MANUSCRIPT FORM, MECHANICS AND LAY-OUT: GENERAL GUIDELINES

ASSESSMENT OF THE PATHWAYS OF LEAD CONTAMINATION AMONG RESIDENTS OF THE CLOSED CARMONA SANITARY LANDFILL

Undergraduate Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of the

College of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment, and Natural Resources

Cavite State University

Indang, CaviteIn partial fulfilment

of the requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Environmental ScienceDIANA P. BAWAG

April 2010

Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Indang, CaviteCOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, ENVIRONMENT AND

NATURAL RESOURCESDepartment of Forestry and Environmental ScienceAuthor: DIANA P. BAWAGTitle : ASSESSMENT OF THE PATHWAYS OF LEAD CONTAMINATION AMONG RESIDENTS OF THE CLOSED CARMONA SANITARY LANDFILL

A P P R O V E D: NOEL A. SEDIGO ______ LILIBETH P. NOVICIO, Ph.D. ______

Adviser

Date Technical Critic DateBENG P. UMALI, Ph.D. ______ ANALITA dM. MAGSINO, Ph.D. _____Department Chairman Date Research Coordinator Date

ADOLFO C. MANUEL JR., Ph.D. _____

Dean Date

BIOGRAPHICAL DATAThe author was born on October 10, 1989 in Our Blessed Mother Maternity Clinic, Pasig City. She is the first fruit of the love of Mr. Apolinar H. Bawag and Mrs. Dorotea P. Bawag and the eldest among five children.

She obtained her elementary education with honors at Loma Elementary School in Amadeo, Cavite in 2002 and her secondary education also with honors at Amadeo National High School in 2006.

In June 2006, she enrolled at Cavite State University in Indang, Cavite for her college education in the Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science program. During her college days, she was an active member of SALINLAHI and was Vice-President of the CAFENR Student Council and officer of the CSG-COMELEC.

She was also a member of the Future Farmers of the Philippines Collegiate Chapter of Cavite State University and joined regional conferences in 2009 at Lucban, Quezon and in 2010 at Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro where she won various awards for the University.

She was a beneficiary of the KGMA Scholarship of former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a consistent academic scholar, and one of the five finalists of the CvSU Search for Model Students for SY 2009-2010.

She obtained her degree in April 2010.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me...

The author wants to share this triumph and express her appreciation and sincerest gratitude to the following persons who generously and patiently helped in completing this study:

Prof. Noel A. Sedigo, thesis adviser, for sharing his knowledge and valuable skills and for the constant encouragements that propelled the author to finish this study;

Dr. Adelaida E. Sangalang, technical critic, for her valuable comments, suggestions, and constructive criticisms that greatly improved the content of this study;

Dr. Beng P. Umali, chairman of the Dept. of Forestry and Environmental Science, for his support and inspiration;

Dr. Analita dM. Magsino, college research and extension coordinator, for her valuable comments and suggestions in organizing the manuscript;

Dr. Adolfo C. Manuel Jr., dean of the College of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Natural Resources, for his encouragements and support;

Her Excellency, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, for the scholarship which gave the author the opportunity to study in college;

Hon. Roy M. Loyola, mayor of Carmona, for allowing the author to conduct the study in the closed Carmona Sanitary Landfill;

Sir Rommel Peneyra, Carmona-MENRO, for the many valuable information provided for the study;

Kuya RD and Maam Dhel, for the moral support and encouragements;

Maam Checkee D. Ordon, JEFCOR-technical staff, for helping out in the water analysis;

Her classmates: Ate Jerra, Ate Roma, Ate Suzette, Ate Cacai, and Kevin for the laughter, tears, and happy moments shared while in the University;

Her friends: Banjo, Sherwin, MC and Lloyd for the moral support and happy moments which made her college days memorable;

Her SALINLAHI brothers and sisters who shared with her joys and trials;

Her co-FFPCCians: Kuya Jaykie, Kuya Zaldy, Michael, Eryn, SJ, Tricia, Jesus Paolo, Mark, Nica, Sam, GJ, Allan, Jaja, Ashley, and Kim, for the happy moments shared during the FFPCC Regional Conventions;

Her churchmates: Kuya Marlon, Ate Lenlen, Jordan, Dave, Neildan, and Jane, for their moral support, prayers, time in interviewing the respondents, and happy moments shared;

Her special friend Renren, for his love, help, support, and encouragement, and for being an inspiration in finishing this study;

Her relatives, cousins, titos and titas, Lolos and Lolas, for their love and support;

Her loving parents, Mr. Apolinar H. Bawag and Mrs. Dorotea P. Bawag, her brothers and sisters, Donna and Dina; and Darren and Daniel, for their care, trust, love, and moral support;

Above all, she would like to give her sincerest and warmest appreciation, to her Lord, and Savior, the ALMIGHTY GOD, who is the source of her strength, knowledge and skills and who always hears her prayers and guide her paths in every journey in life.

DIANA P. BAWAGABSTRACT

BAWAG, DIANA P. Assessment of the Pathways of Lead Contamination Among Residents of the Closed Carmona Sanitary Landfill. Undergraduate Thesis. Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science. Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite. April 2010. Adviser: Prof. Noel A. Sedigo.The study was conducted from January to February 2010 in the closed Carmona Sanitary Landfill located at Sitio Paligawang Matanda, Carmona, Cavite, to assess the impact of lead contamination on the health of the residents in the former landfill. Specifically, the study aimed to: 1. identify the residents in the study area and determine their socio-economic characteristics; 2. identify the pathways of lead contamination in the area; 3. identify possible health problems due to lead contamination among the residents in the area; and 4. recommend mitigating measures to prevent or correct the effects of lead contamination on the health of the residents in the area.

Ocular or field visits, interviews, assessment of health profile of participants, analysis of the water sources in the area, and urine analysis for lead contamination among participants were done to gather pertinent data. The community had 95 households and a population of 275 residents. Everyone was included as participants in the study. Participants were grouped into four groups: 0-6 yrs old, 7-40 yrs old, pregnant women, and 41 yrs old and above.

There were equal number of females and males among the participants and majority were 21-70 years old, single, and finished high school. Many were farmers, factory workers, and drivers. Family income ranged from Php1,000 to Php10,000. Sources of drinking water in the area were two deep-wells with water pumps and a river/spring. Analysis of water sources revealed Pb level of