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Biodiversity Modeling and Tribal Livelihood

Status in Western Ghats


ii

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EDUCREATION PUBLISHING

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________________________________________________________________

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iii

Biodiversity Modeling and

Tribal Livelihood Status in

Western Ghats

Dr. Basavarajaiah D M

Fellow of Royal Statistical Society (UK)

Elected Member of London Mathematical Society (UK)

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


iv


v

Dedicated to our Respectable

Father of Indian Costitution

Bharata Rathna

Dr.Bheem Rao Ambedkar


vi

FORWARD

It is a matter of great satisfaction that the present academic text book

entitled “Biodiversity Modeling and Tribal Livelihood Status in

Western Ghats” is very well received not only by the students,

teachers and professionals, but also by the great environmentalists

and policy makers. This book is found to be great resourceful for

Scholars from other countries and prospective ecological inventors

for understanding the various analytical methods and species

indices of Western Ghats. An entire text book has intricate with

advanced modelling techniques to assess the biodiversity or

ecosystem functions, to support decision making theory of

ecological imbalance at global level. All chapters concealed with

formal and accurate algorithms modeled at the larger extent.

Fitted models in the present text book can have various levels of

formalization, from purely qualitative and fully mathematical

induction. With a sense of pride and satisfaction, I would like to

say that with the active support of faculty Members University has

come alive to disseminate academic and research needs for the

students and research Scholars. With all the efforts and

contributions put in by the author, I truly hope that the present

edition that follows will make some interesting reading. I

congratulate the author for bringing out innovative and inspiring

new academic text book for student and scientific community.

Prof.H.D.Narayanaswamy

Hon‘ble Vice Chancellor

KVAFSU(B),Nandinagar,Bidar

Republic of India


vii

PREFACE

Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no

matter how small, all have an important role to play. For example,

a larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops.

Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life

forms. If conservation of natural resources goes wrong, nothing

else will go right. The conservation strategies are greatly required

for the protection of species and ecosystem through statistical and

mathematical intervention. In this vouchsafe, the present academic

book aims to describe basic statistical and mathematical

apprehensions, the narrative new text book flourish empirical

studies to show how recent techniques of model construction can

be used in a wide range of significant applications. Researchers

will realize it an invaluable guide to using different biodiversity

models in their work. The fundamental principles of biodiversity

modeling are covered by the first six chapters of the textbook,

including ‗how to go modeling‘ and an overview of the various

model types applicable in climatic changes. Chapter- i describes

Statistical modeling of floristic diversity, Chapter-ii deals with

socioeconomic status and livestock rearing activities of tribal‘s,

Chapter-iii covers species diversity index modeling, Chapter - iv

widely describes animal diversity index modelling and concept of

population viability analysis, Chapter – v describes Genetic

diversity of ecosystem. Chapter- vi describes the modelling on

climatic changes and ecological imbalance –an empirical analysis.

Lastly, chapter-vii deals with data base management and

compilation of climatic data sets. For all seven chapters, detailed

and illustrative examples are bestowed. The suitable examples are

chosen to allow the readers adequate information to facilitate the

expansion of their own model of the various types. Entire chapters

are addressed key issues of climatic changes derived by various


viii

analytical interventions and techniques. Present amid text book can

help to analyze the impact of socio-economic developments on the

environment. Fitted statistical models in this text book help us to

understand where we are, why it happened, and how it influences

our understanding of ecological processes. Finally, by using these

models we make accurate predictions about ecosystem, and also

assessing the accuracy of our knowledge for striving upgrade in

our environmental science research at global level.


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Biodiversity modelling and Tribal livelihood status in Western

Ghats region entitled academic text book tailored with practical

real approach to webbing for knowledge apportion to the

researchers, students and academicians etc. First and foremost, I

would like to thank god and my parents for never ending grace,

mercy and provision during what ended up being one of the

toughest time for completion of this task. I would love to give

special thanks to several great scholars who made this book

possible. Firstly, I would like to give special thanks to our beloved

Hon‘ble Vice Chancellor Prof.H.D.Narayanaswamy,Prof. Placid

E‟D Souza, Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru,

Prof.H.M.Jayaprakash, Dean, Dairy Science College. I owing to

extend my sincere unfeigned thanks to all key officers of KVAFSU

(B) and Prof.Jayanaik, HOD, Department of Poultry Science,

Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru

Last but not least, I would like to thank our family and friends

for their constant supports and encouragements. I convey my

special thanks to Ms.Shreya B.S for giving technical supports. I

hope you to enjoy reading this book and find it useful. We wish all

our readers all the very best in their future endeavour .We would

love to hear your comments and suggestions .You can send your

mails to [email protected]


x

CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

Sr.No. Contents Page

I Statistical Modelling of Floristic Diversity 1-54

1.1 Concept of Biodiversity 1

1.2 Historical Prospective 2

1.3 Species Diversity in India and Global Level 2

1.4 Biodiversity Evolution 4

1.5 Species Extinction 4

1.6 Types of Extinction Events 4

1.7 Major Components of Extinction 6

1.8 Biodiversity Dimension 6

1.9 Different levels of Biodiversity 7

1.10 Genetic Diversity 7

1.11 Species Diversity 8

1.12 Community level Diversity 8

1.13 Basic Principles of Biodiversity 8

1.14 Island Biodiversity 9

1.15 Dry and Sub Humid Biodiversity 10

1.16 Forest Biodiversity 10

1.17 Coastal Biodiversity 11

1.18 Mountain Biodiversity 12

1.19 Agriculture Biodiversity 12

1.20 Species Distribution in Distribution 17

1.21 Floristic Diversity in Western Ghats Region 18

1.22 Distribution Model of Notable Arborescent

Genera of Western Ghats

23

1.23 Random Walk 24

1.24 Poisson distribution 25

1.25 Normal Distribution 27

1.26 Biodiversity 30


xi

1.27 Value of biodiversity 31

1.28 Direct value 31

1.29 In situ (or on situ) Conservation 32

1.30 Limitations 33

1.31 Ex situ Conservation 33

1.32 Major Problems with Biodiversity

Conservation

34

1.33 Salient Features: 35

1.34 India is Home to five World Heritage Sites 36

1.35 Prevention and Mitigation of Natural

Disasters:

37

1.36 Objectives of Ecology 38

1.37 Concept of Ecological Succession: 39

1.38 Climax 40

1.39 Monoclimax theory 40

1.40 Polyclimax theory 40

1.41 Significance of Ecological Succession 41

1.42 Incomplete Ecosystem (IE) 41

1.43 Importance of Ecosystem Diversity 41

1.44 Merits of Biodiversity 45

1.45 Biodiversity Conservation 46

1.46 Key Points of Biodiversity Conservation 47

1.47 Government Policy of Biodiversity

Conservation (GOI)

49

1.48 The Wildlife (Protection) Act 49

1.49 Difference between NP and WLS 50

1.50 Biosphere Reserve 51

1.51 Functions of Biosphere Reserve 52

1.52 Sacred groves 52


xii

II Socio economic Status and Livestock

Rearing Activities of Tribal‟s

55-101

2.1 Tribal‘s in Western Ghats 55

2.2 Research gap 59

2.3 Livestock Rearing 61

2.4 Econometric Model of Tribal Livelihood 78

2.5 Intervention of Tribal Discourse 80

2.6 Nutritional Assessment of Tribal‘s 82

2.7 Rationale 83

2.8 Scientific Findings 84

2.9 Usage of Medicinal Plants by the Tribal‘s 94

2.10 Impact of Health and Nutrition on Education 98

2.11 Recommendation 100

III Species Diversity Index Modelling 102-159

3.1 Introduction 102

3.2 Species Richness 106

3.3 Evenness 106

3.4 Simpson's Index of Diversity (1 – d) 107

3.5 Simpson's Reciprocal Index (1 / d) 108

3.6 Ecological sampling -Why do we need to

sample

109

3.7 Random Sampling 111

3.8 Systematic Sampling 112

3.9 Line Transect Method 113

3.10 Belt transect Method 113

3.11 Stratified Sampling 114

3.12 Ecological Sampling Methods 116

3.13 Sampling Methods Measure 121

3.14 Density and Dispersion Patterns 124

3.15 Sample size 124

3.16 Species Distribution Modelling 125

3.17 Model Evaluation 127

3.18 Milestone of Ecological NICHE 132


xiii

3.19 NICHE population dynamics 138

3.20 Model System 140

3.21 Model Algorithms 152

3.22 Bioclim Algorithms 152

3.23 Domain Algorithms 153

3.24 Mahalnobis Distance Model 154

3.25 Geographic Null Models 155

3.26 Random Forest Model 156

3.27 Boosted Regression Tree Model 157

3.28 Model Inputs For SDM 159

3.29 SDM -Policy implications 159

IV Animals diversity Index Modelling and

Concept of Population Viability Analysis

161-193


4.2 Model Formulation 163

4.3 Model Fitting by Using SAS 165

4.4 Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis

Model

167

4.5 Species Distribution Entropy Modelling 173

4.6 Model Formulation 175

4.7 Ecological Growth Model 176

4.8 Population Viability Analysis (PVA) 179

4.9 Model Formulation of PVA 180

4.20 Demographic Structured Population Growth

Model

181

4.21 Vital Rate 185

4.22 Population Size 185

4.23 Life Stage 186

4.24 Genetic Variability 186

4.25 Temporal Variation 186

4.26 Population Immigration and Emigration 187

4.27 Structural Changes of Geography 187

4.28 Uncertainty of the Events 188


xiv

4.29 Statistical Analysis (Model) 188

4.30 Practical Implications of Population Viability

Analysis

189

4.31 Glossary 191

V Genetic Diversity of Ecosystem 194-256


5.2 Species Diversity 196

5.3 Ecosystem Diversity 197

5.4 Importance of Biodiversity 198

5.5 Estimation of Genetic parameters of Genetic

Diversity

200

5.6 Gene effects of Species 202

5.7 Fisher's Decomposition of the Genetic Value 203

5.8 Gene Marker Assisted Selection Technique 203

5.9 Opportunities for Applying Molecular

Genetics

205

5.10 Genetic markers 207

5.11 Advantages of Marker Assisted Selection 209

5.12 Limitation of Marker-Assisted Selection 211

5.13 Polymerase Chain Reaction 212

5.14 Microsatellite Markers 212

5.15 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and

Genome Sequencing

213

5.16 Identifying Markers for Specific Traits 214

5.17 Markers for Quantitative Trait loci Mapping 216

5.18 Populations Used to map Quantitative Trait

loci

216

5.19 Mapping of Genetic Markers 217

5.20 Mapping Trait Genes in Livestock 218

5.21 Applications of Marker-Assisted selection 218

5.22 BLUP techniques for assessment of traits 222

5.23 Design of Breeding Programs 223

5.24 Modelling on GCA & SCA 228


xv

5.25 Recurrent selection: 230

5.26 Reciprocal Recurrent Selection: 230

5.27 Application of Combining ability 231

5.28 Diallel cross 231

5.29 Different methods of Diallel analysis 233

5.30 Linear and non-Linear modelling 235

5.31 Difference between Linear and Nonlinear

regression models

237

5.32 Genetic linear and non-linear modelling 248

5.33 Mating design practical approach 250

5.34 Need for mating design 251

5.35 Major mating designs 252

5.36 Diallel mating 256

VI Modelling on climatic Change and

Ecological Imbalance-An empirical

analysis

257-311


6.2 National issues 257

6.3 Reasons for Ecological Imbalance 258

6.4 Climatic Change over the Time 260

6.5 Climatic Change –Effect on Human Health 264

6.6 Predictive Modelling of Global Climate

Change and Health

268

6.7 climatic predictive models 270

6.8 Model Suggestions 271

6.9 Summary - Effect of Climatic Change 272

6.20 Climatic Changes Statistical Modelling 273

6.21 Weather Model 283

6.22 Climatic Reconstruction by Modelling 284

6.23 Solar energy Balanced Model 285

6.24 Artificial Neural Net Work Models for

Climatic Variation

287

6.25 Major Steps of ANN model Construction 288


xvi

6.26 Ecological Simulation Modelling 290

6.27 Application of Montercarlo Simulation

Method

294

6.28 Extrapolation Approach 297

6.29 Types of Ecological Forecasting Models 298

6.30 Brownian Walk Simulation Model 300

6.31 Regression model 302

6.32 Summary of the Model 303

6.33 Model on Effect of Pollution on Human

Health (health hazard model)

304

6.34 Causes for Plastic Pollution 304

6.35 Plastic Pollution on Health Effect 305

6.36 Effect on Environmental Degradation 308

VII Data Base Management and Compilation

of Climatic Data Sets

312-375


7.2 Data Collection And Documentation 313

7.3 Data Base Management System (DBMS) -

Applications

314

7.4 Data Base Management System Models

(DBMS)

315

7.5 Hierarchical Model 315

7.6 Network Model 316

7.7 Object Oriented Model 317

7.8 Security 320

7.9 DBMS - Architecture 321

7.10 Biological Data Entity 323

7.11 Attributes 323

7.12 Relationship 324

7.13 Key Constraints 327

7.14 Referential Integrity Constraints 328

7.15 Relational Algebra 328

7.16 Data Base Environment 328


xvii

7.17 Data Security Risks 329

7.18 Experimental Data Tempering 329

7.19 Falsifying User Identies 330

7.20 Password Related Threats 330

7.21 Unauthorized Access To Data Matrix: 331

7.22 Requirement of Data Security 331

7.24 Hash organization 334

7.25 Data Retrieve from DBMS (DRDMS) 338

7.26 Data Recovery 338

7.27 Database Backup & Recovery from Catastrophic

Failure

338

7.28 Remote Backup 339

7.29 Scope of DBMS in Agriculture Sector 340

7.30 Concept of Research Methodology 342

7.31 Methodological Intervention of Conducting

Research

343

7.32 Variables Selection 344

7.33 Scale of Measurements 346

7.34 Research Approach 348

7.35 Experimental Research 350

7.36 Descriptive Versus Inferential Statistical

Analysis

350

7.37 Descriptive Analyses: 351

7.38 Inferential Analyses: 351

7.39 Testing of Normality 352

7.40 Hypothesis Testing 356

7.41 Statistical Methods for Testing of

Hypothesis

357

7.42 Traditional Method 358

7.43 P-value Method 360

7.44 Effective Scientific Writing Work 360

7.45 Persuasive Aspects of Conventional Written

Structure

361

7.46 Software‘s for Data Analysis 363


xviii

7.47 Mathematical Simulation 365

7.48 Multivariate Analysis 366

7.49 Genetic mapping using genes (sample based) 367

7.50 Climatic Data Source 368

7.51 Model for Prediction of Climatic Threatened

Factors

373


xix

TABLES


1.1 Percentage wise break up of Bio geographical

Zones with respect to various provinces

16

1.2 Endangered mammals in Western Ghats

region

21

1.3 Notable Arborescent genera of Western Ghats

region (>5 endemic species)

22

1.4 Some taxa of Western Ghats having high

diversity

27

1.5 Categories of inventory relation to different

diversity

43

2.1 Descriptive of Demographic profile of tribal‘s

in Coorg district.

64

2.2 Descriptive of Demographic and livelihood

status of tribal‘s

67

2.3 Infrastructure status of tribal people. 68

2.4 Descriptive of occupation status of tribal‘s. 69

2.5 Level of participation and involvement

among NGO‘s and Government support

service

70

2.6 Details of income generated activities of

tribal communities.

72

2.7 Main Expenditure of tribal communities for

maintains livelihoods.

74

2.8 WHO-Quality of life of tribal peoples in

Western Ghats without rearing of livestock‘s.

75

2.9 Table 2.9: WHO-Quality of life of tribal

peoples in Western Ghats with rearing of live

stocks.

77

2.10 Gini co efficient of tribal economic index 79


xx

2.11 Regression adjustments for Gini Index tribals

–Panel B

80

2.12 Clinical sign of nutritional deficiency among

tribal and general population

91

2.13 Knowledge of Medicinal plants used by the

tribal in Western Ghats region for health

remedies

95

2.14 Self reported health behaviour indicators of

tribal and control groups

97

3.1 Distribution of Shannon index with numerical

simulation

105

3.2 Conversion of common indices to true

diversities

109

3.3 Ecological Sampling Methods 116

3.4 Comparative indicators of line and belt

transact method

117

3.5 Expected cell frequency 122

3.6 Ecological niche model 129

3.7 Tabular form of specify and sensitivity of

NICHE

138

3.8 Bayesian matrix table for population risk

assessment (Diagnosis test table)

142

4.1 Parameter estimates of spotted deer in

Western Ghats

166

6.1 Climate is affected by the many factors,

showed below

263

6.2 Methods used to forecast future health

impacts of climate change

265

7.1 For large samples, many non parametric

techniques can be viewed as the usual normal

theory –based procedures applied

357


xxi

FIGURES


1.1 Map shows ten Biogeographical regions of

India

15

1.2 Map showing Geographical distribution of

Western Ghats

20

1.3 Munnar Hill station –Western Ghats region 20

1.4 Vulture (Gyps indicus) extinction bird in

Western Ghats region

21

1.5 Binomial distribution model of arborescent

genera of Western Ghats

24

1.6 Poisson distribution model of arborescent

genera of Western Ghats

27

1.7 Normal Distribution of Arborescent genera of


27

1.8 Polynomial distribution of Species richness in


28

2.1 Map showing Western Ghats Biodiversity 60

2.2 Geographical map of study area 63

2.3 Flora and fauna of Western Ghats in

Government demarcated Gomala.

64

2.4 Tribal shelter made out of Bamboo log with

polythene cover

67

2.5 Tribal were interviewed by the author 69

2.6 Un hygienic raised flooring system for pigs

rearing by tribes

70

2.7 Traditional method of Poultry bird‘s rearing

cage to prevent rats, snakes and wild animals.

70

2.8 Grazing land for cattle and buffaloes near

tribal settlement.

73

2.9 Collection of Non –timber forest products 73


xxii

(NTFP‘s) from forest by tribal‘s.

2.10 A poor tribal man fetches portable water from

a distant place to his shelter.

76

2.11 Lorenz Gini index of tribals before after

economic status of respondents

79

2.12 Distribution of Body Mass Index among

tribal‘s in Western Ghats selected regions

84

2.13 Waist circumference distribution in tribal‘s 85

2.14 Hip circumference distribution in tribal‘s 85

2.15 Hip circumference distribution in General

population (Control Group)

86

2.16 Food pyramid accorded by the tribal and

general population (Cumulative percentage)

87

2.28a1

2.29a2

2.30a

2.31b

2.32c

2.33d

2.34e

Ancardium accidentalis

Syzygium sasidharanii

Garcinia indica

Artocarpus intigrifolia

Sorinum cherry

Syzygium cumini (Black plum)

Mangifera indica (wild)

89

89

89

89

90

90

90

2.35f

2.36g

2.37h

2.38i

2.39k

2.40l

Ophiorrhiza mungos

Acacia concina (Sigekai)

Semecarpus anacardium

Aphanamixis polystachya

Saraca asoca

Rauvolfia serpentina

96

96

97

97

97

97

3.1 Simulation of various diversity index

distributions (Western Ghats)

104

3.2 Natural Beauty of River Nethravathi in

Western Ghats

104

3.3 Species richness in Western Ghats 107

3.4 Beauty of Tandiyanda mol hilly region in

Western Ghats

108

3.5 Feminine Beauty of Seetha River in Western 108


xxiii

Ghats

3.6 Bisect method sampling method overview 119

3.7 Quadrant method sampling overview 120

3.8 Endangered Lion-tailed macaque in endemic

to Western Ghats

127

3.9 ROC curve for SDM model evaluation 129

3.10 Trespass of Asian elephants in Nagara Hole

National Park (Western Ghats)

132

3.11 Niche describing the relational position of a

species or population in an ecosystem.

135

3.12 NICHE modeling flow diagram 137

3.13 Relative risk of fundamental niche overview 143

3.14 Nepenthes genus of carnivorous plant in the

monotypic family

146

3.15 Niche distribution in Western Ghats 150

3.16 Geographic null model distribution 155

4.1 PVA Models examine the effects of different

life H/o

184

5.1 Recombination between loci is more likely to

occur between loci that are far apart than those

that are close together

207

5.2 Linear Regression Equations 238

5.3 Nonlinear Regression Equations 239

5.4 Weibull growth 240

5.5 Weibull growth model 241

5.6 The nonlinear regression example below

models the relationship between density and

electron mobility.

241

5.7 The equation for the nonlinear regression

analysis is too long for the fitted line plot

242

5.8 Response mobility model 245

6.1 Climatic changes impact on health flow chart 265

6.2 Contribution of different sectors in world to

climate change

273


xxiv

6.3 Estimate of future level of CO2 273

6.4 Predicted trend of temperature variation from

past 1900-2000 year

279

6.5 Distribution concentration of CO2 and trend

of global temperature

280

6.6 Distribution of global bulk atmospheric

temperature (surface 50kt)

280

6.7 Probability of occurrence increase in mean

temperature (Model linked with Gaussian

distribution)

286

6.8 Brownian movement 300

6.9 Species abundance in Western Ghats region

simulated by Brownian motion

302

7.1 Schematic diagram of DBSM 314

7.2 Normality of BMI-Acute Intermittent asthma

cases

353

7.3 Shows Cholesterol level in heart patients 355

7.4 Shows Cholesterol level in heart patients 356

7.5 Forest fire in Western Ghats due to Climatic

Change

374

7.6 Forest Encroachment in Western Ghats due to

anthropogenic effect

374


Dr. Basavarajaiah D M

1

CHAPTER - I

STATISTICAL MODELING OF

FLORISTIC DIVERSITY

______________________________________________________

Earth is not a platform for human life. It’s a living being; we are

not on it but part of it. Its health is our health

Dr .B.R. Ambedkar

1.1 CONCEPT OF BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity is defined as “the intrinsically-inbuilt plus the

externally-imposed variability in and among living organisms

existing in terrestrial, marine and other ecosystem at a specific

period of time”. Since the Biodiversity is the richness and variety

of life of species living in an ecosystem. The life of living species

varies greatly across the globe as well as within the local region.

However, so many other factors will influence diversity of all

living organism (biota) viz., temperature, precipitation, altitude,

soils, geography and the presence of other species etc. The main

merits of biodiversity are to increase the stability of ecosystem,

resilience, agriculture production, environmental richness and

benefits to the national economy by generating money through

tourism and recreational system. Although, in an ecosystem with

great biodiversity if one organism dies off, another may step in and

take over it‘s called ‗NICHE‘

As per the Denny (1997)― Biodiversity includes assemblages

of plant, animals and micro-organisms, their genetic variability


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