sanskrit grammar for beginners by swamini svatmabodhananda
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar series -1
Learn to read and write
sasktam
uccraamand
devangari lipi
A compilation
By
Swamini Svatmabodhananda Saraswati
student and disciple of
Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Arsha Vidya Gurukulam
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For a hard copy or the soft copy of this compilation please contact:
Swamini Svatmabodhananda Saraswati
2B, Kubera Sampat5/2, 18th Cross Road
Malleshwaram
Bangalore 560 055
Email: [email protected]
Any part of the mannual may be reproduced or copied, stored in retrievalsystem, or transmitted by any means electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise with or without the permission ofthe compiler and used for teaching and self-learning.
Guru purnima July 22nd, 2013
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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r uh-mS-uYrj-a-m-xu
uc liri m qk Su y vara-pada-vkyrtha-gadya-padya-svarpi |
vci nartayatu kipra medh dev sarasvat ||
Dedicated
to all my cryas
who taught me
sasktam
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With the blessings of Pujya Swami Dayananda Saraswati
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Contents
Why this compilation?Section 1
Opening prayers Mhevara striik , Phonetics
Section 2
Sanskrit Alphabets varamlWriting practice of lettersVowelsConsonantsWriting practice of cosonants with vowels-
Reading exercisesSection 3
Conjucnt consonants
Section 4
Sanskrit numerals
Word list- more reading practiceInspirations
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Why this compilation?
This Sanskrit teaching tool has been designed to teach Sanskrit for beginnemeant to be a teaching manual for the tecahers and self-learning manual as wbeginners. With two decades of exposure to teaching the English speakingand the non-resident Indians I found that it is easy to learn Sanskrit by peoplhave been exposed to thinking in any one of the Indian languages but not sthe others who have no exposure. The teaching of the Sanskrit language invsystematic approach. The structure of the language and its nuances has taught systematically for a beginner. So this compilation would be helpf
teaching the English speaking people and online teaching. The aim is to mlearner familiar with the sounds, articulation and the script. By the end ostudy, the student will be able to read and write words and simple sentencesthe intention is to teach reading and writing, the meanings of words are not g
This is a class room material which was created for the pupose of online tthrough skype covering 60 hours of teaching sessions.
Your feed back is welcome for the improvisation of the book.
Swamini Svatmabodhananda saraswati
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Section 1
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mjl zsM
Opening prayers
lq zoSoiql lOUeUer lO nama rabdabramtmane r narjarjya nama | lq zoSu xqmSr Mipr lqO nama rabdavidy sapradya kartbhyo namo mahadbnamo gurubhya |
uajuu xqm uajmimr |vgarthviva sapktau vgarthapratipattaye
eai miU ulS muim jagata pitarau vande prvatparamevarau ||1||
rlUxqqlrq Akaqr q yenkara-samnyam adhigamya mahevart
Mixl urMUh m ixq mhlr lq |ktsna vykaraa prokta tasmai pinaye nama ||2|| rl ki aU mx uqs
yena dhaut gira pus vimalai abdavribhi | iqle p ixq mh
tamacjnaja bhinna tasmai pinaye nama ||3||
uYrMU uUc pwrMUvkayakra vararuci bhyakra patajalim |
mhl xMUgc mhi pini strakraca praatosmi munitrayam ||4||
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qWU xhmhevara stras lq mhl-Mirrl-migespr q
O nama pini-ktyyana-patajalibhyo munibhyo mahadbhyo gurubhya |
A C E h |a i u | G I M | k | L A X |e o |
L A c |ai au c | W r u U O |ha ya va ra | s h | la | g q X h l q |a ma a a na m |
f p g | jha bha | b R k w | gha ha dha | e o a Q S z | ja ba ga a da | Z T N P j c O i u |kha pha cha ha tha ca a ta v M m r |ka pa y | z w x U |a a sa r | W s | ha l | Ci qWUh xh |iti mhevari stri |
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mhevara stri The alphabet, it will be seen, is divided into 14 sections
by Paini. They are called ivastri or mhevara stri orthe stras revealed by Lord iva. Each stra ends with an indicatory consonant letter
called Ci it vara - e.g. h, , M, k, X, , which is not to becounted among the letters of the alphabet as a part of thestras.
They are indicatory letters introduced with a definitepurpose. As soon as this is achieved they are dropped whenactually enumerating the group. The purpose is that theyenable the grammarians to express several letters or groups ofletters in a very convenient and condensed form.
For any letter, with the following Ci it added to it isnot only expressive of itself but of all letters that intervene between it and this Ci it. E.g. Aha means A a C i Eu; CMikmeans Ci E u G I in the stras.
Each of these significant terms is technically called pratyhra.The main purpose of the strahas been in formingthe pratyhra indicating briefly groups of letters for specificrules of grammar and for ease of pronunciation of the stra.
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z -ik , PhoneticsThis is a compilation from various talks on Upaniads by Pujya Sri
Swami Dayananda Sarasvati _ Mkya and Taittirya.ik , is veda aga, is phonetics, an ancillary study for the understanding ofthe Vedas. Phonetics is important because it deals with the science ofpronunciation of varas, letters. A lipi, script is different from sound. Aletter that is called script, which is purely a drawing a is a drawing. Ithas nothing to do with what you pronounce. abda, sound, a word is
purely what is heard, while what is written is only a symbol for that sound.The sound is vara, letter. A vara is not what is written; it is what isspoken. Language is spoken and not what is written. The script is a symbolon which you superimpose the sound, which is why the script can bedifferent. Different alphabetical scripts are used for particular sound indifferent languages. Sanskrit is bha, a language and the script isDevangari lipi.
In Sanskrit once you have learnt how to pronounce a vara, a letter, anakara, a syllable, and then you can read and write. You spell the wordexactly as you pronounce it. They are phonetically correct. Pronunciationis very important in the study of the Veda or Sanskrit language; if it is notproper the meaning will become different.
In English you require to learn two skills one is how to write a word andthe other how to pronounce that word. There is a double responsibility,which is why many people have spelling problem or pronunciationproblem. You spell the word differently from the way you pronounce it. Inall languages you find they write one thing and say something else. That is
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why English is every persons language. Each one has got his own or herown English.
Sanskrit language is connected to Veda. ik means ikyate anay iti, bythis method it is pronounced and it is taught; vara uccraa lakaam - thedefinition of the pronunciation of letters. How? akuhavisarjanynkaa. We have these sentences in Sanskrit grammar. The wholelanguage is based upon this system of all the nuances in phonetics. All thefine tuning is done to produce a given vara,a letter. How do all the lettersoriginate and come to manifest outside? The whole human voice acoustics
called phonetics is covered by ik.It is just human voice; open yourmouth and make a sound A a. Close your mouth and make a sound mevery thing is between a and m - am. Veda recognises this.
How the mapping of the human voice has been found out is amazing. There is nothing more to add. It is thorough. Learning the uccraam isik. This learning itself can straighten our thinking. Something happens
because of the language. It builds up confidence. It brings aboutbrahmavarcas. Cant say what it is. If you see the person you can understandbrahmavarcas; a glow of the Vedic uccraam influence. Brahma is Veda.Gayatri mantra is connected to Veda. That is why it said that those wholearn Veda and those who repeat the mantras gayatri and so on andrecitation, they have a varcas a glow discernable even by wayside vendor.As we keep chanting something plus comes, something happens. That is
called brahma varcas; vedena varcas, Veda adhyayant varcas, Veda mantra uccrat varcas. Saskrita bh jnam itself brings about a varcas becauseit is phonetic. Besides all other reasons is devatas etc, every vara has gota devata. If one goes into the detail, can be lost in it for ever; it is true.Everything is vara means you cannot utter a letter without varas grace .
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abda is varas manifestation; because it is order. That is why we do notlook upon akaras as ordinary. It is vara.
Phonetics is always to be taught orally. You can never learn languagewithout being orally taught. Ears become so important for language. If youwrite a you wont know what to read. You have to tell th e person what itis. It is all adhyropa, deliberate adhyropa, superimpoistion. You writesomething you superimpose upon it a sound; it is deliberatesuperimposition of sounds upon a script. There is no rule that this is how itshould be. In Sanskrit, the phonetics are all oral. Therefore they used to
write on their own. We have got Brmi letters, Devanagari letters,Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali and Oriya scripts. Tamil peoplehave evolved a script called grantha. Sanskrit can be written in any script but should be learnt phonetically right, exactly as it should be read. Therecannot be any difference in pronunciation. We have Sanskrit text in allthese scripts in manuscripts in the libraries. Sanskrit is an internationallanguage, universal language. Why? Because it has no script; everybody
can write in his own script. It has no script of its own. It is oral; that is whyphonetics has become so important. The thoroughness of study, the Vedicstudy is just impeccable. There is a way to study called Vara lakaam. It iscommitted to memory. What is the lakaa of a letter? One word is takenand lakaam,definition is analysed.
What is being presented here is not a detailed study of phonetics. We are
just going into some strokes to point out the importance of phonetics. Theimportance of phonetics can be talked about only when the language is based on human voice acoustics, phonetics. There is fidelity, you write andread. There is 100% fidelity.
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ik deals with the pronunciation of the xuU, svar, vowels, urgel vyajana, consonants, xuUr AUsvarayukta akara, consonant with a voweland xr AU sayukta akara, conjunct consonants. Pronunciation of thevowels involves knowledge of the accents anudtta, the lower note, udtta,the middle note, svarita, the upper note and dhrgha svarita, the extendedupper note. This is has to be understood for chanting the Vedas;knowledge of length of pronunciation of the vowels hrsva, a short vowel,dhrga, long vowel, and pluta, an elongated vowel which is used in theVedas.
Once you have learnt phonetically how to pronounce a letter, a vowel anda diphthong that is also a vowel; svarayukta akara, the consonants with avowel, proceeding, succeeding; samyukta akara conjunct consonants,visarga following the jihvmlya, upadhmnya and then you dont requireanything more to read. You can read and anybody reads is the same.Anybody anywhere has to read exactly the same way. That is phonetics.
The Veda itself points out the discipline of ik.It was there even before thegrammarian Pini. Pini and others presented it systematically. ForPini to have written his text, Adhyyi,there must have been anaudience even before him. Therefore, it is a tradition. Panini does not makethe language. Panini is only giving a rule. It is a descriptive stra. Thefacility of expression is manifest in all the rules. That is why it is 100%phonetic language. As though this is how a language should be. The whole
Veda is nothing but words. Naturally, knowledge of ik becomes aprerequisite to the study of the Vedas.
The Veda is chanted, the Bhagavad Gtis recited and other stotras, hymnscan be recited or sung using melody.
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The definition of ik in the Taittarya Upaniad is as follows:
ik vykysyma | vara svara | mtr balam | sma santna |
Here is the exposition of ik,Phonetics.Vara akara or letters, alphabets vowels and consonants
Svara the accent or intonation or tone of voice. This applies only tovowels. These are classified into three. The vowels may be pronouncedin a high tone (udtta), a low tone (anudtta) or a combination of the two,the circumflex (svarita).
mtr the time required or duration of pronunciation of vowels and theactual position in the mouth where it originates syam.
balam prayatnam,effort in the uccraam
sma -is very important in Veda chanting. Every letter while chanting hasonly that kind of length of pronunciation. The words are not clumsily
uttered by pushing them. Letters cannot be pushed. Neither can it belengthened extraordinarily nor can be compressed while chanting. Sama -samat is evenness.
Santna sandhi (euphonic combination) -two words have to naturally blend while articulating.
Then how do you produce the difference in uccraamof varas?Because ofsthnam, prayatna, pra, ghoa, aghoa etc.
sthnam place of origin of letters; prayatna effort; praa the breathused
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Savaram means vara of the same class. How to determine a letter of thesame class? Bysya and prayatna.
sya - the place of origin in the mouth; prayatna -effort, the internal orexternal effort.
All these we shall study in detail as we proceed.
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Section 2
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uhqsVaraml Sanskrit akara , alphabet
Saskta bh is a refined and a very structured language, is thelanguage of the devas or the celestials. The written form of thealphabets is called Devangari lipi or script.
Sanskrit Alphabet is calledVaraml, means a garland of letters.
The alphabets are classified into four groups which will becovered in detail in the course of our study:
xuU svar - Vowels
urgell vyajanni - Consonants
xuUr urgellsvarayukta vyajanni Consonants withvowels
xr urgellsayukta vyajanni Conjunct consonants
xXZrsakhy -Sanskrit numerals
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The Sanskrit alphabets and the Devangari script consists of
- letters called varas- Svarasor vowels that which can be pronounced without the help
of any letter - Consonants or vyajanasis that which can be pronounced with
the help of a vowel.- Consonants with inherent vowel sounds- Innumerable combinations of conjunct consonants- These letters express almost all the gradation of sounds in the
language.- Every letter stands for a particular sound and it is invariable.- Each sound is unique to the letter- The sounds are superimposed on the letters like - a particular
picture to a particular sound.
-
Every letter in Sasktam has to be articulated and pronounced.There are no silent letters like in the English language. Example knowledge. The letter k is silent.
- When the letters are pronounced there is no assumption.- The word krais added as affix to denote a particular letter; for
e.g. akra for the letter A a; kakra for the letter ka and so on.
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Basic letters 48 |
Vowels - 15 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | | |Short Long Dipthong yogavha |
5 4 4 2 ||
Consonants 33 Grouped or class Consonants |
25 | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | | | |Guttural Palatal Cerebral Dental Labial |
5 5 5 5 5 ||
__________________________|
Ungrouped Consonants8 |
----------------------------------------------------------| | |Semi-vowels Sibilants Aspirate
4 3 1
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Reading Devangar script using diacritics:
We have adopted the international transliteration code using
special notation on Roman letters called diacritics. The diacriticsconsist of marks written above or below a letter of the alphabet.They indicate variations in the sound associated with the letter.Dictionaries also follow this method to help the reader identifythe manner in which the word should be pronounced sinceSanskrit is a highly phonetic language and emphasis is on properarticulation of sounds
The Sanskrit alphabets chart gives the list of Romanised Sanskritalphabets.
Example for illustrating diacritics notation scheme:
xi
a Mzu: uwh a xst guru keava viu gag sajaya
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uhThe Sanskrit Alphabets
xuUsvar Vowels
A a A C i D E u F G H I Le Lai Ao Aau Aa Aa
urgellvyajanni Consonants Mka Zkha a ga b gha Xa cca Ncha e ja f jha ga Oa Pha Qa Rha ha ita jtha S da kdha lna m pa T pha oba pbha qma
Alixjantasth Semivowels r ya Ura sla uva
Fwqhma Sibilants
za wa xsa qWmh mahpra Aspirate W ha
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About writing alphabets
In order to developing a good writing style and skill follow this rule
carefully and consistently:- write each part or each letter from left to right- all vertical lines from top to bottom- the horizontal line on top of the word is drawn from left to
right- All Sanskrit letters and words are joined by a horizontal line
on the top to indicate the grouping of letters to coin a word.- For example: writing the letter va
u -> -> u - writing the letter ca
c -> -> c - writing the letter tha
j -> -> j - writing the letter ha
- s -> -> s
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uh sZl Aprx- Writing practice of AlphabetsLearning to write xuU -Vowels
A a .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....A .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Ci .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....D .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
Eu .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....F ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
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G .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....H .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....I .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
Le .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Lai .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Ao ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Aau.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...
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Aa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Aa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
Learning to write urgell Consonants
M ka .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Zkha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....a ga .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....b gha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Xa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
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cca .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Ncha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....e ja .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....f jha .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...ga .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
Oa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Pha ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Qa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Rha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....ha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
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buita .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....jtha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
Sda
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....kdha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....lna .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
m pa ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....T pha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
oba .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....pbha .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...qma ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
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rya .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Ura .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....sla .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....uva .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
za .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....wa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....xsa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....W ha .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
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Notable Features in Sanskrit Alphabets which differs fromEnglish:
- Sanskrit is a structured and systematic language matching the human
voice acoustics perfectly- Phonetic arrangement of the script- Pronunciation remains unaffected by the style of writing- Each consonant has a generic form in which its pronunciation will
not have any vowel sound associated with it.- Inherent A a in the consonants - Consonant letters carry an inherent vowel which can be altered or
muted by means of diacritics or mtra.- Consonants require a preceding or succeeding vowel for a completeand clear articulation.
- Vowels can be written as independent letters, or by using a variety ofdiacritical marks which are written above, below, middle, before orafter the consonant they are abbreviated with.
- The anusvra and visargaare unique to Sanskrit.- The existence of the retroflex or cerebral class- Aspiration and non-aspiration- Hard and soft consonants- The different articulation of the nasals- When consonants occur together in clusters, special conjunct letters
are used.- The order of the letters is based on ualSr vgindriyas organs of
speech, human acoustics, articulation and phonetics
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ualSrh - vgindriyi the organs of Speech .Eim xjlqutpattisthnam -The place of origin of letters
The letters are classified according to the organs used for pronunciation based on the human acoustics, phonetics - the tongue coming in contact withorgans of utterance. They are specific to each letter and cannot originate itfrom elsewhere.
1. For the MhPxjlrkahasthnya - MhPkaha- the throat -Guttural (Velar) - Using the back of the tongue against the soft palate
2. For the isxjlrtlusthnya - istlu - the palate - Palatal -Using the flat of the tongue against the back of the hard palate.
3. For the qklmrdhan - qklmrdhan- the roof of the palate -Cerebral (Retroflex) - Using the tip of the tongue curled against the roof of thehard palate.
4. For the Slirdantya - Slidanta - the teeth - Dental - Using the tipof the tongue against the top front teeth.
5. For the Awohya- Aoha- the lips - Labial - Using the lips,requires co-ordination of lips.
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To know the utpattisthnammanifestation of sounds, we study Paninisk. vara uccraa lakaam - the definition of the pronunciation of letters.We have these sentences in Sanskrit grammar, which define them.
All these are sthnas,place of origin are in the mouth and hence covered bythe word mukha,mouth . But there are some letters which require the nsikanose in addition to mukha.They are called anunsika.
The varas, letters are classified according to their place of utterance asfollows in the book Pinis k-
This stra was written by Bhattoji Dikshita in his work onGrammar Siddhanta Kaumudi
A-M-W-uxelrlq MhP |a-ku-ha-visarjanyn kahaC-c-rzl is |i-cu-yan tlu G-O-Uwh qk |-u-ra mrdh
I-i-sxl Sli |-tu-lasn dantE-m-Emkqlrlq A |u-pu-upadhmnyn ohau g-q-X-h-ll lxM c |a-ma-a-a-nn nsik ca LSi MhPis |e-daito kaha-tlASi MhPq |o-dauto kahoham uMUxr Sliq |vakrasya dantoham eqsrxr eqsq | jihvmlyasya jihvmlam lxMlxuUxr |nsik-anusvrasya
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A-M-W-uxelrlq MhP |a-ku-ha-visarjanyn kaha1. A - refers to A Avowel 2. M -refers to M ua - M Z a b X 3. W -refers to Aspirate 4. uxelr -refers to visarga :
The throatMhP These are
calledGutturals/velar
C-c-rzl is |i-cu-yan tlu
1. C - refers to C Dvowel2. c -refers to c ua - c N e f g
3. r -refers to rsemi-vowel4. z -refers to zsibilant
The palateis
palatals
G-O-Uwh qk | -u-ra mrdh
1. G - refers to G Hvowel 2. O -refers to C O ua - O P Q R h 3. U - refers to Usemi-vowel 4. w -refers to wsibilant
The roof ofthe hardpalateqkCerebrals /Retroflex
I-i-sxl Sli |
-tu-lasn dant1. I - refers to I vowel2. i -refers to i ua - i j S k l 3. s -refers to ssemi-vowel4. x -refers to xsibilant
The teeth
SliDentals
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E-m-Emkqlrlq A |u-pu-upadhmnyn oau1. E- refers to E F vowel 2. m- refers to m ua - m T o p q 3. Emkqlr -refers to ardha-visarga half
visarga(:) before m T
The lipsA
Labials
g-q-X-h-ll lxM c |a-ma-a-a-nn nsik ca
g-q-X-h-lrefers to all the nasalsanunsik g-palatal + nasal, q-labilal + nasal X-guttural + nasal, h-cerebral + nasal l-dental + nasal
In the noselxM
Nasals
LSi MhPis | Li+Li= LSi)e-daito kaha-tl (diphthong) 1. Liet - refers to Le2. Liait - refers to Lai
In the throatand thepalateMhPis(Diphthong)
ASi MhPq | Ai+Ai= AS
o-dauto kahoham1. Aiot - refers to Ao 2. Aiaut - refers to Aau
In the throat
and lipsMhPq(Diphthong)
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uMUxr Sliq |vakrasya dantoham
u -refers to usemi-vowelThe teethand lips
Sliq eqsrxr eqsq | jihvmlyasya jihvmlam eqsr- refers to ardha-visarga half visarga
(:) before Mka Zkha
The root ofthe tongueeqsqaspirate
lxMlxuUxrnsik-anusvrasyaAlxuU -refers to the symbol with a dotabove the line ( )
The noselxM
nasal
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xuUsvar- Vowels
Classification of vowels
Simple Vowels are classified into short and long vowels according to the
unit length of time taken for pronunciation, EUhq ,uccraam. Thisunit length of time is called mtra. Mtra is only for a vowel. The length of asyllable is measured by a mtra.Each svara is well defined. Mtras aredefined hrasva, drgha, pluta for the vowels.
xu xuU hrsva svar Short vowels: one mtra one unit of time forpronunciation.
A a Ci E u G I Sb xuU drgha svar Long vowels: two mtras two units of time
for pronunciation.
A D F H A + A = Aa + a = C + C = Di + i = E + E = F u + u = G + G + H + =
msi pluta is three or more units of time for pronunciation when it islengthened, prolated. These are not commonly to be met with inclassical Sanskrit. This is used in theVedas.
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q xuU mira svar Mixed vowels -Diphthongs are long vowels because they are a combination of two different vowels. Two mtras two units of time for pronunciation.
Le (A+C )(a+i) Lai (A+D )(+ )
Ao (A+E )(a+u) A au(A+F )(+) ES,udtta AlS,anudtta xuUisvarita - practically only
three tones are are recognised by Sanskrit. udtta,(high tone) thatwhich proceeds form the upper part of the vocal organs, anudtta,(low tone) that which proceeds from the lower part while svarita (circumflex) arises out of the mixture or the combination ofthese two. These accents or tone of pronunciation of vowels aremarked only in the Vedic hymns and used in the Veda chanting.Udttais left unmarked; the anudttais marked with ahorizontal line
underneath ( ) ; svarita is a perpendicular stroke above ) and dhrgha-svarita has two perpendicular lines above ().Accentuationsare confined to the Vedas . The marking is only on vowels Note - In common pronunciation the tone or intonation of vowels inall Sanskrit words is equal.
AllxM, AlllxM - anunsika(with nasal sound) and ananunsika(without nasal sound) - vowels may be pronounced bymaking use of the vocal chords in the ordinary way or may beuttered with a nasal twang ( anunsika). This is also in use in the
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chanting of the Vedic hymns. This is marked by this symbol abovethe letter.
Therefore, when any of the vowels is referred to simply as A a etc, itis to be taken to include all its varieties hrasva, drgha, pluta, udtta anudtta, svarita, and anunsika, ananunsika.
ArauWayogavhau - Aam Aa
is called
AlxuUanusvra
is uxa
visarga
ayogahavhau o They add specific sounds to the syllables they are appendedo The articulation of these signs depends on the inherent preceding
vowel in the consonant they follow.o They are not used independently like other vowels
More a bout anusvra
- The anusvra is a modified form of the nasal consonants q in thegeneric form.
- They can be used at the end or middle of the word.- The forms of writing differ with the context.
- The two forms of writing are ( ) and qm Uq Uqqrma,rmam
qm halant form, the generic form
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- Is used in a sentence at the end of a word and followed by aword beginning with a vowel.
Eg.,AWq Alb | aham anagha.- At the end of a sentence. Eg.,pe Uqq |bhaja rmam.
( ) the nasal sound marked by a dot above the line at theend of the word always belongs to the preceding vowel
- Is used in a sentence at the end of a word followed by a word beginning with a consonant.
Eg.AW M MUq?aha ki karomi? q ma the nasal consonant
- The full consonant q + A = q ( + a = ma) can comeanywhere in a word.Eg.,p Uq x qq qi | bho rma s mama mt.
Vowel + anusvara
Vowel+
Anusvra A A C D E F G H L L A A Sound a I u E ai o Au
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Consonant +Vowel + anusvra
Example chosen is the consonant M ka
M M M M M M ka k ki k ku k k k ke kai ko Kau
The two forms of writing anusvra
M + A = M / Mq M + A = M / Mq M + C = M / Mq M + D = M / Mq M + E = M / Mq M + F = M / Mq
M + G = M / Mq M + H = M / Mq M + L = M / Mq M + L = M / Mq M + A = M / M M + A = M / M
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More about visarga-
It is a sort of hard breathing also called asvisarjanya by Sanskrit
grammarians.Is a hard Aspirate pronounced like the sound ha It follows the sound of the preceding consonant and vowel.The visarga is not an original character but only a substitute for afinal s or r It is always used at the end of the word marked by two vertical
dots (:) placed after the letter after which it is to bepronounced. Eg. -Ae aja.It can also be used in the middle of the word - SZq dukham
Vowel + visarga
Vowel
+Visarga A A C D E F G H L L A A Sound a i u e ai o Au
Consonanat + Vowel + visarga
Example chosen is the consonant M ka M M M M M M M ka k ki k ku k k k ke kai ko K
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Consonant + Vowel+ visarga
M + A = M
M + A = M M + C = M M + D = M M + E = M M + F = M
M + G = M
M + H = M M + L = M M + L = M M + A = M
M + A = M
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urgellvyajanni - Consonants Classification of consonants
How to produce the difference in pronunciation, uccraamof varas?
By identifying the sthnam, place of origin; prayatna,the effort required toarticulate or the manner; pra,the aspiration or the breath for articulation, avoiced and unvoiced; based on these we have the following classification ofconsonants:
uar urgell vargya vyajanni / class consonanats, grouped - The group of letters that refers to the same class. Complete contact ofthe tongue with organs of utterance called mutes or spara
Auar urgellavargya vyajanni /not grouped - The group of letters not form part of the class. The contact is not
complete
MPU urgellkahora vyajanni - Hard consonants - surds
qS urgellmudu vyajanni -Soft consonants -sonants
AllxMlanunsikni-Nasal consonants
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uar urgell vargya vyajanni grouped or Class consonants They use the same points of pronunciation so they are called classconsonants spar, touch.
M Z a b X - M uaka varga - symbolic name Mku c N e f g - c uaca varga - ccu O P Q R h - O uaa varga - Ou i j S k l - i uata varga - itu m T o p q - m ua pa varga - m pu
Auar urgellavargya vyajanni - Ungroupedconsonants which include Semivowels, Sibilants, andAspirate
i. Alixj antasth - Semivowels r U s uthe contact of thetongue is not completeii. Fwqhma - Sibilants z w xUttered with a hissing sound iii. qWmhmahpra - Aspirate WUttered with a broad breath
MPU urgellkahora vyajanni Hard Consonants - The firsttwo letters of each class consonant and the sibilants are called hardconsonants. They are unvoiced. Abw,aghoa.
M Z c N O P i j m Tand z w x
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qS urgellmudu vyajanni Soft Consonants - The rest of thethree letters from each class which includes nasals, the semivowels
and the aspirate are called Soft Consonants. They are voiced, bw ghoa.
a b X e f g Q R h S k l o r U s uW AllxMlanunsikni Nasal Consonants the last letter of eachof the class consonant are called nasals - A letter pronounced in thenose along with the mouth. Each nasal sound has distinct differencein articulation.
X g h l q mrq prayatnam,effort is of two types - o mrqbhya prayatnam external effort- AprliU mrq bhyantara prayatnam -internal effort
How to determine a letter of the same class, savaram? Bysya, place oforigin and prayatna, effort.
xuh savara- homogeneous for those letters whose place of
pronunciation in the mouth and the effort are the same or equal
Axuhasvara heterogeneous - those letters which are notsavara.
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The effort is of two types. bhya praytnamexternal effort and bhyantara prayatnam,internal effort.
mrq prayatnam,effort
AprliU mrq bhyantara prayatnam -internal effort
o mrqbhya prayatnam -externaleffort
1. xmspha(touched) 1. uuUvivra(expansion)2. DwSxmadspha
(slightly touched)2. xuUsavra(contraction)
3. DwSuuiadvivta(slightlyopen)
3. xvsa(sighing)
4. uuivivta(open) 4. lSnda(sounding)5. xuisavta (contracted) 5. bw ghoa(low preparatory
mumur/voiced)6. Abwaghoa(absence of such
murmur/unvoiced)7. Asmmhalpapra (non-
aspirate/slight aspiration)8. qWmhmahpra (strongaspiration/aspirate)
9. ESudtta(acute) 10. AlSunudtta(grave) for all the
vowels11. xuUisvarita(circumflex) vowels
The effort is termed internal because it takes place inside the mouth andimmediately precedes the manifestation of the varas. The difference in theletters is obviously due to the difference in the praytnawhich consists of thetouch, sparaof the particular part of the mouth with the tongue.
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Classification based upon the nature of the internal effort
bhyantara prayatna
Organs Spha adSpha adVivta Vivta Savta Guttural M ua -
M Z a b X-- W A A Only hrsva
A whilein usage
Palatal c ua - c N e f g
r z C D
Cerebral O ua - O P Q R h U w G H Dental i ua -
i j S k l s x I
Labial m ua m T o p q
u -- E F
Throat andpalate -- -- L L Throat andlips
-- -- A A
xmspha(touched) all the varas vargya vyajanas beginning with Mand ending with q -there is a complete contact of the tongue with organsof utterance.
DwSxmadspha (slightly touched) the semi-vowels the contact of thetongue with organs of utterance is not complete.
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DwSuuiadvivta(slightly open) the Sibilants the vocal chords open outslightly at the time of utterance.
uuivivta(open) and the Vowels the vocal chords open out at the time ofutterance. xuisavta (contracted) while uttering the vowel a the vocal chordscontract at the time of utterance
Classification based upon the nature of the external effort bhya
prayatnaThere are varieties of external effort because they function after theproduction of the varas.The other operations are also external with refrenceto vara.
Vivra, vsa,aghoa
Savra, nda, ghoa
Organ Alpa pra Mah pra Alpa pra Mah pra Alpa pra Nasal
Alpa pra Mah pra
Guttural M Z a b X W Palatal c N e f g r z Cerebral O P Q R h U w Dental i j S k l s x Labial m T o p q u --
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Similar looking shapes of varas, letters
Ci - Qa - Wha I - sl b gha - kdha Xa - Qa
cca - e ja ita - lna Rha - S da
oba - uva pbha - qma m pa - rya
m pa - wa rya - j tha Zkha - Uu ) rava
(2 separate letters) The differences in the articulation of :
G H U ra both are cerebral sounds. But the place of articulation isslightly different. For G , H the tip of the tongue is placed on the ridge ofthe upper gum. For U ra, the tongue touches the roof of the palate
I s la - both are dental sounds. But the place of articulation is slightlydifferent. For I , the tip of the tongue is placed on the ridge of the uppergum. For s la, the tongue touches the teeth.
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sv r yukt vy j nni
Consonants with their inherent vowels
Consonants in their generic form
In Sanskrit each consonant has a generic form in which itspronunciation will not have any vowel sound associated with it. Ageneric consonant is linguistically defined to be one without anyvowel inherent to it. Consonants can be meaningful in practice only
when uttered along with a vowel. So a is added for the sake ofpronunciation.Consonants depend upon the vowels. Either vowel precedes orvowel succeeds. Can say ik or ki; if i is removed the k getsliterally in the throat akuhavisarjnyn kaha.
The writing system in Devangari lipi or script has a representationfor the generic form of a consonant through the use of a specialmark written at the bottom of the consonants familiar
representation. This mark is known as the nether stroke or the
halant or consonantal stop.Consonants in their generic form look like this.
a
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Consonants with the abbreviated form of the vowel a when
added are written like this = k+a=ka
Consonants without the nether stroke means vowel ais
inherent in the consonant. They look like this -
Producing a consonant sound in its generic form requires no vowelsound to be added to the generic consonant sound.
Ancient linguistic scholars referred to vowels as life giving pra akaras while the consonants were likened to the physical body.
Sanskrit Vowel signs or abbreviated signs
Vowels Sign
Sound a i u e ai o au a aThe forms which the vowel signs assume when added to theconsonants and the changes the letters undergo when combined are
given below.
ka k ki k ku k k k k ke kai ko kau ka
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In the place of the consonant ka any other consonant can be
replaced and consonant-vowel combinations can be created.
Let us look at the forms of the letter ka and the various vowelsigns added to it.
The generic form of ka is k. The nether stroke is attached
below the letter . When this is sounded with the vowels thenether stroke is deleted.
+ = k + a = ka
+ =
k + = k + =
k + i = ki
+ = k + = k
+ =
k + u = ku + =
k + = k
+ = k + = k
+ = k + = k
+ = k + = k
+ = k + e = ke
+ = k + ai = kai
+ =
k + o = ko
+ =
k + au = kau
+ =
k + a = ka + =
k + a = ka
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Writing practice see the example and fill in the blanks
consonant-vowel combination.
+ =
k + a = ka + =
. +a = + = ....
p + a =... + .... =
kh +.... = kha + =
. + a = ha .... +..... = . + a = pha
+ = .... g + a =....
.... + = . + a = a
+ .... = . + a = ba
+ = gh + a = gha
+ = . + a = ha
+ = .... . + a = bha
.... + = ..... + a = a
+ = ..... + a = a
+ = .... . + .... = ma
+ .... = c +.... = ca
+ = . + a = ta
.... + = . + a = ya
+ = ....
ch + a =.
.... + =
. + a = tha
+ =
. + a =....
.... + = . + a = ja
+ ... = da +.... = da
+ .... = l + a = ....
+ = jh +. = jha
+ = . + a = dha
.... + = . + a = va
.... + = . + a = a
+ = .... . +a = .
+ = .... + a =....
+ .... = ..... +.... = ....
.... + .... = . + .... = sa
.... + = . + a =....
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Writing practice of consonants with vowels
Note: All the vowel combinations are not possible for all
consonants. So they have been left out.The Gutturals
M M M M M M M M... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...a a a a a a a a a
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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b b b b b b b b b
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Xcombines with an other consonant for pronunciation. So it doesnot have these combinations.
The Palatals
c c c c c c c c c
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...N N N N N N N N
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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e e e e e e e e e... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...f f f f f f f f f f... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...gcombines with an other consonant for pronunciation. So it doesnot have these combinations.
The Cerebrals
O O O O O O O O
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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P P P P P P P P... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..R R R R R R R R... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..h h h h h h h h
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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The Dentals
i i i i i i i i i ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... j j j j j j j j j... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .S S S S S S S S S S ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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k k k k k k k k
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... l l l l l l l l l... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... The Labials
m m m m m m m... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
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T T T T T T T T
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... o o o o o o o o... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .p p p p p p p p... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
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q q q q q q q q
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... The Semivowels
r r r r r r r r r ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...U U U U U U U ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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s s s s s s s s s
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... u u u u u u u u... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...The Sibilants
z z z z z z z z z... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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w w w w w w w
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .x x x x x x x x ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...The Aspirate
W W W W W W W... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
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Reading practice words with short vowel A a
CW iha
pubhava pebhaja
lna
cca
Lueva LMeka
kldhana
osbala
qllmanana ulvana
lpxnabhasa
lUnara
aqr gamaya Mszkalaa
xUssarala
cms capala
Ajatha zUharaa
qqmama
iutava
er jaya WUhara
lunava
Amerapajaya
mU para AmUapara
xWsaha
aal gagana
xMssakala phbhaa
xossabala
Uxrasa
lUMnaraka mS pada
pabhaga
chMcaaka
pUibharata mhu paava
mul pavana
ahM gaaka
Ts phala Aeaja
AMaka
zrlayana
MqPkamaha lOuUnaavara
CiUitara
cslcalana
ESUudara Arlayana
uSlvadana
sulava
zqama Sqdama
xqlsamana
srlaya
rq yama uUvara
usrvalaya
LMmSekapada
cUhcaraa vamana
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Reading practice words with short vowel a and endingwith generic consonants.
osqbalam Uexrajas
suhqlavaam
wOa
SSidadat xisat
Axiasat
Wsqhalam
ulqvanam xlsan
Uxlqrasanam
Mqsqkamalam
Ueiqrajatam
qlxmanas
Akxadhas
imxtapas rzx yaas
rix yatas
qrOmaya
CSqidam qbulmaghavan
ziqatam
iStad
AWqaham iqxtamas
lzna
Alxanas
xqsam
lpxnabhas
klqdhanam
qWimahat xUxsaras
puibhavat
ssilalat
Ezlxuanas Arqayam
ri yat
mUq param
prqbhayam xUOsara
xlsan
zqam
uwOvaa
Ujqratham
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Disjoin the letters into consonants and vowels as shown in the
example:
AWq A + W + A + q Msz M + A + s + A + z + A Uxlq aqr uwO SSi cUh Ezlx qbul CiU suhq Akx
qWi qll xW Ujq mhu
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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel
M + A = Mk + = k
Reading practice words with long vowel
paulbhagavn
silat
Aaqgama
qlxmnas
zxM jsaka
kUhdhra
klqdhnam
Ukrdh
MMkka
isistaltala
lUSnrada
cqUcmara
qsml
lUrhnryaa
Mwrkya
Mskla
pulbhvan
qkumdhava
Dzlna
Uuhrvaa
Uerj
llnn
rj yath
WsWshlhala
eOkU jadhara
qrmy
Ampa
aell gajnana
xaUsgara
msr playa
Uqrhqrmyaam
mUrhq pryaam
Ubu rghava
M Z a b X c N e f i j S k l m T o p q
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Example: k with abbreviated short vowel i
M + C = Mk + i = ki
Reading practice words with short vowel i
zuiva
Eqmiumpati
xSzusadiva
uwrviaya
Alsanila
WUhari
qhmai
qimati
Uuravi
UxMrasik
ahmi gaapati
uMOvikaa
Mmskapila
ulrMvinyaka
lqqnammi
lknidhi
Mukavi
lsrnilay
puibhavati
qslmalina
aUe girij
Wihita
pauibhagavati
Mmslkaplin
ri yati
AkMadhika
lklnidhana
xqksamdhi
peqbhajmi
eOs jaila
MsSxklidsa
MUkiri
zzUiira
M Z a b X c N e f g O i j S k l m T o p q r U
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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel
M + D = Mk + = k
Reading practice words with long vowel
lUnr
ssll
qUcmrca
SmUkldprdhan
Sldna
pqbhma
pulbhavn
lUelqnrjanam
pUirbhratya
lulnavna
sWUlahar
kUhdhara
zUUqsharram
ai gt
kqldhmn
eulq jvanam
kUdhra
Uarg
zz a
uUWvrh
lsnl
OMk
a g
lSnad
luliqnavantam
iQatag
mis ptala
oeqbjam
qlmna
McMkcaka
zistal
iSrtadya
uUhxvras
M Z a b X c N e f g O i j S k l m T o p q r U
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Reading practice words with short and long vowel i
Ui rti
lUzqniram
cUlcrin
MUOkirta
qUcMmarcik
qWwmahi
mmsM piplik
xqclqsamcnam
WUhhari
aUz girsha
pibhti
upwhvibhaa
qslmlin AlMlankin
SsUqdilram
umUiviparta
qlwman
Ssmdlpa
palbhagin
MUhkari
eaw jig
Skiddhiti
euM jvik
QMlkin Aeiajti
fUM jhirk
mQi pita
Mrikiyat
MsMklik
esMl jlakin
eul jvin
uWlvhin
Skcdadhci
Akiadhti
AiQlqatinam
mUhi parita
Apliabhinta
AsMlalkin
uhlvin
apUM gabhrik
ail gtin
lslnalin
uelWvijnhi
Aqqwiammiat
ulivinta
iOltain
pqlbhmin
uiUalvtargin
lsqnlim
Aziati
pwibhita
ujvthi
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Example: k with abbreviated short vowel u
M + E = Mk + u = ku
Note: ru the uis added in the side in the middle of the letter
Reading practice words with short vowel u
xZqsukham
SZqdukham
xqZsumukha
AxUasura
Mkuru
ruUe yuvarja
mUh pura
a guru
qSiuSlmuditavadana
pulqbhuvanam
SUidurita
zziu
qimarut
mUil purtana
kUhdhura
lMsnakula
rrkl yuyudhna
uSvidu
qjUmathur
qkUqmadhuram
uxMvsuki
uhvarua
Mhkaru
qMsqmukulam
iletanuj
uxkvasudh
AllxManunsika
lWwnahua
coMcubuka
istlu
iUaturaga
klxdhanus
kidhtu
M Z a b X c N e f
i j S k m T o p q r
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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel
M + F = Mk + = k
Note: r the is added in the side in the middle of the letter Reading practice words with long vowel
lilntana
cQqhcmai
qsqmlam
qrUmayra qwMmaka
Wlqlhanmn
pwhbhaa
me pj kmqdhpam
zUra
qRmha
lmhqnirpaam
mUri prayit
AWihti mwl pan
Axrasy
ukvadh
kquidhmavat isMqtlakam
pbh
ciMctaka
SUqdram
Mmkpa
mil ptan pUbhri
Ammappa
xcMscaka
xqWsamha ujlvarthin
M Z b X c N e f g R h
i j S k l m T o p
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Reading practice words with short and long vowel u and xlsnu
cmcrurp
AlMsanukla
lmUqnpuram
MiWskuthala
Alpranubhya
pxUbhsura
Almanurpa
zcpiqucibhtam
xqSRsamudha
mUux purravas
WWxihhsuta
qkxSlmadhusdana
Fccu
ASSwi adduat
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Example: k with abbreviated short vowel
M + G = Mk + = k
Note: for the letter Ur the vowel G has been left out because itis impossible to pronounce. Reading practice words with short vowel
qwm
MmMUkpkara
Miraqktayugam
aWq gham
WSrqhdayam
iirtty
qamga
xMisakt
zhu
mj pthu
pibhta
Akiadhta
oWibhat
ihqtam
ppibhbht
SWiduhit
Aqiqamtam
lmnpa
xSRsudh
Mmhkpaa
biq ghtam
Wihta
lxinista
qhslmlin
pabhgu
ujvth
uwpvabha
M Z a b c N e f O m T o p q s u z w
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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel
M + H = Mk + = k
Reading practice words with long vowel
There are not many words available. In the words that are given asexample as single consonants which are called dhtus or roots inSanskrit Grammar which form the basis for the entire gamut of theSanskrit language.
M k a g e j it
Sd kdh
ln m p qm uv z
M Z a b c N e f m o p q s u z w
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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel e
M + L = Mk + e = ke
Reading practice words with long vowel e
xWSusahadeva
Mzukeava
uxSuvsudeva
Sudev
uSved
SuUOdevar
uzwviea
xMzsuke
qbmegha
qwmea
sZllekhan
uhve
uhalqveugnam
xisetu
xqksumedh
Eqzumea
mUz parea
qWzmahea
pebhaje
Uuirevat
qmeru
AlManeka
mzs peala
elqer janamejaya
MoUkubera
auw gavea
iextejas
lcMinciketa
Miketu
luSlqnivedanam
cixcetas NSMchedaka Wqlheman
M Z a b X c N e f g i j S k l m T o p q r
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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel ai
M + L = Mk + ai = kai
Reading practice words with long vowel ai
isltailin
Msxkailsa
qjsmaithil
uvai
MMrkaikey
WWrhaihaya
uSMvaidika
uisvaitla
Suidaivata
zlanai
csqcailam
eur jaiveya
eql jaimini
Wquihaimavat
zsaila
iextaijasa
AkSuMqdhidaivikam
MzMqkaiikam
qkMOpmadhukaitabha
uUqvairam
M Z a b X c N e f i j S k l m T o p
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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel o
M + A = Mk + o = ko
Reading practice words with long vowel o
rzS yaod
Abogha
AUmropa
imsMtapoloka
AUWhrohaa
jQlqthoanam
iUklqtirodhnam
istola
cSlcodana
cwhqcoaam
ams gopla
Mqsqkomalam
qlWUqmanoharam
AzMulqaokavanam
MMstkokil
sWloha
AusMlqavalokanam
AmWapoha
Emraupayoga
Wqhoma
okbodha
bw ghoa
paqbhogam
Uaroga
qWlmohana
bhxi ghosuta
Awkoadhi
mUiw paritoa
xqlsoman
xUuUsarovara
cMUcakora
zpobh
MPUkaora
M Z a b X c N e i j S k l m T o p
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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel au
M + A = Mk + au = kau
Reading practice words with long vowel au
rulq yauvanam
MOMkautika
qlqmaunam
RMlqhaukanam
Awkqauadham
xSqlsaudmin
a gau
aU gaur
lMnauk
aiq gautama
ah gaua
iwUtaura
MUukaurava
aUuq gauravam
qsmauli
Mmlkaupna
sMMqlaukikam
aQSzq gauadeam
MqSMkaumodak
elb janaugha
Mzsqkaualam
xUpsaurabha
MqSkaumud
MiMqkautukam
kidhauta AmcUMaupacrika SuMxdivaukasa
AkpiMqdhibhautikam
M Z a b X c N i j S k l m T o
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Example: k with anusvra
M + A = Mk + a = ka
Reading practice words with anusvra a
xra | xuS | xzr | AWx Uqrh qWpUiq CiWx m
mlUm ell mlUm qUh ml
zu zuMU xxU lzMU xS
AiSlq Cq mUmsr qq | iu esq Aqs rl lmi mUqm
Ua zM im mm WU q p
AUaiq ASwi xxWi Em
xUS xZS ahz ahz pe qWSuSu qWSupu qWSu
qWz Msz xUz mUz lUz
M Z a b c N e f O i j S k l m T o p
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Example: k with visarga
M + A = Mk + a = ka
Reading practice words with visarga a Ae , si , Uu , sZl , Qq , uk ,
MM MM mM mM |
Wqsr Uqhr |
Mmsr lq | Uq Ueqh: ueri |
Uu sM xZq |
a r Mj mUhw mOi, i Lu
Ub mi Ssm l sZl SSi |
M Z a b X c N e f g i j S k l m T o p q
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Disjoin the letters into consonants and vowels as shown in the
example:
vowel Word Letters splitA lrlq l + A + r + A + l + q A Ubu U + A + a + A + u + A A aal A pxMlq
C WqaU
D xis C D MUO E xqZ F mUux E F Alpr G Aqiq H lhq L Suz L WWrA pelqA AwkqA xxUA Uqh
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Pick up words from the reading practice word list and write
them in the columns as shown in the example:
vowel Signs Words words words wordsAA
C D C D
E F E F G H L L A A A A
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xrY AUhsayukta akari
Conjunct Consonants
In this chapter we are learning to recognise the forms of conjunctconsonants, meaning - when two consonants are placed next toeach other.How to pronounce and write when letters are compounded?They are written in the order in which they are pronounced.
The combination is always Consonant + consonant + vowel.
M + l + AK + n + a = kna /
The first consonant is always written in the generic form beforecompounding. The last consonant is always a svarayuktta akara,the abbreviated form of the vowel is appended or combined. Varnm atyanta smpyam(when the letters are placed next toeach other) is calledsahita in the Veda. In Paninian languagealso it is used in the same thinking sahitym.What happens to the letters when there is atyanta smpyam,placedclose to each other?They either remain as they are or they undergo some change in theform and there is phonetic change too. This issamhita. Thepreceding letters generally lose their nether stroke and theperpendicular strokes when compounded.
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Rules for writing conjunct letters:
1. If there is a vertical line in the first consonant, remove the vertical
line and the nether stroke and add the second letter with a vowel.e.g xirsatya x + i + r + Ais written as x i r = xir
Aqoab A + q + o + Ais written as A q o = Aqo
2. If there is no clear vertical line in the first consonant, there arethree possible ways of writing these forms:a. The first letter can be written in the generic form
e.g. Mskla = M + s + A k + l + ab. Truncate the first letter and write the second
e.g. Yskla = M + s + Ak + l + a c. Write the second letter under the first letter
e.g. kla = M + s + A k + l + a
3. There are three ways of writing the consonant U r
a. If U r or the vowel G is the first letter of the conjuct letter,
it will be written as a hook on top of the second letter. It isnecessarily calledUTrepha.
e.g. Mrka = U + M + A r + k + a
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b. If U r is the second letter of the conjunct letter, it will bewritten as a stroke in the left side beginning from the middleof the first consonant.
e.g. kra = M + U + A k + r + a
c. For the letters which have a rounded shape, when Ur is the
second letter it will appear like a carrot symbol below theletters.e.g. + + =Nchra + + =Ora = = =Pha
+ + =Qra + + =Rhra
4. Regarding Nasals
The class consonants or thevargyaconsonants take the nasal of itsclass while coining a word.The difference in the pronunciation is identetified by the form.
X g h ln q Mua = X = XM XZ Xa Xbwritten as (stacked) cua = g = gc gN ge gfwritten as gc gN ge gf
Oua = h = hO hP hQ hR hhwritten as hO hP hQ hR iua = ln = li lj lS lk llwritten as li lj lS lk mua = q = qm qT qo qp qqwritten as qm qT qo qp
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5. If z is the first letter, it optionally gets a special form z + c = ca
z + U = ra z + u = va + + na
6. Special conjuct characters
M + w = ka
M + i + i = Yi / kta i + i = tta i + U = tra S + S = dda S + r = dya
e + g = ja
7. Reverse pronunciationPronunciation of
W + h = should be reversed while pronouncing as h + W W + l = should be reversed while pronouncing as l + W
W + q = should be reversed while pronouncing as q + W
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xr uh sayukta var combinations
urgelq + urgelq + xuU = xr Avyajanam + vyajanam +svara = sayukta akar
Consonant + consonant + vowel = conjunct Consonant The possible combinations of conjucts with M K as the second letter
1. --- + M + A
M+ M + A = kka X + M + A= ka c + M + A = cMcka O + M + A = OMka i + M + A = iMtka U + M + A = Mrka
s + M + A = sMlka w + M + A = wMka x + M + A = xMska
M K as the second letter
M O - kukkua AU - akura xcM -scka wOM -aka iiMsM -ttklika AM -arka
zsMq -ulkam lwMq -nikma xxMU -samskra
2. --- + Z X + Z + A = kha
i + Z + A = iZtkha x + Z + A = xZskha
Z Kh as the second letter z q -akham
EiZllq -utkhananam xZslq -skhalanam
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3. --- + a a + a + A = aa gga X + a + A = ga Q + a + A = ga S + a + A = dga U + a + A = arga
s + a + A = salga
a g as the second letter aaas - guggula a - gag Zq - khadgam qs -mudgala aa - garga Tsal - phlguna
3. --- + b X + b + A= gha S + b + A = Sbdgha U + b + A = brgha
b gh as the second letter slq - laghanam ESbOlq- udghanam Ab -argha
5. --- + c c + c + A= cca
g + c + A = gcca U + c + A = crca z + c + A = ca
c c as the second letter E - uccai mgc - paca Acl -arcan mi - pact
6. --- + N c + N + A = cNccha g + N + A = gNcha U + N + A = Nrcha
N ch as the second letter CcN -icch ugN -vch qN -mrch
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7. --- + e e + e + A= jja g + e + A = geja Q + e + A = Qeja o + e + A = oebja U + e + A = erja
e j as the second letter El - ujjaini xger -sajaya wQe -aja Aoe -abja Ael -arjuna
8. --- + f e + f + A = ef jjha g + f + A = gfjha U + f + A = frjha
f jh as the second letter fsefs - jhalajjhala fgflq - jhajhanam ffU - jharjhara
9. --- + g c + g + A = cgca e + g + A = ja
g as the second letter rcg - yc lq - jnam
10. --- + O O + O + A = a h + O + A = hOa m + O + A = mO pa w + O + A = a
O as the second letter O l -aan bhO - gha AmO -pe Aq -aama
11. ---+ P P + P + A = hha
h + P + A = hPha w + P + A = ha
P h as the second letter us - vihhala uMhP -vaikuha Mq -kham
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12. --- + Q Q + Q + A= a h + Q + A = hQda
Q as the second letter Ez - ua mhQu - pdava
13. --- + R Q + R + A = h
h + R + A = hRha
Rh as the second letter zh - ih whR -aha
14. --- + h h + h + A = hha U + h + A = hra w + h + A = wha
h as the second letter
uwhh -viaa Mh -kara Mwh -ka
15. --- + i i + i + A = tta l + i + A = linta m + i + A = mi pta U + i + A = irta
x + i + A = xista
i t as the second letter Eq -uttama
Sli -danta Ami -pta ai - garta Wxi -hasta
16. --- + j i + j + A = ijttha l + j + A = ljntha U + j + A = jrtha x + j + A = xjstha
j th as the second letter
Eijlq -utthnam mlj - panth Aj -artha
xjlq -sthnam
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20. --- + m O + m + A = Ompa i + m + A = imtpa m + m + A = mm ppa q + m + A = qmmpa U + m + A = mrpa s + m + A = smlpa w + m + A = wmpa x + m + A = xmspa
m p as the second letter wOmS -apada iimSq -tatpadam mmms - pippal mUqmU - parampar xm -sarpa Asmq -alpam
mwmq - pupam xmW -sph
21. --- + T i + T + A = iTtpha q + T + A = qTmpha s + T + A = sTlpha x + T + A = xTspha
T phas thesecond letter EiTh -utphaa aqT - gumpha asT - gulpha xTOMq -sphaikam
22. --- + o
q + o + A = qomba U + o + A = orba
s + o + A = solba
o b as second letter
sqoSU -labodara Sos -durbala Esohq -ulbaam
23. --- + p S + p + A = bha
q + p + A = qpmbha U + p + A = prbha
s + p + A = splbha
p bhas second letter xul -sadbhvan zqp -ambho ApM -arbhaka
asp galbha
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2 4. --- + q M + q + A = Yqkma X + q + A = Xqma c + q + A = cqcma i + q + A = iqtma S + q + A = dma k + q + A = kqdhma l + q + A = lqnma m + q + A = mq pma q + q + A = qqmma U + q + A = qrma s + q + A = sqlma z + q + A = zqma w + q + A = wqma x + q + A = xqsma W + q + A = hma
q mas second letter Yqh -rukmi urq - vmayam ucq -vacmi Aiq -tm
mui - padmvat Skq -dadhmau qlqj -manmatha mmq - ppm qqqO -mammaa kq -dharma
asq - gulma Azql -aman
Fwqh -ma xqUhq -smaraam e - jimha
25. --- + r M + r + A = Yrkya Z + r + A = Zrkhya a + r + A = ar gya b + r + A = br ghya c + r + A = crcya e + r + A = er jya O + r + A= ya
r yas the second letter uYrq -vkyam AZrlq -khynam parq -bhgyam
qbrq -maughyam crulq -cyavanam Uerq -rjyam zrlq - yyanam
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R + r + A= hya h + r + A = hrya i + r + A = irtya j + r + A = jrthya S + r + A = dya k + r + A = krdhya l + r + A = lrnya m + r + A = mr pya o + r + A = orbya p + r + A = prbhya q + r + A = qrmya r + r + A = rr yya U + r + A = rrya
s + r + A = srlya u + r + A = urvya z + r + A = zrya w + r + A = wrya x + r + A = xrsya W + r + A = hya
qq - mauhyam mhrq - puyam xirq -satyam mjrq - pathyam aq - gadyam krlq -dhynam
Mlr -kany xqmrq -smpyam zor -aibya AUpr -rabhya
xqr -saumy zrr -aiyy Ar -rya
osrq -blyam urMUhq -vykaraam zrqs -ymal mwr - puya xxr -sasya aq - guhyam
26. --- + U M + U + A = kra a + U + A = a gra b + U + A = b ghra e + U + A = e jra
U r as the second letter uq -vikrama aq - grma bh - ghra ueq -vajram
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i + U + A = tra S + U + A = Sdra k + U + A = kdhra m + U + A = m pra o + U + A = obra p + U + A = pbhra q + U + A = qmra u + U + A = uvra z + U + A = ra x + U + A = xsra W + U + A = hra
m - putra xpS: -saubhadra Ulk: -randhra mMz - praka Aoui -abravt pqhq -bhramaam Aqq -ram
uil -vratin uhq -ravaam
xWxq -sahasram S hrada
27. --- + s M + s + A = Yskla a + s + A = as gla m + s + A = ms pla q + s + A = qsmla s + s + A = sslla z + s + A = zsla W + s + A = hla
s l as the second letter zYs -ukla asl - glni msua - plavaga qsl -mlni ussM -vallak zsblq -lghanam ASM -hldaka
28. --- + u M + u + A = Yukva a + u + A = au gva e + u + A = eu jva i + u + A = iutva S + u + A = dva
u v as the second letter mYuq - pakvam GauS gveda, gvla euslq - jvalanam iuq -tvam Uq -dvram
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k + u + A = kudhva l + u + A = lunva U + u + A = urva
s + u + A = sulva z + u + A = va w + u + A = wuva x + u + A = xusva W + u + A = hva
kul -dhvani xklu -sudhanv EuMq -urvrukam osu -bilva DU -vara Mwu -kuruva xurq -svayam e jihv
29. --- + z U + z + A = zra
z as second letter
mUqz - parmara 30. --- + w
M + w + A = ka O + w + A = Owa U + w + A = wra
w as second letter q -moka wOw -aati Aw ra
31. --- + x M + x + A = Yxksa i + x + A = ixtsa m + x + A = mx psa x + x + A = xxssa
x s as second letter
uYxU -vksra uixs -vatsal AmxU -apsar
SxxW -dussaha
32. --- + W U + W + A = Wrha
s + W + A = sWlha
W h as second letter
AW -arha usWh -vilhaa
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Conjunct consonanat with three or more letters
M + i + i + A = ktta pbhaktta
M + s + r + A = Msrklya zMsrqauklya
M + w + h + A = hka xShsudk M + w + q + A = qkma sqhlakmaa M + w + r + A = rkya srqlakya M + w + u + A = ukva CuMikvku a + k + r + A = akr gdhya qakrqmaugdhya a + p + r + A = apr gbhya Saprqdigbhym a + U + r + A = ar grya Aarqagryam X + M + U + A = Xkra xXqhq
sakramaam X + M + w + A = Xka AMXkk X + a + r + A = Xargya AsXarligya X + b + r + A = Xbrghya EssXbrullaghya c + N + U + A = cNcchra McNqkcchram h + P + r + A = h hya Mh kahy h + Q + U + A = hQra mhQ paura h + Q + r + A= h ya qhq mauyam i + i + u + A = uttva iuqtattvam i + l + r + A = ilrtnya mr patny i + q + r + A = iqrtmya Aiqrtmya i + U + r + A = rtrya rqoMtryambaka i + x + l + A = ixltsna Mixlqktsnam i + x + r + A = ixrtsya qixrmatsya S + k + r + A = Skrddhya oSkrbuddhy
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S + p + r + A = Sprdbhya mSprq padbhym S + U + r + A = drya SUq dridryam l + i + r + A = lirentya Slirdanty l + i + U + A = lntra qlqmantram l + i + u + A = lieuntva xliulqsntvanam l + S + r + A = lndya Apulabhivandya l + S + U + A = lSndra ClSindra l + k + r + A = lkrndhya xlkrsandhy l + l + r + A = rnnya xrxsannysa
o + k + u + A = okubdhva sokulabdhv
q + m + r + A = qmrmpya mMqmr prakampya q + o + r + A = qormbya Asqorlambya U + b + r + A = brrghya Abrqarghyam U + X + a + A = rga zq rgam U + i + r + A = irrtya kirqdhaurtyam U + k + l + A = klrdhna qklmrdhni U + q + r + A = qrrmya Wqrqharmyam U + k + u + A = kurdhva Fkurdhva U + w + h + A = whra Mwh:kri s + M + r + A = sYrlkya rusYr yjvalkya z + c + r + A = rcya ricyuta w + O + r + A = w ya uw veya
w + O + U + A = ra Fra w + O + u + A = wOuva CwOuiv w + P + r + A = w hya Aw ohya x + i + r + A = xirstya Aaxiragastya x + i + U + A = xstra zxqstram
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Section 4
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xXZr Numerals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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xpwil
zzl c lz lzr c zz zzl lzr c upi lp |
mrx Mqs Mqsl mr
mrx Mqsl upi xU ||
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mUq AmU AlS xurgeri mUrhq Akr em im ii E zq Sq xq
uUarq uuM lq xqmSr xa xji msr xwmi xuml ulqr qlqr mgcM mhqr AllSqr Aqr MOxj iOxj xum m lq hM
Ysz Sw r SAUq urq Uxm zMU uh clS xr iUq
ClS ui xxU qW sp k qS xqmi
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Pick up the words from the word list and write them in the boxes
given below
AACDEF
GLLAAMZabXcNefgO
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PQRhijSklrUsuz
wxW
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Inspirations
Munakopaniad, Part 1 by Pujya Swami Dayananda Saraswati
Taittiriya Bhashya Talks 2012, Anaikatty, Coimbatore by PujyaSwami Dayananda Saraswati
Higher Sanskrit grammar by Shri M R Kale.
High School Sanskrit Grammar by Vidvan Srinivasa Deshikacharand Mrs. Prabha Sridhar
Teach Yourself Sanskrit, Varaml, Rashtriya Samskrita samsthan,New Delhi
Sanskrit Level 1 - Published by Sanskrit Academy Bangalore
My Skype students from Portugal - Joana, Mafalda Megre, MafaldaSouza, Catia, Innes and Claudia for whom these lessons werecreated.