sample te seminar report

A

Seminar on

CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM OF

AUTOMOBILE

By

KUNAL UGALE

T.E. Mechanical Engineering

(Exam. No.:T120380995)

Guided by

PROF. N. R. ANEKAR

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MIT College of Engineering, Pune

University of Pune

2015-2016

MIT College of Engineering, Pune

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Kunal Ugale., has successfully completed the seminar “Cruise

control system of Automobile” under my supervision, in the partial fulfillment of third

year, second semester - Mechanical Engineering (Branch) of University of Pune for the

academic year 2015-2016.

Date :

Place :

Prof. N. R. Anekar

Seminar Guide External Examiner

Prof. (Dr.) S. B. Barve

Seal Head of Department

MIT College of Engineering,

Kothrud, Pune Vision and Mission

Vision of the Institute

To empower young generation for substantial contribution to economical,

technological and social development of the society.

Mission of the Institute

To be a Globally, Socially conscious institute of research and innovation with an

excellence in professional education and to take up the challenges of change for

benefit of the society.

Vision of the Department

To create dynamic mechanical professionals to meet global technological challenges

through research & innovation for the benefit of society.

Mission of the Department

To empower young mechanical professionals through globally acceptable, effective

education & industrial training with relevant research output.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to present a seminar on “Cruise control system of

Automobile". In preparing this seminar number of hands helped me directly and

indirectly. Therefore it becomes my duty to express my gratitude towards them.

I am very much obliged to subject guide Prof. Anekar N. R., in Mechanical

Engineering Department, for helping and giving proper guidance. Her timely suggestions

made it possible to complete this seminar for me. All efforts might have gone in vain

without his valuable guidance.

I will fail in my duty if I won't acknowledge a great sense of gratitude to the Vice-

Principal Prof. (Dr.) R. V. Pujeri head of mechanical engineering Prof. (Dr.) S.B.

Barve and the entire staff members in Mechanical Engineering Department for their

cooperation.

Kunal Ugale

TE Mechanical

Roll No: 3125002

Exam No: 3125002

ABSTRACT

Seminar gives overview of cruise control system, it’s history, how it works,

requirement, advantages, limitations, and implementation, New development occur in

this system like Adaptive cruise control system, Intelligent cruise control system. This

system gives driver relax in long journey, reduce stress, and reduce the amount of

attention required by the driver. This system consists of several different subsystems.

Different subsystems communicate with each other and existing electronic systems on the

automobile via programmed microcontrollers.

The proposed intelligent cruise control system aims to reduce the number of

highway accidents and help eliminate road rage incidents. To do this, the implemented

system slows down the car or steers away from the obstacle, when it is too late to slow

down the car to a safe stop, to avoid collision. Using some photo voltaic light, fixed small

radar, inexpensive sensors around the vehicle, by using this system can detect when it is

safe to change lanes, or when to take over another car. Therefore, this system can make

driving a safer activity.

CONTENTS

Sr. No. Name of Sections Page No.

List of Figures i

List of Tables ii

Nomenclature iii

Abbreviations iv

1. Introduction

1.1 Field of Invention

1.2 Background of Invention

1.3 Necessity of Cruise Control System

1

1

1

2

2. Cruise Control System

2.1 Basic Feature of Cruise Control System

2.2 Constructional Details of Various Parts of C.C.S.

3

4

5

3. Types of Cruise Control System 10

4. Working Cruise Control System 15

5. Advantages and Disadvantage 16

6. Applications 17

7 Conclusion 18

References 20

i

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.

1.1 Backus Gas Engine 9

2.2 Split-Cycle Engine 11

3.1 Strokes of Split-cycle Engine 18

3.2 P-V Curve: Compression 27

3.3 P-V Curve: Power 28

4.1 P-V Curve: Energy 29

4.2 Start of Combustion 30

ii

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Name of Table Page No.

1.1 Types of Engines 9

2.2 Types of Fuels 11

3.1 Types of Curves 18

iii

NOMENCLATURE

P Pressure (Pa)

T Temperature (0C)

V Volume (m3)

iv

ABBREVATIONS

No. Number

e.g. For Example

Cruise Control System of Automobile

MIT-COE, Pune Mechanical Engg. 1

1. Introduction

1.1 Field of Invention

This invention relates to the Internal Combustion Engine. More specifically, to

a split cycle engine having a pair of pistons in which one piston is used for intake and

compression strokes and another piston is used for expansion (power) and exhaust

strokes, with each of four strokes completed in one revolution of crankshaft [1].

1.2 Background of Invention

Internal combustion engine are devices in which reactants of combustion and

products of combustion serves as working fluid of the engine. The basic components

of engine are well known and include the engine block, cylinder head, cylinders,

pistons, valves, crankshaft and camshaft. Such an engine gains its energy from the

heat released during combustion of non reacted working fluids [2]. In all internal

combustion engine useful work is generated from hot, gaseous products of

combustion acting directly on the moving surfaces of the engine. Generally,

reciprocating motion of the pistons is transferred to the the rotary motion of the

crankshaft via connecting rods.

Internal Combustion (IC) engines are categorized as spark ignition (SI) and

compression ignition (CI). SI engines, i.e. typically gasoline engines. Uses spark to

ignite the air/fuel mixture, while the heat of compression ignites the air/fuel mixture

in CI engines, i.e. typically diesel engines. The most common internal-combustion

engine is the four-stroke cycle engine, a conception whose basic design has not

changed for more than 100 years old. In four-stroke cycle engine, power is recovered

from the combustion process in four separate piston movements (strokes) of a single

piston. Accordingly, a four stroke cycle engine is defined herein [3].

1.3 Necessity of Cruise Control System

A good cruise control system accelerates aggressively to the desired speed without

overshooting, and then maintains that speed with little deviation no matter how much

weight is in the car, or how steep the hill you drive up. Controlling the speed of a car



is a classic application of Cruise control system. Every year many people die or

injure in car accident on highways. Auto accidents will also injure at least 10 million

people this year around the globe, two or three million of them seriously.

On the other hand, if we think about, the hospital bills, damaged property, and

other costs will add up to 1-3 percent of the world's gross domestic product, according

to the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. For the

United States alone, the tally will amount to roughly US $200 billion. And, of course,

the losses that matters most are not even captured by these statistics, because there's

no way to put a dollar value on them.

So why we need such a system that will provide the safe way of driving and

will probably be reduced the chances of accident. If cruise control systems will faith

to do so, then it is sure that the maximum chances of accident might have been

reduced.

2. Cruise Control System

2.1 Basic Features of Cruise Control System

The cruise control system actually has a lot of functions other than controlling

the speed of your car. For instance, the cruise control as shown in Fig.1 and Fig. 2 can

accelerate or decelerate the car by 1 mph with the tap of a button. Hit the button five

times to go 5 mph faster. There are also several important safety features -- the cruise

control will disengage as soon as you hit the brake pedal, and it won't engage at

speeds less than 25 mph (40 kph).

The system as shown in Fig.1 and Fig. 2 has five buttons: On, Off, Set/Accel,

Resume and Coast. It also has a sixth control -- the brake pedal, and if your car has a

manual transmission the clutch pedal is also hooked up to the cruise control. The on

and off buttons don't actually do much. Hitting the on button does not do anything

except tell the car that you might be hitting another button soon. The off button turns

the cruise control off even if it is engaged. Some cruise controls don't have these

buttons; instead, they turn off when the driver hits the brakes, and turn on when the

driver hits the set button. The basic features provided by this system are,



The set/accel button tells the car to maintain the speed you are currently

driving. If you hit the set button at 45 mph, the car will maintain your speed

at 45 mph. Holding down the set/accel button will make the car accelerate;

and on this car, tapping it once will make the car go 1 mph faster.

If you recently disengaged the cruise control by hitting the brake pedal, hitting

the resume button will command the car to accelerate back to the most recent

speed setting.

Holding down the coast button will cause the car to decelerate, just as if you

took your foot completely off the gas. On this car, tapping the coast button

once will cause the car to slow down by 1 mph.

The brake pedal and clutch pedal each have a switch that disengages the

cruise control as soon as the pedal is pressed, so you can shut off the cruise

control with a light tap on the brake or clutch.

Fig. 2.1 Showing the Features of the Cruise Control System on the Steering

Fig. 2.2 A Closure View Showing the Features of The Cruise Control System



2.2 Constructional Details of Various Parts of C.C.S.

2.2.1 Servo

The Servo contains a large diaphragm along with two solenoids and a

feedback potentiometer. The diaphragm is attached by a cable to the carburetor or

throttle body linkage. Engine vacuum is supplied to the Servo through a vacuum

check valve which only allows vacuum to go one way. The two solenoids are for

Vacuum and Vent. One side of each solenoid is connected to battery positive with the

key on. To activate a solenoid, the Amp grounds out the other side of it.

Even if the Vacuum solenoid stops applying vacuum, the diaphragm will hold

its position. It won't release the vacuum until the vent solenoid ground is released.

Then the vacuum gets dumped to the atmosphere. If the Amp just wants to let the

throttle go small amount (going too fast for example) it will momentarily ground the

Vent solenoid to dump a small amount of vacuum.

2.2.2 Vehicle speed sensors (VSS)

The VSS is connected to the speedometer cable. Most of the later models had the

Speedo cable plugged INTO the speed sensor. On this type, the gear on the end of the

sensor is driven by the output shaft in the transmission, and the sensor in turn drives

the Speedo cable. The sensor acts as a little generator. A magnet spins in a coil of

wire to generate an AC voltage.

2.2.3 Brake Light Switch

The Cruise Control Computer has a wire coming from the brake lights. It senses the

brake light voltage when the operator steps on the brakes and disengages the cruise

control. If both brake light bulbs are burned out, the cruise won't work.

2.2.4 Clutch Switch

Vehicles with manual transmissions also have a switch that opens when the clutch is

pushed in. This keeps the engine from revving up. The clutch switch is wired in with



the brake light switch so that it breaks the circuit to the brake light bulbs. Due to the

safety feature mentioned with the brake lights above, the systems disengages.

2.2.4 Vacuum Dump Valve

Later systems have a vacuum dump valve on the brake pedal. A vacuum line is

connected from the valve to the Servo diaphragm. When the brake pedal is pushed,

vacuum in the Servo is released (dumped). This is another safety feature. In the earlier

models without this valve, when the brake light switch went bad and you were using

the cruise, the more you tried to stop the car the more the Amp tried to accelerate.

3. Types of Cruise Control System .

.

4. Working Cruise Control System .

.

5. Advantages and Disadvantage .

.

6. Applications .

.

7. Conclusion

Since now a day, vehicle owners are curious about the speed of the vehicle but

at the same time they also think about the safety. But a little consideration shows that

as the speed increases, the same result in decrease in the safety, but if we think about

the Cruise Control System it makes the provision for both, i.e. it can cruise the vehicle

whenever required and also controls the speed if it exceed the required one.

It’s not just stop up to speed control Adaptive and intelligent system has more

add on features which can able to reduce the accident and overcome the driver

mistake by taking decision itself, and give freedom to driver to drive vehicle with



high speed with proper safety. It will become popular soon in the future throughout

the world.

References

1. Jung, D. S. and Radermacher, R., Transport properties and surface tension of

pure and mixed refrigerants, ASHRAE Trans, 1991, 97 (1), pp. 90 – 98.

2. Bansal, P. K., Rupasinghe, A. S. and Jain, A. S., An empirical correction for

sizing capillary tubes, Int. Journal of Refrigeration, 1996, 19 (8), pp.497 – 505.

3. Colbourne, D. and Ritter, T. J., Quantitative assessment of flammable refrigerants

in room air conditioners, Proc. of the Sixteenth International Compressor

Engineering Conference and Ninth International Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA,

2002, pp. 34 – 40.

4. Bejan A. and Morega A. M., Optimal Arrays of Pin Fins and Plate Fins

inLaminar Forced Convection, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 115, 1990, pp. 75

81.

5. Poulikakos, A. and Bejan, A., Fin Geometry for Minimum Entropy Generation in

Forced Convection, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 104, 1990, pp. 616-623.

6. Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P., Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, 4th

Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1990, pp.147-172.

7. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399902003240

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