sanskrit textbook

izvsUÇai[Çivasütras

The sütras below are called �Çivasütras�. According to tradition, these sütras

came out of Lord Çiva's òamaru (drum) during his täëòava (dance of ecstasy)

and Mahaåñi Päëini recorded them. The entire Sanskrit grammar is based on

these Çivasütras.

1. A # % ([! )2. \ ¤ (k! )3. @ Aae ('! )4. @e AaE (c! )5. h y v r (q! )6. l ([! )7. | m ' [ n (m! )8. H É (|! )9. " F x (;! )10. j b g f d (z! )11. o ) D Q w c q t (v! )12. k p (y! )13. z ; s (r! )14. h (l! )

Bird�s Eye View

s<Sk«tm!Sanskrit

1. A]rai[Alphabets

2. zBda>Nouns

3. AVyyainIndeclinables

4. i³yapd< lkaraíVerbs and Tenses

5. pué;> vcn< cPerson & Number

6. l"uvaKyainSimple Sentences

7. zBd> ivÉiKtíWords & Cases

8. %psgaR>Prefixes

9. àTyya>Suffixes

10. s'!Oya>Numerals

11. àyaeg>Voice

12. siNx>Combination

13. zaSÇai[Scriptures

Sanskrit alphabets are classified into four groups. They are:

1. Svra> � Vowels

2. VyÃnain � Consonants

3 . SvryuKt-VyÃnain � Consonants with vowels

4. s<yuKt-VyÃnain � Conjunct consonants

³

1.1 Svra> � VowelsThere are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit language. They are:

A Aa # $ % ^ \ § ¤ @ @e Aae AaEThere are two more letters (1) Anusvära and (2) Visarga represented by a

�dot� (

) and two �vertical dots� (>) respectively. Example: A< and A> .³

1.2 VyÃnain � ConsonantsThere are 33 consonants categorized into 8 groups.

k� o! g! "! '� � k group

c! D� j! H! |! � c group

q� Q� f� F� [! � q group

t! w! d� x! n! � t group

p! )� b! É! m! � p group

y! r! l! v! � semi-vowels

z! ;! s! � sibilants

h� � aspirate

³

A]rai[Alphabets

.

Sulabha Saàskåtam4

Almost all the consonants drop their �vertical line� and the �slanting line� that

are below them to form half consonants. Note that their pronunciation does

not change due to this modification.

1. k! = K2. o! = O3. g! = G4. "! = ¸5. '! = -6. c! = C7. D! = -8. j! = J9. H! = H10. |! = Á11. q! = -12. Q! = -13. f! = -14. F! = -15. [! = {16. t! = T17. w! = W

18. d! = -19. x! = X20. n! = N21. p! = P22. )! = á23. b! = B24. É! = _25. m! = M26. y! = Y27. r! = R28. l! = L29. v! = V30. z! = Z31. ;! = :32. s! = S33. h! = -

Observe that some of consonants do not have any vertical lines in them and

therefore do not change. For example: q! Q! F! and d! .

Textbook 5

1.3. SvryuKt-VyÃnain � Consonants United with VowelsThe consonants that are combined with vowels are called �svarayukta-

vyaïjanäni�.

k! + A = kk! + Aa = kak! + # = ikk! + $ = kIk! + % = k�k! + ^ = kªk! + \ = k«k! + § = k©k! + ¤ = �k! + @ = kek! + @e = kEk! + Aae = kaek! + AaE = kaEWith anusvära ( ) and visarga (> ), the forms are:

k! + A< = k<k! + A> = k>

³

.


This chart gives you an overall view of all the svarayukta-vyaïjanäni.

A Aa # $ % ^ \ § ¤ @ @e Aae AaE A< A>k! k ka ik kI k� kª k« k© ke kE kae kaE k< k>o! o oa io oI ou oU o& o oe oE oae oaE o< o>g! g ga ig gI gu gU g& g ge gE gae gaE g< g>"! " "a i" "I "u "U "& " "e "E "ae "aE "< ">'! ' 'a i' 'I 'u 'U '& ' 'e 'E 'ae 'aE '< '>

c! c ca ic cI cu cU c& c ce cE cae caE c< c>D! D Da iD DI Du DU D& D De DE Dae DaE D< D>j! j ja ij jI ju jU j& j¨ je jE jae jaE j< j>H! H Ha iH HI Hu HU H& H He HE Hae HaE H< H>|! | |a i| |I |u |U |& | |e |E |ae |aE |< |>

q! q qa iq qI qu qU q& q qe qE qae qaE q< q>Q! Q Qa iQ QI Qu QU Q& Q Qe QE Qae QaE Q< Q>f! f fa if fI fu fU f& f fe fE fae faE f< f>F! F Fa iF FI Fu FU F« F Fe FE Fae FaE F< F>[! [ [a i[ [I [u [U [& [¨ [e [E [ae [aE [< [>

o¤g¤"¤¤'

c¤D¤j¤H¤¤|

¤q

¤Qf¤F¤[¤

k¤

Textbook 7

t! t ta it tI tu tU t& t te tE tae taE t< t>w! w wa iw wI wu wU w& w we wE wae waE w< w>d! d da id dI Ê Ë d& d¨ de dE dae daE d< d>x! x xa ix xI xu xU x& x xe xE xae xaE x< x>n! n na in nI nu nU n& n ne nE nae naE n< n>

p! p pa ip pI pu pU p& p¨ pe pE pae paE p< p>)! ) )a i) )I )� )ª )« )© )e )E )ae )aE )< )>b! b ba ib bI bu bU b& b be bE bae baE b< b>É! É Éa iÉ ÉI Éu ÉU É& É Ée ÉE Éae ÉaE É< É>m! m ma im mI mu mU m& m me mE mae maE m< m>

y! y ya iy yI yu yU y& y ye yE yae yaE y< y>r! r ra ir rI é ê r& r¨ re rE rae raE r< r>l! l la il lI lu lU l& l¨ le lE lae laE l< l>v! v va iv vI vu vU v & v ¨ v e v E vae vaE v < v>z! z za iz zI zu zU z& z ze zE zae zaE z< z>;! ; ;a i; ;I ;u ;U ;& ; ;e ;E ;ae ;aE ;< ;>s! s sa is sI su sU s& s se sE sae saE s< s>

h! h ha ih hI hu hU he hE hae haE h< h>

t¤¤wd¤¤x

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A Aa # $ % ^ \ § ¤ @ @e Aae AaE A< A>

ù h¨


1. k� + k = Kk2. k� + t = Kt3. k� + n = Kn4. k� + m = Km5. k� + y = Ky6. k� + l = Kl7. k� + v = Kv8. o! + y = Oy9. g! + [ = G[10. g! + x = Gx11. g! + n = Gn12. g! + m = Gm13. g! + y = Gy14. g! + l = Gl15. g! + v = Gv16. "! + n = ¸n17. c! + c = Cc

18. c! + D = CD19. c! + m = Cm20. c! + y = Cy21. j! + j = Jj22. j! + v = Jv23. j! + y = Jy24. |! + D = ÁD25. Q!! + y = Q(26. f!! + y = f!y27. F!! + y = F!y28. [!! + q = {q29. [!! + Q = {Q30. [!! + f = {f31. [!! + F = {F32. [!! + [ = {[33. [! + m = {m34. [!! + y = {y

1.4. s<yuKt-VyÃnain � Conjunct ConsonantsA conjunct consonant is formed when two or more consonants are joined

together. For ease of reading we have presented the second consonant with

the vowel A.

Textbook 9

35. [!! + v = {v36. t!! + w = Tw37. t!! + n = Tn38. t!! + p = Tp39. t!! + m = Tm40. t!! + y = Ty41. t!! + v = Tv42. t!! + s = Ts43. w!! + n = Wn44. w!! + y = Wy45. d!! + É = d!É46. x!! + n = Xn47. x!! + m = Xm48. x!! + y = Xy49. x!! + v = Xv50. n!! + t = Nt51. n!! + d = Nd52. n!! + x = Nx53. n!! + m = Nm54. n!! + y = Ny55. n!! + v = Nv

56. p!! + t = Pt57. p!! + n = Pn58. p!! + y = Py59. p!! + l = Pl60. p!! + s = Ps61. )� + y = áy62. b!! + j = Bj63. b!! + d = Bd64. b!! + x = Bx65. É!! + y = _y66. m!! + n = Mn67. m!! + p = Mp68. m!! + b = Mb69. m!! + É = MÉ70. m!! + m = Mm71. m!! + y = My72. m!! + l = Ml73. y!! + y = Yy74. l!! + k = Lk75. l!! + p = Lp76. l!! + m = Lm


77. l!! + y = Ly78. l!! + l = Ll79. l!! + v = Lv80. v!! + y = Vy81. z!! + c = Zc82. z!! + n = Zn83. z!! + m = Zm84. z!! + y = Zy85. z!! + v = Zv86. z!! + l = Zl87. ;!! + k = :k88. ;!! + q = :q89. ;!! + Q = :Q90. ;!! + [ = :[

91. ;!! + p = :p92. ;!! + m = :m93. ;!! + y = :y94. ;!! + v = :v95. s!! + k = Sk96. s!! + o = So97. s!! + t = St98. s!! + w = Sw99. s!! + p = Sp100.s!! + ) = S)101.s!! + m = Sm102.s!! + y = Sy103.s!! + v = Sv

³

When r! precedes any consonant, the symbol ( R ) is used above the succeeding

consonant.

104. r!! + k = k�105. r!! + g = gR106. r!! + " = "R

107. r!! + c = cR108. r!! + j = jR109. r!! + m = mR

Textbook 11

110. k� + r = ³111. o! + r = µ112. g! + r = ¢113. "! + r = º114. j! + r = ¿115. d!! + r = Ô116. p!! + r = à

117. b!! + r = ä118. É!! + r = æ119. m!! + r = è120. v!! + r = ì121. z!! + r = ï122. s!! + r = ö123. h!! + r = ÿ

124. D!! + r = D+125. q!! + r = q+126. Q!! + r = Q+Some more conjunct consonants:

When r follows a consonant it is represented with a slanting line below the

preceding consonant.

127. f!! + r = f+128. F!! + r = F+

134. x!! + n = ×135. n!! + n = Ú136. p!! + n = ß137. b!! + n = ã138. É!! + n = å

129. k� + n = ²130. o! + n = On131. g! + n = ¶132. + n = ¹133. t!! + n = Æ

When certain consonants combine with r, the r sound is represented by the

symbol ( + ) written below the consonant.


139. m!! + n = ç140. v!! + n = ë141. z!! + n = î142. s!! + n = õ143. h!! + n = û144. k� + l = ¬145. '! + k = »146. '! + o = �147. '! + g = ¼148. c! + c = ½149. j! + j = ¾150. |! + c = Â151. |! + j = Ã152. q!! + q = �153. Q!! + y = Q(154. f!! + y = f(155. F!! + y = F(156. t!! + t = Ä157. d!! + g = Ì

158. d!! + d = Î159. d!! + x = �160. d!! + É = Ñ161. d!! + m = Ò162. d!! + y = *163. d! + v = Ö164. d!! + b = Ó165. p!! + t = Ý166. l!! + l = �167. z!! + c = í168. z!! + l = ð169. z!! + v = ñ170. ;!! + q = ò171. ;!! + Q = ó172. h!! + [ = �173. h!! + m = ü174. h!! + y = ý175. h!! + l = �176. h!! + v = þ

Textbook 13

180. k� + t! + v = KTv181. k� + ;! + [ = ú[182. k� + ;! + m = úm183. k� + ;! + y = úy184. k� + ;! + v = úv185. g! + É! + y = G_y186. '! + k� + t = '!Kt187. '! + "! + y = '!¸y188. c! + D! + r = CD189. c! + D! + v = CD!v190. [! + q! + y = {q!y191. t!! + t! + v = Åv192. t!! + p! + r = Tà193. t!! + m! + y = TMy

177. k� + ; = ]178. t!! + r = Ç

Note the following conjunct consonants. Their forms make them unique.

Given below are a few conjunct consonants that are formed by the combination

of three consonants.

179. j! + | = }

194. t!! + r! + y = Èy195. t!! + s! + n = Tõ196. t!! + s! + y = TSy197. d! + x! + v = d!Xv198. d!! + É! + y = Ñ(199. d!! + r! + y = Õ200. n!! + t! + y = NTy201. n!! + t! + r = NÇ202. n!! + d! + y = N*203. n!! + d! + r = NÔ204. n!! + x! + r = NØ205. m!! + p! + r = Mà206. r!! + g! + y = GyR207. r!! + "! + y = ¸yR


208. z!! + c! + y = ZCy209. ;! + q! + y = ò(210. ;!! + q! + r = ò+211. ;!! + q! + v = ò!v

212. ;!! + p! + r = :à213. s!! + t! + y = STy214. s!! + t! + r = ô215. s!! + t! + v = STv

Textbook 15

Based on their gender, nouns are classified into three types � masculine,

feminine and neuter. The specific mention of the noun�s gender is found in

texts such as Amara-koça. However, some rules are given here for the students�

easy comprehension.

2.1 pui�¼> � Masculine Gender NounsWords which end with A>, #> and %> are usually masculine gender nouns.

When two vertical dots (>) are put after any letter it is called �visarga�. When

words end with A>, they are called akäränta-pulliìga; when they end with #>,they are called ikäränta-pulliìga; and when they end with %>, they are called

ukäränta-pulliìga.

Masculine Nouns Feminine Nouns Neuter Nouns

%> $ Am!

zBda>Nouns

pui�¼> ôIil¼> npu<skil¼>

#> Aa

³

A>

zBda>Nouns


2.2 SÇIil¼> � Feminine Gender NounsWords that end with Aa and $ are usually feminine gender nouns (äkäränta-stréliìga and ékäränta-stréliìga).

2.3 npu<skil¼> � Neuter Gender NounsWords that end with Am! are usually neuter gender nouns (akäränta-napuàsakaliìga).

³

Masculine Gender NounsWords ending with A> Words ending with #> Words ending with %>1. Aj> 1. Air> 1. #NÊ>2. AwR> 2. kiv> 2. gué>3. ram> 3. pit> 3. té>4. kr> 4. muin> 4. zMÉu>5. Ët> 5. Ai¶> 5. irpu>Feminine Gender NounsWords ending with Aa Words ending with $1. ÉayaR 1. ndI2. Daya 2. narI3. maya 3. pTnI4. icNta 4. pavRtI

Neuter Gender NounsWords ending with Am!1. icÇm!2. Évnm!3. ]eÇm!4. %pvnm!

³

Textbook 17

More Masculine Gender Nouns

1. Aj> � Goat

2. AwR> � Meaning

3. Als> � Lazy person

4. Anl> � Fire

5. Anug> � Follower

6. Añ> � Horse

7. Axr> � Lip

8. jy> � Victory

9. Air> � Enemy

10. Ainl> � Wind

11. AiÉÉv> � Insult

12. AacayR> � Teacher

13. Aadez> � Order

14. AadzR> � Mirror

15. Aahar> � Food

16. #NÊ> � Moon

17. %*m> � Effort

18. A»�r> � Sprout

19. kak> � Crow

20. kNÊk> � Ball

21. kvaq> � Door

22. kiv> � Poet

23. kal> � Time

24. kIq> � Worm

25. kªp> � Well

26. k«;Ivl> � Farmer

27. kez> � Hair

28. kaeivd> � Expert

29. kaez> � Treasure

30. or> � Donkey

31. og> � Bird

32. ol> � Wicked man

33. gayk> � Singer

34. "q> � Pot

35. ºa[> � Nose

36. ctur> � Clever

37. c]u> � Eye

38. icÇk> � Leopard

39. caer> � Thief

40. jld> � Cloud

41. jng[> � Community

42. jNtu> � A creature

43. té> � Tree

44. tu;ar> � Dew, mist


45. d]> � Expert

46. di][hSt> � Right hand

47. dzn> � Tooth

48. Ët> � Messenger

49. nq> � Actor

50. nr> � Man

51. nairkel> � Coconut

52. naivk> � Boat-man

53. n&pit> � King

54. pit> � Leader

55. p]> � Wing

56. pqu> � Smart person

57. praepkar> � Help

58. prapkar> � Harm

59. pai[> � Palm

60. iv*aly> � School

61. pavk> � Fire

62. àatraz> � Breakfast

63. ANtk> � Yama

64. bal> � Boy

65. ÉKt> � Devotee

66. Éq> � Soldier

67. Éek> � Frog

68. smuÔ> � Ocean

69. mStk> � Head

70. me;pal> � Shepherd

71. mae"> � Vain

72. yit> � Saint

73. rw> � Chariot

74. irKt> � Empty

75. irpu> � Enemy

76. laek> � World

77. v]> � Chest

78. vqv&]> � Banyan tree

79. vTs> � Calf

80. vamhSt> � Left hand

81. vat> � Wind

82. ivvad> � Dispute

83. iv¹> � Obstacle

84. ivzal> � Big

85. Vyayam> � Exercise

86. zail> � Paddy

87. zakiqk> � Cart-man

88. izzu> � Child

Textbook 19

89. zMÉu> � Lord Çiva

90. sr> � Tank

91. SkNx> � Shoulder

92. har> � Garland

93. hIrk> � Diamond

More Feminine Gender Nouns

1. AqvI � Forest

2. Aaza � Desire

3 . kNya � Girl

4. ktRrI � Scissor

5. k�iÂka � Key

6. kaEmudI � Moonlight

7. "{qa � Bell

8. icNta � Worry

9. cUfa � Crest

10. jnnI � Mother

11. devta � Goddess

12. xra � Earth

13. xaÇI � Nurse

14. narI � Woman

15. nasa � Nose

16. naEka � Boat

17. pTnI � Wife

18. piÇka � Letter

19. peiqka � Box

20. ÉayaR � Wife

21. mhI � Earth

22. mala � Garland

23. m&;a � Falsehood

24. m&iÄka � Clay

25. mexa � Memory

26. lúmI � Lakñmé

27. vaihnI � Army

28. vataR � News

29. iv*a � Knowledge

30. vIwI � Street

31. vedna � Pain

32. zkRra � Sugar

33. zv�rI � Night

34. zaoa � Branch

35. zu{fa � Trunk

36. sÉa � Assembly

37. Sp&ha � Desire

³


More Neuter Gender Nouns

1. A]rm! � Alphabet

2. Aijnm! � Deer-skin

3. AMbrm! � Sky

4. An&tm! � Falsehood

5. AXyynm! � Study

6. Aannm! � Face

7. AaÉr[m! � Ornament

8. %Ärm! � Answer

9. %*anm! � Garden

10. %drm! � Stomach

11. %pvnm! � Garden

12. Aaednm! � Cooked rice

13. AaE;xm! � Medicine

14. kgRlm! � Paper

15. kNdm! � Root

16. klÇm! � Wife

17. klevrm! � Body

18. kmRg&hm! � Work-place

19. kaVym! � Poetry

20. k�{flm! � Earring

21. kaEzlm! � Skill

22. kaeqrm! � Hollow of atree

23. gaÇm! � Body

24. gaepurm! � Tower

25. "&tm! � Ghee

26. icÇm! � Picture

27. c³m! � Wheel

28. DÇm! � Umbrella

29. iDÔm! � Hole

30. jQrm! � Belly

31. tqakm! � Lake

32. t&[m! � Grass

33. taeym! � Water

34. ÊGxm! � Milk

35. xnm! � Wealth

36. xaNym! � Grain

37. xEyRm! � Courage

38. n]Çm! � Star

39. nynm! � Eye

40. nIfm! � Nest

41. ngrm! � City

42. pdm! � Step

43. pÃrm! � Cage

44. p[Rm! � Leaf

45. paÇm! � Vessel

Textbook 21

46. patkm! � Sin

47. pu:pm! � Flower

48. )lm! � Fruit

49. bNxnm! � Bondage

50. Évnm! � House

51. mULym! � Price

52. maedkm! � Sweet ball

53. yaejnm! � 8 miles

54. llaqm! � Forehead

55. lv[m! � Salt

56. laecnm! � Eye

57. vdnm! � Face

58. vSÇm! � Dress

59. ivñm! � World

60. zkqm! � Cart

61. zakm! � Vegetable

62. sahsm! � Bravery

63. saepanm! � Step, stairs

64. SvCDm! � Clean

65. ihmm! � Snow

66. ]Irm! � Milk

67. ]eÇm! � Field

68. }anm! � Knowledge

1. kdlI)lm! � Banana 6. Anans)lm! � Pineapple

2. nar¼)lm! � Orange 7. daifm)lm! � Pomegranate

3 . inMbUk)lm! � Lemon 8. bhubIj)lm! � Guava

4. Ôa]a)lm! � Grape 9. Aaè)lm! � Mango

5. pns)lm! � Jackfruit

)lain � Fruits

m&ga> � Animals

1. xenu> � Cow

2. k�Kk�r> � Dog

3. gj> � Elephant

4. majaRr> � Cat

5. is<h> � Lion

6. vanr> � Monkey

³

³


7. mU;k> � Rat 12. zz> � Rabbit

8. Vyaº> � Tiger 13. gdRÉ> � Donkey

9. %:q+> � Camel 14. vrah> � Pig

10. hir[> � Deer 15. z&gal> � Fox

11. ÉLlUk> � Bear 16. v&k> � Wolf

³

pi][> � Birds1. h<s> � Swan 7. k�Kk�qI � Hen

2. myUr> � Peacock 8. kpaet> � Dove

3. kaeikl> � Cuckoo 9. %lUk> � Owl

4. zuk> � Parrot 10. bk> � Crane

5. kak> � Crow 11. cqk> � Sparrow

6. k�Kk�q> � Cock

³

àai[n> � (Other) Living Beings1. m{fUk> � Frog 7. g&hgaeixka � House lizard

2. mTSy> � Fish 8. v&iík> � Scorpion

3. kªmR> � Tortoise 9. mi]ka � Fly

4. mkr> � Crocodile 10. mzk> � Mosquito

5. spR> � Snake 11. mxukr> � Honeybee

6. kkRq> � Crab 12. ippIilka � Ant

³

v[aR> � Colours

1. k«:[> � Black 2. ñet> � White

Textbook 23

3 . pIt> � Yellow 6. paql> � Rose

4. hirt> � Green 7. nIl> � Blue

5. k;ay> � Orange 8. rKt> � Red

³

v&]a> � Trees1. Aaèv&]> � Mango tree 5. vqv&]> � Banyan tree

2. talv&]> � Palm tree 6. AZvTwv&]> � Peepal tree

3 . pnsv&]> � Jack tree 7. nairkelv&]> � Coconut tree

4. kdlIv&]> � Banana tree

³

zrIrSy A¼ain � Parts of the Body1. izr> � Head 8. hSt> � Hand

2. neÇm! � Eye 9. A¼�lI � Finger

3 . ïaeÇm! � Ear 10. no> � Nail

4. naiska � Nose 11. k{Q> � Neck

5. muom! � Mouth 12. %drm! � Belly

6. dNt> � Teeth 13. ^é> � Thigh

7. ijþa � Tongue 14. pad> � Leg

³

pu:pai[ � Flowers1. kmlm! � Lotus 4. miLlka � Jasmine

2. jpak�summ! � Hibiscus 5. sUyRkaiNt> � Sunflower

3. gulavpu:pm! � Rose

³


rsa> � Tastes

1. mxur> � Sweet 4. AMl> � Sour

2. k;ay> � Astringent 5. itKt> � Bitter

3 . kqu> � Pungent 6. lv[> � Salty

³

idza> � Directions1. %Ära � North 3. piZcma � West

2. pUvaR � East 4. di][a � South

³

vasra> � Days

1. rivvasr> � Sunday 5. guévasr> � Thursday

2. saemvasr> � Monday 6. zu³vasr> � Friday

3. m¼lvasr> � Tuesday 7. zinvasr> � Saturday

4. buxvasr> � Wednesday

³

vahnain � Vehicles

1. kar!yanm! � Car 5. iÇci³ka � Auto

2. zkqm! � Cart 6. naEka � Boat

3 . ivmanm! � Aeroplane 7. mhanaEka � Ship

4. laekyanm! � Bus

³

g&hm! � House

1. iÉiÄ> � Wall 3. #iòka � Brick

2. Did> � Roof 4. vataynm! � Window

Textbook 25

5. kvaqm! � Door 7. Öarm! � Entrance

6. saepanm! � Steps 8. %pvnm! � Garden

³

k�quMb> � Family1. ipta � Father 5. A¢ja � Elder sister

2. mata � Mother 6. A¢j> � Elder brother

3 . Anuj> � Younger brother 7. iptamh> � (Paternal) Grandfather

4. Anuja � Younger sister 8. iptamhI � (Paternal) Grandmother

³

iv*aly> - School

1. AXyapk> � Teacher (M) 7. k«:[)lkm! � Blackboard

2. AXyaipka � Teacher (F) 8. puStkm! � Book

3. DaÇ> � Student (M) 9. A]rm! � Letter, syllable

4. DaÇa � Student (F) 10. A»nI � Pencil

5. %TpIiqka � Table 11. leonI � Pen

6. AasNd> � Chair

³

\tu � Season

1. hemNt> � Winter 4. ¢I:m> � Summer

2. izizr> � Cold season 5. v;aR � Rainy season

3. vsNt> � Spring 6. zrt! � Autumn

³


mas> � Month

1. magRzI;R> 7. Jyeó>2. paE;> 8. Aa;aF>3. ma"> 9. ïav[>4. )aLgun> 10. ÉaÔpd>5. cEÇ> 11. Aaiñn>6. vEzao> 12. kaiÄRk>

Textbook 27

21. %CcEStrm! � Loudly

22. tU[Rm! � Speedily

23. A* � Today

24. àitidnm! � Every day

25. inTyz> � Daily

26. ý> � Yesterday

27. prý> � The day before

yesterday

28. ñ> � Tomorrow

29. prñ> � The day after

tomorrow

30. ta�zm! � Like that

31. tdanIm! � Then

32. Aip � Also

33. A* � Today

34. ikNtu � But

35. prNtu � But

36. ywa - twa � As � so

37. yid - tihR � If � so

38. k�Ç � Where

1. AÇ � Here

2. tÇ � There

3 . Ax> � Down

4. %pir � Above

5. pUv�m! � Before

6. AxStat! � Below

7. A¢t> � In front of

8. purStat! � Before

9. p&ót> � Behind

10. àat> � Morning

11. saym! � Evening

12. idva � Day

13. nKtm! � Night

14. mNdm! � Slowly

15. zIºm! � Quickly

16. shsa � Suddenly

17. sTvrm! � Immediately

18. prm! � After

19. s*> � Instantly

20. pura � In the olden days

Words that remain unchanged in all numbers, cases and genders are known as

�indeclinables� (avyaya).

AVyyainIndeclinables


39. kda � When

40. #danIm! � Now

41. kwm! � How

42. kit � How many

43. ikyt! � How much

44. ikimit � Why

45. ikmut � Whether

46. kId¯zm! � Of what kind

47. ivna � Without

48. #it � Thus

49. #v � Like

50. #h � Here

51. pun> � Again

52. sda � Always

53. sNttm! � Always

54. sMyk! � Good, well

55. kwÂn � By any means

56. smNtt> � All around

57. Anekz> � Many times,many ways

58. AtIv � Very much

59. àaye[ � Mostly

60. @vm! � Thus

61. @kda � Once

62. kdaict! � Once

63. Alm! � Enough

64. ma � Don't

65. va � Or

66. olu � Certainly

67. ANtralm! � Between

68. intram! � Entirely

69. É&zm! � Often

70. tt> � Then

71. tt> àÉ&it � Since then

72. Axuna � Now

73. muhUtRm! � Awhile

74. sh � With

75. kiít! � Someone

76. svRt> � From every side

Textbook 29

There are about 2200 verb roots (dhätu) in Sanskrit. These roots are classified

into three types � (1) parasmaipada (2) ätmanepada and (3) ubhayapada.

Ubhayapada has not been dealt with in this book.

�Parasmai� means �for other� and �ätmane� means �for oneself�. Thus, when

actions are done for others� sake, parasmaipadé roots are used. And, when the

actions are done for one's own sake, ätmanepadé roots are used. This

differentiation is mainly to indicate the intention of the doer. Please note that

this rule is not followed presently in Sanskrit.

Parasmaipadé is dealt in detail while ätmanepadé is dealt briefly at the end

of the course.

The verbal root is termed �dhätu�. It is used to form the 'verbal base'. Many

examples for verbal root and verb base have been given in the next two pages.

You may notice that some verbal roots change completely when they become

verbal bases.

³

i³yapd< lkaraíVerbs and Tenses

xatv>

prSmEpdI AaTmnepdI


S.No Verb Roots Verb Base Meaning

1. ÉU Év Be

2. Aq! Aq Wander3. AcR! AcR Worship4. k«;! k;R Plough5. ³If! ³If Play

6. oad! oad Eat

7. gm! gCD Go

8. gjR! gjR Roar

9. gE gay Sing

10. cr! cr Move

11. cl! cl Move

12. jp! jp Chant13. jLp! jLp Blabber

14. ij jy Conquer

15. jIv! jIv Live16. Jvl! Jvl Shine17. tp! tp Heat18. Tyj! Tyj Abandon19. dz! dz Bite20. dh! dh Burn

21. da yCD Give

22. �z! pZy See

23. nq! nq Dance

24. nm! nm Salute

25. nNd! nNd Glad

Textbook 31

26. inNd! inNd Criticise

27. pQ! pQ Read

28. pt! pt Fall

29. pa ipb Drink

30. bux! baex Know

31. æm! æm Roam

32. r]! r] Protect

33. vd! vd Speak34. zuc! zaec Grieve

35. xav! xav Run

36. Swa itó Stand

37. hs! hs Laugh

38. muc! muÂ Liberate

39. ivd! ivNd Get

40. vs! vs Live

41. isc! isÂ Sprinkle

42. ivz! ivz Enter

43. iml! iml Meet

44. kw! kwy Tell

45. g[! g[y Count

46. icNt! icNty Think

47. tf! tafy Beat

48. d{f! d{fy Punish49. pUj! pUjy Worship

50. É]! É]y Eat

³


4.1. dz-lkara> � Ten Lakäras

Each of the verb root has ten �lakäras� (daça-lakäräù). Of these ten lakäras, six

indicate tenses (kälaväcakäù) and four indicate moods (prakära-bodhakäù).

Besides the ten lakäras, there is one more lakära which is called leq! . This is

used only in the Vedas, and is termed 'Vedic Subjunctive'.

³

4.1.1 ;q!-kalvacka> � Six Tenses

Out of the six tenses, there is only one type in the present tense, three varia-

tions for past tense, and two variations for the future tense.

Let us take the root ÉU (Év) and see the variations:

To explain further:

1. In �vartamäna� (present tense), Év becomes Évit.

lq� vtRman> Present Évitl'! An*tnÉUt> Past Tense (Imperfect) AÉvt!lu'! ÉUt> Past Tense (Aorist) AÉUt!ilq� prae]ÉUt> Past Tense (Perfect) bÉUvluq� An*tnÉiv:yt! First Future Éivtal&q� Éiv:yt! Second Future Éiv:yit

Six Tenses Example

1

2

3

4

5

6

Textbook 33

We will now see the three variations of past tense:

2. In �anadyatana-bhüta� (past imperfect tense), Év becomes AÉvt! . This

indicates �not today� meaning, something that happened the previous day or

before that.

3. In �bhüta� (past tense), Év becomes AÉUt! . This indicates the immediate

past.

4. In �parokña-bhüta� (past perfect tense), Év becomes bÉUv. This indicates the

historical past.

In the same way we have two variations of future tense:

5. In �anadyatana-bhaviñyat� (first future), Év becomes Éivta. This indicates

'not today'. It could be the next day or any time in the distant future.

6. In �bhaviñyat� (second future), Év becomes Éiv:yit. This indicates the

general future (could be immediate or distant).

³

Now let us go through the terminations of the three basic tenses: (1) present

(2) future and (3) past. Even though, as mentioned before, there are three

variations in the past tense and two variations in the future tense, we will be

studying only one from each of the past tense and future tense.

There are nine terminations for each of the lakäras. The different

terminations indicate the different person and number (Refer to Chapter 5).

The verb base pQ is taken as an example here (see next page) to illustrate

the terminations taken by the verb in the present, future and the past tenses.


Presentlq!

Future¤q!

Pastl'!

#:yor

Sy

pQit pQt> pQiNtpQis pQw> pQwpQaim pQav> pQam>

piQ:yit piQ:yt> piQ:yiNt piQ:yis piQ:yw> piQ:yw piQ:yaim piQ:yav> piQ:yam>

ApQt! ApQta< ApQn! ApQ> ApQt< ApQt ApQm! ApQav ApQam

A

Present tense verbal form : Verb base + TerminationFuture tense verbal form : Verb base + #:y///Sy + TerminationPast tense verbal form : A + Verb base + Termination

³

4.1.2 cTvar> àkarbaexka - Four Moods

Out of four moods (catväraù prakärabodhakäù), we will only be studying the

terminations of two important moods � the imperative and potential moods.

There are nine terminations for each of these moods. Just as in the tenses,

it t> AiNt is w> w

Aaim Aav> Aam>

it t> AiNtis w> w

Aaim Aav> Aam>

t! ta< n! A t< t Am! Aav Aam

Four Moods

laeq! Aa}a Évtuivixil'! ivix> Évet!AazIilR'! AazI> ÉUyat!¤'! i³yaitpiÄ> (s»et>) AÉiv:yt! 4

2

3

1

Example

Imperative

Potential

Benedictive

Conditional

Textbook 35

here too, there are different terminations to indicate the different person and

number.

The verb base pQ is taken for illustration.

Imperative Potential laeq! il'!

tu tam! ANtu- tm! t

Aain Aav Aam

$t! $tam! $yu>$> $tm! $t

$ym! $v $m

pQtu pQtam! pQNtupQ pQtm! pQt

pQain pQav pQam

pQet! pQetam! pQeyu>pQe> pQetm! pQet

pQeym! pQev pQem


In Sanskrit, just as in many other languages like English, there are three persons

(puruñäù). They are: (1) àwmpué;> � Third person, (2) mXympué;> �

Second person and (3) %Ämpué;> � First person.

Sanskrit permits three numbers : (1) @kvcnm! - Singular, (2) iÖvcnm! � Dual

and (3) b÷vcnm! � Plural.

The dual number is unique to Sanskrit.

³

Please note that the verbal terminations depend on the person, number and

tense/mood.

pué;> vcn< cPerson and Number

@kvcnm! iÖvcnm! bhuvcnm! Singular Dual Plural

àwmpué;> III Person

s> � Hesa � She

tt! � It

taE � They two

te � They two

te � They two

te � They all

ta> � They all

tain � They all

%Ämpué;> I Person

Tvm! � You yuvam! � You two yUym! � You all

Ahm! � I Aavam! � We two vym! � We all

mXympué;> II Person

Textbook 37

The present tense verbal formations for the various persons and numbers have

been indicated below with the example of the verb pQ.

àwmpué;> pQit pQt> pQiNt@kvcnm! iÖvcnm! bhuvcnm!

mXympué;> pQis pQw> pQw%Ämpué;> pQaim pQav> pQam>


s> pQit, taE pQt>, te pQiNt,He reads. They (two) read. They (all) read.

sa pQit, te pQt>, ta> pQiNt,She reads. They (two) read. They (all) read.

tt! pQit, te pQt>, tain pQiNt,It reads. They (two) read. They (all) read.

³

l"uvaKyainSimple Sentences

Simple sentences can be formed using person, number and verb terminations.

+pQit pQt> pQiNt

pQis pQw> pQw

pQaim pQav> pQam>

s> taE te sa te ta> tt! te tain Tvm! yuvam! yUym! Ahm! Aavam! vym!

sa s>

tt!pQit te

taE

tepQt> ta>

te

tainpQiNt

³

³

III Person

Textbook 39

s> ]Ir< ipbit, taE ]Ir< ipbt>, te ]Ir< ipbiNt,sa ]Ir< ipbit, te ]Ir< ipbt>, ta> ]Ir< ipbiNt,tt! ]Ir< ipbit, te ]Ir< ipbt>, tain ]Ir< ipbiNt,

II PersonTv< pQis, yuva< pQw>, yUy< pQw,You read. You (two) read. You (all) read.

³

I PersonAh< pQaim, Aava< pQav>, vy< pQam>,I read. We (two) read. We (all) read.

³

6.1 Formation o f Simple Sentences

III Person

s>satt!

taEtete

teta>tain

]Irm!

ipbit

ipbt>

ipbiNt


II Person

Tv< devaly< gCDis,yuva< devaly< gCDw>,yUy< devaly< gCDw,

Ah< s<Sk«t< pQaim,Aava< s<Sk«t< pQav>,vy< s<Sk«t< pQam>,

I Person

s<Sk«tm!

pQaim

pQav>

pQam>

Ahm!

Aavam!

vym!

devalym!

gCDis

gCDw>

gCDw

Tvm!

yuvam!

yUym!

³

³

Textbook 41

6.2 More Simple Sentences

1. s> k>, Who is he ?

2. s> iz]k>, He is a tutor.

3 . s> AixkarI, He is an officer.

4. taE kaE, Who are they (two)?

5. taE AXyapkaE, They (two) are teachers.

6. taE cturaE, They (two) are clever.

7. te ke, Who are they ?

8. te yuvka>, They are youth.

9. te icÇkara>, They are artists.

10. te balka>, They are boys.

³

11. sa ka, Who is she?

12. sa gIta, She is Gétä.

13. sa lta, That is a creeper.

14. te ke, Who are they (two)? (F)

15. te bailke, They (two) are girls.

16. te g&ih{yaE, They (two) are housewives.

17. ta> ka>, Who are they? (F)

18. ta> seivka>, They are servants. (F)

19. ta> v&�a>, They are old ladies.


20. ta> nayR>, They are ladies.

21. tt! ikm! , What is that?

22. tt! )lm!, That is a fruit.

23. tt! g&hm!, That is a house.

24. te ke , What are they (two)?

25. te pu:pe, Those (two) are flowers.

26. te kaVye, They (two) are epics.

27. tain kain, What are they?

28. tain AaÉr[ain, Those are ornaments.

29. tain %Ärai[, They are answers.

30. tain kaVyain, They are poems.

³

31. Tv< k> Who are you? (M)

32. Tv< DaÇ>, You are a student. (M)

33. Tv< DaÇa, You are a student. (F)

34. Tv< imÇm!, You are a friend.

35. yuva< É&TyaE, You (two) are servants.

36. yuva< kNye, You (two) are maidens.

37. yuva< imÇe, You (two) are friends.

38. yUy< kinóa>, You (all) are young.

39. Tv< DaÇ> va, Are you a student? (M)

Textbook 43

40. Aam! Ah< DaÇ>, Yes, I am a student. (M)

41. Ah< vE*>, I am a doctor. (M)

42. Ahm! AXyaipka, I am a teacher. (F)

43. Aava< rjkaE, We (two) are washermen.

44. Aava< g&ih{yaE, We (two) are housewives.

45. Aava< imÇe, We (two) are friends.

46. vym! AXyapka>, We are teachers. (M)

47. vy< xmaRcayaR>, We are teachers of Dharma.

48. vy< imÇai[, We are friends.

³

49. Ah< saxRsPtvadne iv*aly< gCDaim, I go to school at 7.30.

50. AXyapk> kda AagCDit, When does the teacher come?

51. kda paQzalaya> AarMÉ>, When does the school start?

52. svaRn! pZytu, Look at everybody.

53. Tv< k�Ç gCDis? Where do you go?

54. mnu:y> k�Ç AiSt, Where is the man?

55. )l< kSmat! ptit, Where does the fruit fall from?

56. sUyR> kda %deit, When does the sun rise?

57. miNdr< k�Ç AiSt, Where is the temple?

58. AcRk> ikmw�< miNdr< gCDit, Why does the priest go to the

temple?


59. ram> iv*aly< gCDit, Räma goes to the school.

60. Tviy mm Sneh> Aixk>, I love you a lot.

61. s> mm g&hm! AagCDit, He comes to my house.

62. Ah< svRda ÉvNt< Smraim, I always remember you.

63. Ah< sTy< vdaim, I speak the truth.

64. ma< tÇ n àe;ytu, Do not send me there.

65. miy ivñas< kraetu, Have faith in me.

66. ramSy shaedr> saem>, Räma�s brother is Soma.

67. Évan! paQ< pQit, You read the lesson. (M)

68. ÉvtI itlk< xrit, You bear a tilak. (F)

³

69. Ah< mXyaûe Éaejn< kraeim, I eat in the afternoon.

70. s> àat> %iÄ:Qit, He gets up in the morning.

71. balk> say< ³Ifit, Boy plays in the evening.

72. Ah< zaekkale n pQaim, I don't study when I am sad.

73. s> kayaRly< gCDit, He goes to the office.

74. Ah< bailka AiSm, I am a girl.

75. Ah< xIr> AiSm, I am brave.

76. Ah< inpu[a AiSm, I am skilled. (F)

77. Ahm! AXyapk> AiSm, I am a teacher.

78. prI]a prñ> Éiv:yit, The exam will be the day aftertomorrow.

Textbook 45

79. balk> puStk< pQit, The boy reads the book.

80. Aar]k> caer< tafyit, The policeman beats the thief.

81. )lm! AÇ ptit, The fruit falls here.

82. iz:y> àZn< p&CDit, The disciple asks a question.

83. sa jl< nyit, She carries water.

84. vE*> AaE;x< yCDit, The doctor gives medicine.

85. gaiyka gIt< gayit, The singer sings a song. (F)

86. sIta vn< gCDit, Sétä goes to forest.

87. gayk> gIt< gayit, The singer sings a song. (M)

88. DaÇ> %Ärai[ Smrit, The student remembers the

answers.

³

89. balk> icÇ< pZyit, The boy sees the picture.

90. ÉKt> devta< nmit, The devotee worships the Lord.

91. izzu> hsit, The child laughs.

92. sa vSÇà]aln< kraeit, She washes cloth.

93. k«:[> vsudevSy puÇ>, Kåñëa is the son of Vasudeva.

94. devkI k«:[Sy jnnI, Devaké is the mother of Kåñëa.

95. ram> ÉrtSy A¢j>, Räma is the elder brother of Bharata.

96. ram> AyaeXyaya> n&p>, Räma is the king of Ayodhyä.


97. lúm[> ramSy Anuj>, Lakñmaëa is the younger brother

of Räma.

98. g¼a ihmalyat! àvhit, Gaìgä flows from the Himälayas.

³

6.3 Sentences from the Upaniñads and the Bhagavad Gétä

1. sTy< vd, Speak the truth.

2. xm�< cr, Walk on the path of Dharma.

3 . mat&devae Év, Worship mother as God.

4. ipt&devae Év, Worship father as God.

5. Aacay�devaee Év, Worship teacher as God.

6. Aitiwdevae Év, Worship guest as God.

7. sTymev jyte n An&tm!, Truth alone wins, not untruth.

8. tSmat! %iÄó Éart, Therefore get up, O Bhärata!

9. n AnuzaeciNt pi{fta>, The wise never grieve.

10. tan! itit]Sv Éart, Endure them, O Bhärata!

³

11. n Anuzaeictum! AhRis, You should not grieve.

12. smTv< yaeg %Cyte, Evenness of mind is called �yoga�.

13. kmRi[ @v Aixkar> te, Your right is to work only.

14. yaeg> kmRsu kaEzlm!, Skill in action is �yoga�.

Textbook 47

15. bui�nazat! à[Zyit, Man perishes from the destruction

of his intellect.

16. k«p[a> )lhetv>, Wretched are they whose motive

is the �fruit�.

17. muKts¼> smacr, Free from all attachments, act!

18. tSy kay�< n iv*te, He does not have any duty.

19. yuXySv ivgtJvr>, Free from feverish excitement,

fight!

20. %iÄót ja¢t, Arise! Awake!

21. àk«it< yaiNt ÉUtain, Living beings follow their own

nature.

22. ghna kmR[ae git>, The nature of karma is

imponderable.

23. ï�avan! lÉte }anm!, The man of faith obtains

knowledge.

24. y> pZyit s pZyit, He who sees, sees.

25. pi{fta> smdizRn>, Sages look at everything

impartially.

26. SvÉavStu àvt�tee, It is nature that acts.

27. %�ret! AaTmna AaTmanm!, Lift yourself by yourself.

28. AaTma @v AaTmnae bNxu>, Self alone is the friend of oneself.


29. AaTma @v irpu> AaTmn>, One oneself is the enemy of oneself.

30. mm maya durTyya, My illusion is difficult to crossover.

31. mamnuSmr yuXy c, Remember me and fight.

32. n me ÉKt> à[Zyit, My devotee never perishes.

33. sm> Ah< svRÉUte;u, I am equal to all.

34. yaeg]em< vhaim Ahm!, I bestow yoga and kñema.

35. ddaim bui�yaeg< tm!, I give him the �buddhi-yoga�.

36. mam! @k< zr[< ìj, Take refuge in me alone.

37. kir:ye vcn< tv, I will act according to your word.

38. tSmat! zaSÇ< àma[< te, Therefore let the scriptures be your

authority.

39. SvxmRe inxn< ïey>, Death while in one�s own duty is

meritorious.

40. inimÄmaÇ< Év sVysaicn!, O left handed archer! Be an

instrument.

Textbook 49

³

7.1 Declension of NounsThe term �declension� means the various forms taken by a noun in the various

cases and numbers. We shall be presently studying the declension of the nouns

belonging to the three genders.

In Sanskrit, there are seven cases and one vocative.

³

zBd> ivÉiKtíNouns and Cases

We have already studied the following:

(1) Masculine Nouns usually end with A>, #> and %>(2) Feminine Nouns usually end with Aa and $ and

(3) Neuter Nouns usually end with Am! .

zBda>Nouns

puiLl¼>Masculine Nouns

SÇIil¼>Feminine Nouns

npu<skil¼>Neuter Nouns

ram> muin> gué> lta ndI )lm !


³

Application of cases in ram-zBd>ramae rajmi[> sda ivjyte ram< rmez< -jerame[ AiÉhta inzacrcmU> ramay tSmE nm>,ramat! naiSt pray[< prtr< ramSy dasae=SMyhm!rame icÄly> sda Évtu me Éae ram mamuÏr.Victory to Räma, the best of the kings. I worship Räma, the lord of Sétä. Armies

of the demons were killed by Räma. Salutations to the Räma. There is no

better resort than Räma. I am a servant of Räma. May my mind be absorbed

in Räma. Oh! Räma, protect me.

³

7.1.1 AkaraNt> puuiLl¼> ram-zBd>

I (subject) ram> ramaE rama>II (to, object) ramm! ramaE raman!III (with, by) rame[ rama_yam! ramE>IV (for) ramay rama_yam! rame_y>V (from, than) ramat! rama_yam! rame_y>VI (of) ramSy ramyae> rama[am!VII (in, on) rame ramyae> rame;uVocative he ram he ramaE he rama>

Case Singular Dual Plural

Textbook 51

³

Application of cases in k«:[-zBd>k«:[ae r]tu nae jgTÇygué> k«:[< nmSyaMyhm!k«:[en AmrzÇvae ivinhta> k«:[ay tSmE nm>,k«:[at! @v smuiTwt< jgidd< k«:[Sy dasae=SMyhm!k«:[e itóit sv�metdiol< he k«:[ r]Sv mam!.May Kåñëa, the teacher of the three worlds protect us. I salute Kåñëa. The

demons who are enemies of Gods are killed by Kåñëa. Salutations to that Kåñëa.

This world has sprung from Kåñëa alone. I am the servant of Kåñëa. All this

entirely stays in Kåñëa. O Kåñëa, save me!

Decline the following nouns.

1. dev> � God

2. nr> � Man

AkaraNt> puuiLl¼> k«:[-zBd>

I (subject) k«:[> k«:[aE k«:[a>II (to, object) k«:[m! k«:[aE k«:[an!III (with, by) k«:[en k«:[a_yam! k«:[E>IV (for) k«:[ay k«:[a_yam! k«:[e_y>V (from, than) k«:[at! k«:[a_yam! k«:[e_y>VI (of) k«:[Sy k«:[yae> k«:[anam!VII (in, on) k«:[e k«:[yae> k«:[e;uVocative he k«:[ he k«:[aE he k«:[a>




1. Air> � Enemy

2. kiv> � Poet

3 . pit> � Leader

4. Ai¶> � Fire

5. hir> � Lord Viñëu

³

3 . Aj> � Goat

4. gj> � Elephant

5. d{f> � Stick

6. rw> � Chariot

7. dIp> � Lamp

8. pvRt> � Hill

³

7.1.2 #karaNt> puuiLl¼> muin-zBd> (Sage)

I (subject) muin> munI muny>II (to, object) muinm! munI munIn!III (with, by) muinna muin_yam! muiniÉ>IV (for) munye muin_yam! muin_y>V (from, than) mune> muin_yam! muin_y>VI (of) mune> muNyae> munInam!VII (in, on) munaE muNyae> muin;uVIII (vocative) he mune he munI he muny>


Textbook 53

I (subject) gué> guê gurv>II (to, object) guém! guê guên!III (with, by) gué[a gué_yam! guéiÉ>IV (for) gurve gué_yam! gué_y>V (from, than) gurae> gué_yam! gué_y>VI (of) gurae> guvaeR> guê[am!VII (in, on) guraE guvaeR> gué;uVIII (vocative) he gurae he guê he gurv>



1. zMÉu> � Lord Çiva

2. irpu> � Enemy

3. #NÊ> � Moon

4. té> � Tree

5. ivxu> � Moon

6. iv:[u> � Lord Viñëu

7. meé> � Mount Sumeru

8. \tu> � Season

9. bNxu> � Relative

10. àÉu> � Lord or master

³

7.1.3 %karaNt> puuiLl¼> gué-zBd> (Teacher)



1. icNta � Worry, thought

2. Daya � Shade

3. mala � Garland

4. iv*a � Education, knowledge, learning

5. peiqka � Box

6. suxa � Nectar

7. rsna � Tongue

8. ippIilka � Ant

9. naEka � Boat

10. naiska � Nose

³

7.1.4 AakaraNt> SÇIil¼> lta-zBd> (Creeper)

I (subject) lta lte lta>II (to, object) ltam! lte lta>III (with, by) ltya lta_yam! ltaiÉ>IV (for) ltayE lta_yam! lta_y>V (from, than) ltaya> lta_yam! lta_y>VI (of) ltaya> ltyae> ltanam!VII (in, on) ltayam! ltyae> ltasuVIII (vocative) he ltee he lte he lta>


Textbook 55


1. devI � Goddess

2. mhI � Earth

3. gaErI � Parvaté

4. narI � Woman

5. leonI � Pen

6. jnnI � Mother

7. mNdaiknI � Hevenly Gangas

8. ÿaidnI � Thunder-bolt

9. pavRtI � Consort of Lord Çiva

10.lúmI � Consort of Lord Viñëu

³

7.1.5 $karaNt> SÇIil¼> ndI-zBd> (River)

I (subject) ndI n*aE n*>II (to, object) ndIm! n*aE ndI>III (with, by) n*a ndI_yam! ndIiÉ>IV (for) n*E ndI_yam! ndI_y>V (from, than) n*a> ndI_yam! ndI_y>VI (of) n*a> n*ae> ndInam!VII (in, on) n*am! n*ae> ndI;uVIII (vocative) he nid he n*aE he n*>




1. AÚm! � Food

2. kaVym! � Poetry

3. xnm! � Wealth

4. pu:pm! � Flower

5. }anm! � Knowledge

6. ]eÇm! � Field

7. laecnm! � Eye

8. lv[m! � Salt

9. ]Irm! � Milk

10. Évnm! � House

³


I (subject) )lm! )le )lainII (to, object) )lm! )le )lainIII (with, by) )len )la_yam! )lE>IV (for) )lay )la_yam! )le_y>V (from, than) )lat! )la_yam! )le_y>VI (of) )lSy )lyae> )lanam!VII (in, on) )le )lyae> )le;uVIII (vocative) he )l he )le he )lain

7.1.6 AkaraNt> npu<skil¼> )l-zBd> (Fruit)

Textbook 57

svRnamzBda>

mXympué;> %Ämpué;>

s> sa td! yu:md� ASmd�He She It (That) You I

àwmpué;>

³

7.2.1 dkaraNt> puuiLl¼> td!-zBd> (He)

³

7.2 Declension of Pronouns � sarvanäma-çabdaù


II (to, object) tm! taE tan!III (with, by) ten ta_yam! tE>IV (for) tSmE ta_yam! te_y>V (from, than) tSmat! ta_yam! te_y>VI (of) tSy tyae> te;am!VII (in, on) tiSmn! tyae> te;u

I (subject) s> taE te


7.2.2 dkaraNt> ôIil¼> td!-zBd> (She)

7.2.3 dkaraNt> npu<skil¼> td!-zBd> (That)

Case Singular Dual PluralI (subject) tt! te tainII (to, object) tt! te tainIII (with, by) ten ta_yam! tE>IV (for) tSmE ta_yam! te_y>V (from, than) tSmat! ta_yam! te_y>VI (of) tSy tyae> te;am!VII (in, on) tiSmn! tyae> te;u

Case Singular Dual PluralI (subject) sa te ta>II (to, object) tam! te ta>III (with, by) tya ta_yam! taiÉ>IV (for) tSyE ta_yam! ta_y>V (from, than) tSya> ta_yam! ta_y>VI (of) tSya> tyae> tasam!VII (in, on) tSyam! tyae> tasu

³

³

Textbook 59

7.2.5 dkaraNt> ASmd!-zBd> ( I )(Same in all the three genders)

Note: There is no vocative form for pronouns.


I (subject) Tvm! yuvam! yUym!II (to, object) Tvam!Tva yuvam!vam! yu:man!v>III (with, by) Tvya yuva_yam! yu:maiÉ>IV( for) tu_ym!te yuva_yam!vam! yu:m_ym!v>V (from, than) Tvt! yuva_yam! yu:mt!VI (of ) tvte yuvyae>vam! yu:makm!v>VII (in, on) Tviy yuvyae> yu:masu


I (subject) Ahm! Aavam! vym!II (to, object) mam!ma Aavam!naE ASman!n>III (with, by) mya Aava_yam! ASmaiÉ>IV (for) mým!me Aava_yam!naE ASm_ym!n>V (from, than) mt! Aava_yam! ASmt!VI (of) mmme Aavyae>naE ASmakm!n>VII (in, on) miy Aavyae> ASmasu

7.2.4 dkaraNt> yu:md!-zBd> (You)

(Same in all the three genders)


Upasargas or prefixes are added to the verb roots, to modify, intensify and

sometimes to alter the original sense of the roots. Sometimes they are prefixed

without any alteration to the root sense. There are twenty two upasargas in all.

1. à � More, higher

2. pra � Opposite, against

3 . Ap � Away, separation

4. sm! � Coincide, congruently

5. Anu � Favourable, after, according to

6. Av � Downwards

7. ins! � Low

8. inr! � Low

9. Ês! � Wicked

10. Êr! � Bad

11. iv � More, opposite, divergent

12. Aa � On this side

13. in � To vacate, to empty

14. Aix � In, on, above, over

15. Aip � Moreover

16. Ait � Very much

17. su � Best

18. %t! � On, above, over

19. AiÉ � In front of

20. àit � Contrary to

21. pir � Everywhere

22. %p � Near, more

%psgaR>Prefixes

Textbook 61

The application of upasarga to verbal roots:

Ait, the upasarga, combines with the verbal root ³m! to become Ait³amit.

Ait + ³m! = Ait³amit � goes beyond.

³

The following is a sample list of verbal formations when the upasarga joins

with the verbal root.

%psgaR<> xatv> Verbal Form Meaning

1. Aix gm! AixgCDit To get

2. Anu k« Anukraeit Imitates

3 . Ap nI Apnyit Takes away

4. Aip xa Aipdxait Covers

5. AiÉ gm! AiÉgCDit Goes after

6. Av mn! AvmNyte Disrespects

7. Aa gm! AagCDit Comes

8. %t! gm! %ÌCDit Goes up

9. %p k« %pkraeit Obliges

10. Ês! /Êr� cr! Êracrit Acts badly

11. inr! idz! inidRzit Commands

12. ins! /inr! gm! ingRCDit Goes out

13. pra ij prajyte Defeats

14. pir xa pirdxait Places all round

15. à ù àhrit Strikes

16. àit k« àitkraeit Acts in opposite

17. iv ³I iv³I[ait Sells

18. sm! ù s<hrit Destroys

19. su k« sukraeit Does well


Note how the meaning of the root ù (to take away) changes when it combines

with various upasargas:

à + ù = àhrit � beats

s< + ù = s<hrit � kills

Aa + ù = Aahrit � brings

iv + ù = ivhrit � plays

pir + ù = pirhrit � removes

³

Following are the changes effected in the meaning by different upasargas

coming together with the derivatives of root ÉU (to be):

à + ÉU = àÉUtm! � abundant

= àÉv> � birth

= àÉav> � prowess

= àÉu> � lord, husband

pra + ÉU = praÉv> � defeat

Ap + ÉU = ApÉUit> � ruin

sm! + ÉU = sMÉvit � creation

Anu + ÉU = AnuÉv> � experience

iv + ÉU = ivÉv> � wealth

Ait + ÉU = AitÉvnm! � being the greatest of all

%d! + ÉU = %Ñvm!! � birth

pir + ÉU = pirÉvm! � insult

³

Two or more upasargas may also be combined and prefixed to one

verbal root:

Textbook 63

AiÉ + in + ivz! = AiÉinivzte � to enter into with resolution

sm! + %p + Aa + gm! = smupagCDit � to come into close contact

³

The following sentences are given as examples to illustrate how the upasargas

are used in constructing sentences:

1. bailka prmeZvrm! A_ycRit, Girl worships the Lord.

2. balk> iv*alyat! AagCDit, Boy comes from the school.

3 . sa jlm! Apnyit, She takes away water.

4. s> Évn< àivzit, He enters the house.


³

9.1 tumun!-àTyy>The suffix tum! is added to the verbs to indicate the purpose of action.

Example: ram> piQtu< iv*aly< gCDit, Räma goes to school in order to study.

Once the tumun !-àTyy is added to the verbal derivative, it becomes an

indeclinable, which means that the word will be the same in all genders, cases

and numbers.

Pratyaya or suffix is added at the end of verbal root to transform the verbal

root into indeclinable, imperfect verb, definite verb, past tense of verb, present

continuous tense of verb and so on.

The following are some important suffixes:

àTyya>Suffixes

àTyya>

4. AnIyr! 5. tVyt!6. Ktvt!

7. Kt

8. zt&

3. Lyp!

2. KTva

1. tumun!

Textbook 65

1. piQtum! � To read

2. ri]tum! � To protect

3 . yaictum! � To beg

4. g&hItum! � To hold

5. leiotum! � To write

6. vistum! � To live

7. xaivtum! � To run

8. ivmaeictum! � To release

9. Éivtum! � To become

10. baeixtum! � To teach

11. jIivtum! � To live

12. jiLptum! � To blabber

13. icNtiytum! � To think

14. oaidtum! � To eat

15. iniNdtum! � To criticise

16. d{fiytum! � To punish

17. vKtum! � To speak

18. AagNtum! � To come

19. gNtum! � To go

20. patum! � To drink

21. ïaetum! � To hear

22. htuRm! � To snatch

23. ttuRm! � To cross

24. ktuRm! � To do

25. hNtum! � To kill

26. lBxum! � To get

27. ³Iiftum! � To play

28. pittum! � To fall

29. Swatum! � To stand

30. mtuRm! � To die

31. paliytum! � To nurture

32. AicRtum! � To worship

9.2 KTva-àTyy>The suffix Tva is added only to roots that are not prefixed by upasarga. It

denotes the sense of adverbial past participle (prefix). After having completed

Here are a few examples:

³


an action, if the subject does another action, then, the KTva suffix is added to

the completed action.

Example: ram> piQTva ³Iiftu< gCDit, Having read, Räma goes to play.

The verbal forms formed with KTva suffix are also indeclinables.

Here are a few examples:

1. piQTva � Having read

2. ilioTva � Having written

3. xaivTva � Having run

4. %idTva � Having risen

5. %i;Tva � Having lived

6. hisTva � Having laughed

7. ri]Tva � Having protected

8. g&hITva � Having held

9. É]iyTva � Having eaten

10. g[iyTva � Having counted

11. caeriyTva � Having stolen

12. rciyTva � Having composed

13. yaciyTva � Having begged

14. tafiyTva � Having beaten

15. kwiyTva � Having told

16. icNtiyTva � Having thought

17. imilTva � Having met

18. ÉUTva � Having been

19. hTva � Having killed

20. gTva � Having gone

21. pITva � Having drunk

22. nTva � Having prostrated

23. Sm&Tva � Having remembered

24. ijTva � Having conquered

25. �:q�va � Having looked

26. ïuTva � Having heard

27. k«Tva � Having done

28. TyKTva � Having given up

29. mTva � Having considered

30. AiqTva � Having Wandered

Textbook 67

9.3 Lyp!-àTyy>Lyp!-àTyy has the same function as KTva-àTyy, but the only difference is that, in

Lyp!-àTyy (y) is suffixed when the verbal form has an upasarga prefixed to it.

Example: When the Lyp! is added to }a, which has the iv upasarga, it becomes

iv}ay.iv + }a + Lyp! = iv}ay � Having known

Without upasarga, }a becomes }aTva.Here are a few more examples:

1. Aa + þe = AahUy � Having called

2. in + bNx! = inbXy � Having bound

3. Aa + da = Aaday � Having brought

4. à + # = àeTy � Having reached

5. Aa + p = AapUyR � Having filled up

6. à + ivz! = àivZy � Having entered

7. iv + lI = ivlIy � Having dissolved

8. sm! + Sm& = s<Sm&Ty � Having thought well

9. Aix + # = AxITy � Having got

10. Aa + p&CD! = Aap&CD!y � Having asked

11. in + mJj! = inmJJy � Having sunk

12. %d! + Swa = %Tway � Having got up

13. ins! + ic = iniíTy � Having decided

14. sm! + k« = s<Sk«Ty � Having purified


15. à + vc! = àaeCy � Having told

16. Aa + éh! = Aaéý � Having climbed

17. Aa + mNÇ! = AamNÈy � Having discussed

18. à + nm! = à[My � Having prostrated

19. Aa + gm! = AagTy/AagMy � Having come

20. à + baex! = àbaeXy � Having educated

³

9.4 AnIyr!!-àTyy>When the AnIyr!!-àTyy is added to the verbal root, the potential passive participle

is formed. It conveys a sense of 'necessity' or 'command'.

Example: ïImÚaray[> Smr[Iy>, Lord Näräyaëa is to be remembered.

The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,

number and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender −−−−− pQnIy>Feminine Gender −−−−− pQnIyaNeuter Gender −−−−− pQnIym!Here are a few more examples:

1. kr[Iym! � To be done

2. pQnIym! � To be read

3. gmnIym! � Have to go

4. vhnIym! � To be carried

5. hnnIym! � To be killed

6. hsnIym! � Have to laugh

7. vdnIym! � To be spoken

8. vcnIym! � To be spoken

9. danIym! � To be given

10. dzRnIym! � To be seen

Textbook 69

11. ïv[Iym! � To be heard

12. ÉednIym! � To be split

13. inNdnIym! � To be condemned

14. TyjnIym! � To be given up

15. ÉaejnIym! � To be consumed

9.5 tVyt!-àTyy>The usage of tVyt!-àTyy is similar to AnIyr!-àTyy. The only speciality is that

the aspects of 'necessity' and 'command' are stressed more in the tVyt!-àTyythan AnIyr!-àTyy.

Example: ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm! , The religious rites ought to be done.

The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,

number and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender � piQtVy>Feminine Gender � piQtVyaNeuter Gender � piQtVym!Here are a few examples:

16. oadnIym! � to be eaten

17. jynIym! � to be conquered

18. yaejnIym! � to be linked

19. nynIym! � to be carried

20. Smr[Iym! � to be remembered

³

1. piQtVym! � Must be read

2. Éai;tVym! � Must be spoken

3. ÉaeKtVym! � Must be enjoyed

4. ointVym! � Must be dug

5. baeixtVym! � Must be educated

6. ktRVym! � Must be done

7. TyKtVym! � Must be given up

8. datVym! � Must be given

9. ïaetVym! � Must be heard

10. maijRtVym! � Must be purified


³

9.6 Ktvt!-àTyy>The past active participle is formed by adding the suffix Ktvt! to the verbal

root and has the same meaning as that of the verbal past tense.

Example: ram> iv*aly< gtvan! (AgCDt! ), Räma went to school.

Thus gtvan! and AgCDt! mean one and the same.

The derivates formed using this suffix agree with the noun in gender, number

and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender � piQtvan!Feminine Gender � piQtvtINeuter Gender � piQtvt!!Here are a few examples:

1. gtvan! � Went 4. p&óvan! � Asked

2. k«tvan! � Did 5. xaivtvan! � Ran

3. iSwtvan! � Stood 6. piQtvan! � Read

11. sihtVym! � Must be borne

12. leiotVym! � Must be written

13. tirtVym! � Must be crossed over

14. ³IiftVym! � Must be played

15. kwiytVym! � Must be told

16. ri]tVym! � Must be protected

17. jetVym! � Must be conquered

18. SwatVym! � Must be positioned

19. hNtVym! � Must be killed

20. SnatVym! � Must be bathed

21. }atVym! � Must be known

22. ÔòVym! � Must be seen

23. netVym! � Must be carried

24. patVym! � Must be drunk

25. gNtVym! � Must be gone

26. v´Vym! � Must be spoken

Textbook 71

7. nmSk«tvan! � Prostrated

8. g&hItvan! � Held

9. %Ktvan! � Told

10. �òvan! � Looked

11. oaidtvan! � Ate

12. Aiqtvan! � Roamed

13. Swaiptvan! � Established

14. TyKtvan! � Gave up

15. àei;tvan! � Sent

16. i]Ptvan! � Threw

17. ïutvan! � Heard

18. pItvan! � Drank

19. ijtvan! � Conquered

20. iliotvan! � Wrote

21. AahUtvan! � Called

22. nItvan! � Carried

23. AanItvan! � Brought

24. iciNttvan! � Thought

25. Aacirtvan! � Did

26. }atvan! � Knew

³

9.7 Kt-àTyy>The past passive participle is formed by adding Kt-àTyy to the transitive verbal

roots.

Example: rav[> ht>, Rävaëa has been killed.

The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in

gender, number and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender � k«t>Feminine Gender � k«taNeuter Gender � k«tm!Here are a few examples:

1. k«t> � Has been done 3. gt> � Has been gone

2. ïut> � Has been heard 4. �ò> � Has been looked


5. pIt> � Has been drunk

6. nIt> � Has been carried

7. piQt> � Has been read

8. taift> � Has been beaten

9. ht> � Has been killed

³

9.8 zt&-àTyy>The present participle is formed by adding zt&-àTyy to the verbal root. This

has the sense of present continuous tense.

Example: ram> gayn! gCDit, Räma goes singing.

The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun

in gender, number and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender � k�vRn!Feminine Gender � k�vRNtINeuter Gender � k�vRt!Here are a few examples:

10. ijt> � Has been conquered

11. iliot> � Has been written

12. kiwt> � Has been told

13. TyKt> � Has been given up

14. }at> � Has been known

1. k�vRn! � Doing

2. gCDn! � Going

3. AagCDn! � Coming

4. pQn! � Reading

5. z&{vn! � Hearing

6. Tyjn! � Giving up

7. xavn! � Running

8. palyn! � Protecting

Textbook 73

1 @km! 12 Öe 23 ÇIi[ 34 cTvair 45 pÂ 56 ;q! 67 sÝ 78 Aò 89 nv 910 dz 1011 @kadz 11

s'!Oya>Numerals

12 Öadz 1213 Çyaedz 1314 ctudRz 1415 pÂdz 1516 ;aefz 1617 sPtdz 1718 Aòadz 1819 nvdz/ 19 @kaeniv<zit20 iv<zit> 20

Note that the number nineteen has two appellations nvdz and @kaeniv<zit>^n means less. @k - ^n - iv<zit> means, 1 less than 20. This applies for 29, 39,

49 and so on.

21 @kiv<zit> 2122 Öaiv<zit> 2223 Çyaeiv<<zit> 2324 ctuiv�<zit> 2425 pÂiv<zit> 2526 ;f!iv<zit> 2627 sPtiv<zit> 27

28 Aòaiv<zit> 2829 nviv<zit>/ 29

@kaeniÇ<zt!30 iÇ<zt! 3031 @kiÇ<zt! 3132 ÖaiÇ<zt! 323 3 ÇyiSÇ<zt! 33


34 ctuiSÇ<zt! 3435 pÂiÇ<zt! 3536 ;q!iÇ<zt! 3637 sPtiÇ<zt! 3738 AòaiÇ<zt! 3839 nviÇ<zt!/ 39

@kaencTvair <zt!40 cTvair<zt! 4041 @kcTvair <zt! 4142 iÖcTvair <zt! 4243 iÇcTvair <zt! 4344 ctuZcTvair <zt! 4445 pÂcTvair <zt! 4546 ;q!cTvair<zt! 4647 sPtcTvair<zt! 4748 AòcTvair<zt! 4849 nvcTvair<zt!/ 49

@kaenpÂazt!50 pÂazt! 5051 @kpÂazt! 5152 iÖpÂazt! 5253 iÇpÂazt! 5354 ctu>pÂazt! 54

55 pÂpÂazt! 5556 ;q!pÂazt! 5657 sPtpÂazt! 5758 AòpÂazt! 5859 nvpÂazt!/ 59

@kaen;i:q>60 ;iò> 6061 @k;i:q> 6162 iÖ;i:q> 6263 iÇ;i:q> 6364 ctu>i:q> 6465 pÂ;i:q> 6566 ;q!;i:q> 6667 sPt;i:q> 6768 Aò;i:q> 6869 nv;i:q>/ 69

@kaensPtit>70 sPtit> 7071 @ksPtit> 7172 iÖsPtit> 7273 iÇsPtit> 7374 ctu>sPtit> 7475 pÂsPtit> 75

Textbook 75

76 ;q!sPtit> 7677 sPtsPtit> 7778 AòsPtit> 7879 nvsPtit>/ 79

@kaenazIit>80 AzIit> 8081 @kazIit> 8182 Ö(zIit> 8283 ÈyzIit> 8384 cturzIit> 8485 pÂazIit> 8586 ;fzIit> 8687 sPtazIit> 8788 AòazIit> 8889 nvazIit>/ 89

@kaennvit>90 nvit> 9091 @knvit> 9192 iÖnvit> 9293 iÇnvit> 9394 ctunRvit> 94

95 pÂnvit> 9596 ;{[vit> 9697 sPtnvit> 9798 Aònvit> 9899 nvnvit>/ 99

@kaenztm!100 ztm! 100200 iÖztm! 200300 iÇztm! 300400 ctu>ztm! 400500 pÂztm! 500600 ;q!ztm! 600700 sPtztm! 700800 Aòztm! 800900 nvztm! 9001,000 shöm! 100010,000 Ayutm! 100001,00,000 l]m! 10000010,00,000 inyutm! 10000001,00,00,000 kaeiq> 10000000

Sulabha Saàskåtam76 àyaeg>Voice

àyaeg>Voice

kmRi[àyaeg>Passive Voice

Sanskrit language permits three kinds of voice: (1) ktRiràyaeg> (2) kmRi[àyaeg>and (3) Éaveàyaeg>. We will be studying only the first two voices in this course.

(1) ktRiràyaeg> or Active Voice � In this the subject (kartä) is principal and the

verb agrees with the subject in person, number and gender.

(2) kmRi[àyaeg> or Passive Voice � In this the object (karma) is principal and the

verb agrees with the object in person, number and gender.

The ätmanepadé terminations play an important role in changing a sentence

from kartariprayoga to karmaëiprayoga. The following table gives the present

tense and the past tense ätmanepadé terminations.

³

ktRiràyaeg>Active Voice

Textbook 77

AaTmnepdI Terminations

In order to change active voice verb into passive voice verb, y is added to the

verbal root and then the AaTmnepdI terminations are added.

Example:

Active Voice : pcitPassive Voice: pCyteThus, in order to change the active voice pcit into passive voice, the verbal

root pc! (to cook) is taken, y is added, and then the present tense termination

of AaTmnepdI is added.

Here are a few more examples:

1. nmit nMyte ( nm! � to worship)2. pQit pQ(te ( pQ� � to learn)3. yacit yaCyte ( yac! � to beg)

4. nyit nIyte ( nI � to lead)

Present (lq!) Past (l'!)t #tam! ANtwa> #wam! Xvm!# Aavih Aamih

pcte pcete pcNtepcse pcewe pcXvepce pcavhe pcamhe

³

Apct Apcetam! ApcNtApcwa> Apcewam! ApcXvm!Apce Apcavih Apcamih

te #te ANtese #we Xve# Aavhe Aamhe


In passive voice, the subject takes the third case and the object takes the first

case. The verb must agree with the object in number and person.

Example:

ÉKt> dev< nmit , The devotee worships the Lord. (A.V.)

ÉKten dev> nMyte , The Lord is being worshipped by the devotee. (P.V.)

In order to change the active voice sentence ÉKt> dev< nmit into a passive

voice sentence, change the subject ÉKt> to its third case and the object dev< to its

first case, and the verb into its passive form. Then we get the passive voice

sentence ÉKten dev> nMyte,³


1. sIta Éaejn< pcit , Sétä cooks food. (A.V.)

sItya Éaejn< pCyte , The food is being cooked by Sétä. (P.V.)

2. n&p> caer< d{fyit , The king punishes the thief. (A.V.)

n&pe[ caer> d{f!yte , The thief is being punished by the king. (P.V.)

3 . Ah< devan! pUjyaim , I worship the devas. (A.V.)

mya deva> pUJyNte , The devas are worshipped by me. (P.V.)

4. É&Tya> Éar< nyiNt , The servants are carrying load. (A.V.)

É&TyE> Éar> nIyte , The load is being carried by the servants. (P.V.)

5. Ah< s<Sk«t< pQaim, I study Sanskrit. (A.V.)

mya s<Sk«t< pQ!yte, Sanskrit is studied by me. (P.V.)

Textbook 79

When two words come together, the last letter of the first word and the firstletter of the second word are combined together using certain rules. Thecombination of these letters is known as �sandhi�.There are three kinds of sandhis:(1) Svr-siNx> When two vowels are combined together it is known as�svara-sandhi�.

(2) VyÃn-siNx> When two consonants are combined together it is known as�vyaïjana-sandhi�.

(3) ivsg�-siNx> When visarga (:) is joined with any vowel or a consonant it isknown as �visarga-sandhi�.

³

The following table gives a complete classification of all the letters of theSanskrit alphabet. This table will be useful while learning sandhis especiallyvyaïjana-sandhi.

siNx>Combination

@ and @e are both guttural and palatal; Aae and AaE are guttural and labial; and vis both dental and labial.

k� o! g! "! '! h!z! c! D! j! H! |! y!;! q! Q! f! F! [! r!s! t! w! d! x! n! l!

p! )! b! É! m! v!

kQaerVyÃnainHard ConsonantsSvra>

Vowels

m&ÊVyÃnain Soft Consonants

A Aa# $\ §¤

% ^

^:ma[> Sibilants

ALpàa[ Unaspirate

mhaàa[ Aspirate

mhaàa[Aspirate

ANt>Sw Semivowels

Anunaisk Nasals

ALpàa[ Unaspirate

mhaàa[ Aspirate

VyÃnain Consonants


The following table gives the three types of sandhis and their subdivisions.

1. dI"RsiNx>2. gu[siNx>3. v&i�siNx>4. y[!siNx>5. AyaidsiNx>6. pUv�êpsiNx>7. prêpsiNx>8. àg&ýsiNx>

1. cTv�siNx>2. jZTvsiNx>3. AnunaisksiNx>4. AnuSvarsiNx>5. prsv[�siNx>6. íuTvsiNx>7. òuTvsiNx>8. pUv�sv[RsiNx>9. DTvsiNx>10. 'mufagmsiNx>

Svr-siNx>(Ac! siNx>)

VyÃn-siNx>(hl! siNx>)

ivsg�-siNx>1. %kar>2. laep>3. re)>4. skar>

³

siNx>

Textbook 81

12.1.1 dI"RRsiNx>Ak> sv[eR dI"R> � Päëini Sütra (6.1.101)

If A, #, %, and \ short or long, are followed by the same vowel � short or long

� they are combined to make the long vowel Aa, $, ^ and §.

Example: mur + Air> = murair>The first word mur ends with the short vowel A; Air> begins with the short

vowel A. When these two short vowels combine they form the long Aa.

2. gu[

1. dI"R

3. v&i�4. y[! 5. Ayaid

6. pUvRêp

7. prêp

8. àk«itSvrsiNx>

12.1 Svr-siNx>When two vowels are combined together it is known as Svr-siNx>. It can be

divided into 8 types.

³

A + A = Aa Aa + A = AaA + Aa = Aa Aa + Aa = Aa(A)



dez + Aqnm! = dezaqnm!ram + Avtar> = ramavtar>dev + Aaly> = devaly>)l + Aahar> = )lahar>iv*a + A_yas> = iv*a_yas>iv*a + Aaly> = iv*aly>puStk + Aaly> = puStkaly>

kiv + $ñr> = kvIñr>mhI + $z> = mhIz>yit + #NÔ> = ytINÔ>riv + #NÔ> = rvINÔ>igir + $ñr> = igrIñr>lúmI + $z> = lúmIz>mhI + #NÔ> = mhINÔ>

Éanu + %dy> = ÉanUdy>isNxu + ^imR> = isNxUimR>tnu + ^XvRm! = tnUXvRm!vxU + %Tsv> = vxUTsv>r"u + %Äm> = r"UÄm>

(B) # + # = $ # + $ = $$ + # = $ $ + $ = $

(C) % + % = ^ % + ^ = ^^ + % = ^ ^ + ^ = ^

Textbook 83

kqu + %iKt> = kqUiKt>

ipt& + \[m! = ipt[m!mat& + \iÏ> = mat¨i�>mat& + \[m! = mat¨[m!mat& + \iTvj> = mat¨iTvj>

12.1.2 gu[siNx>Ade¼�[> � Päëini Sütra (1.1.2)

If the vowels #, %, \ and ¤ short or long, follow A or Aa, then they are

substituted with @ , Aae, Ar! and Al! respectively.

Example: %p + #NÔ> = %peNÔ>The vowel # in the second word #NÔ> follows A in the first word %p. A single

vowel @ is substituted in the place of both A and #. Thus, we have %p + #NÔ> =%peNÔ>Here are some more examples:

$ñr + #CDa = $ñreCDalta + #v = ltevpU[R + #NÊ> = pU[eRNÊ>

(D)

(A) A + # = @ A + $ = @Aa + # = @ Aa + $ = @

\ + \ = § \ + § = §§ + \ = § § + § = §

³


g[ + $z> = g[ez>ram + $ñr> = rameñr>%ma + $z> = %mez>mha + #CDa = mheCDa

pr + %pkar> = praepkar>sUyR + %dy> = sUyaeRdy>dez + %Úit> = dezaeÚit>g¼a + %dkm! = g¼aedkm!iht + %pdez> = ihtaepdez>mha + ^imR> = mhaeimR>cNÔ + %dy> = cNÔaedy>g&h + ^XvRm! = g&haeXvRm!

dev + \i;> = devi;R>äü + \i;> = äüi;R>raja + \i;> = raji;R>mha + \i;> = mhi;R>sPt + \i;> = sPti;R>vsNt + \tu> = vsNttRu>

(B) A + % = Aae A + ^ = Aae Aa + % = Aae Aa + ^ = Aae

(C) A + \ = Ar! A + § = Ar! Aa + \ = Ar! Aa + § = Ar!

Textbook 85

12.1.3 v&i�siNx>v&i�radEc! � Päëini Sütra (1. 1. 1)

If A or Aa is followed by @ or @e , they are combined to become @e.If A or Aa is followed by Aae or AaE, they are combined to become AaE.

Example: mm + @v = mmEvIn mm + @v note that the vowel @ follows A in mm. The vowel @e is

substituted in the place of A and @ . Thus we have mm + @v = mmEv.

Some more examples are given below:

@k + @km! = @kEkm!sda + @v = sdEvivñ + @kta = ivñEktamt + @eKym! = mtEKym!dev + @eñyRm! = devEñyRm!xn + @eñyRm! = xnEñyRm!mha + @eñyRm! = mhEñyRm!

idv + Aaeks> = idvaEks>jl + Aae"> = jlaE">

(B) A + Aae = AaE A + AaE = AaE Aa + Aae = AaE Aa + AaE = AaE

A + @ = @e A + @e = @e Aa + @ = @e Aa + @e = @(A)


prm + AaEicTym! = prmaEicTym!mha + AaE;ix> = mhaE;ix>mha + AaETsuKym! = mhaETsuKym!

³

12.1.4 y[!siNx>#kae y[ic � Päëini Sütra (3. 1. 77)

#, %, \ and ¤, short or long, when followed by any dissimilar vowel

becomes y! , v! , r! and l! respectively.

(A) # or $ + any dissimilar vowel (other than # or $ ) = y!yid + Aip = y*ipàit + A] = àTy]àit + @km! = àTyekm!#it + Aaid = #TyaidAit + %Äm> = ATyuÄm>suxI + %paSy> = suXyupaSy>pavRtI + Axuna = pavRTyxuna

(B) % or ^ + any dissimilar vowel (other than % or ^ ) = v!Anu + @;[m! = ANve;[m!gué + Aadez> = guva�dez>Anu + Ay> = ANvy>hetu + AwRm! = heTvwRm!saxu + #dm! = saiXvdm!saxu + Aaednm! = saXvaednm!

Textbook 87

(C) \ or § + dissimilar vowel (other than \ or § ) = r!ipt& + Aa}a = ipÇa}aipt& + A<z> = ipÇ<z>ipt& + AaEdayRm! = ipÇaEdayRm!mat& + Aa}a = maÇa}amat& + #CDa = maiÇCDamat& + %*anm! = maÇu*anm!

³

12.1.5 AyaidsiNx>@cae=yvayav> � Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 78)

If @ , @e , Aae, and AaE are followed by any dissimilar vowel, they become Ay!Aay! , Av! and Aav! respectively.

Example: ne + Anm! = nynm!The @ in ne is changed to Ay! and hence ne + Anm! = nynm!Here are a few more examples:

mageR + Aagta> = magRyagta>iïyE + %*t> = iïyayu*t>nE + Ak> = nayk>hre + @ = hrye

@ + any dissimilar vowel = Ay!@e + any dissimilar vowel = Aay!


Aae + any dissimilar vowel = Av! AaE + any dissimilar vowel = Aav!

paE + Ak> = pavk>Éae + Anm! = Évnm!iv:[ae + @ = iv:[venaE + #k> = naivk>ivÉae + #h = ivÉivh

³

12.1.6 pUvRêpsiNx>@'> pdaNtadit � Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 109)

If @ or Aae at the end of a word is followed by A, the A disappears and the sign

�=� (avagraha) is placed instead. This sandhi being an exception to Ayaid-siNx(refer 12.1.5), the @ or Aae is not changed into Ay! or Av! .

Example: hre + AÇ = hre=ÇIn hre + AÇ, A follows the vowel @ and hence A is changed to avagraha. The

avagraha indicates that the A is silent.

A few more examples:

lte + Av = lte=vAnte + Aip = Ante=ipgaepalae + Ahm! = gaepalae=hm!sae + Aym! = sae=ym!

³

Textbook 89

12.1.7 prêpsiNx>@i' prêpm! � Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 94)

If A is followed by @ or Aae, they combine to form the latter, that is @ or Aae.Example: à + @jte = àejteIn à + @jte the vowel @ is substituted in the place of A and @ and it becomes

àejte.%p + Aae;it = %pae;itzu� + Aaedn> = zu�aedn>

³

12.1.8 àk«itÉav siNx>$Ëded!iÖvcn< àg&ým! � Päëini Sütra (1. 1. 11)

When any vowel follows a dual noun ending with $, ^ or @ , there is no

sandhi of the words, that is, they retain their original form. Therefore this

sandhi is also called �prakåtibhäva-sandhi�.

Example: hrI + AagtaE = hrI AagtaEThe word hrI is the prathamä-vibhakti-dvivacana of the word hir. So there is

no sandhi and the form remains as hrI AagtaE.Here are a few more examples:

xenU + AagCDt> = xenU AagCDt>lte + AisÂtam! = lte AisÂtam!AmU + AñaE = AmU AñaE

³


³

12.2.1 cTvRsiNx>oir c � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 55)

The consonants except nasals and semi-vowels when followed by hard

consonants substitute the first letter of their group of consonants

(k! c! q! t! p).

Example: ivpd! + kal> = ivpTkal>The d! of ivpd! is followed by k which is a hard consonant. So d is substituted

by t! , which is the first letter of its group.

12.2 VyÃnsiNx>When two consonants are joined together it is known as vyaïjana-sandhi.

This is of ten types.

1.cTvR

2. jZTv

3. Anunaisk

4. AnuSvar

5. prsv[R 6. íuTv

7. òuTv

8. pUvRsv[R

9. DTv

10. 'mufagmVyÃnsiNx>

Textbook 91


ivraf! + pué;> = ivraq!pué;>sd! + kar> = sTkar>suùd! + ³Ifit = suùT³Ifitidg! + pal> = idKpal>]ux! + ippasa = ]uiTppasa

³

12.2.2. jZTvsiNx>Hla< jzae=Nte � Päëini Sütra (8.2.39)

The consonants, except nasals, at the end of a word when followed by a vowel

or a soft consonant, take the third letter of their group.

Example: vak� + danm! = vaGdanm!The consonant k� is followed by the soft consonant d. The k� is therefore

changed into the third letter of its group g! .


idk� + gj> = idGgj>Ac! + ANt> = AjNt>jgt! + $z> = jgdIz>àak� + @v = àagevpirìaq! + vdit = pirìaf!vditAp! + "q> = AB"q>idk� + AMbr> = idgMbr>

³


12.2.3 AnunaisksiNx>yrae=nunaiske=nunaiskae va � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 45)

When a word ends in a consonant other than h! and is followed by a nasal, the

final consonant of the first word is optionally substituted by the nasal of its

group.

Example: @td! + murair> = @tNmurair>/ @td!murair>The word @td! ends with the consonant d! and is followed by the nasal m! . So

the consonant d! takes up the nasal of its class, which is n! , and thus we get

@tNmurair>.A few more examples:

;q! + masa> = ;{masa> / ;q!masa>jgt! + naw> = jgÚaw>/ jgt!naw>àak! + muom! = àa'!muom! / àak!muom!sd! + mit> = sNmit> / sd!mit>

But when the end consonant of a word is followed by the suffixes my and maÇ,

the change into nasal is compulsory.

Examples:

ict! + mym! = icNmym!tt! + maÇm! = tNmaÇm!

³

12.2.4. AnuSvarsiNx>(A) mae=nuSvar> � Päëini Sütra (8. 3. 23)

If m! is followed by any consonant then m! is replaced by anusvära.

Textbook 93

Examples :

hirm! + vNde = hir < vNdekayRm! + k�é = kay<� k�éxmRm! + cr = xm�< crsTym! + vd = sTy< vdsÅvrm! + yait = sÅvr< yaitramm! + Éjaim = ram< Éjaim

(B) níapdaNtSy Hil � Päëini Sütra ( 8. 3. 24 )

m! and n! occurring within the middle of the word, when followed by a

consonant except a nasal or a semi vowel or h�, is changed into anusvära.

Example: yzan! + is = yza<isIn yzan! + is, n! is changed into anusvära as it followed by the sibilant s! .

A few more examples:

pyan! + is = pya<isnm! + Syit = n<Syitsm! + sar> = s<sar>

³

12.2.5 prsv[RsiNx>(A) AnuSvarSy yiy prsv[R> � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 58)

The m! or n! occurring within a word is changed into anusvära, and when

followed by any consonant except z! , ;! , s! , or h� , is changed into a nasal of

the following consonant.

Example: A< + ikt> = Ai»t>


In this example A< is followed by the consonant k . So m! is changed into the

nasal of its group which is '! Thus A< + ikt> = Ai»t>Here are a few more examples:

m< + idrm! = miNdrm!k�< + iQt> = k�i{Qt>za< + t> = zaNt>gu < + i)t> = guiM)t>

(B) va pdaNtSy � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 59 )

But the nasal at the end of a word is optionally changed into anusvära in accor-

dance with the above rule.

Examples:

Tv< + kraei; = Tv'!kraei; / Tv< kraei;t&[< + crit = t&[Ârit / t&[< crit¢am< + gCDit = ¢am'!gCDit / ¢am< gCDit

(C) taeilR � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 60)

If a consonant of the t group is followed by l! , the consonant of the t group

changes into l! .Examples:

tt! + lIn> = tLlIn>%d! + leo> = %Lleo>jgt! + lúmI> = jgLlúmI>ivlst! + l»a = ivlsLl»a

³

Textbook 95

12.2.6 íuTvsiNx>(A) Stae> íuna íu> � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 40)

If s! is followed by z! or the consonants of c group, the s! is changed into z! .Examples:

rams! + zete = ramZzetemns! + cÂlm! = mníÂlm!rams! + icnaeit = ramiínaeitizzs! + zete = izzuZzete

(B) If the consonant of the t group is followed by z! or the consonant of the cgroup, the consonant of the t group is changed into its corresponding c group

consonant.

Examples:

st! + ict! = si½t!mht! + c³m! = mh½³m!b&ht! + DÇm! = b&hCDÇm!

³

12.2.7 òuTvsiNx>(A) òuna òu> � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 41)

If s! is followed by ;! or the consonant of the q group, the s! is changed into ;!.rams! + ;ó> = ram:;ó>xnus! + q»ar> = xnuò»ar>bals! + ;ó> = bal:;ó>

(B) If the consonants of the t group is followed by the consonants of the q


group, the consonant of the t group is changed into its corresponding

consonant of the q group.

mhd! + ifi{fm> = mhif!fi{fm>tt! + qIka = t�Ikab&ht! + qIka = b&h�Ikaci³n! + FaEkse = ci³{FaEkseb&ht! + q»zala = b&h�»zala%t! + q»nm! = %�»nm!%t! + Jvl> = %JJvl>mhan! + jy> = mhaÁjy>ANyt! + c = ANy½

³

12.2.8 pUvRsv[RsiNx>Hyae hae=NytrSyam! � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 62)

If h! comes after any of the first four letters of a group, the h! is optionally

changed to the fourth letter of that group. The end consonant of the first word

changes into the third letter of its group.

Example: vak� + hir> = vaGhir>/vaG"ir>vak� ends with the consonant k� which is changed into g! which is the third

letter of its group. h! is optionally changed into "! .A few more examples:

ptt! + ihmm! = ptd!ihmm! /pti�mm!tt! + iht> = td!iht>/ti�t>Ap! + hr[m! = ABhr[m!/ABÉr[m!

Textbook 97

idk� + hStI = idGhStI/idG"StIsèaq! + ihtkr = sèaif!htkr/sèaif!Ftkr

³

12.2.9 DTvsiNx>zZDae=iq � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 63)

If z! is followed by a vowel, semi-vowel or h and is preceded by a word

ending in any of the first four letters of a group, z! is changed into D!optionally. The t! of the first word changes into c! .Examples:

tt! + izv> = tiCzv> / tiCDv>tt! + zIl> = tCzIl> / tCDIl>jgt! + zr[m! = jgCzr[m! / jgCDr[m!%t! + iz:q> = %iCz:q> / %iCD:q>st! + zaSÇm! = sCzaSÇm! / sCDaSÇm!

³

12.2.10 'mufagmsiNx>'mae ÿSvadic 'mui{nTym! � Päëini Sütra (8. 3. 32)

If a word ends in '! , [! or n! , is preceded by a short vowel and is followed by

any vowel, then '! , [! or n! is doubled.

Examples:

àTy'! + AaTma = àTy'!'aTmaxavn! + Añ> = xavÚñ>hsn! + AiÄ = hsÚiÄsug[! + $z> = sug{[Iz>


12.3.1 %kar>If a visarga (>) is preceded by A and is followed by a soft consonant or A then

the visarga is changed into % (A + % = Aae ) ( A = =).The soft consonants do not change whereas A changes to avagraha (=).Example: izv> + ACyR> = izvae=CyR>In the word izv> the visarga is preceded by the vowel A and is followed by Ain ACyR>. Thus the visarga in izv> changes to %. Again A and % combine to

become Aae and thus we get izvae=CyR>.A few more examples:

ram> + Aip = ramae=ipk> + Aym! = kae=ym!

gCDn! + AiSt = gCDÚiStSmrn! + %vac = SmrNnuvac

³

12.3 ivsgRsiNx>When visarga (:) is combined with any vowel or consonant it is known as

�visarga sandhi� There are 4 types in this sandhi.

2. laep> 3. re)>

ivsgRsiNx>1. %kar> 4. skar>

Textbook 99

gaeivNd> + Ahm! = gaeivNdae=hm!Ax> + git = Axae gitmn> + blm! = mnae blm!

³

12.3.2 laep>(A) If visarga is preceded by Aa and is followed by any vowel or a soft

consonant, the visarga is dropped.

Examples:

Aña> + AmI = Aña AmIpuÇa> + jata> = puÇa jata>Aña> + xaviNt = Aña xaviNtjna> + gCDiNt = jna gCDiNttara> + %idta> = tara %idta>hta> + gja> = hta gja>

(B) If a visarga is preceded by A and is followed by any vowel other than the

short A, the visarga is dropped.

Examples:

k�t> + Aagta> = k�t Aagta>nr> + #v = nr #vcNÔ> + %deit = cNÔ %deitdev> + \i;> = dev \i;>k«:[> + @it = k«:[ @itk> + @;> = k @;>

(C) If any consonant or vowel except short A follows s> or @;>, the visarga is

dropped.


Examples:

s> + AagCDit = s AagCDits> + zMÉuu> = s zMÉuu>@;> + iv:[u> = @; iv:[u>

(D) The words Éae>, Égae> and A"ae> lose their visarga if any vowel or soft

consonant follows it.

Éae> + ACyut = Éae ACyutA"ae> + yaih = A"ae yaihÉgae> + nmSte = Égae nmSte

³

12.3.3 re)>(A) If visarga is preceded by any vowel except A or Aa and is followed by any

vowel or a soft consonant then, visarga is changed into r! .

Examples:

hir> + Aym! = hirrym!git> + #ym! = gitirym!riv> + %deit = rivédeitmuin> + Éjit = muinÉRjitkve> + bui�> = kvebu�i�>gurae> + g&hm! = guraeg&Rhm!

(B) Having changed visarga into r! ( > = r! ), if the first letter of the following

word is again r! , the r! of the first word disappears and the short vowels A, # or

% before r! of the first word is then changed to Aa, $ or ^ respectively.

hirr! (hir>) + rMy> = hrI rMy>

Textbook 101

The visarga in hir> is changed into r! and then when it combines with r! of the

following word rMy>, the r! in the hirr! (hir>) is dropped and the vowel is

lengthened. Thus hirr! (hir>) becomes hrI.A few more Examples:

inr! + rs> = nIrs> zMÉur! + rajte = zMÉU rajte æatur! + raednm! = æatU raednm! iptr! + r] = ipta r]

³

12.3.4. skar>(A) When visarga is followed by t! or w! then the visarga is changed intos! .Examples:

mn> + tap> = mnStap>ram> + it:Qit = ramiSt:Qitiv:[u> + Çata = iv:[uSÇata

If visarga is followed by c! or D! then the visarga becomes z! .

Examples:

gaE> + crit = gaEíritk> + ict! = kiít!m&g> + crit = m&gírit

If visarga is followed by q! or Q! then the visarga is changed to ;!.Examples:

ram> + qIkte = ram:qIkte


xnu> + q<kar> = xnu:q<kar>(B) If z!, ;! or s! follows a visarga then the visarga is changed into z! , ;! ors! optionally.

Examples:

hir> + zete = hirZzete/hir> zetesuPt> + izzu> = suPtiZzzu>/suPt> izzu>kiv> + ïu[aeit = kivZïu[aeit/kiv> ïu[aeitmÄ> + ;q!pd> = mÄ:;q!pd>/mÄ> ;q!pd>pdawaR> + sPt = pdawaRSsPt/pdawaR> sPtk�mar> + sIdit = k�marSsIdit/k�mar> sIdit

Textbook 103

Five well known çlokas from Çrémad Välméki Rämäyaëam, Çrémad Bhagavad Gétä,

Çrémad Bhägavatam, Manusmåti, Upaniñads and Raghuvamça are given below along

with their prose order. With the knowledge that you have gained from this

study of Sanskrit you should be able to grasp the meaning of these verses.

13.1 ïImÖaLmIikramay[m!Çrémad Välméki Rämäyaëam

1. Sage Viçvämitra to Daçaratha

Ah< veiÒ mhaTman< ram< sTypra³mm!,visóae=ip mhateja ye ceme tpis iSwta>.

The glorious sage Vasiñöha and all those who are stead fast in austerity and I

know the great Räma as the possessor of true prowess. (Bälakäëòa 19.14)

Prose Order:

Ah< sTypra³m< mhaTman< (#it) ram< veiÒ, mhateja visó> #me ye tpis iSwta> c AipivdiNt,2. King Daçaratha to Sage Viçvämitra

^n;aefzv;aeR me ramae rajIvlaecn>,n yu�yaeGytamSy pZyaim sh ra]sE>.

My lotus-eyed Räma is less than sixteen years old. I do not perceive his

capacity to wage war with the Räkñasas. (Bälakäëòa 20.2)

Prose Order:

me rajIvlaecn> ramae ^n;aefzv;R> (Évit), ASy ra]sE> sh yu�yaeGyta< n pZyaim,3. Sage Viçvämitra to Çré Räma and Lakñmaëa

kaEsLyasuàja ram pUvaR sNXya àvtRte,

zaSÇai[Scriptures


%iÄó nrzaËRl ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm!.O Räma! the worthy son of Kausalyä, the morning twilight has set in. Get up.

O tiger among men! Contemplation on the deity and the daily duties have to

be performed. (Bälakäëòa 23.2)

Prose Order:

he ram, kaEsLyasuàja, pUvaR sNXya àvtRtee, nrzaËRl %iÄó, dEvm! Aaiûkm! ktRVym!,4. Janaka to Çré Räma

#y< sIta mm suta shxmRcrI tv,àtICD cEna< ÉÔ< te pai[< g&�I:v pai[na.

This Sétä, my daughter, is your companion in discharging your sacred duties.

Take her hand in your own and accept her. May good betide you. (Bälakäëòa

73.26)

Prose Order:

#y< sIta mm suta tv shxmRcrI (Évit), @na< c àtICD pai[na pai[< g&�I:v, te ÉÔm!(AStu),5. Sumiträ to Lakñmaëa

ram< dzrw< ivi� ma< ivi� jnkaTmjam!,AyaeXyamqvI < ivi� gCD tat ywa suom!.

Consider Räma to be Daçaratha, look upon Sétä as myself, experience the forest

as Ayodhyä and depart happily, my dear. (Ayodhyäkäëòa 40.9)

Prose Order:

tat, ram< dzrw< ivi�, jnkaTmja< ma< ivi�, AqvI < AyaeXya< ivi�, ywa suo< gCD,³

Textbook 105

13.2 ïImÑgvÌItaÇrémad Bhagavad Gétä

kmR{yevaixkarSte ma )le;u kdacn,ma kmR)lhetuÉRU> ma te s¼ae=STvkmRi[.

Thy right is to work only but never to its fruits; let the fruit of action be not thy

motive, nor let thy attachment be to inaction. (Chapter 2.47)

Prose Order:

kmRi[ @v te Aixkar>, )le;u ma kdacn, kmR)lhetu> ma ÉU>, te s¼> AkmRi[ maAStu,

yda yda ih xmRSy GlainÉRvit Éart,A_yuTwanmxmRSy tdaTman< s&jaMyhm!.

Whenever there is decay of righteousness, O Bhärata, and unrighteousness, is

on the rise, then I manifest Myself. (Chapter 4.7)

Prose Order:

he Éart, yda yda ih xmRSy Glain> Évit, AxmRSy A_yuTwan< (Évit), tda Ahm!AaTman< s&jaim,

pirÇa[ay saxUna< ivnazay c Ê:k«tam!,xmRs<SwapnawaRy sMÉvaim yuge yuge.

I am born in every age for the protection of the good, for the destruction of the

wicked, and for the establishment of righteousness. (Chapter 4.8)

Prose Order:

saxUna< pirÇa[ay, Ê:k«ta< ivnazay, xmRs<SwapnawaRy c, yuge yuge sMÉvaim,apÇ< pu:p< )l< taey< yae me ÉKTya àyCDit,tdh< ÉKTyupùt< Aîaim àytaTmn>.


Whoever offers Me with devotion a leaf, a flower, a fruit, water, that I accept,

offered by the pure minded with devotion. (Chapter 9.26)

Prose Order:

y> me pÇ< pu:p< )l< taey< ÉKTya àyCDit àytaTmn>, ÉKTya %pùt< tt! Ahm! AZnaim,svRxmaRn! pirTyJy mamek< zr[< ìj,Ah< Tva svRpape_yae mae]iy:yaim ma zuc>.

Abandoning all dharmas, take refuge in Me alone; I will liberate thee from all

sins; grieve not. (Chapter 18.66)

Prose Order:

svRxmaRn! pirTyJy mam! @k< zr[< ìj, Ah< svRpape_y> Tva mae]iy:yaim, ma zuc>,³

13.3 ïImÑagvtm!Çrémad Bhägavatam

inzIwe tm %Ñ�te jaymane jnad�ne,devKya< devêip{ya< iv:[u> svRguhazy>,AaivrasId!! ywa àaCya< idzINÊirv pu:kl>.

In the pitch darkness of midnight, Mahäviñëu, the dweller of all hearts, was

born of the divinely beautiful Devaké, like the full moon rising on the eastern

horizon. (Skandha 10.3.8)

Prose Order:

svRguhazy> iv:[u> inzIwe tm %Ñ�tee jaymane jnad�ne devKya< devêip{ya< ywa àaCya<idiz pu:kl> #NÊ> #v AaivrasIt! ,

tv iv³Iift< k«:[ n&[a< prmm¼lm!,k[RpIyU;maSva* TyjTyNySp&ha< jn>.

O Kåñëa! hearing about your holy and auspicious sports, which is a real nectar

Textbook 107

for the ear, the people leave all other desires. (Skandha 11.6.44)

Prose Order:

he k«:[, n&[a< prmm¼l< k[RpIyU;< tv iv³Iift< jn> AaSva* ANySp&ha< Tyjit,sv�vedaNtsar< ih ïIÉagvtim:yte,tÔsam&tt&PtSy naNyÇ Syad! rit> Kvict! .

This Bhägavata being the essence of all Vedänta, it is natural that one who is

satisfied in its study does not feel interest in any other text. (Skandha 12.13.15)

Prose Order:

ïIÉagvt< sv�vedaNtsar< ih #:yte, tt!! rsam&tt&PtSy ANyÇ Kvict! rit> n Syat!,n olu gaeipkanNdnae ÉvanioldeihnamNtraTmdk!,ivonsaiwRtae ivñguPtye so %deiyvan! saTvta< k�le.

O Friend! you are not merely the Gopikä's son, but the witness of the inner

essence of all embodied beings. Prayed by Brahmä, you have risen in the clan

of the Yadus for the protection of the world. (Skandha 10.31.4)

Prose Order:

so Évan! n olu gaeipkanNdn>, Aioldeihna< ANtraTm�k� ivonsaiwRt> (Évan!)ivñguPtye saTvta< k�le %deiyvan!,

inrpe]< muin< zaNt< invERr< smdzRnm!,AnuìjaMyh< inTy< pUyeyeTy'!iºre[uiÉ>.

I always follow the sage who desires nothing, who is always tranquil in order

that I may get purified by the dust of his feet. (Skandha 11.14.16)

Prose Order:

Ah< A'!iºre[uiÉ> pUyeyet! (#it icNtyn!) inrpe]< invERr< smdzRn< zaNt< muin< inTym!Anuìjaim,

³


13.4 mnuSm&it>Manusmåti

n jatu kam> kamanam! %pÉaegen zaMyit,hiv;a k«:[vTmeRv ÉUyEvaiÉvxRte.

Desire is never satisfied by the enjoyment of its objects. Like fire fed with

ghee, it only flares up all the more. (Chapter 2.94)

Prose Order:

kam> kamanam! %pÉaegen n jatu zaMyit, hiv;a k«:[vTm� #v ÉUy @v AiÉvx�te,ïuTva Sp&ò!va c �ò!va c ÉuKTva ºaTva c yae nr>,n ù:yit Glayit va s iv}eyae ijteiNÔy>.

One who, having heard, having touched, having seen, having tasted and

having smelt does not become joyful nor sink in sorrow, is declared as one

who has conquered his senses. (Chapter 2.98)

Prose Order:

y> nr> ïuTva Sp&ò!va �ò!va ÉuKTva ºaTva n ù:yit Glayit va s> ijteiNÔy> iv}ey>,sv�< prvz< du>o< sv�maTmvz< suom!,

@tiÖ*aTsmasen l][< suodu>oyae>.Sorrow is for one who depends on the external world; joy for one who

depends on one's own self. Know this to be the nature of joy and sorrow.

(Chapter 4.160)

Prose Order:

sv�< prvz< du>om!, sv�m! AaTmvz< suom!, @tt! suodu>oyae> l][< smasen iv*at!,xm� @v htae hiNt xmaeR r]it ri]t>,tSma�maeR n hNtVyae ma nae xmaeR htae=vxIt!.

Dharma destroys its destroyer. Dharma protects its protector. Therefore

Textbook 109

virtues should not be destroyed. Let not such dharma (which has been

destroyed) destroy us. (Chapter 8.15)

Prose Order:

ht> xmR> @v hiNt, ri]t> xmR> r]it, tSmat! xmR> n hNtVy>, ht> xmR> n> maAvxIt! ,

A}e_yae ¢iNwn> ïeóa> ¢iNw_yae xair[ae vra>,xair_yae }ainn> ïeóa> }ain_yae Vyvsaiyn>.

Greater than the ignorant are those who have read the scriptures. Still greater

are those who have memorized them. Greater still are those who know their

meaning. The best are those who put them to practice. (Chapter 12.103)

Prose Order:

A}e_y> ïeòa> ¢iNwn>, ¢iNw_y> vra> xair[>, xair_y> ïeòa> }ainn>, }ain_y> Vyvsaiyn>(ïeóa>),

³

13.5 %pin;d!Upaniñad

Öa sup[aR syuja soaya sman< v&]< pir;Svjate,tyaerNy> ipPpl< SvaÖiÄ AnZnÚNyae AiÉcakzIit.

Two birds bound to one other in close friendship, perch on the same tree. One

of them eats the fruits of the tree with relish, while the other looks on without

eating. (Muëòakopaniñad 3.1.1)

Prose Order:

syuja soaya Öa sup[aR sman< v&]< pir;Svjate, tyae> ANy> SvaÊ ipPpl< AiÄ, ANy>AnZnn! AiÉcakzIit,


à[vae xnu> zrae ýaTma äü tLlúymuCyte,AàmÄen ve�Vy< zrvt! tNmyae Évet!.

The Praëava is the bow, the Ätman is the arrow and Brahman is said to be its

mark. It should be hit by one who is self-collected and the one who

hits becomes, like the arrow, one with the mark, which is Brahman.

(Muëòakopaniñad 2.2.4)

Prose Order:

xnu> à[v>, zr> ih AaTma, lúy< tt! äü %Cyte, AàmÄen ve�Vy<, zrvt! tNmy> Évet!,%iÄót ja¢t àaPy vran! inbaext,]urSy xara inizta ÊrTyya Êg�< pwStt! kvyae vdiNt.

Arise, awake; having reached the great teachers realize that Ätman. Like the

sharp edge of a razor is that path, difficult to cross and hard to tread � thus say

the wise. (Kaöhopaniñad 1.3.14)

Prose Order:

%iÄót, ja¢t, vran! àaPy inbaext, kvy> tt! pw> ]urSy xara inizta ÊrTyya Êg�<(#it) vdiNt,

AaTman< riwn< ivi� zrIr< rwmev tu,bui�< tu sariw< ivi� mn> à¢hmev c.

Know the Ätman as the Lord of the chariot, and the body as the chariot. Know

the intellect as the charioteer and the mind verily as the reins. (Kaöhopaniñad

1.3.3)

Prose Order:

AaTman< riwn< ivi�, zrIr< @v tu rwm! (#it ivi�), bui�< tu sariw< ivi�, mn> à¢hm! @vc (#it ivi�),

#iNÔyai[ hyanahu> iv;ya<Ste;u gaecran!,

Textbook 111

AaTmeiNÔymnaeyuKt< ÉaeKteTyahumRnIi;[>.The senses, they say, are the horses, and their roads are the sense objects.

When an individual is united with the body, the sense and the mind, call him

the enjoyer. (Kaöhopaniñad 1.3.4)

Prose Order:

#iNÔyai[ hyan! Aahu>, iv;yan! te;u gaecran! (Aahu>), AaTmeiNÔymnaeyuKt< ÉaeKta #itmnIi;[> Aahu>,

³

13.6. r"uv<z>Raghuvaàça

vagwa�ivv sMp&KtaE vagwRàitpÄye,jgt> iptraE vNde pavRtIprmeZvraE.

I bow down to Pärvaté and Parameçvara, the world parents, who like word

and meaning are unified, so that I may attain right knowledge of word and

sense. (Sarga 1.1)

Prose Order:

vak�-AwR-àitpÄye vagwaRivv sMp&KtaE jgt> iptraE pavRtIprmeZvraE vNde,tavuÉavip prSpriSwtaE vxRmanpirhIntejsaE,pZyit Sm jnta idnaTyye pavR[aE zizidvakraivv.

Standing face to face in opposition, on the full moon day, the people beheld

them (Räma and Paraçuräma) like the sun and the moon at the end of the day,

with the glory of the one waxing and that of the other waning. (Sarga 11.82)

Prose Order:

pavR[aE idnaTyye zizidvakraE #v taE %ÉaE Aip prSpriSwtaE vxRmanpirhIntejsaE jntapZyit Sm,


s sItalúm[so> sTyat! guémlaepyn!,ivvez d{fkar{y< àTyek< c sta< mn>.

With Lakñmaëa and Sétä for companions, helping his father not to stray from

truth, he entered the Daëòaka forest, and the heart of every good man. (Sarga

12.9)

Prose Order:

s> sItalúm[so> sTyat! guém! Alaepyn! , d{fkar{y< àTyek< sta< mn> c ivvez,àv&ÄaE %plBxaya< tSya> sMpaitdzRnat!,maéit> sagr< tI[R> s<sar< #v inmRm>.

On meeting Sampäti they got news of Sétä. Märuti crossed the ocean, as a

selfless soul transcends this transitory life. (Sarga 12.60)

Prose Order:

sMpaitdzRnat! tSya> àv&ÄaE %plBxaya< inmRm> s<sarm! #v maéit> sagr< tI[R>,s setu< bNxyamas PlvgE> lv[aMÉis,rsatlat! #v %NmGn< ze;< SvPnay zai¼R[>.

Across the briny sea, with the help of the monkeys he built a bridge which

resembled Çeña rising from the nether regions for Viñëu to sleep on. (Sarga

12.70)

Prose Order:

s> PlvgE> lv[aMÉis zai¼R[> SvPnay rsatlat! %NmGn< ze;m! #v setu< bNxyamas,

< ivnazay c xmRs<SwapnawaRy yuge yu

Textbook 113

Transliteration and Pronunciation

In this book, Devanägaré characters have been transliterated according to the

scheme adopted by the International Congress of Orientalists at Athens in

1912. One fixed pronunciation value is given to each letter; f, q, w, x and z are

not called to use. According to this scheme:

sounds like sounds like

A a o in son f! ò d in dogAa ä in master F! òh dh in godhood# i in if [! ë n in under$ é ee in feel t! t% u u in full w! th th in thumb^ ü oo in boot d! d th in then\ å ri in rim x! dh theh in breathe

here@ e a in evade n! n@e ai y in my p! pAae o )! ph ph in loop holeAaE au ow in now b! bk� k É! bh bh in abhoro! kh ckh in blockhead m! mg! g (hard) y! y"! gh gh in log-hut r! r'! ì ng l! lc! c ch in chuckle v! v in avertD! ch chh in catch him z! ç sh in shutj! j ;! ñ s in sugarH! jh dgeh in hedgehog s! s|! ï n in banyan h! hq! ö t in tank < àQ! öh th in ant-hill > ù (half h)

³

sanskrit textbook

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