santa ana river basin section biosolids seminar … dealing with struvite.pdfat many wastewater...

28
SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR SEPTEMBER 13, 2011 eptember 13, 2011 CALIFORNIA WEA Se

Upload: others

Post on 21-Jan-2020

3 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTIONSANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTIONBIOSOLIDS SEMINARSEPTEMBER 13, 2011

eptembe

r 13, 201

1

CALIFORNIA WEASe

Page 2: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

DEALING WITH STRUVITEDEALING WITH STRUVITE

DAN BUHRMASTERKEN ABRAHAMKEN ABRAHAM

eptembe

r 13, 201

1

CALIFORNIA WEASe

Page 3: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

OUTLINEOUTLINE

• Struvite formation basics• Struvite formation basics

• Locations for struvite formation

• Potential impacts and maintenance requirementsPotential impacts and maintenance requirements

• Monitoring for struvite

• Design techniques to minimize struvite impactsDesign techniques to minimize struvite impacts

3

Page 4: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

WHAT IS STRUVITE?WHAT IS STRUVITE?

• Crystalline substance• Crystalline substance

• MgNH4PO4.6H2O 

• Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrateMagnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate

4

Page 5: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

WHERE DOES STRUVITE FORM?WHERE DOES STRUVITE FORM?• Anaerobic digesters

Di t d l d i i l d i• Digested sludge piping, valves, pumps, and mixers

• Dewatering equipment

Filt t d t t i i l d• Filtrate and centrate piping, valves and pumps

• Rough surfaces preferred

5

Page 6: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE STRUVITECONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE STRUVITE FORMATION

• Alkaline and higher pH conditions• Alkaline and higher pH conditions

• Minimum solubility is approximately pH = 10.3

• Elevated temperaturesElevated temperatures

• Availability of constituents (magnesium, ammonia, and phosphorus)

789

10

Struvite Solubility Product with pH

1234567

Ksp of Struvite

Solubility decreases with increasing pH

6

01

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH

Page 7: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

WHAT IS VIVIANTE?WHAT IS VIVIANTE?

• Crystalline substance• Crystalline substance

• Fe3(PO4)2.8(H2O)

• Ferric phosphateFerric phosphate

• Color is typically blue, green, or gray‐black.

7

Page 8: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

CONDITIONS THAT LEAD TO VIVIANTECONDITIONS THAT LEAD TO VIVIANTE FORMATION?

• Excess iron concentrations• Excess iron concentrations

• Acidic conditions (lower pH) 

• Elevated temperaturesElevated temperatures

Vivianite Solubility Product

35 90

36.10

36.30

36.50

f Vivianite

y

SolubilityDecreases

35.50

35.70

35.90

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ksp of

T t (C l i )

As Temp Increases

8

Temperature (Celsius)

Page 9: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

WHERE DOES VIVIANTE FORM?WHERE DOES VIVIANTE FORM?

• Heat exchanger sludge piping• Heat exchanger sludge piping

• Sludge conveyance systems with excess iron concentrations and lower pH

9

Page 10: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

IMPACTS OF STRUVITE (OR VIVIANITE)IMPACTS OF STRUVITE (OR VIVIANITE) FORMATION• Increased O&M costs.

• Increased energy costs.

• Equipment downtime.q p

• Need for redundant equipment and piping.

• Impacts to process control.p p

10

Page 11: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

STRUVITE CLEANINGSTRUVITE CLEANING

• Chemical cleaning (acid or g (dispersant)

• High pressure flushing

• Pigging

• Removal and replacement of conveyance system componentsconveyance system components

11

Page 12: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

MONITORING FOR STRUVITE WITH THERMALMONITORING FOR STRUVITE WITH THERMAL IMAGING• Rapid and nondestructive approach to 

assess the extent of scaling in pipingassess the extent of scaling in piping systems

• Struvite decreases heat transfer and temperature variations can be detected 

th f f i i ton the surface of piping systems

• Thermal imagery used to map the temperature profile for the piping systems – colder locations indicate 

i f istruvite formation

• Avoids the need to remove and inspect extensive conveyance systems

M ll ti i t• May allow preemptive maintenance before process problems occur

• Dallas Water Utilities and Carollo have proven the utility of this method at their S h id WWTPSouthside WWTP

12

Page 13: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

METHOD FOR MONITORING VIVIANITE & STRUVITE FORMATION AT HEAT EXCHANGERSSTRUVITE FORMATION AT HEAT EXCHANGERS

• Struvite and vivianite reduce heat transfer.

Portable Infra red probe for monitoring surface• Portable Infra‐red probe for monitoring surface temperatures of HX and associated piping.

• On‐line heat transfer coefficient measurement and trending using temperatures and flow of hot stream and cold streams with alarms.

• Algorithm initiates acid cleaning alarm• Algorithm initiates acid cleaning alarm.

• Proven beneficial at the Truckee Meadows WWTP.Sludge Spiral HX

TE 4

TE2TE1

TE3FE

Hot WaterOut

Hot WaterIn FE

Heat Transfer Q = U x Area x LMTDU = Heat transfer Coefficient (varies with scaling)Area = Surface Area of HXLMTD = Log Mean Temperature DifferenceLMTD = {(TE1 – TE4) – (TE2 – TE3)}/LN{(TE1 – TE4) – (TE2 –

SludgeIn

SludgeOut

FELMTD = {(TE1 – TE4) – (TE2 – TE3)}/LN{(TE1 – TE4) – (TE2 –TE3)}

13

Page 14: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

CALCULATING POTENTIAL FOR STRUVITECALCULATING POTENTIAL FOR STRUVITE

• Sacramento State – Office of Water Programsg

• Software tool for calculating struvite precipitation potential

• Conduct sampling and laboratory testing, then input water quality parameters into software

• Input parameters can be changed to capture various• Input parameters can be changed to capture various operating conditions

• CD‐ROM can be ordered for $75

• http://www.owp.csus.edu/courses/additional/struvite‐precipitation‐potential‐calculation‐tool.php

14

Page 15: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

CONVEYANCE DESIGN TO MINIMIZE STRUVITECONVEYANCE DESIGN TO MINIMIZE STRUVITE

• Pipe materials – glass‐lined DIP, PVDF, or other smooth lined pipesmooth lined pipe

• Pipe sizing for optimal velocity

• Valve selection to minimize turbulenceValve selection to minimize turbulence

• Short piping runs

• Dual piping system to allow for one system to beDual piping system to allow for one system to be taken out of service

• Access to piping for inspection and cleaning

15

Page 16: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

PROCESS & MECHANICAL DESIGN TO MINIMIZEPROCESS & MECHANICAL DESIGN TO MINIMIZE STRUVITE• Potential for dilution to reduce formation conditions 

( l bi thi k i t t d d t i(example – combine thickening centrate and dewatering centrate)

• Chemical addition• Ferric or aluminum salt addition (precipitation and pH• Ferric or aluminum salt addition (precipitation and pH 

reduction)• Dispersing agents• pH adjustment (carbon dioxide)p j ( )

• Heat exchangers• Lower the temperature delta and oversize the heat 

exchanger• Add ability to acid clean sludge lines – requires 

redundant unit• Phosphorus recovery (OSTARA)

16

Page 17: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS PRECIPITATION TOCHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS PRECIPITATION TO PREVENT STRUVITE FORMATION• Goal: chemically bind soluble 

phosphorus for removal as sludge or cake solids

• Ferric chloride is the most common h i l dchemical used

• Adding iron forms vivianite, iron hydroxide, and iron sulfate

• Iron preferentially reacts with hydrogen sulfide (H2S); therefore, must add sufficient iron to account f lti l tifor multiple reactions

• Actual iron dosage should be determined by bench‐scale or full‐scale testingscale testing

17

Page 18: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

FERRIC CHLORIDE ADDITION TO PREVENTFERRIC CHLORIDE ADDITION TO PREVENT STRUVITE FORMATION OR ACCUMULATION• Typical ferric chloride feed pointsyp p

• Primary clarifiers• Upstream of anaerobic 

digesters

Cost Impacts Additional 

chemical costs Additionaldigesters

• Upstream of dewatering equipment

Additional solids handling

• Typical dose rates• Prevention of struvite 

accumulations 10 35 poundsaccumulations = 10 – 35 pounds iron per dry tons solids (lb/dt)

• Prevention of struvite formation = up to 75 lb/dt

18

Page 19: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

PH ADJUSTMENTPH ADJUSTMENT

• Carbon dioxide has been used to lower pH to a level that prevents struvite formation

• MWRDGC ‐ Stickney WRP 10

Struvite Solubility Product with pH(Chicago)

• Feed CO2 to digested sludge upstream of dewatering 

if 3456789

10

f Struvite

with pH

centrifuges• Target pH Centrifuge feed = 6.5

0123

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Ksp of

pHg Centrate = 7.2

• Reported lower operating costs than iron additionthan iron addition

19

Page 20: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

USE OF DISPERSING AGENTSUSE OF DISPERSING AGENTS• Proprietary products have been developed.  

• Prevents struvite deposition by interfering with• Prevents struvite deposition by interfering with crystal formation.

• Multiple vendors offer products. p p

Product  Product Dose per Name

pL of Sludge Flow Vendor Link

Flosperse 20 – 60 mg/L

SNF INC. (previously Polydyne)

http://www.snf‐group.com/IMG/pdf/Dispersants‐

anti_Struvite.pdfSchaners

PolyGone Lines 62 mg/L

Schaners Wastewater Products

http://www.struvite.com/products.html#polygone_lines

BASF http://worldaccount.pu.basf.eu/wa/NAFTA~en_US/Catalog/WaterSolutio

Antiprex® Chemicals ns/pi/BASF

20

Page 21: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

USE OF DISPERSING AGENTS (CONT )USE OF DISPERSING AGENTS (CONT.)• Flosperse dose = 0.3 gallons per million gallons of wastewater treated. g

• Typical feed points are dewatering feed or centrate/filtrate. 

• Can be used alone or in combination with ferric chloride to prevent struvite formation.

• Costs are typically similar to ferric chloride• Costs are typically similar to ferric chloride addition ($9 to $14 per ton dry solids)

• Use of chemical can also dissolve or soften existing deposits. 

• Can be used effectively in pipelines along with high pressure flushing to clean outwith high pressure flushing to clean out deposits.

21

Page 22: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGNHEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN• Limit hot water temperature at heat exchanger to approximately 150 degrees F Thi l t l d “b ki ”F.  This also prevents sludge “baking” onto the piping.

• Delta temperature between water and l d i th li it d t h l i i isludge is then limited to help minimize struvite or vivianite formation.

• Increase the size of the heat exchanger to d t th ll d ltaccommodate the smaller delta 

temperature.

• Acid phase digester heat exchangers are i ll t i i it f tiespecially prone to vivianite formation 

due to low pH and high temperature conditions.

C id d d t h t h t• Consider redundant heat exchanger to allow for regular inspection and cleaning.

22

Page 23: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

PHOSPHORUS RECOVERY ALTERNATIVES FORPHOSPHORUS RECOVERY ALTERNATIVES FOR STRUVITE CONTROL

• pH control and/or magnesium addition.pH control and/or magnesium addition.

• Proprietary fluidized bed processes have been developed in Japan – not available in the USA.

• OSTARA is a patented phosphorus harvesting process for centrate, using magnesium chloride addition and pH adjustment to create struvite in aaddition and pH adjustment to create struvite in a pellet form (pearls).

23

Page 24: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

OSTARA PROCESS DESCRIPTION 

• Equalized centrate laden with Mg, P and NH3‐N pumped into reactor

• MgCl2 is added in stoichiometric excess

• pH is adjusted to slightly alkaline

• Struvite crystals grow in crystallizer on previously formed crystal stockon previously formed crystal stock

• Crystals are harvested and screened for size.  Large product crushed and recycled, small product returned for more growing

• Crystals are dried and baggedCrystals are dried and bagged.

• Centrate recycled to plant influent24

Page 25: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

OSTARA PROCESS SCHEMATIC

Courtesy M. Kuzma, Ostara

25

Page 26: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

SUMMARYSUMMARY• Bad news:

• Struvite (and vivianite) formation potential existsStruvite (and vivianite) formation potential exists at many wastewater treatment facilities.

• This causes increases to capital and O&M costs.d b d• Process conditions can be impacted.

• Good news:• There has been significant progress in developing• There has been significant progress in developing monitoring techniques.

• Chemical feed or phosphorus recovery systems i i i i f ican minimize struvite formation.

• Proper design of conveyance systems and heat exchanger facilities can lower O&M costs.g

26

Page 27: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

CONTACT INFORMATION:CONTACT INFORMATION:Dan BuhrmasterBlack & Veatch CorporationBlack & Veatch Corporation15615 Alton Parkway, Suite 300Irvine, CA  92618

[email protected]

27

Page 28: SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN SECTION BIOSOLIDS SEMINAR … Dealing with Struvite.pdfat many wastewater treatment facilities. • This causes increases to capital and O&M costs. • Process

28