sameer gupta, md; aaron dall, md; chandra chandran, md … · ace inhibitors and arbs in...

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ACE Inhibitors and ARBs in Perioperative Period Sameer Gupta, MD; Aaron Dall, MD; Chandra Chandran, MD Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI St. Joseph’s Healthcare system, Paterson, NJ INTRODUCTION ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ACEI, ARBs) are among the most common drugs prescribed. Their mechanism of ac@on is by inhibi@on of vasoconstric@on mediated by Angiotensin II, of glomerular efferent arteriole. This physiological response helps the kidney to maintain Glomerular Filtra@on Rate (GFR) in hypovolemic states. Surgery and anesthesia changes the renal blood flow and if pa@ents are on these drugs, it may have an effect on renal func@on. Hence, we evaluated the rela@on between the periopera@ve use of these medica@ons and renal func@on. DISCUSSION CONCLUSION ACE inhibitors and ARBs seem to have higher incidence of AKI when used in preopera@ve state. We may consider holding them in the periopera@ve period to avoid poten@al harm. Since the half life of these drugs are less than 24 hours, holding them a day prior to surgery or just the morning dose on the day of surgery should be enough to avoid the adverse effects on the kidney. Furthermore, males, African Americans and pa@ents undergoing cardiac surgery seem to have higher incidence of AKI post surgery while on ACEI/ ARB. METHODS RESULTS Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 5 Figure 4 In a retrospec@ve analysis, we evaluated 607 pa@ents who underwent a surgery from January 2008 to November 2010. The types of surgeries included cardiac, orthopedic and general. They were all elec@ve surgeries and admiYed on the day of surgery and stayed for minimum of two days in order for us to see the follow up laboratory studies. These pa@ents were asked to take their rou@ne medica@ons on the morning of surgery. AKI was defined as an increase in crea@nine of 0.3 mg/dl and above. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze a 2 by 2 con@ngency table and a p value of 0.05 was obtained which is sta@s@cally significant Out of the 607 pa@ents 192 were on ACEI/ARBs and 415 were not. 125 (20.6%) out of 607 pa@ents developed AKI. Of 192 pa@ents on the ACEI/ARBs, 49 developed AKI (25.5%). Of 415 pa@ents who were not on ACEI/ARBs, 76 developed AKI (18.3%). The pa@ents were further divided based on sex, race, cardiac or non cardiac surgeries. Based on these divisions, there were 268 males and 339 females. 67 (25%) males had AKI. 84 males were on ACE/ARB and 25 (29.8%) had AKI. 58 (17.1%) of females had AKI and 24 (22.2%) out of 108 females on ACE/ARB had AKI. 116 were African Americans and 29 (25%) had AKI and 10 (28.6%) out of 35 on ACE/ARB had AKI. There were 491 white/Hispanic pa@ents. 95 (19.3%) had AKI. 39 (24.7%) out of 158 on ACE/ARB had AKI. Out of 544 pa@ents who underwent non cardiac surgeries, 95 (17.5%) had AKI. 43 (25.1%) out of 171 on ACE/ARB had AKI from this group. 63 pa@ents underwent CABG and 30 (47.6%) had AKI. 6 (28.6%) out of 21 who were on ACE/ARB in this group had AKI. ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ACEI, ARBs) are one of the most frequently used classes of an@hypertensive drugs . They are also used in the management of CHF and various nephropathies. Although use of ACEI increases survival in pa@ents with conges@ve heart failure (CHF) and retards the progression of renal disease, its use has been associated with the development of AKI in sebngs where maintenance of glomerular filtra@on requires efferent arteriolar constric@on, which is blocked by ACEI or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The associa@on of ACEI therapy with AKI acer cardiac surgery has been controversial. In our study, factors that were significantly associated with development of AKI included African American race and cardiac surgery. REFERENCES BenedeYo U, et al: Preopera@ve AngiotensinConver@ng Enzyme Inhibitors and Acute Kidney Injury 1 Acer Coronary Artery Bypass Gracing. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. (2008). 86:11606. Arora P, et al: Preopera@ve Use of Angiotensin Conver@ng Enzyme Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Is associated with increased risk for acute kidney injury acer cardiovascular surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 12661273, 2008 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Males Females 29.8 22.2 AKI 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 ACEI/ARB Controls 49 76 143 339 No AKI AKI 22.00% 23.00% 24.00% 25.00% 26.00% 27.00% 28.00% 29.00% AA Caucasians 28.60% 24.70% AKI on ACEI/ARB AKI on ACEI/ARB 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00% 45.00% 50.00% Cardiac Non cardiac 47.60% 17.50% AKI AKI 23.00% 24.00% 25.00% 26.00% 27.00% 28.00% 29.00% Cardiac Non Cardiac 28.60% 25.10% AKI on ACEI/ARBs AKI on ACEI/ARBs

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Page 1: Sameer Gupta, MD; Aaron Dall, MD; Chandra Chandran, MD … · ACE Inhibitors and ARBs in Perioperative Period Sameer Gupta, MD; Aaron Dall, MD; Chandra Chandran, MD Medical College

ACE Inhibitors and ARBs in Perioperative Period Sameer Gupta, MD; Aaron Dall, MD; Chandra Chandran, MD

Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI St. Joseph’s Healthcare system, Paterson, NJ

INTRODUCTION

Ø ACE  Inhibitors  and  Angiotensin  Receptor  Blockers  (ACEI,  ARBs)  are  among  the  most  common  drugs  prescribed.    

Ø Their  mechanism  of  ac@on  is  by  inhibi@on  of  vasoconstric@on  mediated  by  Angiotensin  II,  of  glomerular  efferent  arteriole.  This  physiological  response  helps  the  kidney  to  maintain  Glomerular  Filtra@on  Rate  (GFR)  in  hypovolemic  states.  

Ø   Surgery  and  anesthesia  changes  the  renal  blood  flow  and  if  pa@ents  are  on  these  drugs,  it  may  have  an  effect  on  renal  func@on.    Hence,  we  evaluated  the  rela@on  between  the  periopera@ve  use  of  these  medica@ons  and  renal  func@on.  

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

Ø  ACE  inhibitors  and  ARBs  seem  to  have  higher  incidence  of  AKI  when  used  in  preopera@ve  state.      

Ø  We  may  consider  holding  them  in  the  periopera@ve  period  to  avoid  poten@al  harm.  Since  the  half  life  of  these  drugs  are  less  than  24  hours,  holding  them  a  day  prior  to  surgery  or  just  the  morning  dose  on  the  day  of  surgery  should  be  enough  to  avoid  the  adverse  effects  on  the  kidney.      

Ø  Furthermore,  males,  African  Americans  and  pa@ents  undergoing  cardiac  surgery  seem  to  have  higher  incidence  of  AKI  post  surgery  while  on  ACEI/ARB.      

METHODS

RESULTS

Figure  1   Figure    2  

Figure  3  

Figure    5  

Figure    4  Ø  In  a  retrospec@ve  analysis,  we  evaluated  607  pa@ents  who  underwent  a  surgery  

from  January  2008  to  November  2010.    Ø  The  types  of  surgeries  included  cardiac,  orthopedic  and  general.  They  were  all  

elec@ve  surgeries  and  admiYed  on  the  day  of  surgery  and  stayed  for  minimum  of  two  days  in  order  for  us  to  see  the  follow  up  laboratory  studies.      

Ø  These  pa@ents  were  asked  to  take  their  rou@ne  medica@ons  on  the  morning  of  surgery.  AKI  was  defined  as  an  increase  in  crea@nine  of  0.3  mg/dl  and  above.  

Ø  Fisher’s  exact  test  was  used  to  analyze  a  2  by  2  con@ngency  table  and  a  p  value  of  0.05  was  obtained  which  is  sta@s@cally  significant  

 

Ø  Out  of  the  607  pa@ents  192  were  on  ACEI/ARBs  and  415  were  not.    Ø  125  (20.6%)  out  of  607  pa@ents  developed  AKI.      Ø  Of  192  pa@ents  on  the  ACEI/ARBs,  49  developed  AKI  (25.5%).      Ø  Of  415  pa@ents  who  were  not  on  ACEI/ARBs,  76  developed  AKI  (18.3%).    Ø  The  pa@ents  were  further  divided  based  on  sex,  race,  cardiac  or  non  

cardiac  surgeries.    Based  on  these  divisions,  there  were  268  males  and  339  females.  67  (25%)  males  had  AKI.    84  males  were  on  ACE/ARB  and  25  (29.8%)  had  AKI.  

Ø  58  (17.1%)  of  females  had  AKI  and  24  (22.2%)  out  of  108  females  on  ACE/ARB  had  AKI.    

Ø   116  were  African  Americans  and  29  (25%)  had  AKI  and  10  (28.6%)  out  of  35  on  ACE/ARB  had  AKI.    

Ø   There  were  491  white/Hispanic  pa@ents.  95  (19.3%)  had  AKI.  39  (24.7%)  out  of  158  on  ACE/ARB  had  AKI.      

Ø  Out  of  544  pa@ents  who  underwent  non  cardiac  surgeries,  95  (17.5%)  had  AKI.  43  (25.1%)  out  of  171  on  ACE/ARB  had  AKI  from  this  group.    

Ø   63  pa@ents  underwent  CABG  and  30  (47.6%)  had  AKI.  6  (28.6%)  out  of  21  who  were  on  ACE/ARB  in  this  group  had  AKI.  

Ø  ACE  Inhibitors  and  Angiotensin  Receptor  Blockers  (ACEI,  ARBs)  are  one  of  the  most  frequently  used  classes  of  an@hypertensive  drugs  .  

Ø  They  are  also  used  in  the  management  of  CHF  and  various  nephropathies.  

Ø  Although  use  of  ACEI  increases  survival  in  pa@ents  with  conges@ve  heart  failure  (CHF)  and  retards  the  progression  of  renal  disease,  its  use  has  been  associated  with  the  development  of  AKI  in  sebngs  where  maintenance  of  glomerular  filtra@on  requires  efferent  arteriolar  constric@on,  which  is  blocked  by  ACEI  or  angiotensin  II  receptor  antagonists.  

Ø  The  associa@on  of  ACEI  therapy  with  AKI  acer  cardiac  surgery  has  been  controversial.    

Ø  In  our  study,  factors  that  were  significantly  associated  with  development  of  AKI  included  African  American  race  and  cardiac  surgery.  

REFERENCES

Ø  BenedeYo  U,  et  al:  Preopera@ve  Angiotensin-­‐Conver@ng  Enzyme  Inhibitors  and  Acute  Kidney  Injury  1  Acer  Coronary  Artery  Bypass  Gracing.  Annals  of  Thoracic  Surgery.  (2008).  86:1160-­‐6.  

   Ø   Arora  P,  et  al:  Preopera@ve  Use  of  Angiotensin  Conver@ng  Enzyme  

Inhibitors/Angiotensin  Receptor  Blockers  Is  associated  with  increased  risk  for  acute  kidney  injury  acer  cardiovascular  surgery.  Clin  J  Am  Soc  Nephrol  3:  1266-­‐1273,  2008  

   

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

Males   Females  

29.8  

22.2  

AKI  

0  

50  

100  

150  

200  

250  

300  

350  

400  

450  

ACE-­‐I/ARB   Controls  

49   76  

143  

339   No  AKI  

AKI  

22.00%  

23.00%  

24.00%  

25.00%  

26.00%  

27.00%  

28.00%  

29.00%  

AA   Caucasians  

28.60%  

24.70%  

AKI  on  ACEI/ARB  

AKI  on  ACEI/ARB  

0.00%  

5.00%  

10.00%  

15.00%  

20.00%  

25.00%  

30.00%  

35.00%  

40.00%  

45.00%  

50.00%  

Cardiac   Non  cardiac  

47.60%  

17.50%  

AKI  

AKI  

23.00%  

24.00%  

25.00%  

26.00%  

27.00%  

28.00%  

29.00%  

Cardiac   Non  Cardiac  

28.60%  

25.10%  

AKI  on  ACEI/ARBs  

AKI  on  ACEI/ARBs