. magaliTad, sumiq-Ti heq dginan, muTe-buaSi zoponan (dium. 117, 33-34) `samive iq `dganan~, TavisTvis laparakoben~, berefeq meqTebes mu Zires, mu ikiTxes, ia iKves (Kif. II, 6,2) `bavSvebma skolaSi rac naxes, rac iswavles, is gaakeTes `gaxdnen~...

gansxvavebuli viTarebaa megrulSi, sadac Tavs iCens orgvari tendencia: 1) relatiur-gardauval da relatiur-statikur zmnebTan ricxvSi SeTanxmeba xSirad calmxriv markirebu-lia, amitomac S3 mcire koordinatad gvevlineba. mag.: Ti-nefi re ostatefi (xub. 21, 15) ìsini aris ostatebi~; Cqimi Ji-malefi qˆmurs do dor‡vilunsia (nub. 146, 16) `Cemi Zmebi mova da mogklavso~; sqan squalefqˆ doGurˆ `Seni Svilebi mokvda~; eTi demefis no‡unue xolo dida (xub. 240, 18) ìm devebs hKolia kidev deda... ~; Tenenc Tiq qe‡orofˆ... (xub. 186, 16) àmaT is SeuKvarda~.

2) megruli cdilobs angariSi gauwios formas, kerZod, SeTanxmeba moxdes imis mixedviT, saxeli morfologiura-dac aris Tu ara mravlobiTis aGmniSvneli. kerZod, mravlobi-Tobis semantikis saxeliT gansazGvruli qvemdebaris forma ganapirobebs Semasmenlis ricxvsac _ mxoloobiTSi dasmul saxels zmna mxoloobiTSi ewKoba, mr. -Si dasmuls _ mrav-

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lobiTSi. aseve, jirxolo òrive~, arZa || arZo `Kvela~, ka-Ta `xalxi~ saxelebi Semasmenels xan mxoloobiTSi Se-iwKoben, xan _ mravlobiTSi. magaliTad, gegˆminwKiis jirxoloq (Kif. 94, 6) `gamoewKvnen orive~, magram: jir-xoloq ekirTˆ breli xioliT (t. II, 16, 34) òrive waiqca didi si-xaruliT...~ arZaq mideTarxales (sam. 93, 66-60) `Kvela wavidnen TqaruniT~... magram: arZoq qoZirˆ muSa rdˆ saqmen (xub. 136, 14) `Kvelam naxa, raSic iKo saqme...~ a. S.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, megrulSi adamianis semantikis S3, marTalia, ZiriTadad zmnas ricxvSi iTan-xmebs ormxrivi markirebiT da didi koordinatia, magram arcTu iSviaTad is mcire koordinatad gadaiqceva. amgvari merKeoba damaxasiaTebelia sulieri saxelebisaTvisac, rom-lebic megrulsa da lazurSi xan didi koordinatia, xan mcire. aGsaniSnavia, rom ricxvSi calmxriv markirebuli Se-Tanxmeba syarbobs gardauval zmnebTan. magaliTad,

a) m e g r u l i : Tis muToxenia toronJefi (xub. 134, 4) `masSi ziso mtredebi~, cxenefi oxvameT ginirTu (xub. 218, 10) `cxenebi salocavad (eklesiad) iqca~; gordefi Tis ixvewebu (t. I, 281, 326-7) `baKaKebi imas ixveweba~.

b) l a z u r i : msqverefe sumi tu (Ciq. II, 79, II) `Svlebi sami iKo~, Cqini mamulefeq ia doSqvidafsa (kart. 1972, 12, 21) `Cveni mamlebi mas daaxrCobso~... ncxenefe va ren (jG. 139, 25)... `cxenebi ar aris~. usulo saxelebiT gadmocemuli S3 rogorc megrulSi, aseve la-zurSi, zmnas iTanxmebs ricxvSi calmxrivi markirebiT, ami-tomac aseT SemTxvevaSi S3 KovelTvis mcire koordinatia (Tu sulieriviT moqmedeba ar miewereba). mag., megruli: qˆlori inoxen iSi sualefi dirikˆns Jas (xub, 115, 19) `xoxo-bi rom zis, imisi frTebi dreks xes~, onangerefi ginirT zG-vaT (xub. 218, 28) ùnagirebi iqceva zGvad... ~ lazuri: ox-oefe mTeli iyven (kart. 1972, 15, 16) `saxlebi Kvela iw-vis~, qufefe-Ti Txoreli tu (Ciq. II, 77, 18) `qvevrebi Ca-marxuli iKo~, aGani fuqurefe mu Godams? (Ciq. II, 82, 16) àxali foTlebi ras izams?~

rogorc vxedavT, III pirSi dasmuli koordinatis ragvaroba megrul-lazurSi or faqtorzea damKarebuli: adamianis (sulie-ris) semantikis mqonea Tu araadamianis (usulo, nawilobriv

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sulieri) da meore _ zmna gardamavalia Tu gardauvali. ro-gorc morfosintaqsurma da semantikurma analizma gviCve-na, zanurSi ricxvSi SeTanxmebisas gadamwKvetia perso-naluri piris (adamianis) semantikuri kategoria. es kargad gamoCnda obieqturi piris ricxvis gamoxatvis modelebSic, romlebic erTnairad exeba rogorc saxelobiTbrunvian, aseve micemiTbrunvian saxelebs.

I modeli funqcionirebs, roca obieqturi piri dawKvilebu-lia S1 da S2-sTan. kerZod, kombinaciebSi S1O2 da S2O1 obieqtis ricxvi gamoixateba T morfemiT, xolo S1O3, S2O3 kombinaci-ebSi _ O3-is ricxvi ar gamoixateba zmnaSi. mag.:

S2O1 _ megr.: sqani meti miTa punania do si xolo mi-dinˆTia (Kif. 235, 19) `Sens meti aravina gvKavs da Senc gvekargebio~; dˆmarTiT si ukulia... (Kif. 64, 21) `dagvib-rundi mereo Sen... ~

laz.: ham oxorJas uwves gai domixenamTia?~ (kart. 1972, 161-10) àm qals uTxres: `saymels gagvikeTebo?~ ... si heSo memaTxozaTe-a (jG. 57, 11) `Sen kidev da-gvedevno... ~

S1O2 _ megr.: ma Tqva mujans qorZiriTˆn, xeTe qi-me‡orofiT (t. I, 155, 137-3)... `roca me Tqven gnaxeT, ma-Sinve SemiKvardiT~; ma gagigoniT do daCxiri akogirziT (Kif. 8, 28) `me dagiJereT da cecxli daginTeT~.

laz.: hawi ma bidare, gari mogiGaTen (jG. 61, 8) àx-la me waval, saymels mogitanT~, ama ma Tqva qodogo-guamT (kart. 1972, 174, 5) `magram me Tqven gaswav-liT...

II modeli exeba S3-Tan dawKvilebul obieqtebs. kerZod, S3O1, S3O2 kombinaciebSi obieqturi piris ricxvi gamoixateba -an, -n, -es morfemebiT, romelTa ganawileba xdeba mwkrivTa mixedviT, xolo S3O3 kombinaciaSi obieqtis ricxvi ar aisaxeba.

magaliTebi: S3O1 _megr.: CqiT opykomunania Tinava (xub. 240, 6)

`Cvenc Segyamso is~, ... patis Tina qofcendes (xub. 93, 28). `pativs is gvcemda~

laz.: mundes baba cqaniq duGun mixenanoren... (jG. 50-15) `roca mamaSeni qorwils gadagvixdis... ~ aa kula-niq memibarges oxoi (asaT. 143, 91-21) àm gogom mi-

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gvilaga saxli~. S3O2 _ megr.: Tqva squa qedgebadebuna wanamowa-

naSa (Kif. 277, 15) `Tqven Svili geKolebaT (`dagebade-baT~) erT weliwadSi~.

laz.: ar fukaraSi bereq mufe goGodaman (jG. 77, 7) `erTi Garibi biyi raebs dagiSavebT (`gizamT~).

aGniSnuli modelebidan Cans, rom mxoloobiT ricxvSi dasmul subieqtur pirTan dawKvilebuli obieqturi piri megrul-sa da lazurSi didi koordinatia, roca is gadmocemulia I da II pirebiT (romlebic KovelTvis adamianis aGmniSvnelia), xolo mcire koordinatia, roca III piria.

Cndeba kiTxva, ramdenad SesaZlebelia O3 iKos didi ko-ordinati da aris Tu ara es damokidebuli imave faqtorebze, rac subieqtis analizma gamoavlina. aq ki wamoiyreba in-versiis sakiTxi, romelmac, rogorc Cans, araTu qarTulSi gamoiwvia zmnisa da saxelis sintaqsuri meqanizmis istori-uli cvlileba [Ciqobava 1968; meliqiSvili 2001], aramed za-nurSic. inversia megrulSi gvaqvs rogorc gardamaval, ise gardauval zmnebSic, xolo lazurSi is Semogvinaxa relatiur-statikurma zmnebma. inversiul formaTa raodenobas zrdis potencialisis formebic. Sesabamisad, am tipis zmnebSi mo-rfologiuri obieqti adamianis (sulieris) aGmniSvnelia rogorc I da II pirSi, aseve III pirSic. amdenad, aq moqmedebs saxe-lisa da zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis III modeli, romlis Tanax-mad samsave pirSi MO anu RS-is ricxvi aGniSnulia -an, -es, -n morfemebiT.

maSasadame, inversiul zmnebSi MO didi koordinatia maSinac, roca III pirSi iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi ormxrivi markirebiT, radgan is personaluri piris gamomxatvelia. ma-galiTad,

megr.: ZGabens qomonJ vaSibuna (t. I, 238, 33-3) `gogoebs qmari ver uSoviaT~, eq ewKines uCaSi dalens (xub. 61, 18) `es ewKinaT ufros debs~.

laz.: hako fadiSaGefes msqva bozofe uonunan (kart. 1972, 174, 21) `xelmwifeebs lamazi qaliSvilebi hKavT~, beefes mu aGodes (kart. 1972, 44, 34) `bavSvebs ra dae-marTaT~ (ix. gv. 71-78).

aqve Tavs iCens erTi saKuradGebo movlena. megrulSi micemiTi brunvis funqciuri datvirTva qarTulis msgavsia. is

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aris rogorc iribi, aseve pirdapiri obieqtis brunva, aseve III seriis inversiuli gardamavali zmnebis O-isa da relatiur-stati-kur zmnaTa MO-isa.

lazurSi micemiTis poziciebi Sesustebulia. Jer erTi, gar-damavali zmnebis konstruqciebSi obieqti KovelTvis saxelo-biTbrunviania, mxolod iribi obieqti dgas micemiTSi, aseve inversiul relatiur-gardauval zmnaTa MO gadmocemulia mi-cemiTiT. mkvlevarTa mier aGiniSna, rom lazurSi isaxeba tendencia, gauTanabrdes zmnis inversiuli formebi pirdapiri wKobis zmnebs sintaqsuri Zalis mixedviT da es movlena Tavs iCens gardauval zmnebSi [kartozia 1968, 145-146]. Cveni mxriv, aGvniSneT, rom inversiul-relatiur statikur zm-nebTan realur subieqtad moazrebuli micemiTbrunviani obi-eqti saxelobiT brunvaSi SeiZleba dadges, anu aris mcdelo-ba konstruqciis `gasworebisa~. magaliTebi:

sum Juma baba niSiSe ar dimi uSkuri uGurTes (Ciq. II 130, 1) `sam Zmas (`Zma~) mamisagan erTi vaSlis xe hqondaT~; oTxi-xolo Juma oxorJalefe miKununan (Kif. 645, 11-12) `oTxive Zmas (`Zma~) colebi gvKavs~; zen-ginefe aSkurinetes do meCamtes (kart. 1970, 227, 1) `mdidrebs (`mdidrebi~) eSinodaT da aZlevdnen~; belqi konCefe Sqimi quSkunan (Ciq. II, 137, 26) `SeiZleba Cemma kacebma (`kacebi~) ician~.

miuxedavad amisa, SesitKvebis semantikidan gamo-mdinare, mravlobiTSi dasmuli sulieri saxelis, obieqtis ricxvi zmnaSi gamoixateba. amdenad, zmnis morfologiuri struq-tura, kerZod, ricxvis gamoxatvis modeli inversiul zmnebSi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom micemiTSi dasmuli MO CaiT-valos did koordinatad.

rogorc Cans, megrul-lazurSi koordinatTa ragvaroba araa damokidebuli brunvis formebsa da maT mier gadmo-cemul sintaqsur cnebebze. saxelobiTbrunviani obieqti ise-ve iqceva, rogorc micemiTbrunviani da sintaqsuri ZaliT ori-ve uTanabrdeba subieqts pirvelsa da meore pirSi. maT CamorCeba III piri, romelic didi koordinatia, Tu adamianis, personis aGmniSvneli subieqtia (morfologiuri an realuri), xolo mcire koordinatia, roca an usulo saxeliT gadmocemuli subieqturi piria, an morfologiurad da sintaqsuradac obieq-tia.

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vfiqrobT, rom gramatikuli ricxvis gamoxatvis identuri sistema megrulsa da lazurSi erTnairad aisaxa koordinaciis sistemaze, romelic, Sesabamisad, CamoKalibebuli unda KofiliKo maT gaTiSvamde. savaraudoa, Tavis mxriv, zanur-ma xeli SeuwKo rogorc dasavlur dialeqtebSi, aseve salite-raturo qarTul enaSic koordinaciis sistemis cvlilebas, rac d. meliqiSvilis azriT `personaluri (aqtiuri) da arapersonaluri (pasiuri) pirebis (sulieri-adamiani-usulo) opoziciis gaZliere-bam gamoiwvia, rasac micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis (perso-naluri piris) mier zmnis mravlobiT ricxvSi SeTanxmeba mohKva: istoriulad SeTanxmebis formaluri principi seman-tikurma Secvala~ [meliqiSvili, 2001, 77]. Cveni mxriv da-vZenT, rom zanurSi saxelisa da zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebi-sas maqsimalurad gazrdilia semantikuri faqtoris roli, rac koordinatTa ragvarobazec aisaxa.

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nawili II

ergatiuli konstruqciis sakiTxi megrul-lazurSi

$1. -q sufiqsis funqciisaTvis megrul zmnaSi

specialur literaturaSi aGniSnulia, rom megrulSi -q su-fiqsi daerTvis zmnis I da II piris formebs awmKo-mKofadSi, I TurmeobiTsa da IV seriis II TurmeobiTSic ganurCevlad gar-damavlobisa (KifSiZe 1994 [1914]; Ciqobava 2008 [1936]). q morfemis korelatadaa miCneuli lazurSi r sufiqsi, romelic erTpirian vnebiTsa da zogierT saSuali gvaris zmnaSi gvxvdeba, rogoricaa: megr. b-Guru-q, laz. b-Guru-r `vkvde-bi~, megr. me-{v}-ur-q, laz. v-ulu-r `mivdivar~ (Ciqobava 2008 [1936]). ir. asaTianis TvalsazrisiT, lazurSi -r ar unda gaimiJnos winmavali e, u xmovnebisgan, aramed -er, -ur sufiqsebi awmKos fuZis mawarmoeblad SeiZleba CaiT-valos I da II pirSi [asaTiani 1996, 11-12].

i. KifSiZis azriT, -q sufiqsi S2-is odindeli *xºh prefiqsis fonetikuri variantia, romelic sufiqsad moiqca da analogiiT I pirSic gaCnda (KifSiZe 1994: 108 [1914]). es Tvalsazrisi ar gaiziara arn. Ciqobavam, Tumca am sufiqss rom morfologi-uri funqcia unda hqonoda, eyvs ar iwvevda (Ciqobava 2008: [1936]). -q morfemis warmomavlobasTan dakavSi-rebiT q. lomTaTiZem gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom laz. r da megr. q momdinareobs meSveli zmnisagan o-re-{n}, ro-melic lazurSi morfemoidebs warmoadgens: -dore{n}, -ere > re > e(n), xolo megrulSi ZiriTadad dasturdeba qo-re(n) formiT, sadac qo- nawilakia. mkvlevris azriT, es meSveli zmna Tavdapirvelad unda gasCenoda statikur zmnebs. ga-cveTis Sedegad q da r sufiqsebs ekisrebodaT statikurobis, mdgomareobis, arsebobis aGniSvna [lomTaTiZe 1946]. bu-nebrivia, mecniers ar gamoparvia sakiTxi: unda hqonoda Tu ara es markeri III piris formas, aseve mravlobiTi ricxvis formebsac samsave pirSi. q. lomTaTiZe aGniSnavda, rom `teqnikuri pirobebis gamoa, rom III pirSi mxolobiTsa da mravlobiTSi ar Cans xolme megrulSi es meSveli zmna~


[lomTaTiZe 1946, 139]. rogorc Cans, `teqnikur pirobebSi~ igulisxmeba is fonotaqtikuri SezGudvebi, romlebic megruls axasiaTebs. kerZod, awmKo-mKofadSi gardamaval zmnas III pirSi erTvis -s sufiqsi, Sesabamisad, -q morfemis darTviT warmoiqmneboda TanxmovanTmimdevroba -nsq: yarun-s Sdr. *yaruns-q `wers~. gardauval zmnebSi S3-is -n sufiqsi TavisTavad ikargeba mxoloobiTSi da mravlobiTSi aGdgeba, amdenad -nq mimdevrobis mTlianad dakargvac mosalod-nelia, miT umetes, rom gardamaval zmnebSi analogiuri mo-vlena gvaqvs. Sdr.: v-yarun-q º byaru (es ukanaskneli movle-na SeniSnuli aqvs q. lomTaTiZes [1946: 132]). TavisTavad, mravlobiTSic mosalodneli iKo arakanonikuri Tanxmovan-Tmimdevroba: -nTq: *b-yarunTq, xolo III pirSi igive -nq mi-mdevroba daCndeboda: *yarun-anq > yarun-a.

cxadia, megrulSi -q morfemis SesanarCuneblad fono-taqtikuri garemo I da II piris formebSia. savaraudod, ms-gavsi procesis gamo SemorCa -r sufiqsi lazursac I da II pir-Si.

maSasadame, TavisTavad, gamoiricxeba -q sufiqsis kavSiri piris romlobasTan. -q morfemis funqciis kvleva moi-Txovs subieqtisa da obieqtis, rogorc damoukidebeli grama-tikuli kategoriebis semantikis gaTvaliswinebas. es kargad Cans orpiriani gardamavali da gardauvali zmnebis analizi-Tac, kerZod, is formebia saintereso, sadac S2O3 kombinaci-aSi S2 da O3 nulovani niSniTaa markirebuli:

xantun-q si Tis `xatav Sen mas~akeTen-q si Tis àkeTeb Sen mas~atKobu-q si Tis èmalebi Sen mas~utibu-q si Tis ùTbebi Sen mas~. SO subieqt-obieqtis urTierTmimarTebaSi -q morfemiT

aqcentirebulia swored is saxeli, romelic mimarTavs mo-qmedebis veqtors obieqtisaken. esaa saxelobiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxeli. Sesabamisad dgeba zmnuri konstruqciebis sakiTxi. erTi mxriv, gvaqvs nominatiuri konstruqcia, sadac piris subieqturoba zmnaSi markirebulia -q morfemiT. meo-re mxriv, gvaqvs ergatiuli konstruqcia (II seria), sadac piris subieqturobis ganmsazGvrelia moTxrobiTi brunva aseve ganurCevlad zmnis gardamavlobisa.

{do}-xantu Tiq Tina `daxata man is~

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{ga}-akeTu Tiq Tina `gaakeTa man is~da-tKobu Tiq Tinas `daemala is (`man~) mas~gutibu Tiq Tis `dauTba is (`man~) mas~rogorc Cans, zmnaSi dadasturebuli -q morfema da sa-

xelis moTxrobiTis niSani -q sufiqsi erTi da imave morfologi-uri funqciis mqonea. Cven mas vuwodebT subieqtobis semantikis gamomxatvel morfemas, Tumca T. maxarobli-Zis mier is Sefasda, rogorc mxolod vin-sulierobis kate-goriis aGmniSvneli zmnaSi. mkvlevris azriT, `megrul zm-nebSi rom q ergativis niSania, amis dasturia isic, rom ya-nurSi awmKoSi dGesac gvaqvs ergativi. rogorc a. Ciqobava wers: `yanurSi amjamad gardamavali zmna ergativs moi-Txovs Kvela nakvTTan... oGond mesame pirSi: pirveli da meore piris nacvalsaxelebs moTxrobiTi ara aqvT... ara aqvT imitom, rom pirveli da meore isedac vin-kategoriisaa da moTxrobiTiT amis gamoxatva enam aicila, rogorc da-matebiTi referencireba. amitomaa, rom megrulSi zmnaTa mxolod pirvel-meore pirebSia q ergativis niSani... SesaZ-loa, zogadad ergatiulobisa da nominatiurobis sistemaTa zmnur diaTezas fonosemantikur an morfosemantikur eti-mologiur safuZvlad edos subieqtis vin-sulierobisa da ra-usulobis anu adamiani-nivTis kategoriis niSani. subieq-tis ra-usulo kategoria nominatiuri bunebisaa da vin-sulieri kategoria ki ergatiuli, aqtiuri SinaarsiT xasiaTdeba~ [ma-xarobliZe 2009, 93].

am vrceli amonarididan Cans, rom mkvlevaric subieq-tis kategoriasTan akavSirebs -q morfemas, Tumca azus-tebs semantikas: vin-sulierobis kategoria. adamianis, vin kategoriis mniSvneloba kargad gamoCnda ricxvis kategori-is analizisas, amitomac Cven ar gamovricxavT adamianis semantikis kavSirs zogadad ergativTan da konkretulad -q morfemasTan megrul zmnebSi. Tumca aris ramdenime momenti, romelic gvafiqrebinebs, rom pirovani uGvlilebis CamoKalibebis Semdeg adamiani-nivTi opozicia transfor-mirdeba subieqti-obieqti opoziciiT. Cven ar gamovricxavT, rom zogadad ergatiulobisa da nominatiurobis sistemaTa zmnur diaTezas safuZvlad edos adamiani-nivTis kategoria [maxarobliZe 2009, 93], Tumca megrulsa da lazurSi ganvi-Tarebuli procesebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom upiratesi gaxda su-

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bieqti-obieqti kategoriis niSani. Tumca es procesi megrulsa da lazurSi mainc gansxvavebulad warimarTa.

megrulSi ergatiul da nominatiur konstruqciebSi su-bieqt-obieqtis semantika aqtantebidan gadadis zmnaSi. marTalia, subieqtis brunva awmKoSi saxelobiTia, magram misi subieqturobis damatebiTi markireba xdeba zmnaSi, amJerad ganurCevlad imisa, zmna gardamavalia Tu garda-uvali. simetriuloba daculia: ergativis niSniT markirebuli zmna I seriaSi da ergatiuli niSniT markirebuli saxeli II seria-Si. simetriulobisaken swrafva sruliad kanonzomieria, Tum-ca es procesi megrulSi bolomde ar wasula gansxvavebiT lazurisagan, sadac sruli simetriaa. Tumca am simetriis darGveva rom gansxvavebuli tendenciis dasawKisia, esec kargad Cans imave lazuris magaliTze.

$2. ergatiuli konstruqciis ganviTarebis tendenciebi lazurSi

lazurSi moTxrobiTi brunva iqca gardamavali zmnis su-bieqtis brunvad ganurCevlad dro-kilosi, xolo saxelobiTi _ gardauvali zmnis subieqtis brunvad aseve ganurCevlad mwkrivisa da, rac metad saKuradGeboa, saxelobiTSi dgas gardamavali zmnis obieqtic aseve ganurCevlad dro-kilosi (ra Tqma unda, inversiul zmnebs Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT). anu gardamavali zmnis sakonversio obieqti, igive subieqti gardauvali zmnisa, erTsa da imave brunvaSi dgeba. maSa-sadame, lazurSi I da II seriaSi, aseve arainversiul Turmeo-biTebSi ergatiuli da nominatiuri konstruqciebi CamoKalibda rogorc subieqt-obieqtis opozicia, Sesabamisad, moTxrobiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxeli, KovelTvis subieqtia, xolo saxelo-biTSi _ KovelTvis obieqtia an konversiuli pasivis subieqti.

miuxedavad amgvari kanonzomierebisa, isic cxadia, rom lazurSi ergatiuli konstruqciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva tendenciaa. Jer kidev j. diumezili SeniSnavda, rom lazurSi zogJer `aralegitimuri ergativi~ iCens Tavso [diumezili 2009, 12].

arn. Ciqobavas ar gamorCenia is faqti, rom `s. Jiqias mier Caweril teqstebSi moTxrobiTi moSlili Cans da micemi-

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Tic amave gzazea damdgari. magram aTinurs mTlianad es ar exeba~ [Ciqobava 1936, 181].

marTlac, teqstebis analizidan Cans, rom gardamavali da gardauvalzmniani konstruqciebi umetesad ar gansxvav-deba erTmaneTisagan, anu zmnasTan SewKobili Kvela aq-tanti saxelobiTi brunvis formiTaa warmodgenili. warmo-vadgenT magaliTebs:

I. gardamavalzmniani:

konstruqcia gulisxmobs: S erg. Oind dat. Odir nom. rogorc wesi, moTxrobiTi da micemiTi brunva moSlilia:

(1) memed aGa haJiluGiSa olvafu goru (Ciq. II, 118, 2) memed-aGa-[q] S nom. [erg. ] haJiluGiSa olvafu Odir nom. goru

`memed-aGam salocavSi wasvla gadawKvita (`wasas-vleli ipova~)~;

(2) oSquri-Ti nana-muSi qomeCu (Ciq. II, 122,12)oSquri-Ti Odir nom nana-muSi-[s] Oind nom. [dat. ] qomeCu`vaSlic dedamisi [deda-miss] misca~;

(3) bozumoTa xoJa ubonamtu-Si, Ti umbortuSa, saponi Toli piJi dusu-si..., (Ciq. II, 118, 15-16)bozumoTa-[q] S nom [erg. ] xoJa Odir nom. ubonamtu-Si, Ti umbortuSa, saponi Odir nom. Toli-piJi-[s] Oind nom. [dat. ] dusu-si... qaliSvili [`qaliSvilma~] xoJa [xoJas] rom banda, Tavi [`Tavs~] rom banda, saponi Tvalpiri [Tval-pirs] ausva...

II. gardauvalzmniani:

(4) xoJa daxa Toli va gvanwinu (Ciq. II, 118, 16)xoJa-[s] Oind nom. [dat. ] daxa Toli S nom va gvanwinu. `xoJa [xoJas] Tvali ver gaexila~;

(5) bozumoTa xolo aSqurinu... ... (Ciq. II, 119, 19)bozumoTa-[s] Oind nom. [dat. ] xolo aSqurinu`qaliSvili [qaliSvilsac] SeeSinda~;

(6) ‡ar fukara koCi ‡ar oxorza qu‡onurTu (Ciq. II, 124,9)

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‡ar fukara koCi-[s] Oind nom. [dat. ] ‡ar oxorza S nom qu‡onurTuèrTi Garibi kaci [kacs] erTi coli hKolia~.

Cven mier moKvanili gardauvalzmniani konstruqciebi inversiuli zmnebis Semcvelia: (4) potencialisis formaa, (5) (6) relatiur-statikuri formebia. Sesabamisad, mic. brunvaSi mosalodneli RS (igive gramatikuli obieqti) saxelobiTi brun-vis saxiTaa warmodgenili.

magaliTebidan Cans, rom aTinurSi moSlis gzaze iKo er-gatiuli da datiuri konstruqciebi. gardamavali da gardauvali zmnebi warmodgenilia nominatiuri konstruqciiT, romelic Tavisi arsiT scildeba qarTvelur (kavkasiur enaTa) nominati-ur konstruqcias (S-sax. O-mic.) da ufro uaxlovdeba indoev-ropuls, Tumca akuzativis arqonis gamo, verc bolomde uTa-nabrdeba. cxadia, rom morfologiuri struqturis SenarCune-ba, anu zmnaSi pirisa da ricxvis niSnebis gamoxatva, ukve veGar gamxdara sintaqsuri struqturis SenarCunebis wina-piroba. kerZod, koordinaciis meqanizmi, rac gamoarCevs qarTvelur winadadebas, moSlilia.

arn. Ciqobava aGniSnavda, rom s. Jiqias mier Caweril teqstebSi gamokveTili tendencia konsturqciebis moSlisa, mTel aTinurze ar vrceldebao. Tumca es daskvna emKare-boda XX s-is 20-30-iani wlebis monacemebs. TiTqmis 80 wlis Semdeg dGis wesrigSi dgeba sakiTxi: ra viTarebaa Ta-namedrove aTinurSi, ra saxe miiGo tendenciam. amave dros, aTinuri kilos mixedviT daafiqsira arn. Ciqobavam pi-ruku procesic: inversiul zmnasTan subieqti moTxrobiTis formiT: (7) him deremenJi-Tiq isTeri vorsi afi va uZira-mun (II, 98-1) ìm mewisqvilesac (`mewisqvilemac~) imis-Tana kargi Senoba ar unaxavs~. mogvianebiT msgavsi konstruqciebi mravlad dafiqsirda g. kartozias mier sxva ki-lokavebSi, kerZod ki potencialisis formebSi: (8) emuq Cqimda muTu va axvenetu (kart. II, 37-24) ìs me vera-fers miSvreboda [ìman Cemda rame ar ekeTeboda]~.

I da II seriis paradigmebis mixedviT moTxrobiTi brunvis ganawilebis wesi ZiriTadad daculia lazurSi, magram e. w. inversiul TurmeobiTebSi viTareba araerTgvarovania. mkvlevrebs ara erTgzis aGuniSnavT, rom lazurSi mimdina-

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reobs inversiul formaTa Senacvleba pirdapiri wKobis for-mebiT, rac saerTo-qarTvelur movlenadaa Sefasebuli [Jor-benaZe 1995, 169; kartozia 2005, 174-177]. igulisxmeba, rom e. w. inversiul TurmeobiTebSi gardamavali zmnis iribi obieqti micemiTSia (mimarTulebiTis nacvlad), mag. (9) `Konas (=KonaSa) xe-Ti va nusumutu (Ciq. I. 38-2) `KanisTvis (`Kanas~) xelic ar gausvams~. aseve subieqtic SeiZleba imave brunvaSi darCes, ra brunvaSic aris pirdapi-ri wKobis dros, anu moTxrobiTis formiT iKos warmodgenili.

potencialisis formebi, o. uridias azriT, mesame seriis mwkrivTa formebis analogiuria, Tumca gardauvali. g. kar-tozia ki miiCnevs [2005, 173], rom vnebiTis Kalibis gamo-Keneba (formobrivi mxare) araa arsebiTi piroba, raTa po-tencialisis zmnebi ar Cadges gardamavali zmnebis uGlebis paradigmaSi iseve, rogorc III seriis sxva formebi, romlebic formiT vnebiTia, e. i. Zirums `xedavs~, Ziru `dainaxa~ zmnebis rigs agrZeleben formebi: uZiramun ùnaxavs~, aZiren `SeuZlia xedva~ [èKureba~].

maSasadame, lazurSi, erTi mxriv, gvaqvs gardamavali zmnebis e. w. inversiuli konstruqcia formiT: RS = micemiTi, Od = saxelobiTi, Oind = mimarTulebiTi brunva: (10) miTiSa muTu var miTqvafun (kart. I, 46, 23-24)

miTi-Sa Oind muTu Odir var mi-Tqvaf-un Vinv

àravisTvis[vinmesTvis] araferi [rame] ar miTqvams~. meore mxriv, gvaqvs inversiuli zmnuri formebi pirdapi-

ri konstruqciis farglebSi formuliT: S= moTxrobiTi, Oind = mi-cemiTi, Odir = saxelobiTi: mag.

(11) him deremenJi-Tiq isTeri vorsi afi va uZiramun (Ciq. II, 98-1)

him deremenJi-Ti-q Serg isTeri vorsi afi Odir va-uZiramun Vinv

ìm mewisqvilesac [mewisqvilemac] imisTana kargi Senoba ar unaxavs~.

potencialisis formebs Tu imave rigisad ganvixilavT, ro-gorc III seriis inversiul formebs, aqac ori saxis konstruqcia gvaqvs: erTi mxriv, inversiuli: RS = micemiTi, O = saxelobi-Ti:

(12) Cqu haa var maykomenan (jG. 56, 9)Cqu Sdat haa Oind var ma-ykomen-an Vinv

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`Cven es ar gveymeva~.meore mxriv, pirdapiri konstruqcia formuliT: S = mo-

TxrobiTi, O = saxelobiTi: (13) qomoli sqaniq bee Tamami var axenu (jG. . 65-3)

qomoli sqani-q Serg bee Oind Tamami var a-xen-u Vinv

`[Senma qmarma] Sens qmars bavSvi mTlianad ver gaekeTa~.

samecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba da-vaskvnaT: moTxrobiTbrunvianma subieqtma, romelic amo-savalSi lazurSic mxolod II seriis brunva iKo, Caanacvla sa-xelobiTi brunva I seriaSi mTlianad, radgan pirdapiri wKoba darCa pirdapir wKobad, xolo III seriaSi es procesi ase unda warmarTuliKo: Jer inversia moxda, xolo Semdeg daiwKo pirdapir wKobasTan gaTanabrebis tendencia.

saKovelTaod miCneulia, rom qarTvelur enebSi inversiis procesis formaluri asaxva, anu gramatikalizacia moxda maSin, roca ricxvis gamoxatva morfologiis donezec da sin-taqsuri ZaliTac SeZlo micemiTSi dasmulma saxelma [meliqiSvili 2001]. rogorc Cans, inversiis gramatikalizacia amiT ar damTavrebula lazurSi. gamomdinare sistemuri cvlilebidan, rac gardamavali zmnis konstruqciis `Caswore-biT~ (Tu gnebavT unifikaciiT) gamoixata, amave mizeziT (Tu mizniT) inversiis gramatikalizacia xom ar xdeba sintaq-sur donezec: RS, igive moqmedebis mimGebi, ganmcdeli piri, romelic micemiTi brunviT gamoixateboda, dadga mo-TxrobiT brunvaSi. sintaqsma gaavlo miJna `warmomavlo-biT~ (forma) gardauval da sintaqsur-semantikurad (Sinaar-sis plani) gardamavali zmnis paradigmebs Soris, anu zmnuri forma darCa inversiuli, ufro swored, morfologiis Seucvlelad Seicvala konstruqcia, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, rom ergatiuloba aqtantTa maxasiaTebelia da ara zmna-Semas-menlis. amitom arcaa moulodneli, rom analogiurad `Ca-sworda~ potencialisis inversiuli konstruqciebic.

rogorc Cans, lazurSi ergatiulobis morfologiuri Tu morfo-sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebis gaCenas TurmeobiTebsa da potencialis zmnur konstruqciebSi xeli SeuwKo rogorc zm-naTa semantikam, aseve maTTan SewKobil saxelTa se-mantikamac.

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g. klimovma sagangebod Seiswavla ergatiuli konstruq-cia lazurSi da `anomaliad~ Seafasa is faqti, rom ergatiuli konstruqcia gaaCniaT ara marto gardamaval, aramed gar-dauval zmnebsac. man gamoKo sami Jgufi zmnebisa, rom-lebsac aerTianebs is, rom isini gamoxataven aqtiuri deno-tatis _ `sulieris~ moqmedebas. esenia, ZiriTadad, medio-aqtiuri zmnebi o-Zicin-u `sicili~, o-xoron-u `cekva~, o-paramiT-u `laparaki~, o-petel-u `kikini~, o-lal-u `Kefa~, o-ykedin-u `Kureba~, o-xvewin-u `xvewna~ da a. S. tipisa, romelsac aqtiur zmnebs uwodebs g. klimovi da miiCnevs, rom istoriulad lazurSi adgili hqonda aqtiuri da statikuri zmnebis leqsikur opozicias, rac ganapirobebda aqtiur da inaqtiur konstruqciebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, sistemur koordinacias hqmnida arsebiT saxelTa aqtiur (sulier) da in-aqtiur (usulo) JgufebTan [klimovi 1976]. meore mxriv, aqti-uri wKobis transformacia nominatiur wKobad, mkvlevris az-riT, ganapiroba aqtiuri da statikuri zmnebis opoziciis Se-cvlam tranzitul da intranzitul opoziciad. Sesabamisad, in-tranzitul zmnebTan -q niSniT gaformebul brunvas unda mi-eces ara ergativis, aramed nominativis kvalifikacia, xolo sakuTriv -q morfema unda CaiTvalos nominativis alomor-fad nulovan alomorfTan erTad [klimovi 1976, 154-156]. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevris SexedulebiT, gasagebi xde-ba moTxrobiTbrunviani konstruqciis mqone winadadebebis farTo speqtri Kvela zmnasTan gramatikuli drois ganurCev-lad. aGsaniSnavia, rom g. klimovs arc is gamorCenia, rom gardauval zmnasTan qvemdebaris gaformeba -q sufiqsiT xSirad damokidebulia zmnis adgilze (pozicia) winadadeba-Si, kerZod, roca winadadebaSi gvaqvs erTgvari Semas-menlebi da maT Soris erT-erTi ekuTvnis klimovis mier gamoKofil zmnur Jgufebs. Cveni mxriv, davazustebdiT, rom aseTi zmna uSualod mosdevs qvemdebares, xolo mo-mdevno zmna (zmnebi) gardamavalia. mag. ar ndGas ar mCxvafa taronis Cil-qomoJiq ontuleSa qodoloxTes do xaCqumtes Cqva (abaS. 77, 10) `erT dGes mzian amindSi col-qmari bostanSi Sevidnen da Toxnidnen~... `... qomoJi muSiq nasTeru do osTerus qogoykes (abaS. 77, 14) `mi-sma qmarma iTamaSa da TamaSoba daiwKes~.

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meore viTareba, rasac gamoKofs g. klimovi, exeba iseT winadadebas, romelSic qvemdebaresa da zmna-Semasme-nels Soris moqceulia saxelmzmnuri viTarebis garemoeba. mag., babaq xoroner-xoroneri oxoriSa idu `moxuci cek-va-cekviT wavida saxlSi~ [klimovi 1976, 153].

Cven vrclad mimovixileT g. klimovis Tvalsazrisi, radga-nac specialur literaturaSi man pirvelma gaamaxvila Ku-radGeba lazuris am Taviseburebaze. garda amisa, misi Te-oria Tu hipoTeza qarTveluri (resp. lazuri) zmnis aqtiurobis Sesaxeb dGemde rCeba samuSao debulebad. miT ufro, rom zmnuri leqsikuri dubletebis kvlevam qarTulSi gamoav-lina sulieri usulo diqotomia (wola deba, waqceva da-vardna), xolo qona-Kolis zmnebis semantikis Seswavlam Zvel qarTulSi gamoavlina pirovneba nivTis dapirispireba [Sengelia 2006, 86-122]. aseve `vin~ da `ra~ nacvalsaxel-Ta dapirispireba Tavs iCens rogorc zmnasTan Sexamebi-sas, aseve uGlebis paradigmebSic: `vin~ nacvalsaxelis se-mantikiTaa gapirobebuli, rom Zvel qarTulSi mas ara aqvs moqmedebiTi (instrumentalisi) da viTarebiTi (transformati-vi) brunvebi, romlebic `ra~ kiTxviT nacvalsaxels ewarmoe-ba. xolo `raman~ brunva Zvel qarTulSi iSviaTad dasturde-ba. aqedan gamomdinare, m. suxiSvili daaskvnis: `nivTis semantikuri klasis aGmniSvneli saxelebis ergatiuli brunviT xmareba SezGudulia (TavianTi semantikiT isini mxolod su-bieqtis III piris saxelebad SeiZleba mogvevlinon saTanado zmnebTan). migvaCnia, rom am saxelebSi ergativis gamo-Keneba gviandeli unda iKos. Zveli qarTulis zogierTi faqti SeiZleba migvaniSnebdes nivTis aGmniSvnel saxelebSi er-gatiuli brunvis CamoKalibebis dinamikas~ [suxiSvili 1999, 19].

Cveni dakvirvebiT, adamiani nivTi, sulieri usulo da-pirispireba gadamwKvetia ergatiuli konstruqciis gaCenisas lazuri gardauvali zmnebis, aseve gardamavali zmnebis III seriis formebSi. sagangebod SeviswavleT nurdoGan abaSi-Sis mier gamocemuli viwuri teqstebi [abaSiSi 2005], raTa Segvedarebina adre gamocemul viwur teqstebTan, aseve SevadareT sarfuli (saqarTvelos nawili) teqstebi aTinur da vi-wur-arqabul teqstebs ori mizniT: Segvemowmebina g. kli-movis dakvirvebiT gamoKofili semantikuri velebi zmnisa da

151


saxelisa: Seicvala Tu igive darCa; rogoria ergativis gavrce-lebis sixSire kilo-kavuri monacemebis mixedviT.

pirveli TvalsazrisiT, masalam daadastura igive zmnuri semantikuri Jgufebi. aseve -q sufiqsiani saxelebi sulieris niSniT xasiaTdebian. moviKvanT magaliTebs:

(1) ma bZiri Skule damTireq do biyiq xolo iZicamtes heSo (abaS. 70, 21);

ma bZiri Skule damTire-q Serg do biyi-q Serg xolo i-Zi-camt-es Vintran heSo`me rom vnaxe, sidedri (`sidedrma~) da biyic (`biy-ma~) icinodnen iqiT~

(2) nusaq nokaCu Squle... (abaS. 78, 6)nusa-q Serg nokaC-u Vintran Squle`rZalma (rom) amoioxra Semdeg... ~

(3) jur biyiq sum ndGa do sum seris disimades (abaS. 91, 14)

jur biyi-q Serg sum dGa do sum seris disimad-es Vintran

`ori biyi (`biyma~) sami dGe da sami Game fiqrob-dnen~.

(4) lomeSi biyiq gexTu cxeniSen (abaS. 111, 14)lomeSi biyi-q Serg gexT-u Vintran cxeniSen`lomis biyi (`biyma~) SeJda cxenze~.

(5) divefeq heko wkar-Tis geluxenan do var momCa-man-a (abaS. 112, 9)

divefe-q Serg heko wkar-Tis geluxen-an Vintran do var momCama-an-a Vtran `devebi (`devebma~) wKarosTavs usxedan da ar gvaZleveno~

(6) mTuTiq mciqa nisiminu do... (abaS. 129, 17)mTuTi-q Serg mciqa nisimin-u Vintran do... `daTvma cota ifiqra da... ~

(7) mkafuq oxotkvacineri idu... (abaS. 131, 17)mkafu-q Serg oxotkvacineri i-d-u... Vintran

`tura (`turam~) TofnakraviviT wavida (`afeTqebuli wavida~)

(8) badi mTugiq imsiminu... (abaS. 26, 28) badi mTugi-q Serg i-msimin-u... Vintran

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`beberi Tagvi (`Tagvma~) Sefiqrianda~

rac Seexeba ergatiuli konstruqciis sixSires, aSkaraa, rom sarfuli metKveleba maGali sixSiriT xasiaTdeba. maga-liTad, erTi zGapris mixedviT [kalandia 2008, 233-246] er-gatiuli gardauvali konstruqciebi TiTqmis imdenive amovi-wereT (10 magaliTi), ramdenic imave n. abaSiSis 12 igavi-dan (gv. 70-130). ra Tqma unda, zmnuri da saxeluri se-mantika am SemTxvevaSic analogiuria. magaliTebi:

(9) veziriq dixaziu (kalan. 235, 20)veziri-q Serg dixaziu Vintran

`veziri (`vezirma~) gaemzada~. (10) Cobaniq qogextu cxenis (kalan. 238, 16)

Cobani-q Serg qogext-u Vintran cxenis`mwKemsi (`mwKemsma~) SeaJda cxens~.

(11) dido vaxTis oxvewaptu Cobaniq (kalan. 238, 28)dido vaxTis oxvewaptu Vintran Cobani-q Serg

`didxans exvewa mwKemsi (`mwKemsma~). (12) enTefeq xelebaTen nages arTimajras (kalan. 239,

6)enTefe-q Serg xelebaTen nag-es Vintran arTimajras`eseni (`amaTma~) sixaruliT Sexvdnen erTma-neTs~.

(13) kulaniq mexTu cxeniSa (kalan. 242, 15)kulani-q Serg mexT-u Vintran cxeniSa`gogo (`gogom~) mivida cxenTan~.

(14) msqibus doloxe ar yita mTugiq wiaftu (kalan. 242, 25)msqibus doloxe ar yita mTugi- q Serg wiaft-u Vintran

`wisqvilSi SigniT erTi patara Tagvi (`Tagvma~) wri-pinebda~

(15) edo mTeliq mzoGaS konaGiSa igzales (kalan. 244, 29)edo mTeli-q Serg mzolaS konaGiSa igzal-es Vintran. `hoda, Kvelani (`Kvelam~) zGvis sasaxlisken gaem-gzavrnen~.

153


(16) oxorJaq fadiSaiS woxle qododgiTu, kulanefeq saGi do solikele hodudgiTes (kalan. 245, 15)oxorJa-q Serg fadiSaiS woxle qododgiT-u Vintran, kulane-fe-q Serg saGi do solikele hodudgiT-es Vintran

`coli (`colma~) fadiSahis win dadga, qaliSvilebi (`qaliSvilebma~) ki marJvniv da marcxniv daud-gnen~.

aGsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom lazurSi ergatiuli kon-struqciis gamoKeneba gardauval zmnebTan ZiriTadad mainc dasturdeba II seriis formebTan, Tumca is aseve dasturdeba I seriis formebTanac. rogorc Cans, amgvari viTareba damaxa-siaTebelia lazuris Kvela kilokavisTvis, xolo maGali sixSire sa-rful metKvelebaSi SeiZleba aixsnas dasavlur dialeqtebTan mezoblobiT, sadac Kvela tipis gardauval zmnasTan II seriaSi (ganurCevlad struqturisa da semantikisa) qvemdebare KovelTvis moTxrobiT brunvaSi dgas.

ergatiuli konstruqciis ganviTarebis tendenciebis mixed-viT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom lazurSi sami mimarTulebiT mimd-inareobs procesi:

a. ergativis moSla gardamaval zmnebTan;b. ergativis gaCena micemiTi brunvis nacvlad e. w. in-

versiul zmnebSi;g. ergativis gaCena saxelobiTi brunvis nacvlad gardau-

val zmnebSi. amaTgan Zlieria mesame (g.) tendencia, miT ufro, me-

grulTan axlos mdgom kilokavebSi. rac Seexeba pirvel or (a.), (b.) tendencias, ZiriTadad Tavs iCens aTinurSi, mag-ram arc sxva kilo-kavebisTvisaa ucxo. aGsaniSnavia, rom ergativis moSlis tendencia micemiTis moSlis paralelurad mimdinareobs, anu anomaliad swored es ukanaskneli pro-cesi SeiZleba Sefasdes, rac lazurze Turquli sintaqsis zewo-lis Sedegi Cans. meore mxriv, ergativis ganviTareba garda-uval zmnebSi, lazurs aaxloebs megrulTan, Tumca sistema maTi dro-kilos mixedviT ganawilebisa sakuTriv lazuri rCe-ba.

zogadad, megrul-lazurSi ergatiuli konstruqciis analizi gviCvenebs, rom morfosintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebi da mar-kirebis principebi gapirobebulia SesitKvebis _ zmnisa da

154


masTan dakavSirebuli saxelis (subieqtis) _ semantikiT. ise-ve, rogorc ricxvSi SeTanxmebis analizma aCvena, ergatiu-lobis Sinaarsic pirovneba nivTis dapirispirebaa. rogorc Cans, megrul-lazuris gramatikul sistemas, kerZod ki aqtan-tur kategoriebs ganmsyvalavs adamiani araadamiani diqotomia.

155

nawili III


piris kategoriis gamoxatvis sistema

Sesavali

zmnaSi ricxvis gamoxatvis sistemaze msJelobisas KuradGeba gavamaxvileT piris kategoriaze imdenad, ram-denadac zmnaSi swored piris simravle aGiniSneba. piris kategoriis gansazGvrisas SevCerdiT e. benvenistis midgo-maze: I da II piri upirispirdeba III pirs, rogorc dialogSi mo-nawile pirebi _ aramonawiles, Sesabamisad I, II III diqoto-mia ganixileboda, rogorc markirebul aramarkirebul for-maTa dapirispireba [benvenisti 1974]. e. benvenistma qar-TulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli faqti _ III piris markireba _ ax-sna, rogorc `simetriisaken miswrafeba~, Tumca T. uTurga-iZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, mas ar auxsnia amgvari `mi-swrafebis~ safuZveli. mecnieris azriT, safuZvlad SeiZleba miviCnioT III pirisTvis `iseTi funqciebis miniyeba, romelic aqvT I da II pirebs, esenia: iniciatoroba, paciensoba da ad-resatoba, amaT safuZvelze moxda S3-is, O3

d-isa da O3ind-is

markireba qarTulSi, Sesabamisad rigisa~ [uTurgaiZe 2002, 42].

cxadia, rom qarTul (resp. qarTvelur) enaSi I, II, III pirebi, rogorc romlobis mixedviT dapirispirebuli homogenuri for-mebi, qmnian zogadad piris kategorias. T. uTurgaiZis Tval-sazrisiT, `homogenurobis safuZvels qmnian subieqtoba, iri-bobieqtoba da pirdapirobieqtoba: subieqtobis semantika aris iniciatoroba, pirdapirobieqtobisa _ paciensoba, iribobi-eqtobisa _ adresatoba. eseni pirmimarTi aqtantebia _ maT aqvT sakuTari semantika da formaluri gamoxatuleba~ [uTurgaiZe 2002, 44). Sesabamisad, mecnieri subieqts, pir-dapir obieqtsa da irib obieqts miiCnevs damoukidebel ka-tegoriad.

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mTavari argumenti, ris gamoc S O dapirispireba, mkvlevris azriT, ver ganixileba kategoriad, gaxlavT is faqti, rom pirdapiri da iribi obieqtebi saerTo niSniT gamoixateba. es wesi ganzogaddeba samive qarTveluri enisTvis. imis ga-TvaliswinebiT, rom fonotaqtikis gamo qronologiur doneze enaSi xorcieldeba morfologiuri xasiaTis gardaqmnebi, nulovani markeri iseTive Girebulebisaa, rogorc bgeriT gamoxatuli. magaliTad, megrulSi O3

d da O3ind _ orive uniS-

noa, anu nulovani markeris mqonea iseve, rogorc S2, romlis niSanic unda gamoeKenebina enas Jer Od-is, Semdeg Oind-is aGsaniSnavad (qarTulis analogiiT). meore mxriv, S1-is v- prefiqsi da O1-is m- prefiqsi morfonologiuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad gvaZlevs erTsa da imave alomorfebs _ b, f, p me-grul-lazurSi. magaliTad, b-gorunq forma SeiZleba niSnav-des b-gorunq ma Tis `veZeb me mas~, b-gorunq si ma `meZeb Sen me~.

rogorc Cans, mTavari safuZveli, ris gamoc dasaSvebia erTi da imave markeriT aGiniSnebodes S, Od da Oind, swo-red is daskvnaa, rasac gvTavazobs T. uTurgaiZe: ` S, Od, Oind

kategoriebi xasiaTdebian sakuTari semantikiTa da am se-mantikis mqone dapirispirebuli elementebiT, rac ganxorci-elebulia pirTa romelobis farglebSi dapirispirebiT~ [uTurgai-Ze 2002, 46]. maSasadame, piri, rogorc aqtanturi katego-ria, formisa da Sinaarsis mTlianobaa.

am TvalsazrisiT Zalian sainteresod gvesaxeba piris gamoxatvis sistema megrul-lazurSi. miT umetes, rom `pir-Ta saxiT saqme gvaqvs avtonomiur morfologiur sistemas-Tan morfologiur cvlilebaTa sakuTari meqanizmiT~ [uTur-gaiZe 2002, 73]. megrul zmnaSi es meqanizmi Seswavlil iqna da kanonzomierebac dadginda t. gudavasa da T. gamKreliZis mniSvnelovani naSromiT `TanxmovanTkom-pleqsebi megrulSi~. morfemaTa zGvarze warmoqmnili TanxmovanTkompleqsebis gardaqmnebis kvaldakval gamowvlilviT gamovlinda piris (S1, O, O2) gamomxatvel alo-morfTa sistema. SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT morfonologiu-ri cvlilebebis meqanizmi lazurSic da SevqmnaT erTiani su-raTi piris aGmniSvnel alomorfTa sistemisa megrul-lazurSi.

160


I Tavi

subieqturi piris niSnebi megrul-lazurSi

$1. v- piris niSanTan dakavSirebuli erTi sakiTxisaTvis megrulSi

pirveli subieqturi piris niSani v- megrulSi warmodgeni-lia /v-/, /b-/, /f-/, /p-/ alomorfebiT Tanxmovniswina poziciaSi homogenurobis safuZvelze, Tumca am wess absoluturi xa-siaTi ara aqvs [gudava, gamKreliZe 2000, 167-170; dadiani 2003, 30]. specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom `kbilbagismieri v-s paralelurad da TiTqmis Kvela im poziciaSi, romlebSic is gvaqvs, wKvilbagismieri …-c gamovlindeba~, gansakuTrebiT senakur-martvilur kilokavSi [JanJGava 2009, 281]. Tumca xmovniswina poziciaSi, Cveni azriT, ZiriTadia v- morfema. kerZod, v- dasturdeba a, e, o xmovnebis win, i xmovnis win metaTe-zisis Sedegad warmodgeba zemoT aGniSnuli alomorfebiT, xolo u xmovnis win ikargeba, anu /-/ markeri Semodis S1-is alomorfTa sistemaSi [KifSiZe 1994, 108; qaJaia, I, 2001, 51]. ukanasknel xans quTaisis dialeqtologiuri institutis Ta-namSromelTa mier gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom v- prefiqsi zmnaSi ikargeba -o-s wina poziciaSic [dadiani, futkaraZe 2004, 35]. amis safuZvels maT aZlevda savele pirobebSi mopovebuli masala. Cvenc davinteresdiT am nimuSebiT, romlebic kompiuteruli versiis saxiT mogvawoda qalbaton-ma eka dadianma, risTvisac mas madlobas movaxsenebT. esaa xoburi metKvelebis dargobrivi masala. mTqmeli saub-robs Tavis saqmianobaze mesaqonleobasa Tu mefutkreo-baSi, Sesabamisad, uxvadaa zmnuri formebi pirvel pirSi. Cven sagangebod SeviswavleT isini da qvemoT warmovad-genT Cvens Tvalsazriss am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

rogorc mosalodneli iKo, xobur teqstebSi v- piris niSani KovelTvis dafiqsirebulia o zmnuri xmovani prefiqsis win uz-mniswino formebSi: v-oreq `var~, v-orwKeq `vxedav~... ufro sainteresoa V-v-o mimdevroba, roca piris niSans win uZGvis zmniswinis an nawilakis (maT Soris dadasturebiTi

161


qo- da uarKofiTi va- nawilakebis) xmovani elementi. ker-Zod, V-v-o mimdevrobaSi V= a, e, o xmovnebs, romlebic asimilaciis gziT icvleba an reducirdeba. specialur literatu-raSi aGniSnulia, rom zmniswinis nawilakebiT garTulebis kvaldakval ufro Zlierdeba reduqciis tendencia. Sesabami-sad, piris niSnis win warmoiqmneba TanxmovanTmimdev-robebi, romlis Tavkidura da bolokidura poziciaSi xmovani (am SemTxvevaSi zmnuri prefiqsi) ar ikargeba [gudava, gamKreliZe 2000, 186-187]. aqve davamatebT, rom Cv kompleqsi megrul-lazurSi bunebriv kompleqsTa wKebas ganekuTvneba da istoriulad amosavlad C… kompleqsi mi-iCneva [gamKreliZe, mayavariani 1965, 61].

maSasadame, V-v-o mimdevroba sam kombinacias gvaZlevs: (1) a-v-o; (2) e-v-o; (3) o-v-o. Cveni dakvirvebiT, xobur teqstebSi (1) da (2) SemTxvevebSi v- prefiqsi Kovel-Tvisaa warmodgenili, magram KuradGebas ipKrobs (3) kombinacia. rogorc wesi, o-v-o mimdevroba zmnur for-mebSi Cawerilia uo mimdevrobiT. warmovadgenT magali-Tebs:

quwinq aka do duoyarafuanq `vetKvi erTi da davawe-rineb~; ukul Ti siropis qinuobund `mere im sirops Cavas-xamdi~; ramkefs xo quduonwkaranT arZas `CarCoebs xom davawKobT Kvelas~; aTi sanTels ukul gegˆnuofu-nuanT Cqi `am sanTels mere gadavadnobT Cven~; kas-ruls qenuorGvanT, wKars qeduobunT `vedroSi CavKriT, wKals CavasxamT~; qeduoragve viSo `davagde iqiT~; jir dGas quordiT Teq SeCerebul `ori dGe viKaviT gaCerebu-li~...

uxvad daiZebneba msgavsi formebi am masalaSi, riTac is arsebiTad gansxvavdeba aqamde gamocemuli megruli teqstebisgan. nimuSisTvis moviKvanT ramdenime maga-liTs m. xubuas martvilur-senakuri teqstebidan: oyumares goTandun, duvoyKi arT ‡ure ula (42, 25) `dila rom gaTen-da, daviwKe erT mxares siaruli~; qimvogi do gale qu-vo‡oTi (44, 30) `vesrole da gareT gadavagde~; guvoke-Tebafeva (44, 21) `gavakeTebineo~; guvoJinie (49, 26) `rom davxede~, qovorwKedia (51, 30) `vxedavdio~, iqve quvorwKediTia...

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zemoT moKvanil Kvela nimuSSi amosavalia o-v-o mi-mdevroba, radganac zmnur formas erTvis do-, gegno-, go- zmniswinebi (aseve SeiZleba erTvodes mo-, da-, -ko-, -wo-, -To- nawilakebiT garTulebuli zmniswinebi) da qo- dadastu-rebiTi nawilaki. sxvaoba isaa, rom xobur teqstebSi arsad Cans v- prefiqsi da iqmneba STabeydileba, rom is ùkvalod gamqrala~. Cven eyvi ar gvepareba am nimuSebis Ca-mweris kompetenciaSi, magram, vfiqrobT, sakiTxi moi-Txovs dazustebas.

paralelurad warmovadgenT xobur teqstebSi moKvanil da maT amosaval formebs:

amosavali formebi xoburi masalado-v-oyarafuanq : duoyarafuanq `davawerineb~qono-v-obund : qinuobund `Cavasxamdi~qodo-v-onwkaranT : quduonwkaranT `davawKobT~gegono-v-ofunuanT : gegˆnuofunuanT `gadavad-

nobT~qono-v-orGvanT : qenuorGvanT `CavKriT~qo-v-ordiT : quordiT `viKaviT~Tu amosaval formebSi vivaraudebT piris niSnis dakar-

gvas, maSin Tavs iKris -oo- mimdevroba: do-v-oyarafuanq dooyarafuanq. megrulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli morfonolo-giuri gardaqmnebis Tanaxmad [gudava, gamKreliZe 2000, 167], o+o a, rac kargad Cans II da III piris formebSi:

si do-oyarafuanq dayarafuanq `Sen daawerineb~Tina do-oyarafuans dayarafuans ìs daawerine-

bs~aseve gveqneba: qinabund `Caasxamdi~, qudan-

wkaranT `daawKobT~, qenarGvanT `CaKriT~, gegˆna-funuanT `gadaadnobT~... rac Seexeba qo-v-ordiT zmnas, aq zmnuri xmovani prefiqsis dakargva Cveulebri-via: qo-rdiT ìKaviT~, Sdr. voreq `var~, req `xar~, re{n} àris~. ismis kiTxva, I piris formaSic ratom ar xdeba oo a gardaqmna? cnobili kanonzomierebaa, rom I piris niSnis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi morfemaTa sazGvarze ar moqmedebs fonologiuri kanonzomiereba da amiT xdeba I piris gamiJvna II piris (romelic TavisTavad ar aGiniSneba) formisagan. SedarebisTvis moviKvanT lazuris xofur kilo-kavs, sadac V-v-V poziciaSi bunebrivia piris niSnis dakar-

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gva ganurCevlad imisa, xmovani markirebulia labialobis niSniT, Tu _ ara. rogorc wesi, morfemaTa sazGvarze ar xdeba asimilacia, gansxvavebiT II piris formisagan: mo-v-ulur > moulur `movdivar~, magram moulur > mulur `Sen modixar~; man dookaf `me movkali~, magram sin dokaaf `Sen mokali~... [Ciqobava 1936, 24; ezugbaia 2004, 32]. esaa zogadi kanonzomiereba, romelic qarTvelur enaTa mTel sistemaze vrceldeba. amis dasturia mo/ma monacvleoba subieqturi wKobis zmnebSi kaxursa da fSaur-Si [uTurgaiZe 1976, 21-22]. maSasadame, do-v-oyarafu-anq formaSi piris niSnis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi ucvlelad unda darCeniliKo -oo- mimdevroba. rogor unda migveGo -uo- kompleqsi duoyarafuanq tipis formebSi? rCeba erTi gza: do-v-oyarafuanq du-v-oyarafuanq duoyara-fuanq, anu piris niSnis dakargva xdeba ara amosaval for-maSi, aramed meore etapze _ zmniswinis xmovnis asimila-ciis Semdeg: do-v > du-v. Tumca es naklebad sarwmunod gveCveneba im masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac gamocemuli megruli teqstebidan mogvepoveba _ bunebrivi da gavrce-lebuli formaa duvoyarafuanq tipisa, rasac zepiri monace-mebic adasturebs da Tu mainc davuSvebT duoyarafuanq, duobund, qenuorGvanT da a. S. formebs, u SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc ov an vo (vo > u) segmentis monacvle. amgvari gardaqmnebi cnobilia saxelebSi: qva > *qova > *qua `qva~, *orvo > *rovo > ruo `rva~. analogiuri garda-qmnebi gvaqvs -ov- sufiqsian zmnebSi: *Tx-ov-a-s >Txuas `sTxovos~, *qS-ov-u > Suu `qsova~ [kartozia 2005, 21-30]. maSin u elementi SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc v- piris niSnis alomorfi.

Cveni dakvirvebiT, v- prefiqsis dakargva o-s wina pozi-ciaSi SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zmnas erTvis va- uarKofiTi `ar~ nawilaki. magaliTad, erTi mxriv, gvaqvs for-ma va-v-oreq : ma iSen vavoreqia (xub. 43, 36) `me ma-inc ara varo~; meore mxriv _ forma va-oreq : domiSindu gurqˆ, vaoreq meti (Ciqv. 14) `gamisivda guli, meti ara var~. saqme isaa, rom II da III piris formebSi a + o a gardaqmnis Sedegad vGebulobT vareq `Sen ar xar~ da vare{n} `ar aris~ formebs. Sesabamisad, S1-is niSnis da-kargvis SemTxvevaSi forma mainc gansxvavebuli rCeba.

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zemoT aGvniSneT, rom, Cveulebriv, v- prefiqsi ar ikargeba a-v-o mimdevrobisas, Tu a elementi zmniswiniseulia _ qar-Tulidan nasesxeb da-, ga-, Ca-, wa-, agreTve -la-, -Sa-, -ma- nawilakebiT garTulebul zmniswinebSi. aseT SemTxve-vaSi, rogorc wesi, xdeba a xmovnis reduqcia. mag., gil-vonwkaranq < gela-v-onwaranq `valageb, vawKob ra-Gacaze~, miSvorGva < meSa-v-orGva `vKri SigniT~... Tumca dasaSvebia a xmovnis SenarCunebac: miTmavor-Gva< me-Ti+ma-v-orGva `vKri qvemodan SigniT~...

rac Seexeba va nawilaks, rogorc Cans, misi labialuri elementi v xelsaKrel pirobas qmnis S1-is v-s dakargvisa-Tvis. aqve aGvniSnavT, rom amgvari tendencia Zalian sus-tia megrulSi.

amrigad, Cven ar viziarebT mosazrebas, rom S1-is niSa-ni v- `ukvalod ikargeba~ o xmovnis win. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom piris niSani TiTqmis KovelTvis ixmareba. rac Seexeba gamonakliss, o-v-o mimdevrobisas /v-/ alomorfis gverdiT dasaSvebia /u-/ alomorfi, xolo va- nawilakis darTvisas /v-/-s paralelurad mosalodnelia /-/ alomorfi.

$2. pirveli subieqturi piris alomorfebi lazurSi lazurSi pirveli subieqturi piris niSani warmodgenilia

Semdegi alomorfebiT: v-, b-, f-, p-, m-, -, -. ganvixiloT maTi distribucia poziciebis mixedviT.

xmovniswina poziciaSi lazuris Kvela kilokavSi KovelTvis dasturdeba piris niSani, miuxedavad xmovnis ragvarobisa, gansxvavebiT megrulisagan, sadac u xmovnis win ar ixma-reba piris arc erTi alomorfi. amave dros alomorfTa ganawi-leba lazurSi kilokavuri SerCeviTobiT xasiaTdeba. aTinurSi ZiriTadad v- prefiqsia gabatonebuli: vionaT (Ciq. II, 87,25) `waviKvanoT~, voCilare (Ciq. II, 97,7) `davaqorwineb~, vuwolemT (Ciq. II, 89,25) `vetKviT, vuwodebT~, vigzali (Ciq. II, 103,23) `vimgzavre~, `wavedi~, vokapini (Ciq. II, 108,10) `gavaqcie; gavagde~ da sxva. aGsaniSnavia, rom arn. Ciqobavas aTinur teqstebSi aris musa gulaber-oGlisa-gan Cawerili masala, romelic gamoirCeva b- alomorfis xmarebiT Kvela poziciaSi, maT Soris xmovniswina pozicia-

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Sic: biturT (Ciq. II, 109,22) `vitKviT~, bulur (Ciq. II, 110,4) `davdivar~ (Tumca iqve xmarobs vulur formasac), bor (Ciq. II, 109, 5)`var~, biCilar (Ciq. II, 111,4) `cols virTav~ da a. S.

b- alomorfi miCneulia viwur-arqabuli kilokavis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad. rogorc arn. Ciqobavas, aseve s. jGentis vi-wur-arqabul teqstebSi xmovniswina poziciaSi mxolod b- prefiqsi dasturdeba: borti (Ciq. II, 25,8) `viKavi~, bowketi (Ciq. II, 25,8) `vxedavdi~, bida (Ciq. II, 25,16) `wavide~, boGodi (jG. 19,22) `gavukeTe~, biqom (jG. 18,2) `vi-zam~, boqaCam (jG. 15,1) `daviyer xelSi~, `vqaCav~, bi-vatiT (jG. 16,32) `viKaviT~ da sxv. gansxvavebul viTare-bas gviCvenebs g. kartozias viwur-arqabuli masala. marTa-lia, b- prefiqsiT gaformebuli zmnebic gvxvdeba, magram faqtobrivad ZiriTadad v- alomorfia warmodgenili xmovnis-wina poziciaSi: voeT-qi (kart. 118,25) `rom varT~, voC-qume (kart. 121,7) `vagzavni~, vuwvi-qi (kart. 121,25) `rom vuTxari~, vulu (kart. 120,1) `mivdivar~, vowketi (kart. 123,11) `vxedavdi~, viCaliSa (kart. 123,15) `viCali-Co~ (saqme gavakeTo), visimadi (kart. 123,21) `vismen-di~ da a. S.

xofur kilokavSi pirveli subieqturi piri xmovniswina pozi-ciaSi KovelTvis v- prefiqsiT gamoixateba. am TvalsazrisiT Kvela gamoqveKnebuli masalis avtorebi erTsulovani arian. maSasadame, xofursa da aTinurSi ZiriTadia v- alomorfi, Tumca ukanasknelSi mosalodnelia b- alomorfic. Jer kidev n. mari aGniSnavda, rom viwur metKvelebaSi v- prefiqsi ar ixmareba da is b- niSanma gamodevnao [mari, 1910, 44], xolo arn. Ciqobavam es movlena ganazogada viwur-arqa-bulze [Ciqobava, 1938, 88], Tumca g. kartozias masalidan gamoCnda, rom xmovniswina poziciaSi viwur-arqabulSic Cveulebrivia v- alomorfis gamoKeneba.

rogorc zemoT aGvniSneT, lazurSi xmovnis win piris ni-Sani ar ikargeba (erTaderTi magaliTi Segvxvda, sadac v- prefiqsi frCxilebSia Casmuli _ fadiSais-Ti mu-Tu va-Ti (v)uwva! (Ciq. II, 100,29) `xelmwifesac arc araferi vuTxra!~). Tu piris niSnis win aGmoCnda zmniswini an nawilaki, xofurSi bunebrivia niSnis dakargva, anu intervokalur pozi-ciaSi - nulovani alomorfia dasaSvebi. es faqti gaanalize-

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bulia arn. Ciqobavas mier: `v-s dakargvis Semdeg darCeni-li xmovnebi asimilacias ar ganicdian, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki amgvar xmovanTa asimilacia normaluri movlenaa xofurisa-Tvis; SeiZleba es imitom xdebodes, rom Kvela zemoxsene-bul kompleqsSi v- subieqturi prefiqsia pirveli pirisa, da Tu asimilacia moxdeboda, pirvelisa da meore piris forma er-TmaneTs daemsgavseboda; magaliTad: movulur `movdi-var~ > moulur; moulur `Sen modixar~ > mulur; Tu pir-veli piris formaSi v-s dakargvis Semdeg asimilacias eqne-boda adgili, unda migveGo mulur, e. i. igive, rac gvaqvs meore pirSi... ~ [Ciqobava 1936, 24]. am SemTxvevaSi zmniswins ekisreba pirTa ganmasxvaveblis funqcia, rac gvxvdeba megrulSic da qarTuli enis mTis dialeqtebSi [uTurgaiZe 1976, 21-22]. aGsaniSnavia, rom V_V poziciaSi v- prefiqsis dakargva KovelTvis xdeba ganurCevlad xmo-vanTa ragvarobisa, gansxvavebiT megrulisgan, sadac igive movlena V-v-u mimdevrobisas dasturdeba. warmovadgenT magaliTebs:

avu > au: anTefe gowauGi do... (kart. 43,29) ès-eni wavarTvi da... ~

evu > eu: man TrangiSa oxvamuSeni meulua (kart. 18,8) `me GmerTTan salocavad mivdivaro~; amus ar xoJi meuSqva (kart. 20,21) àmasTan erTi xari mivuS-va~; Cqin mendra gzaSa meuluT (kart. 127,28) `Cven sxva gzaze mivdivarT~;

ovu > ou: kaia, sqaniSeniTi dopkiTxufa, douwu-mea (kart. 8,14) `kargio, SenTvisac gamovkiTxavo, vetKvio~; baba-sqanis Tolefe man aq doukarufa (kart. 30,13) `mamaSens Tvalebs me aq movurCe-no~; mana emusa qodouJoxof (kart. 150,23) `meo imaso davuZaxebo~;

avi > ai: aa kuis doloxetu do eSaiKoniT (kart. 28,32) èso yaSi (ormoSi) iJda da amo-viKvaneT~; bee-sqaniTi ewaiqaCaa (kart. 33,8) `Seni Svilic gamovwieo, aviKvaneo~;

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evi > ei: ma muTxani Seinaxaminon (kart. 120,21) `me raGacas Sevinaxav~;

eva > ea: awi man muyoSi pa, qervanJefe meaS-qva (kart. 51,8) àxla me rogor moviq-ce, meqaravneebi mivatovo~;

evo > eo: kai, ma meoykiafa (kart. 56,36) `kargi, me movyrio~;

ovo > oo: man dookaaf, dovosaGef (kart. 27,16) `me movarCen, gamovaJanmrTeleb~; ma cas gowoobua (kart. 33,29) `me cas var Camokidebulio~; ma vida kur-beTiSa, faa moorga (kart. 50,14) `me wavide saSovarze, fuli movigo~.

xofurisagan gansxvavebiT, viwur-arqabulsa da aTinurSi intervokalur poziciaSi subieqti pirveli warmodgenili iqneba v- da b- alomorfebiT imave SefardebiT, rogorc es iTqva xmovniswina poziciis SemTxvevaSi: arqabuli _ mobunJGo-ni (jG. 51,37)`movugzavne~, mobulu (jG. 9,27) `movdi-var~, eSebilaT (jG. 7,16) àvideT~, dobonyarafi (jG. 29,1) `davawerine~, ebuyofare (jG. 55,14) àvuGo~ da sxva; aTinuri _ qogovobi (Ciq. II, 105,34) `davasxi~, qoS-koviGam (Ciq. II, 105,37) àmovitan~, mendeviGiT (Ciq. II, 106,4) `waviGeT~, JevoTasare (Ciq. II, 106,8) `davTe-so~, qevuyofaT (Ciq. II, 106,25) àvuGoT~ da a. S.

bagismier TanxmovanTa wina poziciaSi subieqti pirve-lis gamoxatva xdeba nulovani - markeriT an b- alomorfiT. magaliTad: dobyum do faGum e-do oxaCqu zamani aprili moxTa-is... ~ (Ciq. II, 25,23) `davwvav da gavasufTaveb da gaToxvnis dro _ aprili rom mova... ~ _ faGum zmnas-Tan piris niSani dakargulia, asevea bergum (Ciq, II, 25,16) `vToxni~ forma arn. Ciqobavas teqstebSi, Tumca iqve Se-niSnavs mkvlevari: `Semxvedria: do-b-bergi-c: ar kati dob-bergi... jur kati dobbergi èrTxel gavToxne, meored ga-vToxne~: aq dominanti b naTlad irCeoda~ [Ciqobava 1936, 89]. b- alomorfs m labialis win vxvdebiT g. kartozias masalaSi: okule Cqva gobmkucxi (!) do Cqva muTu va bZiri (kart. 178,17) `mere gaviGviZe da sxva veraferi vna-xe~; eSebulutaTSi, bazi eris ma biineTa do biyvafuT-ma do bmGorare (!) (kart. 178,6) `rom amovdiodeT, raGac adgi-

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las viqnebiTo da viwvebiT-meTqi, viKvireb~... rogorc vxe-davT, mkvlevars orivegan Zaxilis niSani dausvams _ TiTqos ar iKo mosalodneli piris alomorfi am poziciaSi, miT ufro, rom orive formaSi morfemaTa sazGvarze warmoiqmneba lazurisTvis arabunebrivi TanxmovanTmimdevroba bmk, bmG. saerTod, lazuri teqstebi ar iZleva sakmao masalas bagismieri TanxmovniT dawKebuli zmnuri formebis Sesa-mowmeblad pirvel pirSi, rac damatebiT kvleva-Ziebas moi-Txovs savele pirobebSi. Tumca zogadi tendencia albaT - alomorfis maCvenebeli iqneba. aGsaniSnavia, rom lazuri amJeradac xasiaTdeba sxvaobiT megrulTan SedarebiT. la-bialuri Tanxmovnebis win megrulSi v- prefiqsi ixmareba, Tumca SeiZleba metaTezisic, ris Sedegad sxva alomorfebi daCndeba fuZis SigniT. magaliTad: v-muSenq > mu-f-Senq `vmuSaob~, v-barunq > ba-v-runq `vbarav~, v-putunq > pu-p-tunq `vputav~...

metaTezisi damaxasiaTebelia agreTve i- prefiqsian zm-nur formaTaTvis: v-i-rduq > i-v-rduq > i-b-rduq `vizrde-bi~, v-i-Tolunq > i-v-Tolunq > i-f-Tolunq `viTli~ da sxva. specialur literaturaSi aGniSnulia, rom `piris niSnis gadasmis dros zmnas i- prefiqsis win kvlav daerTvis pirveli piris formanti da viGebT pirveli piris ormag niSans: i-s win v-s da mis momdevnod _ b-, f-, p-, m-s: viguruanq º ibguru-anq º vibguruanq... oden v prefiqsiani varianti damaxasi-aTebelia senakuri kilokavisTvis, gadasmuli piris niSnebi da ormagi afiqsacia _ zugdidur-samurzaKanuli kilokavisTvis~ [JanJGava 2009, 282]. am ukanasknel mosazrebas ver gav-iziarebT, kerZod, samurzaKanul metKvelebaSi ormagi afiqsacia Cven ver davadastureT. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, lazurSi pirveli subieqturi piris niSnis metaTezisi arcerT po-ziciaSi ar xdeba.

rogorc cnobilia, megrulsa da lazurSi Tanxmovnis wina poziciaSi pirveli subieqturi piris v- prefiqsi gadmoicema b-, f-, p- alomorfebiT homogenurobis principis Sesabamisad [gudava, gamKreliZe 2000, 167-171]. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani lazuri masalis mixedviT:

a) -C mjG.: am poziciaSi ZiriTadia b- alomorfi mag.: bZiri (jG. 18,29) `vnaxe~, bGuaea (kart. 163, 32) `movkvdebio~, bGuru(r) (jG. 14,6) `vkvde-

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bi~, ebzdim (kart. 172,17) àviGeb (avzidav)~, bzopon (KifS. 6,4) `vlaparakob~, goSabdvia (kart. 167,13) `davdeo SuaSi~, qogJebdgi (Ciq. II, 105,31) `davadgi~, bgoraT (KifS. 73,7) `ve-ZeboT~...

b- alomorfi gamovlindeba fSvinvierTa winac: qomobTi (KifS. 1. 30) `movedi~, bxaCqaTen (jG. 6,22) `gavTox-noT~, qomebCi (jG. 52,2) `miveci~, qodobsqidiT (KifS. 3,2) `davrCiT~... aseve mosalodnelia mkveTrebis winac: bykomare (jG. 39, 30) `vyamo~, ebyofi (jG. 43, 33) àviGe, viKide~, bkiTxare (kart. 48, 30) `vkiTxo~.

b) -C fS.: am poziciaSi dasturdeba f- alomorfi. mag.: mefCamti (kart. 170,33) `mivcemdi~, fCvarea (kart. 170,11) `Sevinaxoo~, elafxerTa (kart. 177, 13) `(gverdiT) vzivarTo~, ofSvati-a (KifS. 4,7) `davlioTo~, gamafCam (kart. 89,11) `vKi-di~, fTxorare (Ciq. II, 103,32) `vTxaro, vxna~, ofSkomiT (Ciq. II, 104,22) `SevyameT~, gofTa-re (kart. 91,8) `wavide~, fcadi (kart. 93,28) `Sevxede~, fsqiduT (kart. 26,7) `vcxovrobT~, `vrCebiT~, fcxunumT (kart. 25,33) `vsxlavT~...

f- alomorfi daCndeba mkveTrebTanac: doftaxaT `da-vtexoT~, qefyofi (Ciq. 104,24) àviGe, viKide~...

g) -C mk.: am poziciaSi, rogorc wesi, p- alomorfia gamoKenebuli. mag.: pkorecxumT (Ciq. II, 101,23) `viTvliT~, dopkvaTi (Ciq. II, 105,26) `davyeri~, dopkodi (kart. 24,6) àvage~, qep-yofi (Ciq. II, 104,6) àviGe~, pyofare (kart. 95,28) `daviyiro~, pyarum (jG. 39,1) `vwer~, dopwofxi (Ciq. II, 101,24) àvaSene~, pwaTen (Ciq. II, 106,25) `vkrifoT~, doptaxi (Ciq. II, 105,8) `davtexe~, ptkobu (kart. 165,20) `vima-lebi~...

arn. Ciqobavas aTinur teqstebSi gamovlinda v- alomor-fi Tanxmovnebis win. mag.: vGururT (Ciq. II, 132,31) `vkvdebiT~, qodovsqudiT (Ciq. II, 133,7) `davrCiT~, me-ndavTaT (Ciq. II, 133,8) `wavideT~, qomeovTa (Ciq. II, 133,31) `mivide~... es ukanaskneli zmnuri fuZe [r]T

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`svla~ KuradGebas iqcevs imiT, rom mxolod masTan das-turdeba - alomorfi, romelic f- alomorfis monacvlea Turqu-lis gavleniT: moTi (Ciq. II, 103,19) `movedi~, meTare (Ciq. II, 103,5) `mivide~, meSkaTa (Ciq. II, 134,13) `ga-vide, gaverio~ da a. S. amave dros es erTaderTi fuZea, ro-melTanac davadastureT Kvela alomorfi: qomobTi, gofTa-re, mendavTaT, moTi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa yof da sqid fuZeebic, romlebTanac aseve (zogJer erTsa da imave striqonSi) gvxvdeba sxvadasxva alomorfi (ix. ze-moT).

amrigad, Tanxmovniswina poziciaSi b- alomorfi SeiZle-ba ganzogaddes ganurCevlad Tanxmovnis ragvarobisa. f- alomorfi mosalodnelia mkveTrebTanac. faqtobrivad b- da f- alomorfebi morfemaTa zGvarze warmoqmnian lazuris-Tvis arakanonikurad miCneul orwevra da samwevra Tan-xmovanTkompleqsebs, Tumca es ar uSlis xels am formaTa arsebobas. msgavsi viTarebaa megrulSic, sadac Kvela po-ziciaSi SeiZleba ganzogaddes b- da v- alomorfi. es ukanas-kneli ufro aqtiuria senakur-martvilur dialeqtSi iseve, rogorc lazuris aTinur kilokavSi.

lazuris erT Taviseburebaze Jer kidev n. mari miuTiTeb-da: n sonoriT dawKebuli fuZeebi I pirSi n-s Caanacvleben m bagismieriT (nkal _ go-mkalum `vSli~) [mari 1910, 45]. arn. Ciqobavam am m-s pirveli subieqturi piris niSnis kvalifikacia misca: `go-m-wkum `gavxsni~: go-n-wkimu _ n ikargeba, samagierod piris niSnad bagismieri nazali gvrCeba (m)~ (Ciqobava, 1936, 88). Cvenc viziarebT am mosazrebas da warmovadgenT masalas, romelSic zmnuri formebi masdaris warmoebisas n sonors dairTaven:

o-nTxor-u: †ideluGi mTxorare (Ciq. II, 106,8) `saTburi davxna~; o-ndGvar-u: xeTe qokomdGvari leta (Ciq. II, 104,4) `xeliT avzile talaxi~; o-nyvar-u: †ideluGi doyiTe myvare, mTxorare (Ciq. II, 106,9) `saTburi... gavwmindo, davxna~; o-ncon-u: okaCxe domconi lemSiTe (Ciq. II, 105,9) `mere davCxvlite nemsiT~; o-ngar-u: muyo va imgaaa (!) (kart. 132,20) `rogor ar vitiroo~;

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o-n-Txor-u: ma bozo-sqanis xe va memTxia (kart. 159,10) `me Sens qaliSvils xeli ar vaxleo~. pirveli subieqturi piris v- prefiqsis alomorfebi lazurSi

sqematurad ase SeiZleba warmovadginoT:

-V : v-, b-V-V : v-, b-, -

-C mjG. : b--CfS. : f-, b-, -, v-

-C mk. : p-- b, f, p,

m :-, b-

-n : m-

alomorfTa ganawileba xmovniswina poziciaSi dialeq-tebis mixedviT xdeba, xolo Tanxmovniswina poziciaSi alo-morfebi erTnairi principiT nawildeba lazuris Kvela kilokav-Si.

$3. S3-is sufiqsTa alomorfebi megrul-lazurSi

cnobilia, rom megrulSi S3-is niSnebi morfologiuri prin-cipiT nawildeba, Tumca isini gvaZleven fonologiurad Sepi-robebul alomorfebs, rac kilokavuri gansxvavebis maCvene-belicaa [KifSiZe 1994]. kerZod, zugdidur-samurzaKanoul metKvelebaSi morfofonematuri cvlilebebis tendencia ufro Zlieria, vidre senakurSi. amas adasturebs S3-is niSnebze dakvirveba rogorc gamocemuli teqstebis, aseve cocxali metKvelebis mixedviT [ezugbaia, 2003].

/-s/ alomorfi KovelTvis gvaqvs kavSirebiTis formebSi, rasac kavSirebiTi kilos a-s momdevno pozicia ganapiro-bebs: doyarund-a-s `dawerdes~, yar-a-s `weros~, ti-bud-a-s `Tbebodes~, gotib-a-s `gaTbes~... /-s/ alomorfi daCndeba gardamavali zmnis, aseve statikuri zmnebis awmKo-mKofadSic, Tumca ZiriTadad /-c/ sufiqsi gvxvdeba. aGsaniSnavia, rom es alomorfebi erTsa da imave poziciaSi iCenen Tavs.

a) fuZe + -s /-c : Jas Tofuri gilˆmawens (qxs, II, 324, 24) `xidan Tafli wveTavs~; mu gaaCerens masumas (qxs,

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II, 328, 24) `ra SeaCerebs mesames~; CeTˆ dicxurcxinu-anc (sam. 85, 12) `TeTrad mcxunvarebs~, duc(u) TiSeni gouluanc (sam. 85, 16) `Tavs imitom anacvalebs~...

b) fuZe + -s /-c + u/ˆ/i mavrcobi : iri dGa do iri seri va lurcu (sam. 11, 5-17) `Koveli dGe da Koveli Game ar sZi-navs~... munero meursi (qxs, II, 302, 27) `rogor midis~; gvalo migodinuanci (sam. 38, 19) `mTlad dagGupavs~; qˆmonwKunsˆ Te tKasˆ (Kif. 26, 1) `moamtvrevs am tKes~; wKarc gecencˆ Cqimi dardi (sam. 28, 19-16) `wKals acviva Cemi dardi~...

g) fuZe+ -s/-c/ + ˆ / u+ni kavSiri : miT vaSro-mensˆn, iS oykomali vamiGˆ (yif. 316, 1) `vinc ar Sro-mobs, imis saymeli ar maqvs~; muyo miKviKvinancˆni (sam. 30, 15) `rogor gaKuCebuli sacodavad miKurebs~; mumuli arTis qo‡iensuni (qxs, II, 328, 11) `mamali erTs rom iKivlebs~... aTeSeni re boSkoCi ykuas ginosxapuncu-ni (sam. 29, 19-16) `amitomaa yabuki ykuidan rom gada-dis~.

d) fuZe + -s / c + ia/ie nawilaki : sofels cxovrensia makiTxe (qxs, II, 328. 1) `sofelSi cxovrobso mkiTxavi~; ir-kos lursia (qxs, II, 328, 13) `Kvelas sZinavso~; mu osqili-duancie ndemiSi mordils (KifS. 36, 23) `ra moarCenso de-vis gazrdils~...

senakurSi Kvela zemoT warmodgenil poziciaSi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca ˆ mavrcobi mosdevs piris niSans, dasturdeba mxolod /-s/ alomorfi. specialur literaturaSi aG-niSnulia, rom s c damaxasiaTebelia zugdidur-samur-zaKanulisTvis saxelebSic. micemiTi brunvis niSani warmo-dgenilia /-s/ da /-c/ alomorfebiT [KifSiZe 1994, 75-76; JanJ-Gava 1999, ]. megrulSi gardamavali zmnis awmKo-mKofa-dis fuZeebi -an, -en, -un, -ˆn Tematur niSnebs dairTavs da, Sesabamisad, III pirSi fuZis bolos gvaqvs ns Tanxmo-vanTmimdevroba, rac bunebrivia megrulisTvis. aGsaniSna-via, rom gardauvali zmnebis im fuZeebTan, romlebic bo-lovdeba r sonorze, gvxvdeba /-c/ alomorfi /-s/ sufiqsis pa-ralelurad. magaliTad, qimuurcu `midis~, lurcu `sZi-navs~, vamyKorc `ar miwKreba~, gi‡orcˆ `giKvars~, waurcuni `rom waxdeba~... vfiqrobT, rom n da r sonant-Ta momdevnod /-c/ alomorfis gaCena is fonologiuri proce-

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sia, romelic sustadaa gamoxatuli i. KifSiZis teqstebSi, is uf-ro ikveTeba t. gudavas mier gamoqveKnebul megruli poe-ziis nimuSebSi da aSkarad dominirebs k. samuSias mier Caweril masalaSi. bolo aswleulis manZilze, rogorc Cans, /-c/ alomorfis xmarebis sixSire izrdeba zugdidur-samur-zaKanul kilokavSi. saerTod, es ukanaskneli gamoirCeva morfemaTa zGvarze mimdinare fonetikuri procesebiT, rac TvalSisacemia S3-is /-c/ sufiqsis SemTxvevaSic.

lazurSic -s sufiqsi gamoiKeneba gardamavali da garda-uvali zmnebis awmKosa da kavSirebiTSi. masalaze dakvir-vebam gviCvena, rom kilokavuri sxvaoba aqac iCens Tavs. aTinurSi s > gardaqmna xdeba awmKos formebSi. kerZod, Tematuri niSnis -am, -em, -um, -om momdevnod warmoiq-mneba -ms TanxmovanTmimdevroba, rac ar warmoadgens dabrkolebas -s morfemis funqcionirebisaTvis. Tumca, ro-gorc Cans, xdeba am kompleqsis daSla, anu ikargeba m Tanxmovani elementi da Tematuri niSnis xmovnis gverdiT aGmoCndeba piris niSani, romlis iotizacia xdeba. magaliTe-bi:

cxeni xirxinams º xirxina `cxeni xvixvinebs~, fuJi mGora (º mGorams) `furi bGavis~, Suroni petela (º pe-telams) `Txa petelaobs~, layi lalo (º laloms) `lekvi Kefs~, katu kria (º kriams) `kata kivis~ (Ciq. II, 114-26-29).

arn. Ciqobavas frCxilebSi mouTavsebia paraleluri for-mebi, Tumca sxva SemTxvevaSi amgvar paralelebs ar iZle-va: qorme maqvali dosqu (Ciq. II, 115-2) `... kvercxs debs~, hu myima myi (myi-Ti iTqven, myims-Ti iTqven) (Ciq. II, 115-3-4) àse (`wvima~) wvims (myi-ic iTqmeba da myims-ic iTqmis)... himu diSqa kvaTu (Ciq. 115, 11) ìs SeSas Cexs~, oxorJa bere owe (Ciq. II, 115-20) `rZali bavSvs arwevs~... Cili muSi ibga (Ciq. II, 116-22) `misi coli tiris~...

aGsaniSnavia, rom - alomorfi SeiZleba daCndes kavSi-rebiTis formebSi, sadac -s morfema KovelTvis erTvis mwkrivis niSans _ a xmovans, xolo xmovnis momdevnod, anu auslautis poziciaSi xSirad warmoiqmneba difTongebi. rogorc n. quTelia SeniSnavs, àuslautis iotizaciis tendencia gansakuTrebiT iCens Tavs aTinur kilokavSi da umetesad

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zmnebSi xorcieldeba~ [quTelia 2005, 26-27]. kavSirebiTis formebia: huCumeTiSa mendiona! (Ciq. II, 117, 9) `uku-neTSi waiKvanos!~ guri va mogala-na, gverdi megSare (Ciq. 11, 126, 10) `guli rom ar mogivides, naxevars mo-gcem~... mravlobiTis -es sufiqsis alomorfebze msJelobisas aGvniSneT kidec aTinurisa da kaxurisaTvis saerTo movlena s bgeris iotizaciisa, maT Soris zemoT aGniSnul SemTxvevebSic. saerTodac, aTinuri kilos Taviseburebebi aGZravs qarTuli enis aGmosavlur dialeqtebTan SedarebiTi morfonologiuri analizis sakiTxebs.

aGmoCnda, rom kavSirebiTis formebSi /-s/ da /-/ alo-morfebis gverdiT /-/ nulovani markeric mosalodnlia -Skule nawilakis darTvisas. mravlobiTis -es niSnis analizi-sas araerTi SemTxveva davafiqsireT -Si, -Skule nawilakebis win s elementis dakargvisa. analogiuri procesi xdeba S3-is sufiqsis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom KovelTvis ikargeba. magaliTisTvis moviKvanT erT amonarids, sadac erTdroulad ixmareba da ikargeba kidec S3- piris -s niSani:

nokaCxule gegCa-S-kule nocincxale dibGasen... max-va mesquras-S-kule, noSqeri diven. maxva diyka-S-ku-le _ nomCqa. nomCqa dibGa-S-kule, tuta diven (Ciq. II, 73, 25-27). `fiCxebi rom dainTos Semdeg nakvercxali ga-Cndes. nakvercxali rom Caqres, Semdeg naxSirad iqces. namwvi rom daiferfleba _ Semdeg nacari. nacari rom daif-Svnas _ nacar-tutad iqces~.

amdenad, aTinurSi S3-is s sufiqsis alomorfebia: /-s/, /-/, /-/.

megrulSi mesame piris formebSi, i. KifSiZis teqstebis mixedviT, /-ˆ/ alomorfis xmarebis sixSire TiTqmis 3-Jer aGemateba /-u/-s sixSires. g. rogavam aGniSna, rom me-grulSi u ˆ monacvleoba damaxasiaTebelia Gia bolo mar-cvalSi rogorc saxelebSi, aseve zmnebSi: kˆdˆ < kidu, do-yarˆ < doyaru... amasTanave miuTiTa, rom zmnis III subi-eqturi piris niSani -u `e º Š da ‹ aoristiseuli sufiqsis mqone zmnebTan ar gadadis ˆ-Si aralabialuri Tanxmovnebis me-zobladac, ramdenadac -u piris niSanTan SerwKmuli Cans zmnuri Tematuri niSani -ev. magaliTad, ogur-u < o-gur-u-u < o-gur-o-u < *o-gur-ev-u~ [rogava 1962]. amgvari Sez-Gudva u ˆ procesisa, marTlac, bunebrivi Cans im for-

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mebSi, sadac dasturdeba poziciurad grZeli u. magaliTad: aTe ambe irifeli quuwuu Goroncˆ (Kif. 290, 18) ès ambavi Kvelaferi uTxra GmerTs~; Tquu majiraq (Kif. 294, 16) `Tqva meorem~; i‡uu xarebaq (Kif. 299, 14) ìqna mxiaru-leba~; keti qaleebiJuu (Kif. 305, 26) `Joxi moimarJva iGliaSi~; qoCoraq arTi qadiisofuu do yKoricalo Suri gotuu (Kif. 306, 32-33) `qoCoram erTi gaibrZola da mwKeriviT su-li ganuteva~...

Cveni dakvirvebiT, Tanamedrove etapze zugdidur-sa-murzaKanoulSi /-u/ da /-ˆ/ alomorfTa gverdiT relevantu-ria // alomorfic. amas mxars uyers teqstebidan moZiebuli masalac da Cven mier Cawerili samurzaKanuli metKvelebis nimuSebi. qvemoT warmovadgenT uwKveteli da wKvetili mwkrivis formebiT rogorc gardamavali, aseve gardauvali zmnebis magaliTebs:

uwKveteli _ muyomi ubedurebas ginmiGand samar-galo (sam. 102, 431) `rogori ubedureba gadahqonda sa-megrelos~; sqverefi ducu inwKund (sam. 116, 9) `Svlebi Tavs hKofda [wKalSi]~; GumaninJi zGvas aSard gvalo breli xvamardefi! (sam. 97, 216) `wuxel zGvaSi idga Zalian bevri xomaldi~; vadaxunuu, miTi gerd (sam. 99, 292) àr dasva, vinc idga~; Turqi abragi munoxed (sam. 102, 433) `Turqi-avazaki aJda Tavze~; goyKordesˆni miCqˆd... (sam. 119, 3) `megona gawKdnen...~

wKvetili _ Te dros yiSkarc qˆmadˆrT cxenam kaTaq gvalo brelq (sam. 95, 153) àm dros yiSkars moadga Zali-an bevri cxenosani~; aGmaskomq Ti krebasˆ gagˆnZor saCiari (sam. 90,65-71) àGmaskomma im krebaze daag-rZela saCivari~; ukuli mipeJ ‡udeSa do... (sam. 94, 95-96) `mere miiwvia saxlSi da... ~ kiTx _ so re Ti kaTefi (sam. 98, 267) `hkiTxa _ sad aris is xalxi~; marGaniaq qewazad (sam. 95, 161) `marGania miegeba~; ... uGalat meryuleq (sam. 94, 113) ùGalata meryulem~; didxanc qasqˆd me-xundeq (sam. 95, 160) `didxans SerCa mexunde~; irul Te vezirqiT (qxs, II, 328, 22) `gaiqca es veziric~; TaSi de-marcx omar-faSaq (sam. 103, 473) àse damarcxda omar-faSa~...

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom // alomorfi daCndeba im for-mebTan, sadac /-u/-s Tavisuflad enacvleba /-ˆ/. aseTi ki aris i

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sufiqsiani wKvetili da uwKveteli. cnobilia, rom megrulSi S2-is niSani // nulovani alomorfiTaa warmodgenili, amitom Cndeba kiTxva, xom ar xdeba S2 da S3-is formaTa da-mTxveva? formaTa garCeva SesaZlebelia, radganac II pirSi KovelTvis iqneba mwkrivis niSani i/ˆ, gansxvavebiT III piri-sagan. paradigma aseT saxes miiGebs:uwKveteli: b-yarun-d-i `vwerdi~

-yarun-d-i `werdi~yarun-d-u / yarun-d-ˆ / yarun-d- `werda~

wKvetili: do-b-yar-i `davwere~do--yar-i `dawera~do-yar-u / do-yar-ˆ / do-yar- `dawer

zugdidur-samurzaKanoulSi S3-is /u/ sufiqsis /ˆ/-Si gada-svla, xolo Semdeg dakargva gamoZaxilia im tendenciisa, rac damaxasiaTebelia qarTveluri enebisaTvis. magaliTad, aGmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebSic piris niSani /a/ pauzis wina poziciaSi, rogorc wesi, ikargeba: hqond-a xqond, daiSal-a daiSal... [JorbenaZe, 1998, 636].

lazurSi -u sufiqsi KovelTvis dasturdeba imave mwkriveb-Si, Kvela tipis zmnaSi. rame gamonaklisi am etapze ver gamovavlineT.

megrulis orive kilokavis normad iqca S3-is /-n/ sufiqsis dakargva. ZiriTadad nulovani alomorfiTaa markirebuli vne-biTi gvaris zmnebi III pirSi: ore- àris~, xe- `zis~, tibu- `Tbeba~... /-n/ alomorfi Tavs iCens intervokalur poziciaSi _ sxvaTa sitKvis -ia an kiTxviTi nawilakis -o-s darTvisas: ore-n-ia àriso~, ore-n-o àris?~ tibu-n-ia `Tbebao~, ti-bu-n-o `Tbeba?~ SevniSnavT, rom e. w. inversiul zmnebSi /-n/ sufiqsTan erTad SeiZleba daikargos vnebiTis -u mawar-moebeli. magaliTad, osayir (sam. 99, 317) Sdr.: osayir-u-n-o `syirdeba~.

lazurSi, megrulisgan gansxvavebiT, -n sufiqsi KovelTvis gamoiKeneba vnebiTi gvaris, potencialis awmKos formebSi. aranairi SezGudva ar SeimCneva. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom n su-fiqsi dGemde stabiluria lazurSi, rasac ver vitKviT megrulze.

amrigad, megrulSi, zugdidur-samurzaKanulis viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, S3-is sufiqsebi morfofonematuri garda-qmnebis Sedegad warmodgenilia Semdegi alomorfebiT:

s : /-s/, /-c/

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u : /-u/, /-ˆ/, /-/n : /-n/, /-/rac Seexeba lazurs, aTinuris monacemebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT alomorfebi ase ganawildeba:s : /-s/, /-/, /-/, u, n.

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II Tavi

obieqtur pirTa niSnebi megrul-lazurSi

megrul-lazurSi obieqtur pirTa niSnebi ZiriTadad warmo-dgenilia m- da g- prefiqsebiT I-II pirSi, xolo III piri aramarki-rebulia. megrulSi es prefiqsebi morfonologiuri gardaqmne-bis Sedegad gvaZlevs alomorfebs, romelTa poziciuri gana-wileba gamowvlilviT aris Seswavlili specialur literaturaSi [gudava, gamKreliZe 1981]. amJerad KuradGebas gava-maxvilebT lazurze. miCneulia, rom lazuri ZiriTadad mi-sdevs megruls, Tumca sxvaoba mainc TvalSi sacemia _ obieqtur pirTa niSnebi TiTqmis `ar emorCileba~ morfono-logiur kanonzomierebebs.

rogorc masalidan Cans, lazurSi m- ucvleladaa warmo-dgenili rogorc xmovniswina, aseve Tanxmovniswina pozicia-Si. magaliTad:

-V: mibaGunan `gveKofa~, memokvaTanoe `mo-mkveTon~, qodomoguri `maswavle~.

-Cmj.: mJoxons `meZaxis, mqvia~, dombaxes `mce-mes~.

-CfSv.: momCiT `momeciT~, mCumea, `damifareo, dammaleo~.

-Cmkv.: omyofes `damiyires, amiKvanes~, mkiTxum `mekiTxebi~.

m- prefiqsis poziciebi mKaria da am mxriv lazuris kilo-kavuri monacemebi erTmaneTs emTxveva.

megrulSi m- Tanxmovniswina poziciaSi aucileblad gva-Zlevs alomorfebs, romelTa ragvaroba fuZiseuli Tanxmovnis ragvarobazea damokidebuli, Sesabamisad gvaqvs {m-}: /m-/, /b-/, /f-/, /p-/.

g- prefiqsic ZirTadad ucvleladaa warmodgenili lazuris Kvela kilokavSi. is gvaqvs xmovniswina, gansakuTrebiT, in-tervokalur poziciaSi maSinac, roca megrulSi V-g-i mimdev-robisas g- prefiqsi ikargeba: meg. mo-iGu < mo-g-iGu `mogaqvs~, Sdr. laz. goSo-g-iGae `amogitan~. am mo-vlenas megrulSi aseTi axsna aqvs: `V-g-i poziciaSi O2-is niSnis g-s gadasvla -Si qmnis xmovanTmimdevrobebs,

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romlebic unda gardaqmniliKo megrulSi moqmedi xmovan-Tkontraqciis wesebis mixedviT. am SemTxvevaSi amgvar gardaqmnebs ara aqvs adgili da xmovanTmimdevroba Se-narCunebulia pirvandeli saxiT, ramdenadac xmovanTa So-ris aseT formebSi ivaraudeba piris nulovani niSani, romlis paralelurad KovelTvis dasturdeba igive piris niSani -g-s sa-xiT. amgvarad, arakontrapirebuli xmovanTmimdevroba am formebSi erTgvari signalia niSnis nulovani saxiT funqconi-rebisa: Sdr. va-g-iGu vaiGu (e. i. va--iGu) `ara aqvs~, magram va iGu veGu < va-iGu `ar waiGo~ [gudava, gamKreliZe 2000, 176].

lazurSi Tanxmovniswina poziciaSic ZiriTadi niSania g-, gansxvavebiT megrulisgan, sadac r alomorfi enacvleba [gudava, gamKreliZe, 2000]:

-Cmj.: gZiraT `gnaxoT~, doggora `mogZebno~, gJo-xons `geZaxis, gqvia~.

-CfSv.: megCare `mogce~, gcadare, `Segxedo, Segafa-so~

-Cmkv.: gykomaT `SegyamoT~, qegyofu `dagiyira, agiKvana~, mogwonani `mogwonT~.

amave dros SeiniSneba tendencia morfonologiuri gar-daqmnebisa fSvinvier da mkveTr TanxmovanTa wina pozici-aSi. arn. Ciqobava miuTiTebda mxolod erT zmnur fuZeze: me-q-Ca < me-g-Ca `mogce~ [Ciqobava 1936, 92]. amas KuradGeba miaqcia g. kartoziam mis mier mopovebul masa-laSic [kartozia, 2005, 49-55], Tumca s. jGentis arqabul teq-stebSic TvalSisacemia msgavsi movlena.

Cveni dakvirvebiT, g-s alomorfebi ZiriTadad Tavs iCens arqabul metKvelebaSi, iSviaTad _ xofurSi, TiTqmis ara _ aTinurSi.

/q-/ alomorfi, pirvel rigSi, fSvinvier TanxmovnebTan dasturdeba. magaliTad: ma si qomeqcadi: forCa gamaq-Teri dologoquns (jG. 28, 17) `me Sen daginaxe: perangi `gamocvlili~ gacvia~; sqani moxTimafaSa Cqin aq qCu-meT (kart. 61, 6) `Sens mosvlamde Cven aq dagewieT (`dagaswariT~); maqvali gegitaGanaz-a do, xu{r}a dogi-bona-Si-a, maqvali qoqCaz-a (jG. 60, 30) `kvercxi mogita-noso, xeli dagbanoso da kvercxi gayamoso~; si ordo mo-xTi-na, si mCvi, ma ordo mofTi-na, ma qCvare (jG. 87, 6)

180


`Sen Tu moxval adre, me Seminaxe, me Tu moval adre, me Seginaxav~; nana-sqaniq gai mu qCaptua? (kart. 58, 31) `dedaSenma ra saymeli gayamaTo~; man xoj geqCi-nadveeti, nekna miTis va gunwkama... nekna moT gon-wki? (kart. 45, 36) `me rom gibarebdi, kari aravis gauGoo, ratom gaaGe?~ qSunsi, eC wanaS woxle emri meCi-qi (kart. 49, 28) `gaxsovs, oci wlis win rom mieci~...

Segvxvda erTi forma, romelSic /q-/ metaTezisis Sede-gad aris miGebuli: ki-q-TxaTen < g-kiTxaTen (jG. 39, 1) `gkiTxoT~.

moulodneli iKo /q-/ alomorfis gaCena mkveTri Tanxmov-nis win: me-q-yiSasSi (jG. 38, 5) `rom dagewios~, e-q-yo-fums (jG. 22, 2) `agiKvans, dagiyers~.

/k-/ alomorfi warmodgenilia mkveTrebis win: si kilanen-a, si kwamanen-a (kart. 99, 16) `Sen mogklaveno, Sen gawamebeno~; si miTiq va ekyofu (kart. 214, 17) `Sen vervin ver agwia, agiKvana~; igzalia, masuma mulun, ok-ykomasena (kart. 165, 29) wadio, Torem mesame rom mova, Segyamso~; kui ginTxores neknas Tudele, dolok-tkoCanoe do gogondinanoe~ (kart. 156, 1) `ormo gagi-Txares karebs qveS, rom gesrolon da gagaqron~; man si fadiSai dokwifxia (kart. 73, 10) `me Sen xelmwifed gaqci-eo `gagxade~; sin mu gaGodu... xe-kuCxe var kwkufs (kart. 74, 23-24) `Sen ra dagemarTa, xel-fexs rom ver Sli `xsni~...

sainteresoa, rom K Tanxmovnis wina poziciaSi xdeba ara marto obieqtis niSnis gamkveTreba, aramed K-s asimi-lacia da Semdeg identuri Tanxmovnebis SerwKma:

g- + K > gK º kK : gKorof (Ciq. II, 146, 8), k-KoofT (kart. 16, 28) `gKvarob(T)~

gK > kK > kk º k: k-korom (kart. 259, 24) `gKvarob~,k-oropti (iqve) `gKvarobdi~do-k-kilomTa (kart. 171, 19) `dagxocavTo~ k-iliTa (Ciq. II, 178, 15) `mogkaliTo~

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom {g-} morfema lazurSi gvaZlevs /q-/ da /k-/ alomorfebsac, romlebic megrulSic SeiniSneba, Tumca sxvaoba mainc aris: am ukanasknelSi -rC mimdevrobis win xdeba amgvari gardaqmnebi, mag., g-rTuns º q-rTuns `gKofs, gadagxuravs~, g-ryipuns º k-ryipuns `gyimavs, gwe-

181


lavs~. `rodesac zmnis fuZis Tavkidur r-s mosdevs Tanxmova-

ni (an TanxmovanTa kompleqsi), maSin g- morfema mjGer-oba-siKrue-simkveTris mxriv SeiZleba Seeguos fuZiseuli Tavkidura r-s momdevno Tanxmovans (asimilaciis gziT), e. i. g-s nacvlad homogenurobis principis dacviT SeiZleba gvqondes q da k~ [gudava gamKreliZe 2000, 175 [1981]].

amrigad, morfemaTa zGvarze ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis mixedviT arsebiTi sxvaoba megrulsa da lazurs Soris rC Tan-xmovanTmimdevrobaa, rac t. gudavas azriT, megruli inova-ciaa, xolo lazurSi amosavali viTareba daculia. TavisTavad, es inovacia aixsneba arakanonikuri kompleqsis kanonikuri kom-pleqsiT SecvliT [iqve 2000, 176 [1981]].

sqematurad obieqturi piris niSnebi da maTi alomorfebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba warmovadginoT:

O1-is alomorfTa tabula: pozicia

prefiqsi-V V-V -CmjG. -CfSv. -Cmkv. -Cnapr.

megruli m- m- m- b- f- p- m-lazuri m- m- m- m- m- m- m-

O2-is alomorfTa tabula: pozicia

prefiqsi-V V-V -CmjG. -CfSv. -Cmkv. -K

megr.

g- g- g-º--

r(g-º--) r-(q-) r-(k-) r-

laz. g- g- g- g- g-º-q- g-ºk-ºq-

k-

subieqturi piris niSnisgan gansxvavebiT, obieqturi piris niSnebi lazurSi ufro mdgradia da naklebad eqvemdebare-ba morfemaTa zGarze mosalodnel fonetikur gardaqmnebs. Tumca cvlilebaTa tendencia orivegan Sepirobebulia me-grul-lazuris fonotaqtikis wesebiT, romlebic zanuris wiaGSia warmoqmnili. am cvlilebaTa Sedegi umeteswilad fonologi-zebulia [quTelia 2005, 332], rac gvaZlevs safuZvels visa-ubroT piris morfemaTa alomorfebze.

rac Seexeba O3 piris markerebs, sinqroniul doneze is nulovani niSniTaa warmodgenili. specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, megrul-lazurSic mosa-

182


lodneli iKo imave tipis prefiqsacia, rogorc qarTulSia (gansa-kuTrebiT Zvel qarTulsa da dialeqtebSi [Ciqobava 1936, 92-93]. Tumca aqac Tavs iCens logikuri diqotomia: O1 O2 O3.

iseve rogorc O-is ricxvis gamoxatvisas, am SemTxve-vaSic, uniSnobiT upirispirdeba O3 danarCen pirebs. amgvari Tanmimdevruloba saintereso suraTs iZleva pirTa kombina-ciebSi, romlebSic aisaxeba markerebi, rogorc funqciuri ele-mentebi.

183


III Tavi

subieqtTa da obieqtTa kombinaciebi megrul-lazurSi

qarTulis msgavsad, subieqtTa da obieqtTa kombinacie-bi megrul-lazurSic ganixileba relatiuri zmnebis mixedviT. swored kombinaciaTa simravle gansazGvravs mwkrivis ka-tegorias. tradiciuli gramatikebis mixedviT, qarTuli enis re-latiuri zmnis uGlebis paradigmaSi erTi mwkrivis SigniT da-saSvebia 28 forma, anu subieqtisa da obieqtis 28 kombina-cia. Tumca realurad saubaria 18 gramatikul formaze mwkrivis farglebSi [SaniZe 1980, 227-231; Ciqobava 1950].

T. uTurgaiZis fundamenturi naSromis _ `gramatikuli kategoriebisa da maTi urTierTmimarTebisaTvis qarTul zm-naSi~ _ [2002] mixedviT cxadia, rom 28-ve formas aqvs damoukidebel erTeulad arsebobis ufleba, radgan funqciu-rad arcerTi maTgani ar imeorebs meores. es naTeli xdeba maSinve, rogorc ki TiToeuli formis CawerisaTvis daSvebuli iqneba pirisa da ricxvis niSanTa nulovani alomorfi. magali-Tad, gaqebT forma, romelic oTx kombinaciaSi meordeba, oTxsave SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulad Caiwereba:

S102p gaqebT: -g-aqeb-T0p

S302p gaqebT: g-aqeb--T0p

S1p02 gaqebT: -g-aqeb-TSp

S1p02

p gaqebT: -g-aqeb-TSp-0p

aqedan gamomdinare, T. uTurgaiZe principulad gamo-ricxavs gramatikul formaTa damTxvevas, radgan `esa Tu is gramatikuli forma Tavis statuss konkretuli paradigmis farglebSi iGebs da gadamwKveti ar aris misi gamoxatule-bis plani. paradigmas SeuZlia markeris gauqmebac, mis-Tvis funqciis Secvlac (sxva paradigmasTan mimarTebiT) da bolos specifikuri formebis Seqmna, sadac kategorialur markerTa rolSi, enobriv elementTa Taviseburi distribucia gvevlineba...~ [uTurgaiZe 2002, 84-89].

subieqtTa da obieqtTa SesaZlo kombinacia da mwkriv-Si formaTa raodenoba warmoaCens megrul-lazuri zmnis

184


Taviseburebas: morfemaTa zGvarze morfonologiuri garda-qmnebis Sedegad Cndeba e. w. `damTxveuli~ formebi. gramatikul omonimias xels uwKobs ricxvis gamoxatvis is sistema, rac megrul-lazurisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Sesa-bamisad, sanam mimovixilavT subieqtTa da obieqtTa kom-binaciebs, warmovadgenT piris da ricxvis morfemaTa ganawilebis tabulebs t. gudavasa da T. gamKreliZis mier dadgenili wesebisa da Cven mier gaanalizebuli pirisa da ri-cxvis alomorfTa mixedviT.

tabula 1S1 morfemis poziciuri ganawileba

zanu

ri

pozicia

prefiqsi

-V V-V -CmjG.

-CfSv. -Cmkv.

me-

gr. {v-} v-

v-ºu--

b-ºv-

f-ºv- b-

p-ºv- b-

v- v-ºb-/f-/p*-

laz. {v-}

v-ºb-

v-ºb--

b-f-ºb--ºv-

p- -ºb- m**-

ºv-

*C-s ragvarobis mixedviT**nC mimdevrobasTan m- alomorfi Cndeba.

tabula 2S3 morfemis poziciuri ganawileba

zanu

ri pozicia

sufiqsiauslauti auslauti V-V*

meg

r. {-s} -sº-c -sº-c _ _{-u} _ _ -uº-ˆ-º _{-n} _ _ - -n

185


laz.

{-s} -sº- -sº- _ _{-u} _ _ -u _{-n} _ _ -n -n

* -ia da -o nawilakebis darTvisas

tabula 3O1-is morfemis poziciuri ganawileba

zan.

poziciaprefiqsi -V V-V -

CmjG. -CfSv. -

Cmkv. -Cnapr.

me-

gr. {m-} m- m- b- f- p- m-

laz. {m-} m- m- m- m- m- m-

tabula 4O3-is morfemis poziciuri ganawileba

zan.

poziciaprefiqsi -V V-V -CmjG. -CfSv. -Cmkv. -K

megr

. {g-} g- g-º-

r-(g-º) r-(q-)

r-(k-) r-

laz. {g-} g- g- g- g-ºq- g-ºk-

(q-)k-

tabula 5ricxvis alomorfTa ganawileba

zanu

ri kateg.

pirisubieqti pird. obieqti iribi obieqti

meg

r 1 {-T} {-T}; /-a//-an/; /-es//-is/

{-n};

{-T}; /-a//-an/; /-es//-is/{-n};

186


. 2 {-T} {-T}; /-a//-an/; /-es//-

is/{-n};

{-T}; /-a//-an/; /-es//-is/{-n};

3 /-a//-an//-es//-is/;{-

n}

{-T}; /-a//-an/; /-es//-is/{-n};

laz.

1 /-T//-d/ /-T//-d/; /an//nan/;{n-}

/-es//-ez//e//eS//e/;

/-T//-d/; /an//nan/;{n-}/-es//-ez//e//eS//e/;

2 /-T//-d/ /-T//-d/; /an//nan/;{n-}

/-es//-ez//e//eS//e/;


3 /-an//-nan//-es//-ez//e/ /eS//e/;{-n}


cnobilia, rom megrul-lazurSic gardamavali zmna orpiri-ania an sampiriani, xolo `sampirian zmnaSi pirucvleli obi-eqti (pirdapiri an iribi) KovelTvis nulovani alomorfiT aris warmodgenili. pirucvleli obieqti KovelTvis mesame piria, misi adgili aris pircvalebadi obieqtis niSnis momdevnod~ (uTurgaiZe 2002, 54). maSasadame, pirTa kombinaciaTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT, pirucvleli obieqti arafers ar cvlis. garda imisa, rom sampiriani zmnuri formis Cawerisas Cn-deba nulovani markeri mesame pirucvleli obieqtisa.

arsebiTad SemovifarglebiT orpiriani formebis analiziT ganurCevlad gardamavlobisa, radgan piris niSanTa gana-wileba damokidebulia fonologiur Sepirobebulobaze. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT TanxmovniT dawKebuli zmnuri fuZeebisa da piris da ricxvis niSanTa kombinaciebs. SevniSnavT, rom fuZiseuli Tanxmovnis ragvaroba amJerad araarsebiTia, rad-gan kombinaciebSi gameordeba erTi konkretuli alomorfi: v- /b- / f- / p-. igive iTqmis sxva piris morfemebzec. uGlebis cxrilebSi cal-calke warmovadgenT megrulisa da lazuris for-mebs. saanalizod aviGebT wKvetilis mwkrivs, radgan igi

187


Sesapirispireblad ufro metKvelia, vidre awmKo, sadac Te-maturi niSnebiT gansxvavdebian megruli da lazuri, aseve TvalSi sacemia -q daboloeba megrulis I da II piris formebSi. Tumca CamoTvlili arc erTi faqtori ar gansazGvravs kombi-naciaTa da damTxveul an gansxvavebul formaTa raodeno-bas mwkrivis SigniT.

megruli: b-gori `(mo)-v-Zebne~ OS 1 2 3 1p 2p 3p

1 r-gori`mogZeb

ne~

b-gori`movZebn

e~

r-gori-T`mogZeb-

neT~

b-gori`movZebn

e~2 b-gori

`momZebne~

gori`moZebne

~

b-gori-T`mogvZebn

e~

gori`moZebne

~3 b-gor-u

`momZebna~

r-gor-u`mogZeb

na~

gor-u`moZebna

~

b-gor-es`mogvZebn

a~

r-gor-es`mogZeb-

nes~

gor-u`moZebna

~1p r-gori-T

`mogZeb-neT

b-gori-T`movZeb-

neT~

r-gori-T`mogZeb-

neT~

b-gori-T`movZeb-

neT~2p b-gori-T

`momZeb-neT~

gori-T`moZeb-

neT~

b-gori-T`mogvZeb-

neT~

gori-T`moZeb-

neT~3p b-gor-es

`momZeb-nes~

r-gor-es`mogZeb-

nes~

gor-es`moZeb-

nes~

b-gor-es`mogvZeb-

nes~

r-gor-es`mogZeb-

nes~

gor-es`moZeb-

nes~

cxrili 1lazuri: b-Ziri `vnaxe~

188


OS 1 2 3 1p 2p 3p

1 g-Ziri`gnaxe

b-Ziri`vnaxe~

g-Ziri-T`gnaxeT~

b-Ziri`vnaxe~

2 m-Ziri`mnaxe~

Ziri`naxe~

m-Ziri-T`gvnaxe~

Ziri`naxe~

3 m-Zir-u`mnaxa~

g-Zir-u`gnaxa~

Zir-u`naxa~

m-Zir-es`gvnaxa~

g-Zir-es`gnaxaT~

Zir-u`naxa~

1p g-Ziri-T`gnaxeT

~

b-Ziri-T`vnaxeT

~

g-Ziri-T`gnaxeT~

b-Ziri-T`vnaxeT

~2p m-Ziri-T

`mnaxeT~

Ziri-T`naxeT~

m-Ziri-T`gvnaxeT~

Ziri-T`naxeT~

3p m-Zir-es`mnaxes

~

g-Zir-es`gnaxes

~

Zir-es`naxes~

m-Zir-es`gvnaxes~

g-Zir-es`gnaxes~

Zir-es`naxes~

cxrili 2orive cxrilSi warmodgenilia gardamavali orpiriani zm-

nis 28 forma, romlebic gansxvavebul kombinacias gvaZ-levs. am 28 formidan ramdenime meordeba sxvadasxva kombinaciaSi, xolo ramdenime TiTo kombinaciaSia warmo-dgenili. kombinaciebis mixedviT Tu SevapirispirebT for-mebs, aseT suraTs miviGebT:

kombinacia megruli lazuri(1) S103

S103p b-gori b-Ziri

(2) S201 b-gori m-Ziri(3) S102 r-gori g-Ziri(4) S203 S203

p gori Ziri(5) S301 b-gor-u m-Zir-u(6) S302 r-gor-u g-Zir-u(7) S303 S303

p gor-u Zir-u(8) S201

p S2 p01

S2p01

p b-gor-i-T m-Zir-i-T(9) S1

p03 S1

p03p b-gor-i-T b-Zir-i-T

(10)

S102p S1

p02 S1

p02p r-gor-i-T g-Zir-i-T

(11)

S2p03

S2p03

p gor-i-T Zir-i-T

(12 S301p S3

p01 S3p01

p b-gor-es m-Zir-es

189


)(13)

S302p S3

p02 S3p02

p r-gor-es g-Zir-es

(14)

S3p03

S3p03

p gor-es Zir-es

am 14 formidan megrulSi (2) imeorebs (1)-s, xolo (9) imeorebs (8)-s. Sesabamisad, megrulSi mwkrivis mixedviT gvaqvs 12 gansxvavebuli forma, xolo lazurSi _ 14 gansxva-vebuli forma. sxvaobis mizezia obieqturi piris niSani: ro-gorc tabula 3 gviCvenebs, lazurSi 01-is morfema `ar emor-Cileba~ homogenurobis princips gansxvavebiT megrulis-gan, sadac m- prefiqsi b- alomorfs gvaZlevs mjGeri Tan-xmovnis win, riTac is emTxveva S1-is alomorfs (ix. tab. 1). maSasadame, b-gori (1) da (2) kombinaciebSi funqciurad gansxvavebulia:

b-gori ma Tina `v-Zebne me is~ b-gori- ma Tinefi `v-Zebne- me isini~-b-gori si ma `-m-Zebne Sen me~rogorc ki nulovani alomorfebiT aGiniSna subieqtisa da

obieqtis pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi, maSinve cxadi gaxda sx-vaoba, erTi mxriv, b-gori b-gori- formebs Soris, meore mxriv, b-gori -b-gori formebs Soris, mesame mxriv, b-gori- -b-gori formebs Soris. esaa dapirispireba obieq-tis ricxvis (a), pirebis (b), ricxvisa da piris (g) mixedviT.

igive viTarebaa (8) da (9) kombinaciebis SemTxveva-Sic:

-b-gori-T0p si Cqi `-gv-Zebne Sen Cven~-b-gori-TSp Tqva ma `-m-Zebne-T Tqven me~-b-gori-TSp-0p Tqva Cqi `-gv-Zebne-T- Tqven

Cven~b--gori-T Cqi Tina `v--Zebne-T Cven is~b--gori-TSp-0p Cqi Tinefi `v--Zebne-T- Cven isini~

aGsaniSnavia, rom am kombinaciebis SesatKvis qarTul formebSi mxolod erTi forma meordeba or kombinaciaSi: vZebneT Cven is da vZebneT Cven isini. sxva kombina-ciebSi gansxvavebuli formebi gvaqvs, rac gviCvenebs me-

190


grul-lazurSi pirisa da ricxvis gamoxatvis gansxvavebul sis-temas.

megrulSi gansxvavebuli forma TiTo-TiTo kombinaciiT warmodgenilia 3 SemTxvevaSi: esenia: S102 _ r-gori, S301 _ b-gor-u, S302 _ r-gor-u, xolo lazurSi _ 4 SemTxvevaSi: S201 _ m-Ziri, S102 _ g-Ziri, S301 _ m-Zir-u, S302 _ g-Zir-u. danarCen kombinaciebSi erTnairad meordeba formebi megrulsa da lazurSi garda (8) da (9) SemTxvevebisa.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom megrulsa da lazurSi mwkri-vis farglebSi gvaqvs Sesabamisad 12 da 14 gansxvavebuli forma. raodenobrivi sxvaoba aris Sedegi 01-is morfemis gansxvavebuli morfonologiuri qcevisa megrulsa da lazurSi.

rogorc tabulebidan Cans, xmovniswina poziciaSi S-sa da 0-s niSnebi warmodgenilia ZiriTadi morfemiT (ix. tab. 1, 3, 4). gamonaklisia lazuri, sadac S1-is /v-/ da /b-/ alomorfebi dialeqtebis mixedviT nawildeba (ix. gv. 132). sainteresoa, aseT SemTxvevaSi icvleba Tu igive rCeba gansxvavebul formaTa raodenoba mwkrivis mixedviT. magaliTisTvis vau-GlebT megrul v-o-rZ-i `vanTe~ da lazur v-o-God-i `vakeTe~ zmnebs.

191


192


193


me-3 da me-4 cxrilebSi warmodgenili 28 sauGlebeli erTeuli kombinaciebSi gvaZlevs gansxvavebul da damTxveul for-mebs. isini ase gadanawildebian:

kombinacia megruli lazuri(1) S102 g-o-rZ-i g-o-od-i(2) S202

p S1p02 S1

p02p g-o-rZ-i-T g-o-God-i-T

(3) S103 S103p v-o-rZ-i v/b-o-God-i

(4) S1p03 S1

p03p v-o-rZ-i-T v/b-o-God-i-T

(5) S201 m-o-rZ-i m-o-God-i(6) S201

p S2p01 S2

p01p m-o-rZ-i-T m-o-God-i-T

(7) S203 S203p o-rZ-i o-God-i

(8) S2p03

S2 p03

p o-rZ-i-T o-God-i-T(9) S301

m-o-rZ-u m-o-God-u(10)

S302 g-o-rZ-u g-o-God-u

(11)

S303 S303

p o-rZ-u o-God-u

(12)

S301p S3

p01 S3p01

p m-o-rZ-es m-o-God-es

(13)

S302p S3

p02 S3p02

p g-o-rZ-es g-o-God-es

(14)

S3p03

S3p03

p o-rZ-es o-God-es

rogorc vxedavT, amJeradac mwkrivis SigniT gamoiKofa 14 gansxvavebuli forma ara mxolod lazurSi, aramed megrulSic. fonologiuri gardaqmnebis SezGudvam moxsna S1-isa da 01-is alomorfTa damTxveva. Sesabamisad 14-ive forma imave kombinaciebSia warmodgenili, rogorc 1-sa da me-2 cxrilSi. magaliTad, TiTo kombinaciaSi warmodgenili formebia:

S102 _ g-o-rZ-i, g-o-God-iS201 _ m-o-rZ-i, m-o-God-iS301 _ m-o-rZ-u, m-o-God-uS302 _ g-o-rZ-u, g-o-God-u

(SedarebisTvis ix. gv. 161)realurad ikveTeba saerTo suraTi subieqtTa da obieqtTa

kombinaciebTan dakavSirebiT megrul-lazurSi. xmovniswina poziciaSi piris niSanTa ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT araferi icvleba miuxedavad imisa, xmovani elementi qcevis niSania, kauzati-visa Tu gvarisa. Tumca kombinaciebSi cvlileba mosalodnelia

194


ricxvis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT vnebiTi gvaris orpirian for-mebSi, sadac III iribi obieqturi piris simravle aGiniSneba S3-is ricxvis niSnebiT, roca is dawKvilebulia mxoloobiTSi dasmul S3

subieqtur pirTan (ix. tabula 5).

195


196


me-5 cxrilSi mocemuli formebi kombinaciebis mixedviT ase gadanawildeba:

kombinacia megruli lazuri(1) S102 g-a-yv-i g-a-yv-i(2) S102

p S1p02 S1

p02p g-a-yv-i-T g-a-yv-i-T

(3) S103 S103p v-a-yv-i v/b-a-yv-i

(4) S1p03 S1

p03p v-a-yv-i-T v/b-a-yv-i-T

(5) S201 m-a-yv-i m-a-yv-i(6) S201

p S2p01 S2

p01p m-a-yv-i-T m-a-yv-i-T

(7) S203 S203p a-yv-i a-yv-i

(8) S2p03

S2 p03

p a-yv-i-T a-yv-i-T(9) S301

m-a-yv-u/ˆ/

m-a-yv-u

(10)

S302 a-yv-u/ˆ/ a-yv-u

(11)

S303 a-yv-u/ˆ/ a-yv-u

(12)

S301p S3

p01 S3p01

p m-a-yv-es m-a-yv-es/e/ez/e

(13)

S302p S3

p02 S3p02

p g-a-yv-es g-a-yv-es/e/ez/e

(14)

S303p S3

p03 S3p03

p a-yv-es a-yv-es/e/ez/e

rogorc Cans, gansxvavebul formaTa raodenoba igive da-rCa lazursa da megrulSi _ 14 sauGlebeli erTeuli, magram ma-Ti kombinaciebSi gadanawilebisas cvlileba Sevida (11) da (14) kombinaciebSi. (11)-Si mosalodneli ori kombinaciidan S303, S303

p

erT-erTi (S303p) gadavida (14)-Si swored 03

p-is ricxvis gamoxat-vis wesis gamo: kerZod, a-yv-es forma ase SeiZleba Caiwe-ros:

S303p a-yv-es: -a-yv-Sp-es0p Tiq Tinefs `da-ewva(T) is maT~

S3p03 a-yv-es: -a-yv-esSp Tinefq Tis `daewvnen isini mas~

S3p03

p a-yv-es: -a-yv-esSp-0p Tinefq Tinefs `daewvnen isini maT~

197


am cvlilebis kvaldakval TiTo kombinaciaSi warmodgenilia ara 4, aramed 5 forma. esenia:

S102 _ g-a-yv-iS201 _ m-a-yv-iS301 _ m-a-yv-u (megrulSi mosalodnelia mayu)S302 _ g-a-yv-u (megrulSi: gayu)S303 _ a-yv-u (megrulSi: ayu)

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xmovniswina poziciis mixedviT piris ni-SanTa ganawileba orpirian gardamaval da gardauval zmnebSi erTnairad xdeba. sxvaobas iwvevs obieqtis ricxvis gamoxatvis modeli: gardamaval zmnebSi III obieqtur pirs simravle ar aGeniSneba (arc iribisa da arc pirdapirisa), xolo gardauval zm-nebSi iribi obieqtis ricxvi S303 kombinaciaSi aGiniSneba. miuxe-davad aseTi Tvisebrivi cvlilebisa, mTlianobaSi mwkrivis mixed-viT gansxvavebul formaTa raodenoba (14 erTeuli) igive rCeba.

amJerad KuradGebas SevaCerebT subieqt-obieqtTa kom-binaciaze, roca S1 da 01, 02 niSnebi moeqceva intervokalur po-ziciaSi. rogorc wesi, es xdeba: a) zmniswinebis darTvisas, b) qo dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTvisas da g) va uarKofiTi nawi-lakis darTvisas. rogorc viciT, intervokalur poziciaSi megrul-la-zurSi KovelTvis warmodgenilia 01-is m- morfema. lazurSi ase-ve KovelTvis dasturdeba 02-is g- morfema, xolo megrulSi g- ikargeba -i xmovnis win: V-g-i mimdevrobisas, danarCen Se-mTxvevebSi g- morfema ixmareba (ix. gv. 145). rac Seexeba S1-is alomorfebs, intervokalur poziciaSi megrulSi ZiriTadad gvaqvs v- morfema. V-v-u mimdevrobisas, rogorc wesi, nu-lovani alomorfi gvaqvs. aseve V-v-o mimdevrobisas, Tu V war-moadgens nawilakis a xmovans, piris niSani ikargeba, xolo o-v-o mimdevrobisas daCndeba u alomorfi (ix. gv. 130-131). la-zurSi ki dialeqturi sxvaoba aGiniSneba imiTac, rom xofur kilo-kavSi intervokalur poziciaSi S1-is niSani ikargeba.

rogorc vxedavT, intervokalur poziciaSi piris prefiqsebi fo-nologiuradaa Sepirobebuli, rac aisaxeba sauGlebel erTeuleb-Sic. Jer gavaanalizoT megrulis sasxviso qcevis formebi. rogorc wesi, zmniswinis darTvisas warmoiqmneba V-v-u da V-g-i mi-mdevrobebi, sadac u, i sasxviso qcevis niSnebia, xolo V SeiZ-leba iKos nebismieri xmovani zmniswinis SemadgenlobaSi.

198


warmovadgenT uGlebis nimuSebs. amJerad nulovan mar-kers CavsvamT S1, S2 da 02 niSanTa adgilas. bunebrivia cxrilSi warmovadgenT sampiriani zmnis uGlebas. rogorc wesi, cxrilis SigniT moqceulia pircvalebadi iribi obieqti, xolo cxrilis gareT dgas pirucvleli pir. obieqti. magaliTisaTvis aviGebT Semdeg zmnas: *mo-g-i-G-i > mo-iGi `mogitane~, *mo-v-u-G-i > mo-u-Gi `movutane~.

199


200


cxrilSi warmodgenili 28 forma kombinaciebis mixedviT ase SeiZlebs gadavanawiloT:

kombinacia megr. (1) S102

ind03d mo--i-G-i < mo-g-i-G-i

(2) S103ind03

d

S103indp03

d

S203ind03

S203indp03

mo--u-G-i mo-v-u-G-i

mo--u-G-i

(3) S102indp03

d

S1p02

ind03d

mo--i-G-i-T < mo-g-i-G-i-T

(4) S1p03

ind03d

S1p03

indp03d

S2p03

ind03d

S2p03

indp03d

mo--u-G-i-T mo-v-u-G-i-T

mo--u-G-i-T

(5) S201ind03

d mo-m-i-G-i(6) S201

indp03d

S2p01

ind03d

S2p01

indp03

mo-m-i-G-i-T

(7) S301ind03 mo-m-i-G-u/ˆ/

(8) S302ind03

d mo--i-G-u/ˆ/ < mo-g-i-G-u(9) S303

ind03d

S303indp03

dmo-u-G-u/ˆ/

(10)

S301ind03

d

S3p01

ind03d

S3p01

indp03d

mo-m-i-G-es

(11)

S302indp03

d

S3p02

ind03d

S3p02

indp03d

mo--i-G-es < mo-g-i-G-es

(12)

S3p03

ind03d

S3p03

indp03d

mo-u-G-es

gansxvavebul formaTa raodenoba Seicvala: 12 forma meordeba sxvadasxva kombinaciaSi. maT Soris TiTo kom-binaciiT warmodgenili formebia:

S102ind03

d mo--i-G-i ma si Tina `mogitane me Sen is~

S201ind03

d mo-m-i-G-i si ma Tina `momitane Sen me is~

S301ind03

d mo-m-i-G-u Tiq ma Tina `momitana man me is~

201


S302ind03

d mo--i-G-u Tiq si Tina `mogitana man Sen is~

cxadia, g morfemis monacvle nulovani markeri for-maTganmasxvavebeli funqciis mqonea opoziciaSi: mo-m-i-G-i mo--i-G-i; mo-m-i-G-u mo--i-G-u. Sesabamisad, 02-is nulovani alomorfiT gamoxatva mwkrivis SigniT gan-sxvavebul formaTa raodenobas ver cvlis. magram sul sxva viTareba iqmneba S1-is nulovani markeriT gamoxatvisas.

mo-u-G-i forma sampiriania. Tu nulovani niSniT Ca-vwerT samive aqtantis morfemas, miviGebT aseT Cana-wers:

S103ind03

d mo----u-G-i ma Tis Tina `movutane me mas is~

S103indp03

d mo----u-G-i- ma Tinefs Tina `movutane me maT is~

S203ind03

d mo----u-G-i si Tis Tina`moutane Sen mas is~

S203indp03

d mo----u-G-i si Tinefs Tina`moutane Sen maT is~

mouGiT forma kombinaciebis mixedviT ase Caiwere-ba:

S1p03

ind03d mo----u-G-i-T Cqi Tis Tina

`movutaneT Cven mas is~S1

p03indp03

d mo----u-G-i-T- Cqi Tinefs Tina `movutaneT Cven maT is~

S2p03

ind03d mo----u-G-i-T Tqva Tis Tina

`moutaneT Tqven mas is~S2

p03indp03

d mo----u-G-i-T- Tqva Tinefs Tina`moutaneT Tqven maT is~

ismis kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara nulovan markerebs gan-masxvavebeli funqcia (Girebuleba) opoziciaSi:

S103ind03

d S203ind03

d : mo----u-G-i mo----u-G-iS1

p03ind03

d S2p03

ind03d : mo----u-G-i-T mo----u-G-i-

Tes is SemTxvevaa, roca gadamwKveti mniSvneloba

eniyeba aqtantTa rangebs zmnis struqturaSi:`pirTa rangebi qcevis (an kauzaciis) uJris win ganlagde-

bian ricxviTi indeqsebis mixedviT _ marcxniv KovelTvis Se-

202


darebiT dabali indeqsis (ùmcrosi~) mqone piri iqneba (1-2-3-, e. i. me-Sen-is).

Tu samive pirmimarTi aqtantis indeqsi 3 (sami) iqneba, dagvyirdeba mxolod obieqtur pirTa rangebis gansazGvra, radgan S3-is niSani sufiqsia. ori 03-idan win (marcxniv) mo-eqceva pircvalebadi obieqtis rangi, radgan I da II pirebSi win uZGvis meore obieqts, romelic mudam III pirSia, maSa-sadame, rangTa gansazGvra am SemTxvevaSi xdeba uGle-bis realuri paradigmidan amosvliT~ [uTurgaiZe 2002, 56]. aqedan gamomdinare, mo-u-G-i formaSi masTan SewKobili aqtantebis mixedviT SeiZleba alomorfTa kvalifikacia:

S103ind03

d : mo-S1-0

3ind-0

3d-u-G-i

S203ind03

d : mo-S2-0

3ind- 0

3d-u-G-i

S103indp03

d : mo-S1-0

3indp- 0

3d-u-G-i-0indp da a. S.

msgavsi SemTxveva, roca samive piri nulovani alo-morfebiT gamoixateba, qarTulSi gvaqvs S203

ind03d kombinaci-

aSi: moutane (Sen mas is) forma analogiurad Caiwereba: mo-S-0ind-d-u-tan-e, xolo qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi S1-is niSnis dakargva -u xmovnis wina poziciaSi aseve bunebri-via: realurad cocxal metKvelebaSi v- prefiqsi arc ismis.

rogorc vxedavT, megrulSi morfonologiuri procesebi uf-ro Sors wavida. megrulSi ara Tu 03

d-is, aramed 03ind-is mar-

keric didi xania dakargulia. am process savaraudod win us-wrebda S2-is niSnis gaqrobac. amJerad intensiurad exeba es procesi S1-is markersac saTanado poziciaSi. realurad ik-veTeba tendencia, rom piris markers ekargeba formaTgan-masxvavebeli funqcia, ukve araa arsebiTi, pirebi materialu-rad arian warmodgenili Tu nulovani alomorfebiT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom àr arsebobs safuZveli imisTvis, rom S 0 (subieqti obieqti) dapirispireba kategoriad miviCnioT~ da rogorc Cans, ara mxolod imitom, rom S 0 dapirispire-bisas `SeuZlebeli iqneboda pirdapiri da iribi obieqtebis sa-erTo niSniT gamoxatva~ [uTurgaiZe 2002, 44-45], aramed imitomac, rom S-isa da 0-is markerTa Canacvleba nulovani markerebiT saerTod arGvevs S 0 dapirispirebis formalur safuZvels. rogorc Cans, arsebiTi da mTavaria aqtanturi ka-tegoriebis semantika da is faqtori, rom àqtanturi kategori-ebi izolirebulia _ amaTi simravlis elementebi erTi konkretuli

203


aqtantis farglebs ver gascdebian, amitom simravleebs iq-mnian sakuTari romelobis elementTa dapirispirebiT~ [uTurgaiZe, 2002, 46].

ra xdeba lazurSi analogiur viTarebaSi? aq ukve dialeq-tur nairsaxeobebze SeiZleba saubari. Tu megrulSi Kvela ki-lokavSi S1-is v- markers V-v-u mimdevrobisas enacvleba nulovani markeri, msgavsi viTareba lazurs xofuri dialeqtis-Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, Tanac nebismier xmovanTan: V-v-V poziciaSi v KovelTvis ikargeba. amave dros viwur-arqa-bulsa da aTinurSi S1 KovelTvis markirebulia v º b alomorfe-biT. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswineT, rom O2-is prefiqsi intervo-kalur poziciaSi ar ikargeba, cxadia lazurSi odnav gansxva-vebuli viTareba iqmneba.

nimuSisTvis vauGlebT gowavuGi `wavarTvi~ formas xofurSi:

204

l a l i e z u g b a i a205


cxrilis mixedviT gansxvavebuli formebi ase warmo-gvidgeba(1) S102

ind03d __ gowa-g-i-G-i

(2) S103ind03

d

S103indp03

d

S203ind03

S203indp03

gowa--u-G-i gowa-v-u-G-i

gowa--u-G-i

(3) S102indp03

d

S1p02

ind03d

gowa-g-i-G-i-T

(4) S1p03

ind03d

S1p03

indp03d

S2p03

ind03d

S2p03

indp03d

gowa--u-G-i-T gowa-v-u-G-i-T

gowa--u-G-i-T

(5) S201ind03

d gowa-m-i-G-i(6) S201

indp03d

S2p01

ind03d

S2p01

indp03

gowa-m-i-G-i-T

(7) S301ind03 gowa-m-i-G-u

(8) S302ind03

d gowa-g-i-G-u(9) S303

ind03d

S303indp03

dgowa-u-G-u

(10)

S301ind03

d

S3p01

ind03d

S3p01

indp03d

gowa-m-i-G-es

(11)

S302indp03

d

S3p02

ind03d

S3p02

indp03d

gowa-g-i-G-es

(12)

S3p03

ind03d

S3p03

indp03d

gowa-u-G-es

rogorc vxedavT, lazuri imeorebs megrulis viTarebas im TvalsazrisiT, rom aqac 12 gansxvavebuli forma fiqsirdeba. cxadia, mizezi isev da isev S1-is markeris dakargvaa. 02-is markireba g- prefiqsiT suraTs ver cvlis. xofurisgan gan-sxvavebuli suraTi gveqneba danarCen kiloebSi, sadac we-sisamebr 14 sxvadasxva forma gveqneba, rac imas niS-navs, rom lazurSi morfonologiuri procesi araa iseTive in-tensiuri, rogorc megrulSi.

206


subieqtTa da obieqtTa kombinaciebis analizma aCvena, rom relatiuri zmnis uGlebis paradigmaSi mwkrivis mixedviT gramatikul formaTa raodenoba ar unda ganisazGvros gamo-xatulebis planSi gansxvavebul formaTa raodenobis mixed-viT:

a) gansxvavebul formaTa raodenoba megrul-lazurSi merKeobs 12-sa da 14 erTeuls Soris, rac gamowveulia piris niSanTa fonologiuri poziciiTa da ricxvis gamoxatvis siste-miT.

pirveli faqtoris moqmedeba Zlieria megrulSi, roca Tan-xmovniswina poziciaSi S1-is da 01-is morfemaTa alomorfebi erTmaneTs emTxveva, Sesabamisad, megrulSi 12 gan-sxvavebuli forma gvaqvs, xolo lazurSi 14, radgan 01-is markers fonologiuri variantebi ara aqvs.

piris niSanTa morfonologiuri gardaqmnebi SezGudulia xmovniswina poziciaSi, riTac megrul-lazuri saerTo suraTs gviCvenebs, Tumca sxvaoba Tavs iCens orpirian gardauval da gardamaval zmnaTa sauGlebel erTeulTa Sepirispirebi-sas: marTalia, orsave SemTxvevaSi gamoxatulebis planSi gansxvavebul formaTa raodenoba 14 erTeulia, kombinaci-aTa mixedviT analizisas irkveva, rom gardauval zmnaSi ri-cxvis gamoxatvis gansxvavebuli modeli moqmedebs, ris gamoc kombinaciebis mixedviT formebi sxvagvarad gada-nawildeba gardamavalsa da gardauval zmnebSi.

b) fonologiuri garemocvis mniSvneloba izrdeba zmnis-winian da nawilakian formebSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi S1, 01 da 02 pirTa markerebi aGmoCndebian intervokalur poziciaSi, rac iwvevs mTel rig fonetikur gardaqmnebs. Sesabamisad, es procesi sxvadasxva intensivobiT xasiaTdeba megrul-la-zurSi, Tumca gamoxatulebis planSi gansxvavebul formaTa raodenoba 12 erTeuls ar aGemateba. amave dros morfo-nologiuri procesis mravalplanianoba TvalSi sacemia sampi-riani saobieqto versiis formebSi, radgan fonetikuri procese-bi gansxvavebulia aramarto bgeraTmimdevrobis gamo,

207


aramed dialeqturi niSniTac: erTi mxriv, megrulsa da lazurs Soris, meore mxriv, sakuTriv lazuris kilokavebs Soris.

dialeqturi TvalsazrisiT, morfonologiuri procesis inten-sivoba Zlieria megrulSi, romlis viTarebas uaxlovdeba lazu-ris xofuri dialeqti, xolo viwur-arqabulsa da aTinurSi es pro-cesi ufro sustadaa gamoxatuli.

g) rogorc orpiriani, aseve sampiriani zmnebis mixedviT pirTa kombinaciebis analizma warmoaCina nulovani alo-morfis rogorc formaTganmasxvavebeli, aseve kategoriaTa ganmasxvavebeli funqcia. gamoikveTa tendencia piris aGmniSvnel prefiqsTa dakargvisa. es procesi bolomde da-srulda S2-is, 03

dir da 03ind pirTa SemTxvevaSi. mimdinareobs

S1-isa da 02-is niSanTa dakargva intervokalur poziciaSi, Tumca nulovani markeri SesaZlebelia sxva poziciaSic da-Cndes. piris niSanTa dakargvis tendencia megrul-lazurSi adasturebs samecniero literaturaSi arsebul Tvalsazriss, rom istoriulad am prefiqsTa funqcia ar iKo piris gramatikuli kategoriis gamoxatva. TavisTavad is faqti, rom erTi da igi-ve bgeraTmimdevroba SeiZleba gamoxatavdes rogorc pir-veli, aseve meore subieqturi piris formebs (ix. gv. 21-22), miuTiTebs imaze, rom zmnuri forma ver ganixileba mxolod gamoxatulebis planis mixedviT. aqtanturi kategoriebi da-moukidebeli semantikuri kategoriebia da maTi kombinaciiT warmoqmnili formebi ara mxolod gamoxatulebis planSi, aramed SinaarsiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, megrul-lazuris orpiriani zmnis uGlebis paradigmaSi mwkrivis SigniT gramatikul for-maTa raodenoba sinqroniul doneze 28 erTeuliT gani-sazGvreba iseve, rogorc danarCen qarTvelur enebSi. ufro metic, identur pirTa kombinaciebsac Tu ganvixilavT damo-ukidebel gramatikul formebad (S101, S202, S1

p01 p, S2

p02 p), ma-

Sin 32 erTeulamde gaizrdeba zmnuri formebis SesaZlo kombinaciebis raodenoba.

208

Lali Ezugbaia

Questions of Megrelian-Laz Grammar

Brief Contents of the work

Part I

The system of Expression of the category of number

Introduction

The grammatical category of number is known as universal as it is inherent to both nominal and verbal systems of a language. However, it functions in different ways in these parts of speech.

In the literature dedicated to this problem (Jespersen) the category of number is considered to be a typical, quantitative parameter of the object (for instance, of the noun and of the personal pronoun).

Understanding of the concept of plurality of verbal forms can be of two types: on the one hand, it expresses plurality of actions expressed in a different way in different languages (Jespersen); on the other hand, the idea of plurality does not lie in the verb itself, but is the property of the subject of the verb. Thus, in Georgian isini midian ʻthey are goingʼ does not denote the concept of the word siaruli ʻwalkʼ but that of mosiarule ʻthe walker, the person who walksʼ as the actants themselves introduce the category of number in the predicate, thus there is no need to use the marker of plurality in the word denoting action. These markers are inher-ently connected with the plurality: when several actants are in the singu-lar, others in the plural, they need to be differentiated (according to the number) by the predicate (Uturgaidze).

The systemic category of the number in nominal and verbal systems in Megrelian and Laz is explored and analysed in the monograph.


Chapter I

Formation of the plural of a noun§1. Suffix of plurality -ef and its allomorphs

The formation of the plural noun in Megrelian and Laz is based on the principle of agglutination. The marker of the plural number in these languages is the morpheme {-ef}. However, in Megrelian, in Ergative and Dative, suffixes /-en/, /-em/ appear which, in the literature, is classed as an attempt to overcome pq, ps consonant clusters (Gudava, Gamkre-lidze, Janjghava).

The allomorph /-em/ is characteristic of the Zugdidi-Samuzarkano region and the suffix /-en/ is typical of the Senaki region. However, at the present stage, use of suffix /-ef/ is becoming more stable in Ergative and Dative cases (mostly in Zugdidi-Samurzakano dialect) which, as I see it, is the influence of the Georgian language. Arguably, the same influ-ence is felt in the suffix /-eb/ , testified in Megrelian and Laz.

In Laz, allomorphs of the morpheme {-ep} are phonologically condi-tioned. According to the stem ending of the noun, a set of the cases in plu-ral marked by /-pe/ and /-epe/ is testified.

If the stem of the noun ends in vowels a,o,u, the plural is formed by adding the suffux /-pe/: Toma-fe ʻhairʼ, Zo-fe ʻchairsʼ, katu-fe ʻcatsʼ; The borrowings ending in vowels i and e form the plural by means of the suffix /-pe/: dugunJi-fe ʻguests at wedding receptionʼ dekike-fe ʻminutesʼ. Nouns in Laz ending in e- fall in the group of nouns with consonant stems and form the plural by means of the suffix /-epe/: kuCxe - kuCx-efe ʻlegsʼ, Cilamre - Cilamr-efe ʻtearsʼ.

In the nouns of the dalefi ʻsistersʼ type in Megrelian and Laz, the ele-ment l tends to disappear. This tendency is strongly felt in Khopa dialect: Jalefe º Jaefe º nJafe ʻtreesʼ, qvalefe º qvaefe ʻstonesʼ. When this happens, the vowel cluster in such words may be reduced to one vowel: dal-ef-e > da-efe > defe. It is worth mentioning that da �epi: l > form , arguably, can be considered to be the middle element of dal-ef-e > da-ef-e transformation.

The dynamics of the dielectal, morpho-phonematic changes can be expressed as follows:

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L a l i E z u g b a i a

Jalefi

Zugdidi-Samurza-

kano.:

Senaki. -Martvili.:

Khopa. -Chkhala.:

Vitse-Arkhabe

Atina

JalefiJalefi º JaefiJalefe º Jaefe

Jalefe º Jafe

The allomorph -lepe was singled out within the Khopa-Chkhala ad-jectives by G. Kartozia: myiTalefe ʻthe red (pl)ʼ; Cqimilefe ʻmine (pl)ʼ. The allomorph -lefe was singled out in several monosyllabic ad-jectives in plural: mJveelefe ʻthe oldʼ, xCeelefe ʻthe whiteʼ. I be-lieve that it is also possible to single out the allomorph -lef in one type of Megrelian attributive nouns: wkvintalefi, cpre: wkvinta ʻthe one with a pointed nose, a displeased personʼ, etc. Thus, the allomorphs denoting the plural form of the noun in these languages are distributed as follows:

In Megrelian: {-ef} : /-ef/, /-em/, /-en/, /-eb/, [/-lef/] In Laz: {-ef}: /-efe/, /-fe/, /-lefe/, /-elefe/, /-eb/.

§2. Number as a translatory category

The category of number embraces morphological, syntactic and se-mantic levels of a language. The grammatical number is denoted by mor-phemes. The affixes forming the plural number in the literature dedicated to the problem are classed as derivative elements (Shanidze), affixes of the transient type (Chikobava), flexional morphemes (Uturgaidze). It can be argued that the affix denoting plurality in Megrelian and Laz is primar-ily a flexional element. However, by means of adding the morpheme de-noting the number, it becomes possible to translate one word belonging to one class into the word belonging to the other class. For instance, by means of the adding of the formant of the number, the attributive noun will no longer refer to the quality (as quality does not possess plurality). However, transformed in such a way, it will refer to the object possessing the quality. For instance, in Laz mjveshi, in Megrelian jveshi ʻoldʼ acquires the meaning of jveshepi/e ʻancestorsʼ when presented in the

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plural form. Similar forms in Laz are didilefe ʻthe oldʼ, compared to big yitalefe ʻthe young, smallʼ, mchxualefe ʻlargeʼ.

Morpheme -ef in Laz may be added to the adverb: Sqalefe, com-pared to Sqa ʻin the middleʼ, didofe compared to dido ʻvery muchʼ, haSope cmpared to haSo ʻso, thusʼ.

Thus, these words acquire grammatical categories (case and number ) of the noun.

The fact that in Laz the morpheme -ef is added to the verb-forms ex-pressing person, for example: ides-fe ʻthose who have goneʼ, moxtes-fe ʻthose who have comeʼ, also deserves attention.

Moreoever, the marker of the case originates from the suffix -fe : na dosqidu-fe-s ʻto those who are left behindʼ, bigzaliTu-fe-Si ʻto those who have leftʼ. The verb-forms denoting a category of the person by means of the suffix -fe can function as a noun and, in most cases, ex-press the subject or the object of a sentence .

Obviously, in Laz, it is possible to transfer any part of speech into the category of a noun by adding the morpheme expressing the number {-ef}. This means that the word can be translated on both morphological and syntactic levels simultaneously implying a semantic shift .

§3. Plural forms of mu- (the third person pronoun, singular)

There exist several points of view regarding n and t elements in the third person singular forms of the personal pronoun mu- in Megrelian: mu-n-ef-i, Laz.: mu-T-ef-e ʻthey, themselvesʼ. Earlier, it was con-sidered to be the marker of plurality (Murray), the determiner suffix (Kip-shidze), the remaining part of the reflexive pronoun tina (Javakhishvili), the morphological entitiy of an indefinite origin (Chikobava).

In Megrelian and Laz, as revealed by the data, these suffixes express the category of a person. However, in addition to this, they may function, in their secondary function as reflexive pronouns.

In Megrelian the word-form revealing n- element, mu-n-ef-i, in Laz mu-T-ef-e, exists together with the form mun-T-ef-e. I sup-pose that in Laz, the primary form must be the one with n, compared muTxa º and munTxani ʻsomethingʼ in Laz. According to Laz phonotactics, the nasal complex nT of the decesive succession is quite possible to appear (Kutelia). Because of this, arguably, munTefe re-veals the determiner and the suffix n, appearing in the Megrelian form

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munefi ʻthey, themselvesʼ. As for the T element in Laz, arguably, it can be the remaining part of Ti of the noun Tavi ʻheadʼ which conveyed the meaning of a reflexive pronoun.

§4. Towards the plural forms of demonstrative and relative pronouns in the Atina dialect of Laz

In Atina dialect of Laz the demonstrative prounons are ham ʻthisʼ, him ʻthatʼ. Their plural forms are hani ʻtheseʼ, hini ʻthoseʼ. The relative pronoun nani and its plural form namu ʻwhichʼ also fall into this group. In these pronouns Tsagareli and Murrry singled out the marker of the plu-ral ni. Chartolani proposed that these pronouns reveal the pronominal stem n. I argue that there are several arguments strengthening this point of view:

1) two sets of both: reduced and complete forms of plural are present : ham < hamu, him < himu, nam < namu. The reduced forms play the role of the demonstrative pronouns (attributes) whilst the com-plete forms denote only the third person singular.

The plural forms hani, hini, nani are used only as third person pro-nouns. At the same time, I have come across form hin (testified in Atina texts by Kipshidze) which accompanies the noun and has the meaning of demonstrativeness: hin bozo-moTa... ham destani gamiGu (Kif. II, 90, 2-3) ʻthat grandchild took out this poemʼ. In addition, the demon-strative pronoun hen is also revealed in Arkhabe texts compiled by Jghenti: hen didi bozos uwu-qi (Jg. 132, 19-21) ʻhe/she told that older girl thatʼ...

2) The plural form of the pronoun namu ʻwhichʼ, formed by means of the suffix -ef, is testified in Vitse-Arkhabe and Khopa dialects: namTefe ʻwhichʼ. The fact that it is possible to form a plural form of a demonstrative pronoun by means of -ef suffix in Atina can be proved by the fact that Atina texts provided by Kipshidze reveal the form hanefe ʻtheseʼ instead of the commonly used hani (Kif. II, 72, 31). In addition, Murray also confirms the form hinefe ʻthoseʼ (Murray, 34).

3) Arguably, the forms hin, hen, hinefe, hanefe, hini, hani, nani show the same *n pronominal stem. More concretely, in the following pairs hamu - hani, himu - hini, namu - nani the opposition is constructed by the pronominal stems mu - *ni.

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Thus, in Megrelian and Laz the position of the suffix -ef is quite stable and embraces all of the nominal subsystems (noun, adjective, nu-meral and pronoun). Moreover, I argue that Zan (resp. Megrelian-Laz) does not reveal a trace of any other suffix denoting the concept of plural-ity.

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Chapter II

Expression of the Plurality of the Category of Person in the Verb

§5. The formation of the subject in the scrives of I and II series

While analysing the plural forms of a person we apply the concepts of the subject and the object as these are the universal categories of a logi-cal-semantic level of the language. In addtion, expression of the number is also important from the logical-semantic point of view.

I agree with the opinion expressed in the literature according to which the Kartevlian languages are characterised by the dichotomy of the person I, II III (Asatiani, Uturgaidze). This, in its turn, is connected with the well-known theory by Benvenist. I would like to go further and spec-ify that the concept of non-person cannot be correct: the pronoun isini possesses a twofold essence: isini ʻtheyʼ = is (he/she, a person)) + is (he/she, a person ) + is (he/she, a person): a personal person

isini ʻtheyʼ = is (it, non-person)... + is (it, non-person): an impersonal person.

The combination isini ʻtheyʼ is (he/she, an animate person) + is (it, inanimate person)

I argue that the semantic dualism of the third person causes the asymmetry in the expression of the number in Laz and Megrelian.

In Zan (Megrelian-Laz) the markers of the number of the subject are distributed on the basis of the following principle: S1, S2 are marked by means of -T suffix, in the forms of I and II series, in all the possible com-binations, despite transitivity of the verb. Thus, in the Archabe dialect of Laz t acquires the properties of the voiced consonant in those cases when -a particle is added to the word: t d _ moiGi fara, okoZirad-a� (Jg. 117, 10) ʻbring the money , let’s divide itʼ.

Expression of the plural form of S3 can be achieved by means of sev-eral suffixes distributed according to the scrives. In the forms of the suffix -an, appearing in its full form in Laz, is testified. As for Megrelian, here, as a rule, the consonant element of the morpheme -an is lost: -an>-a, un-less followed by the interrogative particle -o (yarunano? ʻare they writing?ʼ), ia º ie particles denote the reported speech: yarunania ʻthey are writingʼ (reported speech). Quite frequently the part of the suffix n is restored before the conjunction do ʻandʼ: Jari uCqˆnan do gˆ-

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moCana saqonels (xub. 129, 12) ʻThey cut the throats of the cattle and sell themʼ.

In the scrives of the Past Tense the number of the S3 is expressed by means of the morpheme -es both in Megrelian and Laz. However, in Megrelian, -is suffix is also used (more rarely than -es); for example, gogumanwKiis (Kif. 3, 13) ʻhe/she was dressedʼ, Tqv‹s (xub. 194, 4) ʻthey saidʼ, ikocis (xub. 51, 2) ʻthey leftʼ. In Laz several allomorphs of -es suffix are also revealed :

a) the reflex of the consonant s is visible � : es e�: hini lazuti quGurte � (kart. 1970, 219, 1-8) ʻthey had maizeʼ.

b) the consonant of the suffix -es turns into the voiced one when added to the particle ja, in the reported speech es ez : veziefes va aJgineza� (kart. 1972, 158, 28) ʻthe Vesires were not able to defeat him/herʼ.

g) when the conjunctions -shi ʻwhenʼ or -Skule ʻlater, afterʼ are added to the wordform, the consonant of the suffix -es is lost: – es e: iparamiTamte-Si < iparamiTamt-es-Si... ʻwhen they were speakingʼ. qogoyke-S-kule� < qogoyk-es-Skule� ... ʻwhen they started speaking laterʼ. This is a characteristic of the Archabe dialect. The process of assimilation is also noticeable when adding the particle -Si. -es eS: iSiteS-Si < iSites-Si... ʻWhen they leftʼ.

There are several different views about the plural form of the S3 in the forms of the Subjunctive (Kipshidze, Chikobava, Oniani). I agree with the opinion according to which the suffix –n can be singled out, as in the forms of Subjunctive, it occupies as stable a position on the synchronic level as –an and -es morpherems in other scrives .

Thus, in Megrelian and Laz, the plural number of the S is marked in I and II persons (by the suffix -t), and in III person by morphemes -an, -es, -n . The model of manisfestation of the grammatical number can be ex-pressed as follows: /-T/ [I, II] ~ [III] /-an ∞ -es ∞ -n/ (I)

§6. Expression of the number of the object in the forms of I and II series

In Zan, in order to denote the object, morphemes expressing the plu-ral forms of the subject are used. Their distribution shows certain regular-ities and depends on the choice between the object and the subject. On

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the one hand, there are combinations with I and II persons of the subject , on the other, combinations with the S3.

In S1O2, S2O1 combinations, the plurality of the object (both direct and indirect objects) is expressed by means of the morpheme -T:

S2O1pl

_ Megr.: mioJini sqani Goronsˆ do si dˆmazee-Tia (Kif. 44, 5) ʻlook at your God and help us to make peace with each otherʼ

Laz.: ham oxorJas uwves: gai � domixenam-Tia? (kart. 1972, 161-10) ʻwas this woman asked to cook food?ʼ

S1O2pl _ Megr.: ma Tqva mujans qorZiriTˆn, xeTe qi-

me‡orofiT (t. I, 155, 137-3) ʻas soon I saw you I fell in love with youʼ

Laz.: hawi ma bidare, gar � mogiGaTen (Jg. 61, 8) ʻNow I will go and bring some food for youʼ

Plural forms S1 da S2 combined with the plural forms of O3 are not observed. Thus, the schematic representation of the plural form of the ob-ject can be as follows:

-T[I, II] ~ [III] Ø (II)

This system falls apart as soon as the subject expressed by the III person appears: in S3O1 , S3O2, S3O3, the number of O1 da O2 is expressed by means of the formants -an, -es, -n, whereas the plural form of O3 is not revealed at all.

a) The object is marked by the suffix in the scrives of the present tense:

S3O1pl

_ Megr.: CqiT opykomunania Tinava (xub. 240, 6) ʻHe would eat us as wellʼ.

Laz.: xoJaq iroTe momoGerdinaman (Ciq. II, 88, 7) ʻHoja is always cheating on usʼ...

S3O2pl

_ Megr.: pilaTˆ ni, musˆ gikeTenania? (Kif. 37, 5) ʻWhat would my death give you?(make for you)ʼ

laz.: ar ϕukaraSi bereq mufe goGodaman (Jg. 77, 7) ʻWhat harm will one poor boy do?ʼ

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b) The Object in the scrives of the Past Tense is marked by means of the formant-es:S3O1

pl _ Megr: ... patis Tina qofcendes (xub. 93, 28) ʻS/he

did not respect usʼ Laz.: aa kulaniq � memibarges oxoi (asaT. 143, 91-21) ʻThis girl tidied our house for usʼ.

S3O2pl

_ Megr.: qogoZires Tiq uCa dGa ʻThey punished you saw a ‘black’ dayʼ

c) The suffix -n will appear in the forms of the Subjunctive: Laz.: fadiSai mulun askeriTe, Tqva kilan en (kart. 1970, 225, 19)ʻ The Padishah is coming, you will be killedʼ

Thus, below there is one more model manifesting the formation of the plural of the object:

/-an∞-es∞-n/ [I, II] ~ [III] Ø (III)

The system of expression of the number of the object relies on the correlation I, II ~ III, which can be explained by a number of factors:

While marking the object by means of the suffix -t, I and II persons appear in the communicative act and their function is repleaceable. This is the essence of a language as a subjective system (Benvenist). However, plurality of I and II persons shows extreme egocentrism: Cven ʻweʼ is me ʻIʼ + sxva ʻthe otherʼ; similarly, Tqven ʻyouʼ combimes shen ʻy-ouʼ + sxva ʻthe otherʼ. In both cases me ʻIʼ and shen ʻyouʼ is transcenden-tal in respect to the other. Thus, for I and II persons, the common marker expressing plurality is the other marked by the suffix -t. This works when I and II persons are used in the function of the subject as well as that of the object. I argue that the II model of expressing plural is derived from the model (I) and reflects subjective egocentrism in the language.

Egocentrism can be objective (De Kurtenet, Jespersen). This is ex-plicitly well-expressed in those languages which distinguish the categories of gender and class. The category of gender in singular is neutralised in plural by means of the masculine gender whereas that of the class is neu-tralised by means of the class of the object (Chikobava). For instance, in the subsystem of Ibero-Caucasian languages, which possess person and class declension, the opposition between a person and an object is still ac-tive as one marker of the object expresses plurality (b-), whereas the

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other marker expresses the plurality of objects (r º d). Moreover, I and II persons expressing category of class in plural are formally opposed to III person (db).

At the same time, in all of the cases, plurality is expressed by means of the object (Andguladze).

Relying on the above-said, I argue that in the model (III) expressing number (object) in Zan verb, the principle of subjective egocentrism is preserved (I and II persons are marked). On the other hand, the markers selected to denote the number are the morphems of the S3 which can de-note both: a human being as well as a non-human being. I assume that this model expresses the approach typical of a person and class declension. It is worth noting that in Zan model (III) resembles the system of the plural of the object in Old Georgian, expressed by the Nominative case which is classed as the remaining trace of a class declension (Chikobava).

According to (II) and (III) models, III person opposes I and II by having no marker. However, in proper circumstances, the verb can ex-press MO3 (morphological object). Arguably, this process is connected with the inversion.

§7. Problem of Inversion and Expression of the Number of RS (real subject) in Dative

There are several differing viewpoints about the inversion in Geor-gian (Chikobava, Shanidze, Oniani, Uturgaidze). Another point of view, which I follow, rightly suggests that the process of inversion relies on a certain grammatical-semantic foundation (Machavariani, Sukhishvili, Me-likishvili, Jorbenadze).

In Megrelian, the Dative is the case of the direct object as well as the indirect object. In addition, in Megrelian, the Real subject of transitive verbs in the forms of III series also stands in Dative, like that of the verbs belonging to relational and static groups.

In Laz, only the Indirect object and the so called Real subject of in-verted forms of the relational and intransitive verbs are expressed by Da-tive (Chikobava). In transitive verbs inversion does not prove to be as productive. This is because another system of formation of the Subjunc-tive is applied here. At the same time, as mentioned in the literature, the tendency in Laz shows that, in respect of the syntactic power, the in-verted verb-forms are equal to the verbs of the direct order. This process is also testified in intransitive verbs (Kartozia).

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The analysis of the Laz data convinced me that the objective struc-tures of relational- static verbs are often modified, neutralised in singu-lar but less so in plural. At the same time, the morphological structure of the verb in plural is quite stable. Both the prefixes of m- type and the suffixes expressing number -an, -es, -n are testified. The latter is the marker of the plurality of the relational plural. It is difficult to state ex-actly which case form is used by the speaker with the forms denoting RS1

and RS2 number. However, in the case of RS3 this is obvious. In the data analysed by me, the forms in Dative are three times more frequent. I pro-pose that the stability of the use of the inverted construction denoting the category of plurality is conditioned by the suffixes of the plural number. Their appearance grammatically fixed the inversion in the verb. By means of the inversion, the opposition between I, II and III persons was neutralised because RS3 is characterised by + component of the person as it denotes a living being. Consequently, the noun in Dative acquired the function of the subject in all of the three persons which neutralised the morphological subject. In Zan, in all the persons, the plural is expressed by means of the number of the S3. The formants are distributed in the following way:

a) the suffix -an denotes the number of RS of relational-static verbs in the scrives of the Present Tense in Laz and Megrelian as well as in II Resultative of relational-transitive verbs in Megrelian;

b) the -es denotes the plurality of RS in the the Past Tense scrives (continiuous) in relational-static verbs in Megrelian and Laz, and II Re-sultative of transitive verbs in Megrelian.

c) the suffix -n marks RS the III Subjunctive forms of relational –static verbs in Megrelian and Laz as well as Subjunctive III in transitive verbs in Megrelian.

Thus, the plural of the so-called inverted verbs actualises the dy-chotomy subject non- subject. The subject’s plurality is expressed by the verb (as in Zan, the expression of the system of number is inherently linked with the understanding of the person), whereas the object is not ex-pressed at all (Hence is the non-markedness of the object in III person). The model of the grammatical number in inverted verbs can be presented in the following way:

RS [I, II, III] =/-an∞-es∞-n/ (IV)This model functions in other Kartvelian languages besides Zan

(Chikobava, Tofuria, Sarjveladze, Jajanidze, Surmava), which seems to be the result of the process of the internal development of certain Kartvelian languages.

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Thus, in Zan all of the four models expressing plurality show that I and II persons are always marked by the formant of the number, whereas III person is marked only when actualised as the (morphological or real) subject.

§8. Expression of plurality in scrives of IV series in Megrelian and in non-inverted Resultative forms in Laz

The difference between Megrelian and Laz in respect of formation of the Subjunctive is obvious. In Megrelian, together with III series of in-verted Resultative, there exist forms of the Present Resultative formed by means of the prefix no-. Rogava argued that these belong to the IV series forms. On the other hand, Laz reveals non-inverted Resultative and the scrives following it (Chikobava, Kartozia, Asatiani).

In Megrlain, in scrives of the IV series, model (I) is used to express the subject: the plural of I and II persons is formed by the suffix -t whereas III peron plural is expressed in the following way:

In Resultative III – by the suffix -an > a: nokeTebuena (t. II, 270, 26) ʻthey were doingʼ

In Resultative IV – by means of the suffix -es: nokeTebuedes ʻthey were doingʼ

In Subjunctive IV with the formant -n : nokeTebuedan ʻappar-ently they have been doing sth. ʼ

The So-called inverted relational-static verbs use the model (IV) of expression the number. RS is marked in all of the three persons: in resul-tative III by the suffix -an, in Conditional IV and Resultative IV- by means of the suffix -es, in Subjunctive IV- by means of the morpheme -n.

In Laz, the subject is expressed in the scrives formed by means of the suffix -ere in the following way: in the I and II persons, by means of the morpheme -t; by means of suffixes -an, -es in III person; the formant -an appears in the Resultative forms of the Past Continuous forms _ gamaxterenan (Kif. II, 18, 24) ʻthey must have set offʼ; the Resulta-tive I , ex-aorist forms _ qanixieenan� (kart. 1972, 152, 29) ʻst have stolenʼ. .

The suffix -es marks S3 in Past Perfect of aorist origin: miTxanefe moxTeretes do Cqini zeqie qamorkeetes (Ciq. I, 48, 15) ʻSome people had come and stolen our Zekieʼ

As for the affixes expressing number, -ere is attached to the suffix; in forms formed by the auxialiry verb dortun ʻwasʼ the markers of the

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number appear before the auxilairy verb in I and II persons this will be the suffix -t , in III person, only -es morpheme.

The number of the object is expressed by models (II) and (III) in IV series in Megrelian as well as in non-inverted Resultaive forms in Laz. It can be argued that the Resultative in Zan does not employ specific forms. Thus, these forms are expressed by the already-established system of the language. In the morphological structure of the Megrelian and Laz verb a unifold system expressing plurality of the person is revealed. This sys-tem is stable and unchangeable in spite of a century-old isolation of Megrelian and Laz.

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Chapter III

Morphosyntactic and Semantic Analysis

§9. The problem of agreement in number in predicative collocations

In predicative collocations the issue of agreement in number be-tween a noun in the plural and the predicate deserves particular attention. The hisotry of the development of literary Georgian reveals that the syn-tactic power of the plural formed by means of -n, -t and -eb suffixes was not equal. However, in Old Georgian, the syntactic power of -eb is quali-fied as an influence and manifestation of the Western dialectal colloquial forms into Georgian (Kiziria, Sarjveladze, Melikishvili). At the same time, the power of the suffix -eb in Western dialects of Georgian, is weak (Nijaradze, Jajanidze, Kublashvili).

Dondua argues that the nouns denoting inanimate objects or socially passive animate objects agree with the predicate in singular both in Old Georgian on the one hand and Megrelian and Laz on the other. The issue of the agreement in number is seen differently by Uturgaidze. He argues that the agreement between a noun and a verb in number implies the prob-lem of marking on the expression plane. I argue that in respect of agree-ment in number, in Megrelian and Laz, the principally important plane is semantic, though the expression plane also plays a considerable part. In those cases when the marker of the agreement is manifested in the verb, the rules rely on the semantic opposition between the nouns belonging to who and what groups. This is a binary semantic category which implies the morphological opposition between a human (person) and an inanimate object (Chikobava). This opposition is well-expressed in Zan on the syn-tactic level as well.

§10. Towards agreement in number between a who-group

noun and the predicate

In Zan mi (< min) who question is put to the nouns denoting a hu-man being. Unlike Georgian, the pronoun mi can form the plural. For in-stance, minefi, Laz: mife. The syntactic power of the nouns of who- group is strong. In particular:

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1) In Megrelian and Laz, if the subject is in I or II person plural, it al-ways agrees with the verb-predicate in number by means of double mark-ing;

2) If the subject is in III person plural, in Laz the agreement in num-ber is always expressed by means of double marking. My data do not re-veal even a single case of violation of this rule of marking the agree-ment between the who-group noun and the predicate.

3) In Megrelian, the who-group noun in plural agrees with the verb predicate in plural by means of double marking. However, there is a tendency of zero-marking as well. This is characteristic of intransitive verbs. For instance: tinefi re ostatefi ʻthey are mastersʼ; mara sinjalemk xolo oko m o r T a s i a (Kip. 91, 25) ʻbut where from should sons-in-law (brothers-in-law) come?ʼ

4) The who-group subject is often accompanied by the attribute de-noting quantity (numerals: jirxolo, juriti ʻbothʼ type, breli ʻmanyʼ, arZa º arZo, Teli º mTeli ʻwhole, allʼ). In Laz nouns of this type always agree with the predicate in plural by means of the semantic agree-ment; for instance: jur Juma m e n d a x T e s noGaSe (Kart. 1970, 229, 14-2) ʻTwo brothers went to the townʼ; ju koCefe m u l u -n a n (kart. 1972, 167, 11) ʻTwo men are comingʼ.

In Megrelian two norms are revealed: a) with the attribute denoting quantity, the noun in plural agrees with the predicate in singular: arZa musha-moxandekˆ o k o g e g m i g v a n a s ˆ (Xam. 115, 76, 31) ʻAll the labourers must be fed wellʼ; However, there are exceptions - the predicate may stand in plural: ate jiri Jimak otKaeˆSa m i -d a r t e s ˆ (V,II 12-16) ʻthese two brothers went huntingʼ ; b) the sub-ject defined by the noun denoting quantity stands in plural and agrees with the verb-predicate in number by double marking: jirxolo xinjalenkˆ dudi g e k o y o f e s ˆ (if. 94, 22) ʻboth sons-in-law (brothers-in-law) held their heads upʼ. There are exceptions observed in this case as well.

5) The role of the subject is often played by the attribute. In this case, in Laz, complete uniformity is revealed – both: the verb-predicate and the noun stand in plural: juri-Ti d o G u r e s (dium. 81, IX-107) ʻboth iedʼ; mTeliq G a G a l e s do xasanis u w v e s -q i (Ciq. I, 90, 26) ʻall spoke and Hasan was toldʼ.

In Megrelian, the subject expressed by numeral (arZa º arZo, iri - all), as well by the collective noun kata ʻpeopleʼ, agrees with the pred-icate mostly in plural. The semantic plane plays a major role. For in-stance: guluaS(i) oTxozinSa arZaq m i d e T a r x a l e s (sam.

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93, 66-60) ʻall chased Guluaʼ; u J i n e s Sxva kaTaq (Kif. 84, 10) ʻother people lookedʼ. Intransitive verbs agree in singular: arZaqˆ d o S q u r o n d u a (t. II, 22, 20) ʻall were scaredʼ; irkocˆ g u u k v i r d ˆ (Kif. 84, 8) ʻall were surprisedʼ.

On the one hand, grammatical agreement with unilateral and double marking is observed. On the other hand, semantic agreement is observed when the predicate is marked by means of number on the basis of the lex-ical meaning of the actant.

§11. What-group nouns in Plural and the predicate

Those nouns which denote non-persons in Zan answer the question mu (<mun) ʻwhotʼ. This pronoun does not possess a plural in Megrelian, However, in Laz, the plural form of this pronoun mufe (º muefe) is not rare. The what-nouns in Zan are divided into two groups: animate and non-animate.

Both in Megrelian and Laz, the category of number in inanimate nouns is not expressed in the predicate which reveals unilateral mark-ing. For example: qˆlori inoxen iSi sualefi dˆrkˆns Jas (xub. 115, 19) ʻWhen the pheasant sits, its wings make the tree lean forwardʼ. In Laz: oxoefe mTeli iyven (kart. 1972, 15, 16) ʻall of the houses are burningʼ.

The agreement in number between nouns denoting inanimate objects and the predicate is marked if the noun is personified: neZenq qe-Sexvewes (t. II, 250, 19) ʻthe walnuts askedʼ.

In Megrelian and Laz the number of the nouns denoting animate ob-jects is sometimes marked. For instance, it is marked in the following cases: Megr.: xoJefq wKari vaSves do qˆmorTi (kif. 9, 2) ʻthe oxen have not drunk the water and comeʼ; Laz: KvaroJefes leSi aC-qumenana� (Ciq. I, 69, 8) ʻthe crows thought it was a dead animalʼ; Unmarked cases occur more frequently with intransitive verbs: Megr.: Tis muToxenia toronJefi (xub. 134, 4) ʻdoves are sitting in itʼ; Laz: msqveriSi berefe jindole oxori muSis molaxen (Jg. 57, 38) ʻthe foals of the doe are sitting upstairs, in his houseʼ.

Animate nouns create a transient stage in respect of the marking of agreement in number: part of them join the who-group, whereas the re-maining group follows the pattern of inanimate nouns.

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In Megrelian and Laz, the pattern of agreement in number between what-group nouns and the predicate reveals an almost identical picture in the plane of expression.

§12. The problem of Agreement in Number in a Complex Sentence

I analysed the complex sentence with one subject in respect of se-mantic oppositions between who and what nouns. The analysis revealed that in Laz, nouns of both groups express complete information. Homoge-nous subjects expressed by the nouns of both groups agree with the predi-cate in plural by means of double marking. However, what-group nouns show exceptions the predicate may stand in the singular: ar oxois qortu JoGori do mamuli (Jg. 138, 34) ʻthe dog and the cock was in the same houseʼ.

It is difficult to talk about norms in a Megrelian complex sentence as this language shows similar patterns in semantic and expression planes in respect of marking agreement in number.

It can be argued that, in Megrelian, the morphosyntactic power of the morpheme –ef fluctuates, whereas it is maximally increased in Laz. At the same time, as shown by morphosyntactic and semantic analy-sis, in Zan (especially in Laz) in respect of marking the agreement in number between the noun and the predicate, the nouns expressing people (III person) possess a higher degree of power.

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Chapter IV

The System of Coordination in Zan

In his work “The Problem of a Simple Sentence in Georgian“ pub-lished in 1928, Chikobava explored the structure and mechanism of a simple sentence by introducing the concepts of subordination and coordi-nation. In 1936 he published a monograph “Grammatical Analysis of Laz“ in which he applied the same point of view to Laz and Megrelian phrases. However, he showed that the system of coordination, being uni-versal for Kartvelian languages is somewhat modified in Laz and Megre-lian.

On the basis of morphological and syntactic analysis of the ways of expression of grammatical number, it is possible to specify features of Zan coordinates. While describing the mechanism of coordination we rely on the point of view according to which the agreement in number between the actants and the predicate depends on the number of actants, while on the morphosyntactic level the coordinators should be assessed according to the unilateral and bilateral marking of the agreement in number. Conse-quently, the actant may be classed as a big coordinate, if the predicate agrees with it in number by means of the bilateral marking.

S1 and S2 are big coordinates, as the predicate always agrees with them in number. As for the S3, it can be expressed by both what-group and who-group nouns. Consequently, in Laz, agreement in number is always bilaterally marked between the nouns denoting humans and the predicate; However, it is unilaterally marked with the nouns denoting inanimate nouns. As for the nouns denoting animate things both cases are testified. It can be said that agreement in number between the S3 and the predicate reveals a tendency for bilateral marking, though the S3 can not be classed as a big coordinate, as according to the type of marking it can be both big coordinate as well as a small one.

The similar picture is shown by agreement in number between the objects and the predicate. In this case, the objects denoting I and II person objects and the verb-predicate agrees by means of bilateral marking. Thus, O1 and O2 appear to be big coordinates whether being direct or indi-rect. Being a direct object, the III person Object is always a small coordi-nate. The indirect object in Dative is always a big coordinate in the so-called inverted verbs as bilateral marking is revaled here: uGun-a(n) Tina Tinefs ʻthey have itʼ.

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Part II

The Problem of Ergative Constructions in Megrelian and Laz

§1. Towards the function of suffix –q in the Megrelian verb

In the literature dedicated to the problem, different vewpoints are ex-pressed regarding the origin of the suffix –q in the Megrelian verb (Kip-shidze, Lomtatidze, Asatiani); For instance b-yarun-q ʻI am writingʼ, b-xantun-q ʻI am paintingʼ. This morpheme is revealed in scrives of the Present Tense as well as in I and II persons in Resultative I; as for the III forms of II resultative, the similar is not revealed here which can be explained by phonotactic restraints of Megrelian. Thus, the connecton of this suffix to the choice of the person is also excluded.

I argue that delving deep into the function of the suffix requires tak-ing into account semantics of the subject and object as independent cate-gories of Grammar. If we analyse II person transitive and intransitive verbs according to S2O3 combinations, where S2 and O3 possess grade of marking, it will become obvious that in the relationship between S O (subject and object), the noun which projects the vector of the action to-wards the object is emphasised by means of the morpheme -q. This is the noun in the Nominative case - S2:

xantun-q si Tis ʻyou are painitng itʼatKobu-q si Tis ʻyou are hiding from him/herʼThus, on the one hand, there is a nominative construction, in which

the subject is marked by the morpheme -q. On the other hand, there is an Ergative construction (II series) in which the subject is defined by the Ergative case notwithstanding transitivity of the verb:

[do]-xantu Tiq Tina ʻhe/she has painted it/her/himʼda-tKobu Tiq Tis ʻhe/she hid from her/himʼAs is seen, the morphene -q is revealed in the verb and the marker

of the Ergative case, suffix –q possesses the same morphological funci-ton. I propose the term the morpheme expressing semantics of the subject to denote the latter .

§2. Tendencies of development of the Ergative construction in Laz

In the verb-forms of the I and II series in Laz similar to uninverted Resultative, Ergative and Nominative constructions were formed as an

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opposition between the subject and the object. Consequently, the noun in the Ergative is always the subject whereas the noun in the Nominative is always the object or the subject of conversed passive. In spite of this reg-ularity, it is obvious that there are different views regarding the develop-ment of Ergative constructions in Laz. Chikobava argued that in Atina Ergative and Dative constructions were on the edge of disappearance. Chikobava observed the opposite process in Atina as well : the subject in the Ergative with an inverted verb: deremenji-tiq isteri vorsi afi va uziramun (II, 98-1) ʻthat miller has not seen such a good build-ingʼ.

Later on, similar constructions with inverted verbs and forms of po-tentsialisiare were revealed in other dialects as well (Kartozia). The anal-ysis of this material suggested that grammaticalisation of inversion may take place on the syntactic level as well: RS, the recepient of the action denoted by Dative is in the Ergative. Syntax sets the line between the par-adigms of the verbs intransitive by origin (form) and syntactically and se-mantically (semantics) transitive verbs . This confirms once again that ergativity is a characteristic feature of actants and not of the predicate.

Earlier, the fact that Ergative constructions are typical of intransitive verbs as well, was classed as “anomalous“ (Klimov). Consequently, this was explained by the semantics of the noun and the verb. I argue that op-positions human-object, animate-inanimate appear to be decisive whilst explaining the appearance of Ergative constructions in Laz intransitive verb-forms. Having analysed the material obtained during the last few years confirmed that Klimov was right while singling out semantic groups of verbs. Similarly, the actants are marked by the suffix -k + ani-mate object:

I explored the data of the past few years which confirmed the exis-tence of semantic groups singled out by Klimov. Similarly, actants with the suffix -k are characterised by positive (+) animate component. (1) ma bZiri Skule damTireq do biyiq xolo iZicamtes he-

So (Abash. 70, 21); ma bZiri Skule damTire-q Serg do biyi-q Serg xolo i-Zicamt-es

Vintran heSo ʻWhen I saw the mother-in-law and the boy were laughing thereʼ. (2) divefeq heko wkar-Tis geluxenan do var momCaman- �

a (Abash. 112, 9) divefe-q Serg heko wkar-Tis geluxen-an Vintran do var momCama-an-a� Vtran

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ʻThe Ogres are sitting at the mouth of the spring and are not giving away waterʼ

(3) mkafuq� oxotkvacineri idu... (Abash. 131, 17) mkafu-q� Serg oxotkvacineri i-d-u... Vintran

ʻThe jackal went as if hit by the gunʼThe frequency of appearance of Ergative constructions with intransi-

tive verbs is quite high in the speech of the Sarpi region. This can be ex-plained by the closeness of Megrelian in which all types of intransitive verbs of II series stand in the Ergative.

According to the tendencies of development of the Ergative construc-tion three processes can be singled out in Laz:

a. disappearance of the Ergative with transitive verbs;b. appearance of the Ergative in place of the Dative case with the so

called inverted verbs;c. appearance of the Ergative instead of the Nominative case with

transitive verbs.

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Part III

The System of Expression of the Category of Person

While analysing the system of the person, I rely on the point of view according to which in Kartvelian languages, the foundaton of homogeinity for I, II and III persons is created by the concepts of the subject, indirect object and direct object. These actants possess semantics and formal ex-pression even when the person is formally expressed by (zero) marker.

As mentioned in the literature, “Grammatical persons present an au-tonomous morphogical system possessing a unique system of morphologi-cal changesˮ (Uturgaidze). I will make an attempt to present these mecha-nisms as exemplified by Megrelian and Laz.

Chapter I

Markers of the Subject in Megrelian and Laz

§1. Towards one problem connected with v-person marker in Megrelian

The marker of the Subject expressed by I person in Megrelian is rep-resented by the allomorphes /v-/, /b-/, /p-/, /p-/ , in the position before the consonant , on the basis of homogeneity, although this rule does not apply to all the cases (Gudava; Gamkrelidze).

There exists an opinion, according to which the prefix –v is lost if preceded by the vowel –o as well as before the vowel –u (Dadiani, Putkaradze).

Having analysed the data, such as the forms revealed in Khobi re-gion: duoyarafuanq ʻI will make him/her writeʼ, qinuobund ʻI would take/drive them thereʼ, quduonwkaranT ʻwe will put it/them thereʼ and other types as well. Arguably, in such cases the initial form must be o-v-o succession, as the original form of du-, qinu-, qudu- preverbs are do, qino, qudo. If the marker of the person was lost, the succession oo would be present; As is known, oo > uo transformation is not revealed in Megrelian. However, oo > a transformation is common here : si dayarafuanq < dooyarafuanq ʻyou will have him writeʼ.

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In this case, the following process is expected to appear: do-v-o-yarafuanq > du-v-oyarafuanq > duoyarafuanq. However, this seems less feasible, as in Megrelian, the form duvoyarafuanq is commonly expressed. I propose that the loss of the prefix –v in the posi-tion before –o is possible in those cases, when the verb is followed by va- (the negative particle); For example:. vavoreq > vaoreq ʻI am notʼ. In other cases, the issue connected with the allomorph /u/ should be taken into consideration as in the form quduonwkaranT, the segment -ov can be replaced by u. Such transformations are well known in the nouns:: qva > *qova > qua (a stone), *orvo > *rovo > ruo (eight).

In scientific literature is been observed that the allomorph /…/ is re-vealed as an optional variant in all positions, whereas in Zugdidi-Samurzaqano dialect double affixation is common as well: bibskonˆnq // vbibskonˆnq ʻI pinch sb. /sth. ʼ (Janjghava).

§2. Allomorphs of the subject expressed by the first person singular in Laz

In Laz, the morpheme vof the S1-is expressed by the following al-lomorphs: /v-/, /b-/, /p/, /p-/, /m-/, -.

a) position #_V :unlike Megrelian, in all the dialects of Laz, markers of the person are always used. At the same time, the allomorphs are dis-tributed according to the dialects: in Atina the basic form is v-: vionaT ʻlet us take him/herʼ, vuwolenT ʻwe will call him/herʼ. Rarely, the allo-morph -b is also used: bulur ʻI goʼ.

The allomorph b- is classed as the main prefix of Vitse-Arkhabe di-alect in the position #_V. However, in the material analysed by Kartozia, the allomorph v- is revealed in most of the cases: voeT-qi ʻas /when we areʼ, voCqume ʻI will send itʼ, viCaliSa ʻto do workʼ

The similar situation is revealed in the Khopa dialect: here, as a rule, the prefix v- is also prevalent.

b) V-V position: In Khopa dialect, in the intervocalic position, the marker of S1 is always lost irrespective of the type of the vowel. This is unlike Megrelian, in which the similar fact is revealed in V-v-u succes-sion. Unlike Khopa, in Vitse-Arkhabe and Atina, in intervocalic positions, S1 is marked only by the allomorphs v- and b-;

c) #_C (= b, p, p, m) position: in the position preceding labial conso-nants the subject is expressed by either the zero marker or by the allo-morph b-: dobyum do faGum e-do oxaCqu zamani aprili

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moxTais... (Ciq. III, 25, 23) ʻI will burn it and sweep it and when the time for hoeing, April, comesʼ, the following forms are expected: dob-bergi (Ciq. II, 89) ʻI have hoedʼ, gobmkucxi (kart. 178, 17) ʻI have woken upʼ, bmGo-rare (kart. 178, 6) ʻI will shoutʼ. It is worth noting that in the similar po-sition the metathesis of the prefix v- takes place in Megrelian: v-muSenq > mu-f-Senq ʻI am workingʼ, v-putunq > pu-p-tunq ʻI am pluckingʼ.

#_C voiced position: The allomorph b- is most frequently used, al-though it will also appear before aspirated, and sometines before glottal consonants: bZiri ʻI sawʼ, bGuru(r) ʻI am dyingʼ, but: bxaCqaTen (Jg. 6,22) ʻlet us hoeʼ, bkiTxare (kart. 48, 30) ʻif I askʼ.

#_C aspirated position: the allomorph f- is most frequently used: mefCamti ʻI would giveʼ, fTxorare ʻif we dig, ploughʼ; it is possble to appear with the voiced sounds: doftaxaT ʻif we breakʼ, qef� yofi (Ciq. 104,24) ʻI have taken it, bought itʼ.

#_C glottal position: as a rule, the allomorph p- is used: pkore-cxumT ʻwe are countingʼ, qepyofi ʻI have takenʼ.

In Atina texts analysed by Chikobava the allomorph v- is revealed before the consonants: vGururT (Ciq. II, 132,31) ʻwe are dyingʼ, me-ndavTaT (Ciq. II, 133,8) ʻlet us goʼ, etc. .

It is worth noting that, in Laz, the zero allomorph which is the substitute of the allomorph –ϕ, under the influence of Turkish, is revealed only with one verbal stem [r]T ʻto walkʼ. At the same time, this is the only stem accompanied by all of the allomorphs: qomobTi, gofTare, mendavTaT, moϕTi.

In Laz, m- substitutes the I person marker n- in the stems starting with a sonorant and is classified as the allomorph of S1:. go-m-wkum (< go-n-wkimu) ʻI will open itʼ.

§3. Allomorphs of suffixes of S3 in Megrelian and Laz

The suffixes of S3 are conditioned morphologically, though phone-mic changes take place on the junction of morphemes in Megrelian and Laz. In Megrelian, such transformations are strong in the Zugdidi-Samurzakano dialect.

The morpheme -s is used unchanged in the forms of the conjunc-tive which is conditioned by the position of following mood marker -a-.

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The allomorph /-s/ and /-c/ are revealed in Present and Future forms. As a rule, they are easily interchangeable in one and the same position:

a) stem+ -s /-c : gilmawens/c ʻhe/she is decidingʼb) stem+ -s /-c + u/ˆ/i extender : lurc/su ʻhe/she is sleepingʼc) stem+ -s/-c/ + ˆ / u+ni coonjunction : vaSromens/cˆn ʻas

he/she is not workingʼd) stem + -s / c + ia/ie particle : cxovrens/cia ʻshe/he is livingʼUnlike Zugdidi–Samurzakano and Senaki dialects, besides the suc-

cession -s+ˆ, only the allomorph -s is revealed in the above-mentioned positions.

In Laz the morpheme -s is used in the same scrives, although the difference between the dialects, in respect of the use of allomorphs, is quite noticeable.

In Atina s > transformation takes place in the forms of the Present Tense, specifically, as a result of the loss of the theme marker -em, -om, -um, -am; Iotisation of the marker of the person is visible following the loss of the consonant element of the theme marker: xirxinams º xirxina ʻit is neighingʼ mGorams º mGora � ʻit is mooingʼ pete-lams º petela� ʻit is bleatingʼ.

It is worth noting that the substitution of the allomorph -s by jis also revealed in the forms of the Subjunctive. The process of the iotization of auslaut resembles the similar tendency in Kakhetian dialect: Tqva � ʻsayʼ, wero � ʻwill wraiteʼ... In Laz, in place of the allomorph /-s/, the zero marker is also expected to appear if the particle -skule is added. It can be argued that Atina dialect is quite remarkable in respect of phono-logical processes.

In Megrelian, the marker of S3 -u is used in continuous forms as well as in the forms denoting a completed action. In addition, it is used in the complete forms of intransitive verbs. The allomorph /u/ is often re-placed by the allomorph /-ˆ/. In addition, in the Zugdidi-Samurzakano dielact, synchronically, the zero allomorph is also relevant. One regu-larity is also observed: the zero marker is expected in forms where the substitution /-u/ by /-ˆ/ is easily possible and II and III person forms do not coincide. Specifically, continuous and complete forms with the suffix –i present this possibility:

si yarund-i ʻyou were writingʼtina yarund-u > yarund-ˆ / yarund ʻhe was writingʼ. In Laz, the morpheme -u is revealed unchanged in the above men-

tioned scrives.

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The loss of the S3 morpheme -n is a norm in the present scrive of the Passive voice. It is revealed only in the inter-vocalic position. As is known, /n/ and // are interchangeable in respect of the positions: ore- ʻit isʼ, but ore-n-o ʻit is said it isʼ.

In Laz, the suffix –n is always used in the Passive, in the present forms of potentsialisiare.

Chapter II

Markers of Object in Megrelian and Laz

In Megrelian and Laz indirect and direct objects are denoted by one and the same markers. As a rule, I and II persons are marked , III person is not marked.

In Laz, the mark of O1 m- is revealed without giving any changes in all of the possible positions: mibaGunan ʻthat’s enough for usʼ, mJoxons ʻI am calledʼ, momcit ʻgive it to meʼ, omyofes ʻI was arrestedʼ.

In Megrelian, the suffix -m if followed by the consonant, shows the allomorphs /m-/, /b-/, /f-/, /p-/ in all of the cases.

The marker of the O2 g- is unchanged in most cases, in all dialects of Laz. Unlike Mengralain, it does not disappear in the intervocalic posi-tion either: mo-g-iGu >mo-iGu ʻyou are bringing itʼ.

Unlike Megrelian, where instead of the g- marker, r- allomorph is used, in Laz In the position before the consonant, the main marker is g-: g-ZiraT ʻI would see youʼ, megCaru ʻI would give (it) to youʼ How-ever, in Arkhabe dialect g > q transformation is also expected: qomeq-cadi ʻI saw youʼ, qCumeT ʻI was the firstʼ; qCaptua� ʻhe must have fed youʼ. The allomorph /q-/ is also expected to appear before the glottal consonants: e-q-yofums ʻhe/she will hold youʼ. Though, in this posi-tion the allomoph /k-/ is also presented: kwamanen-a� ʻthey will tor-ture youʼ, okykomasena� ʻI would eat youʼ. .

In the position before the consonant K the following transformation takes place:: gK > kK > kk || k: k-korom ʻI love youʼ, do-kkilomTa� ʻthey would kill usʼ.

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In Megrelian, allomorphs q and k are also expected, in most cases, before the succession -rC.

Chapter III

Combinations of the Subject and Object in Megrelian and Laz

Analysis of the combinations of the subject and object comprises the number of forms possible in the scrive. This can be one of the specific features of the verb in Megrelian and Laz. As a result of morphophone-mic transformations at the junction of the morphemes, the so-called‚ “co-inciding“ forms appear. The system of expression of number also facili-tates grammatical homonymy.

Like Georgian, in Megrelian and Laz, a transitive verb with two per-sons may have as many as 28 verb-forms (if the combinations of identical S101 are added to this number, it will increase up to 32). These forms present different combinations. If we discuss the examples of combina-tions of the verbal stem, person and number starting with a consonant, the 28 forms mentioned above, according to the combinations, will be distrib-uted as follows. I will illustrate this on the example of the verb: megr. bgori, Laz. bZiri ʻI have found, seenʼ

Combination Megrelian Laz(1) S103

S103p b-gori b-Ziri

(2) S201 b-gori m-Ziri(3) S102 r-gori g-Ziri(4) S203 S203

p gori Ziri(5) S301 b-gor-u m-Zir-u(6) S302 r-gor-u g-Zir-u(7) S303 S303

p gor-u Zir-u(8) S201

p S2 p01

S2p01

p b-gor-i-T m-Zir-i-T(9) S1

p03 S1

p03p b-gor-i-T b-Zir-i-T

(10) S102p S1

p02 S1

p02p r-gor-i-T g-Zir-i-T

(11) S2p03

S2p03

p gor-i-T Zir-i-T(12) S301

p S3p01 S3

p01p b-gor-es m-Zir-es

(13) S302p S3

p02 S3p02

p r-gor-es g-Zir-es

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(14) S3p03

S3p03

p gor-es Zir-esOut of these 14 forms in Megrelian (2) repeats (1), whereas (9) re-

peats (8). Consequently, in Megrelian, there are 12 different forms ac-cording to the scrive, whereas in Laz 14 different forms are present. If we analyse the issue of the distribution of the markers of the person in the position before the vowel, within the scrives, 14 different forms of verbs will be revealed not only in Laz, but, also, in Megrelian. Constraints on phonological transformations neutralised the coincidence of the allo-morphs of the S1 and O1.

Consequently, all of the 14 forms appear in similar combinations as in the examples discussed above. Although the changes in the combina-tions are expected in respect of the mode of the expression of the number, in the verb-forms of the Passive Voice with two persons, in which the number of the III person object is denoted by the markers of the S 3 num-ber. This happens when it is connected with the Subject S3 in the singu-lar. Let us illustrate this on the example of the verb: g-a-yv-i ʻit was burntʼ

Combination Megrelian Laz(1) S102 g-a-yv-i g-a-yv-i(2) S202

p S1p02 S1

p02p g-a-yv-i-T g-a-yv-i-T

(3) S103 S103p v-a-yv-i v/b-a-yv-i-T

(4) S1p03 S1

p03p v-a-yv-i-T v/b-a-yv-i-T

(5) S201 m-a-yv-i m-a-yv-i(6) S201

p S2p01 S2

p01p m-a-yv-i-T m-a-yv-i-T

(7) S203 S203p a-yv-i a-yv-i

(8) S2p03

S2 p03

p a-yv-i-T a-yv-i-T(9) S301

m-a-yv-u/ˆ/

m-a-yv-u

(10) S302 a-yv-u/ˆ/ a-yv-u(11) S303

a-yv-u/ˆ/ a-yv-u(12) S301

p S3p01 S3

p01p m-a-yv-es m-o-yv-es/e/

ez/e(13) S302

p S3p02 S3

p02p g-a-yv-es g-a-yv-es/e/

ez/e(14) S303

p S3p03 S3

p03p a-yv-es a-yv-es/e/

ez/eAs is seen, in the example (11), out of the two expected combina-

tions S303 S303p, , one of them(S303

p) was transformed into (14). This hap-

237


pens as manifested by the rule of expression of the number of 0 3p which

can be manifested like this: S303

p a-yv-es: -a-yv-S-es0p Tiq Tinefs ʻit was burntʼS3

p03 a-yv-es: -a-yv-esSp Tinefq Tis ʻthey were burntʼS3

p03p a-yv-es: -a-yv-esSp-0p Tinefq Tinefs ʻthey were burnt

(for them)ʼIn the intervocalic position, taking into consideration, phonological

transformations of the markers of the person, 12 different forms (out of 28 possible forms) are revealed in Megrelian.

Clearly, the (zero) marker, replacing the morpheme /g-/, has a func-tion of differentiating forms in the oppostion: mo-m-i-G-i mo--i-G-u ʻhe/she has brought it to meʼ ʻshe /he has brought it to youʼ. Con-sequently, expression of 02 by the (zero) allomorph, does not change the number of forms differentiated by the scrive markers. In the case of actualisation of marking S1 by the marker, the form mouGi posesses three persons which can be represented as follows:

S103ind03

d mo----u-G-i ma Tis Tina ʻI brought it to her/himʼ;

S103indp03

d mo----u-G-i- ma Tinefs Tina ʻI brought it to themʼ

S203ind03

d mo----u-G-i si Tis TinaʻYou brought it to him/herʼ

S203indp03

d mo----u-G-i si Tinefs TinaʻYou brought it to themʼ

The (zero) marker has a distinctive function (value) in the opposition: S103

ind03d S203

ind03d : mo----u-G-i mo----u-G-i

or: S1p03

ind03d S2

p03ind03

d : mo----u-G-i- mo----u-G-i-

In this case the ranks of the actants in the structure of the verb ac-quire principal importance. Thus, in the form mouGi, it is possible to qualify the (zero) allomorphs according to the actants appearing to-gether with them:

mo-S1-0

3ind-0

3d-u-G-i ... mo-S

2-03ind- 0

3d-u-G-i

In reality, according to the tendency expressed, the marker of the person loses the function of differentiating the verb-form. Moreover, substitution of the markers of the S2 and 0 by the zero marker ruins the formal (on the expression plane) character of the opposition between S 0.

238


The similar process observed in Megrelian is also revealed in Khopa dialect of Laz: 12 different forms appearing because of the zero marker of S1 of are revealed. However, in the rest of the dialects 14 different forms are testified. This confirms that morphophonological processes are not as intensive here as in Megrelian.

Thus, the number of grammatical forms in the paradigm of the scrives of the relational verb should not be defined according to the number of different forms on the expression plane. This ranges between 12-14 forms.

Categories of actants are independent semantic categories and thus the forms presented by their combinations differ not only on the expres-sion plane but, also, on the semantic plane.

239

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