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Poisonous Herbal Plants


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iii

Poisonous

Herbal Plants

Md. Rageeb Md. Usman

Mrs. Surekha D. Salgar

Dr. Navneet Nagpal

Dr. Mohammed Zuber Shaikh

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


iv


v

Md. Rageeb Md. Usman (M. Pharm., FICPHS, FAPP, FSPER, FSRHCP, FRSH)

Department of Pharmacognosy

Smt. S.S. Patil College of Pharmacy

Chopda, Maharashtra, India

Mrs. Surekha D. Salgar (M. Pharm.)

Department of Pharmacognosy

Smt. S.S. Patil College of Pharmacy

Chopda, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Navneet Nagpal (M. Pharm., Ph.D.)

Faculty of Medical, Paramedical,

Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences,

Khalsa University,

Amritsar, Punjab, India

Dr. Mohammed Zuber Shaikh (M.Sc., Ph.D.)

Department of Zoology,

Senior Science College,

Akkalkuwa, M.S., India


vi

Foreword

In this book, Mohammed Rageeb Mohammed Usman & Co-authors has

generated an interesting volume on poisonous herbal plants that

investigates their times past in a scholarly yet interesting manner. He

conversed about numerouspertinent species, alludingto archaeological

sources which are recurrent date back many centuries and more. He has

prepared these old manuscripts accessible to modern reader by

deciphering their antiquated historic context. This book comprises of

significant upto date research on the toxicity, pharmaceutical and

therapeutic utilization of poisonous herbs. This book presents a

fascinating and significant discussion on poisonous plants from our

historical literatures. Most of the poisonous herbs are still present in our

environment. Even though today, their chief utilization is basically

ornamental.

The content of this book will be relished by anybody who is fond of

knowing more aboutpoisonous herbs than just their name. Each

poisonous plant is picturesquedescribed and vigilantlyargued in a

comprehensible and intelligent approach. It is a pleasure to have been

asked to write a foreword to such a readable and engaging book.

Sd/

Dr. Upendra Nagaich M.Pharm., Ph.D., FSPER

Coordinator,

Amity Institute of Pharmacy,

Amity University, Noida

Secretary,

Society of Pharmaceutical Education

& Research [SPER]

[email protected]

****


vii

About The Authors

Mohammed Rageeb Mohammed Usman :

B.Pharm, M.Pharm (Pharmacognosy); Pharmacist; b

May 24, 1984 Kasoda (Maharashtra); Educ. North

Maharashtra Univ, Jalgaon; Asst. Prof, Pharmacognosy

Dept, Smt. Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil College of

Pharmacy, Chopda; Having 8.5 Year Experience, Life

Member: Asscn. of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India,

Soc. of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (Joint

Secretary, Central Br), Asscn. of Pharmacy Professionals (President,

Maharashtra State Br.), Indian Hospital Pharmacists Asscn, Indian

Pharmacy Graduates Asscn, Indian Pharmacists Asscn. (President,

Jalgaon Br.), Research Scholar Hub (Maharashtra State Br.), Soc. of

Researchers & Healthcare Professionals (President, Maharashtra State

Br), Indian Pharmaceutical Asscn; Member: Indian Soc of

Pharmacognosy, Asscn of Biotechnology & Pharmacy, International

Natural Hygiene Soc; Assoc Editor/Editor of several professional

journals and magazines; participated in more than 160 national and

international conferences/symposia; publs.Books: Appraisal on

Nephroprotective Herbal Plants (2014), Anti-Inflammatory and

Antipyretic Activity (2015), Traditional System of Herbal Medicines

(2015), Practical Hand Book on Systematic Organic Qualitative Analysis

(2015), Practical Handbook on Pharmacognosy (2016), Multiple Choice

Questions (MCQs) in Pharmacology (2016), Standardization Techniques

of Herbal Medicines (2016)-co-author; 1 book chapter; and more than 55

research papers/articles published in various national and international

journals; Awards Fellowship Award 2013 (twice), 2014, 2015 (twice),

Appreciation Award for Poster 2013, Young Performer Award 2013,

Young Pharmacy Teacher Award 2014, Best Oral Presentation Award

2014, Young Innovative Researcher Award 2014, Appreciation Award

for Oral Presentation 2014, Young Talent Award 2014 (twice), 2016,

Young Pharmacist Award 2015, Young Excellent Academic Award

2016, Life Time Achievement Award 2016. Recently his Biography has

been included in the renowned directory "Who's Who in the World 2016

and published in the 14h Volume, August 2016.


viii

Mrs. Surekha D. Salgar :

Assistant professor, Department of Pharmacognosy at

Smt. S. S. Patil College of Pharmacy Chopda, NMU

University Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India. She completed

B. Pharm. and M. Pharm. Degree from Mumbai

University. She has taught Pharmacognosy for over 6

year. She Published 2 International book and efforts in

research and review have led to the publication of 8

research and review paper in national and international journals. She has

attended various global conferences. She is a life time member of ISP,

APP, SRHCP, and RSH.

Dr. Navneet Nagpal :

Assistant Professor in Faculty of Medical, Paramedical,

Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Khalsa

University, Amritsar. He is graduated at University of

Rajasthan, Jaipur and qualified GATE with 322 score,

Post Graduate from

North Maharahtra University, Jalgaon and obtained

Ph.D. from Bhagwant University, Ajmer in 2012. He

has 9 years teaching experience and supervised M. Pharmacy and PhD.

students. He is more than 20 publications to his credit in reputed journals

of Pharmacy, presented more than 10 posters in national and

international conferences and having life time memberships in reputed

associations of Pharmacy field.

Dr. Mohammed Zuber Shaikh Usman :

He has been awarded Ph.D degree from University of

Mumbai, Mumbai. He started his carrier as a Senior

Research Fellow in one of the best ICAR research

Centre located in Mumbai on World Bank Funded

project titled as „Climate Change Adaptation‟. He has

worked as assistant professor in Sathaye College, Vile

Parle (E), Mumbai. He has Presented/Participated and

published many Research and Review articles in peer reviewer

international journal and conferences, even He hold chairmanship in


ix

scientific sessions of many conferences. He published Four International

book. He guide under graduate students on various research base project.

Presently he is working as Head of Zoology Department, Senior Science

College, Akkalkuwa, Maharashtra affiliated to North Maharashtra

University, Jalgaon.

He is selected as a Vice President of Society of Pharmaceutical

Education and Research (SPER) & Association of Pharmacy

Professional (APP) and Honor as a Life Membership of SPER & APP.

He is also Expert for Poster Evaluation in various National and

International Conference & Exhibition.

****


x

Preface

The book titled as “Poisonous Herbal Plants” written with an intention to

benefit the Diploma, UG, PG and Research Scholar students.

This book acknowledged importance study of Medicinal Plants and

the constantly increasing recognition of its extended practical as well as

scientific applications.

Since time immemorial, human beings have learned on

plants/herbs/shrubs etc. for curative treatment of diseases and to secure

prevention and cure against manifestations of various ailments.

In this context the goal at this book is to provide the update

knowledge to the students in the professional programmed at their study.

The discovery of drug is tremendously increasing due to the great

advancement bioassay screening isolation techniques and structure

elucidation.

The objective of this book is to spot a light on the brief introduction

of about Poisons herbs and plants to the students and researchers.

In the present global scenario, natural medicines are gaining

prominence; because they are available at economical prises and

relatively free from most of adverse drug effects or so called side effects.

We have made every effort to avoid errors, clarify unmeaning

words, and printing errors, but sometimes at then may arise in present

edition, we would correct and/or omit hem in subsequent editions.

Authors

****


xi

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to Prof. Dr. V. R. Patil, “Dean” of

Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon,

Maharashtra, India and Principal, H‟ble LMC‟s TVES‟s. College of

Pharmacy, Faizpur, Member of Management Council, NMU, Jalgaon for

his valuable guidance and critical suggestions.

We are thankful to the Management and Prof. Dr. G. P. Vadnere,

Principle, Smt. Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil College of Pharmacy,

Chopda, Maharashtra, India.

The authors are grateful to Prof. Dr. Sunil P. Pawar, Chairman,

Board of Studies, Pharmacognosy & Pharmacology, of N. M. U.,

Jalgaon, India and Principal, PSGVPM‟S College of Pharmacy, Shahada,

for his excellent guidance.

We are grateful to our parents for their unconditional love, support

and encouragement. We are also thankful to publisher for publishing the

book. We extend our thanks to supportive friends, colleagues for

bringing out nicely printed book.

Authors

****


xii

Contents

S. No. Content Page No.

1. Foreword vi

2. About The Authors vii

3. Preface x

4. Acknowledgement xi

5. Chapter1: Introduction 1

6. Chapter 2: Herbs 12

7. Chapter 3: Poisonous Plants 187

8. Bibliography 193


Introduction

1

1

INTRODUCTION ______________________________________________________________________

General Introduction

In India use of the different parts of several medicinal plants to cure

specific ailments has been in vogue from ancient times. The indigenous

system of medicine, namely, Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani have been in

existence for several centuries. In Siddha medicinal system use of

poisonous plants helps to cure some disease. It is important to have an

awareness regarding the poisonous plants which when used in the proper,

prescribed dose, acts as potent therapeutics agents. According to World

Health Organization, 80% of the population of developing countries

depends on plant drugs for regular source of medicines. Poisonous

principles are classified based on the chemistry of toxic compounds

present in it: Alkaloids, Glycosides, Oxalates, and Photosensitizing

compounds, Phytotoxins, Polypeptides and Resins. Plants differ by

degree of toxicity and classify them as extremely, moderately or

minimally toxic. It is difficult to categorize plants with regard to their

toxicity, since this varies with the age of the victim, environment, and

stage of plant growth. Degree of toxicity is variable.

Plant toxins are substances produced as secondary metabolites that

are identical to extra cellular bacterial toxins in their properties. They

show both useful and harmful effects in human beings and animals. They

Show a wide range of side effects from minor itching, nausea, vomiting

to adverse effects like psychosis, paralysis, teratogenecity, arrhythmias.

They are useful in production of cosmetics, ulcers, menstrual cramping,

and cancer and in treatment of man ailments and diseases. Toxins may

enter into the body either by inhalation, swallowing or by contact. The

action is based on their chemical constituents who are classified into


Introduction

2

alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, oxalates, anti-vitamins, tannins, volatile

ether layers etc. They act by altering specific mechanisms involving

enzymes, receptors and even genetic material at particular cells and

tissues. Poisonous plants have a seed, root, leaf, stalk, fruit or juice where

even a relatively small amount, taken either internally or eternally, can

lead to injury to the human body. In some species the poisonous

constituents occur throughout the whole plant. In others they are

concentrated in one or more parts. The degree of toxicity also depends on

the location (including height above sea level), climatic factors including

the local microclimate (light, warmth, and humidity), and the growing

season, type of soil, fertilization, plant variety and age. The condition of

the poisonous plant material is equally important (dried, chewed, cooked,

as tea). The dose of course is the most important factor. There are a huge

variety of plant poisons and it is difficult to organize the myriad plant

toxins in an understandable manner. Plant toxins are described according

to the organ system in the human body which they affect, e.g.

cardiotoxins, neurotoxins etc. The difference between the terms

„medicinal‟ and „poisonous‟ is sometimes smaller than one might think

There are several species which are poisonous or injurious to human

body and can be found in the garden or planted by the forest department

as a roadside tree with or without the knowledge about their effects on

human body system. Poisoning can be by contact causing skin irritation,

ingestion causing internal poisoning and absorption. Some plants which

are considered as harmless are actually not so. Many plants are used in

some way or the other in medicines especially in homeopathic

pharmacology. This review has the basic such as the botanical, Family

names, common names, toxic parts of the plants, chemical constituents,

signs and symptoms of toxicity and its use in Traditional Indian System

of Medicine.

Classification of Poison

According to their mode of action, poisons are broadly classified in three

groups, these three broad groups are sub-divided on the basis of their

effect on the body, type of composition etc.,

1. Corrosive

a. Strong Acid

b. Organic Acid

c. Alkali


Introduction

3

2. Irritant

a. Inorganic Irritant

b. Non Metallic

c. Metallic Irritant

3. Systematic

a. Nervous System

b. Cardio Vascular System

c. Respiratory System

Classification

Plant toxins are classified based on their structural and chemical

properties. They are grouped into alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, proteins,

oxalates, enzyme inhibitors, antivitamins, phyto estrogens, volatile

etheric layers and photo sensitizing substances.

Alkaloids include indole alkaloids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, tropane

alkaloids, opium alkaloids,vicine and covicine alkaloids.

Glycosidal toxins include cardiac glycosides, goitrogenic glycosides,

anthraquinone glycosides,mustard oil glycosides, saponin glycosides,

cyanogenetic and glycosides.

Tannins like pyrogallol.

Proteins like lectin, abrin, ricin, cicutoxin, anisatin, gelonin,

falcarinol, oenotheatoxin etc.

Antivitamins like thiaminases , Phytoestrogens like coumestrol .

Volatile etheric layers such as ushuriol, Photo sensitizing substances

including hypericin .

Enzyme inhibitors like Cholinesterase inhibitors, Protease inhibitors,

Amylase inhibitors. Other sinclude Lathyrogens, Anti-thiamin

compounds and Avidin.

Plant Toxins

Abrin, Anisatin, Andromedotoxin, Apocyanin, Amygdalin, Aesculin,

Anabasine, Anagyrine, Aspargine, Avidin

Brucine

Chaconine, Cicutoxin, Cicutiol, Cardinilides, Cycasin, Cyanarin,

Confoline, Convolmine, Covicine,

Convoline, Convosine, caratotoxin,cucurbitacin


Introduction

4

Delphinine, Djenkolic acid, Dhurrin, Levo-Duboisine

Epipodophyllotoxin

Falcarinol, Frascin, Fagopyrin quinines , furocoumarin

Gelonin, Gossypol, Grayanotoxin, Gallotoxin

Hymexon, Hypericin, Hymenoxon, Hyoscine

Illicin, Isoalyl thiocyanates, ipomeamarone

linamarin, lotaustralin, Lycorine, Laetrile, Lectin, Lantanene

beta–methylamino–l-alanine,Macrozamin,Mezeein,4

methoxypyridoxine

Nitrates, Naudicoline, Nerosides

Oenanthotoxin

Phytotoxin, Pseudaconitine, Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid, Persin,

Prunassin, Podopyllotoxin,Phenanthridineprolamine, Phytolaccine,

Phytolaccatoxin, Phytolaccigenin, Protoanemonin

Resiniferatoxin, Ricin, Ranunculin

Saponin, Scopolamine, Solamargine, Solasodamine, Solasodine,

Solasonine, Solauricidine, Solauricine, Strychnine, Swainsonine,

Syringomycin, Sambunigrin, Solanine, Shankhapushpin

Thionins, Tinyatoxin, Tutin , Tremetol ,Taxine

Ushuriol

Vicine

Plant toxins act on all parts of the body with some common symptoms

like vomiting, nausea. They show actions based on the way of exposure

and concentration. They are both useful and harmful.

Characteristics of Ideal Poison

The characters of an ideal homicidal/suicidal poison should be

cheap

easily available

colourless

odourless and tasteless

capable of being administered, either in food, drink or medicine,

without producing any obvious change to prevent suspicion and

highly toxic

capable of painless death


Introduction

5

Signs and symptoms should resemble a natural disease, or the serious

ill effects should be delayed sufficiently long for the accused to

escape suspicion.

Must be rapidly destroyed or made undetectable in the body.

The number of factors, which are affecting the characteristics of

poisoning any victim‟s as dose/quantity given to the victim, in which

form (physical/chemical) the poison inject to the body, resistivity of body

and condition of the victim (he/she might be drug addict/ in sleep or

intoxication). Unless the poison is given in liquid form or small amount,

the greater part of it may be lost by vomiting. However, there

organization of poisoning during life is a matter of the first important,

both from the point of view of the medical jurist and as a forensic

crimescene investigator.

Human Physiological Responses to Toxic Substances

Human Physiological Responses to Toxic Substances The human body

needs very small quantities of chemicals that are poisonous in large

doses. This applies, for example, to some heavy metals, such as copper,

magnesium and manganese. The adverse effect is strongly related to the

dose. The effects may be immediate or delayed, and they may be

reversible or irreversible toxic effects the worst possible effect is fatality.

Local/systemic toxicity: There are two main ways in which chemicals

may exert their effects. Local effect so occur at the area of the body

which has been in contact with the chemical. Examples include external

tissue injuries from acids or lung injuries from inhaled reactive gases.

Systemic effects occur after the chemical has been absorbed and

distributed from the entry point to other parts of the body. Most

substances produce systemic effects, but some substances may cause

both types of effects. An example is tetraethyl lead, which is a gasoline

additive and produces skin effects at the contact site. It may also be

absorbed and transported into the body causing adverse effects on the

central nervous system and on other organs. Target organs: The degree of

the toxic effect is not the same in all organs. Usually there are one or two

organs which show the major toxic effect. These are referred as target

organs of toxicity of the particular substance. The central nervous system

is the target organ of toxicity most frequently involved in systemic

effects. The blood circulation system, liver, kidneys, lungs and skin

follow in frequency of systemic effects. Some substances attack muscle

and bones. Both the male and female reproductive systems are

susceptible to adverse and often debilitating impacts from many


Introduction

6

substances Skin. The largest organ in the human body (~1.5-2 m 2 in

area) provides a protective cover to the body organs but can allow

permeation of chemicals if the load is excessive. Many substances can

infiltrate through the skin and find its way to the hematological system,

for example phenol, which may even lead to fatality in the event of

heavy exposure. Most common forms of skin disorders that may occur

due to chemical contact are: eczemas, irritation and local inflammation.

This condition can be either a non-allergic or allergic reaction to

exposure to chemical substances. Examples of common contact allergens

are several colorants and dyes, nickel, chromium, cobalt and their salts,

organomercuric compounds, acrylate and methacrylate monomers,

rubber additives and pesticides. Chemical skin injury may also be

influenced by extreme levels of humidity and heat.

Lung

The lung is the major route through which toxic substances in the

workplace enter the body. It is also the first organ to be affected by dusts,

metal fumes, solvent vapours and corrosive gases. Allergic reactions may

be caused by substances such as cotton dust, toluene diisocyanate (TDI,

used in the manufacture of polyurethane plastics), and methylisocyanate

(MIC, used in production of carbaryl insecticide). Allergic reactions may

result from exposure to bacteria or fungi. When dust particles of size

lower than 0.1μm are inhaled the lungs are unable to exhale them. They

become embedded in the lung leading to a condition called

pneumoconiosis .Pneumoconiosis is mainly a problem for human beings

exposed to the dust of silica (quartz) and asbestos, and is the commonest

non-malignant occupational lung disease throughout the world. Other

substances, such as formaldehyde sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and

acid mists may cause irritation and reduce the breathing capacity.

Nervous System

Several types of substances act as neurotoxins. The nervous system is

sensitive to the hazardous effects of organic solvents, such as carbon

disulphide. Some heavy metals also affect the nervous system; examples

include lead, mercury and manganese. Several organophosphate

insecticides (malathion, parathion) and other chemicals such as


Introduction

7

acrylamide hinder chemical neurotransmitter function in the nervous

system, leading to weakness, paralysis and sometimes death. The blood

circulation system may also be adversely affected by solvents. For

example, benzene affects the bone marrow; the first sign is mutation in

the lymphocytes. Pure as well as compounds of lead, carbonmonoxide

and cyanides, may overcome enzyme activities involved in the

production of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Chronic lead poisoning, for

example, may result in anaemia, a condition in which the ability of the

blood to distribute oxygen through the body is impaired.

Liver

The main function of liver is to break down unwanted substances in the

blood. Solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, nitrosamines

and vinyl chloride, as well as alcohol, are hazardous to the liver. Such

substances are termed hepatotoxins.

Kidneys

Kidneys help excrete waste substances that the blood transports from

various organs of the body. This helps: (i) ensure that the body fluids

contain an adequate blend of various necessary salts; (ii) maintain the

blood pH constant. Solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, other

halogenated hydrocarbons, may irritate and can severely damage kidney

function. Turpentine in large quantities is also harmful to the kidneys:

`painter's kidney' is a known condition related to occupational exposure.

Other well-known kidney-damaging substances (otherwise termed

nephrotoxins) are lead and cadmium.

Reproductive System

Several classes of compounds are also known to produce disorders of the

reproductive system and impair birth functions. Examples include

thalidomide, formamide, tetracycline, etc. Allergic reactions. An allergic

reaction (or sensitization) may appear after repetitive contact with a

substance. Once the sensitization has been produced, even very low

doses can provoke a reaction. Allergies can range from minor skin

irritation to very severe or even fatal reactions. The pattern of

sensitization varies according to the organism exposed to an allergen. In


Introduction

8

humans, the skin and the eyes are the most common areas of allergic

response.

Interactive effects of chemicals on human body. The effect

manifested by combination of chemicals (and mixtures) is known to be

varied. In some cases the effect may be additive (1+1=2).

Organophosphate pesticides (for example, dialiphos, naled and

parathion) exhibit such additivity of effects.

In other cases the combined effect of chemicals may exceed that of

the individual ones (e.g., 1+1=4). It has been found that the risk of

developing lung cancer after exposure to asbestos fibres is forty times

greater for a smoker than for a non-smoker. In the domain of solvents,

trichloroethylene and styrene manifest similar behaviour. When two

substances negate each other‟s effect (1+1=0), it may provide an

indication as to an antidote (as say for a poison).

In still other instances, a relatively risk-free substance may

aggravate the effect of another (e.g., 0+1=3). Isopropanol and carbon

tetrachloride have this kind of mutual effect. Isopropanol, at

concentrations which are not harmful to the liver, increases the liver

damage caused by carbon tetrachloride.

Table 1: Mechanism of Action of Different Toxins

Sr. No Chemical

constituents

Mechanisms of action

1 Alkaloids

Glycoalkaloids Interacts with mitochondrial

membranes open the potassium

channels of mitochondria, increasing

their membrane potential. Increase

concentration of Calcium in the that

triggers cell damage and apoptosis

Indole alkaloids Beta carbolines act as MAO inhibitors

link to benzodiazepine receptors.

Increase serotonin action

Pyrazzolidine

alkaloids

Cross link with DNA. Anti-mitotic

action. Form fibrous tissue

2 Cyanogenic

glycosides

Release HCN. Inhibit oxidative process

of cells.

Saponin glycoside Interact with LC cells. T cell mediated


Introduction

9

contact dermatitis

Goitrogenic

glycosides

Inhibition of both Thyroid peroxides

and Lacto peroxides. Inhibits both

TPO- catalyzed iodination and coupling

Anthroquinones

glycosides

Produce myoelectectric alteration in

intestinal smooth muscle and induce

accumulation of fluid

Mustard oil

glycoside

Aqueous extracts of mustard also

inhibited formation of diene, and

tetraene conjugate in human erythrocyte

membranes

3. Oxalates Form salts with Positive ions. Forms

calcium oxalate, ferric oxalate. Form

stones in kidney

4 Tannins Precipitate proteins

5 Proteins

Abrin Inhibit protein synthesis

Anisatin Suppress GABA induced currents,

show use dependency

Cicutoxin Cholinergic poison GABA antagonist

disrupts CNS

Thionins Attacks membranes, make it permeable,

decrease sugar uptake.

Galonin Exert N glycoside action on r RNA of

ribosome.

Epi

podophyllotoxin

Inhibit topoisomerase II

6 Antivitamins Coumestrol--- Inhibit aromatase,

hydroxy steroid

dehydrogenase.Phytoestrogen exert

their effects primarily through binding

to estrogen receptors, alpha and beta

and many phytoestrogen display

somewhat higher affinity for beta as

compared to alpha


Introduction

10

Thiaminases Aids carbohydrates metabolism for

CNS muscle, heart

Hypericin Nonspecific kinase inhibitor inhibits

dopamine beta dehydrogenase

7 Volatile Etheric

Layers

Ushuroil T- cell mediated dermatitis, changes

shape of integral membrane proteins

8 Enzyme inhibitors

Cholinesterase

inhibitors

Cholinesterase inhibitors ultimately

modify cholinergic signalling through

disruption of acetylcholine degradation

Protease inhibitors The protease inhibitors can slow virus

production

Amylase inhibitors Inhibiting membrane – bound alpha –

glucosidases.

Treatments

General First Aid

When a child eats any non-food plant material, contact a physician or a

poison control center whether symptoms are present or not. If a

poisonous plant has been eaten and if medical help is not readily

available, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Division

of Poison Control suggests the following: vomiting should be induced

(unless the victim is already vomiting, is unconscious or convulsing) by

giving syrup of Ipecac with a glass of water (1 tablespoonful or 15 ml or

1/2 ounce of Ipecac for children, double for adults). To prevent the

vomitus from being inhaled (aspirated) into the lungs the victim should

be made to walk about, or should be held in a head down "spanking

position". After vomiting has ceased, about 1ounce (child; 3 oz. adult) of

activated charcoal and water should be given orally. Because activated

charcoal will not dissolve in water, it should be swirled around in the

glass and drunk quickly. Many pediatricians recommend that syrup of

Ipecac and activated charcoal be kept in the home medicine chest. If the

child must be brought to a physician or emergency room, a sample of the

plant, with flowers and seeds if possible, should be brought along for

positive identification.


Introduction

11

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