sami makerspace make: an electronics workshop. electricity basics
DESCRIPTION
IN THIS PRESENTATION: What is electricity? The water analogy. Voltage/Electric Potential Current Resistance Ohm’s Law Electrical Safety Sources of electric potential (batteries, power supplies, Arduinos)TRANSCRIPT
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SAMI
MAKERSPACE
M A K E : AN E
L E C T R O N I CS W
O R K S H O P
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ELECTRICITY
BASICS
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IN THIS PRESENTATION:• What is electricity?• The water analogy.• Voltage/Electric Potential• Current• Resistance• Ohm’s Law• Electrical Safety• Sources of electric potential (batteries, power supplies,
Arduinos)
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WHAT IS
ELECTRICIT
Y?
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WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?• There are small particles of “charge”
called “electrons.”• Some elements can pass electrons
(conductors) and some cannot (insulators).
• When electrons move through a conductor, we call it electricity.
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WATER
ANALOGY
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WATER ANALOGY FOR ELECTRICITY• When water flows through the plumbing in
your house, there are three important things: the water pressure, the rate of flow, and the amount of constrictions in the pipes. •Water pressure = Electric potential or “voltage.”•Water current = Electric current or “amperage”•Constrictions in the pipe = Electrical “resistance”
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ELECTRIC
POTENTIA
L
(VOLTAGE)
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ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (VOLTAGE)• Defined as the amount of
potential energy in the circuit.
• Symbol: V
• Units: Volts, or just V for short
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WaterTower
WaterTower
V2V1
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ELECTR
IC
CURRENT
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ELECTRIC CURRENT (AMPERAGE)• Defined as the amount of charge
that moves through a circuit in a given amount of time.
• Symbol: I (Capital ‘i’ because of the French word for ‘intensity’)
• Units: Amps, or just A for short
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CURRENT FLOW ANALOGY
High Current Low Current
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RESISTAN
CE
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RESISTANCE (IMPEDANCE) • Like it sounds, this describes how
much something resists the flow of current.
• Symbol: R
• Units: Ohms, or just Ω for short (the Greek letter ‘omega’)
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RESISTANCE ANALOGY
Big Pipe == Lower Resistance Small Pipe == Higher Resistance
WaterTower
WaterTower
VV
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OHM’S
LAW
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OHM’S LAWThis law describes the relationship between the voltage (V),
current (I), and resistance (R) of a circuit.
Here it is in three algebraically equivalent forms:
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ELECTRICA
L SAFETY
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SAFETY: DAMAGE TO OUR RESOURCESDamage to electrical systems:• Overload: too much voltage/current and not enough
resistance. Can result when there is a “surge” or electricity. Hence, surge protectors.
• Short circuit: when there is too little resistance in a circuit. Often the accidental result of insufficient or faulty insulation around conductors.
Preventing overloads and short circuits:• Use Ohm’s Law to predict the proper values of V, I, and/or R
for your circuit before you connect and real power supply.• Use insulated wires and components and inspect them for
damage before use.
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SAFETY: DAMAGE TO YOU! ELECTRICAL SHOCK
Important factors:• Frequency of current: •AC (wall outlet) is much more dangerous than DC (batteries)
• Amplitude of the current: • You can stop your hear with 300-500 mA of DC current, or only 30 mA of AC current!
• Path through body: •Across your heart and lungs is the worst.
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SAFETYPreventing electrical shock:• Never work on something that is currently plugged into a wall
outlet or that will be plugged in in the future.• Remove batteries from objects when working on them. • Do not work with 12V lamp batteries, car batteries, power
drill batteries, laptop batteries, or anything similar. • Always use insulated wires.• Carefully inspect circuits before you power them.• Be careful of close connections (i.e. solder points on a circuit
board)
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SOURCES OF
ELECTRIC
POTENTIA
L
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SOURCES OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL • Batteries• Labeled with their voltage.• Connecting in series will add voltages together. • Expensive and environmentally taxing.• Safer than anything plugged into a wall outlet.
• Power Supplies• Turns alternating current, high voltage electricity from the wall outlet into
manageable direct current. • Adjustable voltage and current.• Expensive if damaged.• Potentially dangerous (connected to wall outlet), but have protective fuses.
• Arduinos (when powered)• Have a regulated 5V and 3.3V output.• Limited amount of current can be supplied.• Ardunios can potentially be damaged ($$$).