sanitary bathroom habits: men & women
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Sanitary Bathroom Habits: Men & Women. Background: . Hand Washing with Soap: . Single most effective behavior to reduce spread of infectious diseases In United States: infectious diseases = leading cause of death. Recent Study:. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Sanitary Bathroom
Habits: Men & Women
Background:
• Single most effective behavior to reduce spread of infectious diseases
• In United States: infectious diseases =
leading cause of death
• Sampled the hands of commuters using public transportation:
• ¼ of people had FECAL matter
on hands
Hand Washing with Soap:
Recent Study:
Background: Studies on Hand Washing Behavior:
65% WOMEN, 33% MEN
74% WOMEN, 61% MEN
75% WOMEN, 58% MEN
85% WOMEN, 69% MEN
Wireless sensors measuring for 32 days:
1996 Observational study:
2000 Observational, 5 cities in U.S:
2004: Observation on college campus:
Background:
• Of those that washed their hands, only
used soap
• Only of hand washers washed hands for
longer than 15 seconds
• of those who washed hands washed for
1-6 seconds
64%
10%
69%
More about the 2004 College Study:
410 Students Observed
97% Women 95% Men washed hands
Background:
• 95% of respondents reported hand washing in public restrooms
• Hand washing = socially desirable
(over-reported in surveys)
Study conducted during SARS outbreak:
Survey on Hand Washing:
Data Collection: Observational Study: In Public Restrooms
132 MEN 121 WOMEN
• Observed:
• Locations:Briarwood mall:
Ann Arbor, MIRiverTown Crossings mall:
Grandville, MI
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta Int’l Airport: Atlanta, GA
Quality 16 movie theater: Ann Arbor, MI
Total time spent in bathroom
• Recorded: If hands were washed(with or without soap)
Time spent washing hands
• Variables:
1. = whether or not subject washed hands (with or without soap)
2. = seconds spent washing hands (contact with soap or water)
3. = total time in minutes spent in the actual restroom• Research Questions:
1. Do more females wash their hands in a public restroom than males?
2. Do females wash their hands for a longer period of time than males in public restrooms?
3. Do females spend more time in the public bathrooms than males?
WASH HANDS
TIME WASH
TOTAL TIME
Power Analysis:
TEST 1: TEST 2: TEST 3:
POWER: 80% SIGNIFICANCE: 0.05 HYPOTHESES: 1-Sided
(compare proportions)
• Parameter: 15% diff.
• NEED: 134 each gender
• SAMPLE: 121 Females 132 Males
(compare means)
• Parameter: 2 sec. diff
• NEED: 20 each gender
• SAMPLE: 29 Females 38 Males
(compare means)
• Parameter: 0.5 min. diff
• NEED: 20 each gender
• SAMPLE: 27 Females 42 Males
Relationship 1: Question:Is there a higher proportion of females who
wash their hands after using a public restroom than males?
Null Hypothesis:The same proportion of males and
females wash their hands after using public restrooms
Alternative Hypothesis:
A higher proportion of females than males wash their hands after using public
restroomsVariables Compared:
Gender and Handwashing (both categorical)
Collection 1
RowSummary
Column Summary
Washed
Yes
Washed
No
Female
Male
Gender
64.95868
11595.0413
6246.9697
7053.0303
6826.8775
18573.1225
121100
132100
253100
S1 = countS2 = row Proportion •
Cross Tabulation: Compare Proportions
At Least Five of Each Response Variable: Yes
Proportion Wash: Female
Proportion Wash: Male
95.04% 53.03%Sample Size Female: 121 Sample Size Male: 132
In our sample, FEMALES washed hands more often than males.
Traditional Test P-value:
<0.0001 < .05
Conclusion Relationship 1: 1. P-Value 0.003 is less than
significance level of 0.05 REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS
***it is unlikely that the difference in proportions observed occurred by chance!!!2. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis:
***in this sample, the proportion of females who wash their hands after using a public restroom is greater than the proportion of males
3. Within the population of Americans, adult females did indeed wash their hands more often than males after using a public restroom.
Relationship 2: Question:Do females wash their hands after using public restrooms for a longer period of
time than males?Null Hypothesis:
Females and males wash their hands the same amount of time after using public
restroomsAlternative Hypothesis:
Females wash their hands for a longer amount of time than males after using
public restrooms
Gender and Time Spent Washing (one categorical and one
quantitative)
Variables Compared:
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Female MaleGender
Collection 1 Box Plot
BOX PLOT: COMPARE MEANS
GENDER
TIME SPENT HAND-
WASHING(sec)
SKEWNESS:NONE
OUTLIERS:ONE
Mean seconds MALES: Mean seconds FEMALES:
5.4 sec 7.8 secSample Size Males: 29 Sample Size Females: 38
Traditional Test P-value:
0.0034 < 0.05
In our sample, FEMALES washed hands in restroom for2.4 seconds longer, on average
Conclusion Relationship 2: 1. P-Value 0.003 is less than significance
level of 0.05 REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS
***it is unlikely that the difference in means observed occurred by chance!!!
2. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis:
***in this sample, the difference in means found (females wash hands an average of 2.4 seconds longer) was significant
3.Within the population of Americans, adult females did indeed spend more seconds washing their hands after using a public restroom
Relationship 3: Question:Do females spend more time in public
restrooms than males?
Null Hypothesis:
Females and males spend the same amount of time in public restrooms
Females spend more time than males in public restrooms
Alternative Hypothesis:
Gender and Time Spent in Restroom (one categorical and one quantitative)
Variables Compared:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Female MaleGender
Collection 1 Box Plot
OUTLIERS:ZERO
SKEWNESS:Slight in males,nothing major
BOX PLOT: COMPARE MEANS
GENDER
TIME SPENT
IN BATHROOM
(min)
In our sample, FEMALES spent 1.7 more minutes in the bathroom, on
average.
Mean minutes MALES: Mean minutes FEMALES:
1.03 min 2.73 minSample Size Males: 42 Sample Size Females: 27
Traditional Test P-value:
<0.00001 < 0.05
Conclusion Relationship 3: 1. P-Value <0.00001 is less than
significance level of 0.05 REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS
***it is unlikely that the difference in means observed occurred by chance!!!
2. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis:
***in this sample, the difference in means found (females spend 1.7 more minutes in public restrooms than males) was significant
3.Within the population of Americans, adult females did indeed spend more minutes public restrooms
Final Summary: Test 1:• Proportion of males & females who wash hands in public restroom• P-value < 0.001• REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS• Females proportion: 42% higher
Test 2:• Time spent washing
hands• P-value: 0.003• REJECT NULL
HYPOTHESIS• Females: 2.4 seconds
longer, on average, in our sampleTest 3:
• Time spent in public restrooms• P-value < 0.001• REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS• Females spend 1.7 minutes longer,on average, in our sample
Study Limitations: • Lindsay & Christine created a SOCIAL PRESSURE
during data collection (stood near the subjects as they washed hands)
• Difficult to MEASURE PRECICESLY how long subjects washed hands
• Couldn’t tell a difference between when subjects were ALONE and when they were being watched
• LOCATIONS: 3 public places in Michigan, and one place in Atlanta: NOT very representative of the whole country
Resources for Background Information: Judah, G., Schmidt, W., Michie, S., Granger, S., & Curtis, V. Experimental Pretesting of Hand-Washing Interventions in a Natural Setting. 2009. American Journal of Public healh, 99(2), 405-411.
Monk-Turner, E., Edwards, D., Broadstone, J., Hummel, R., Lewis, S., & Wilson, D. Another Look at Hand-Washing Behavior. 2005. Social Behavior and Personality, 33(7), 629-634.