sameer akbar, the world bank1 ten years of urban air quality management in india: findings of a...

Sameer Akbar, The World Bank

1

Ten Years of Urban Air Quality Management in India: Findings of a Recent Study Across Five Cities

Presented at National Workshop on Urban Air Quality and Integrated Traffic ManagementKarachi, 13th – 14th September 2006


2

Air Quality Levels 2000-2001

Source: Information collected from national and local government agencies through CAI-Asia network, 2003, detailed sources available from CAI-Asia Secretariat

SO2

NO2

SPM

PM10

SPM Limit = 90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)

PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA,

1997)

SO2 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Bangk

ok

Busan

Chong

qing

Colom

bo

Hong

Kong

Jaka

rta

Kolkat

a

Man

ila

Mum

bai

New D

elhi

Osaka

Pune

Singap

ore

Seoul

Shang

hai

Tokyo

con

cen

trat

ion

in

µg

/m

NO2 Limit = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)


3

Background

Very high levels of urban air pollution, especially particulate pollution, in Indian cities in the 1990’s.Independent analyses estimated that it could be responsible for significant health damage. A series of policy interventions followed, in which civil society and judiciary have played a major role (Delhi has set an example) A number of other highly polluted cities to prepare “action plans” for addressing urban air pollution.


4

Context

On-going debate among air quality experts about the exact impacts of specific measures that have already been taken, and by how much the urban air quality has improved as a result.


5

Objectives

To strengthen, within the limits of the available data and analytical methods, the understanding of factors influencing ambient air quality in different cities so as to assist in the process of formulating future city-level strategies and action plans for addressing urban air pollution.


6

City SelectionFive major cities—Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Hyderabad all with a population of more than 5 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area. These cities, cover a wide range in the levels of PM pollution; cover different geographical locations (north,

south, east, and west), diverse climatic conditions, and both coastal and inland cities;

have relatively more extensive data available; represent a sample that has had policy

interventions; and are also on the list of the cities that have been

asked to develop “action plans” to address PM pollution.


7

PM Averages (2002)

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540

Delhi

Kolkata

Mumbai

Hyderabad

Chennai

ug/m3

RSPM

SPM

NEERI Data


8

What efforts have been made to address urban air pollution ?


9

Delhi: Chronology of Key Actions

1994-95: Transport Introduction of Catalytic Converters and Unleaded petrol

1996: Transport & Industry Fuel Quality: 0.5% S diesel introduced CNG vehicles and catalytic converters for government

petrol vehicles, excluding public transport introduced (but unsuccessful)

Closure of 168 hazardous industries, including stone crushers completed

Lower Sulphur content in coal (0.4% S) and oil for industrial use (1.8%) introduced

1997: Industry Relocation of 513 industries 337 hazardous category industries shifted (total of 1160

industries closed or relocated including hot mix plants, arc induction furnaces, brick kilns)


10

1998: Transport Supply of only premix petrol in all petrol filling stations to two

stroke engine vehicles; ban on supply of loose 2T oils Phasing out/ban on old commercial/transport vehicles (>15 yrs) Start of major construction program: flyovers plus the Delhi

metro

1999: Transport Registration of only EURO II 3-wheelers and diesel taxis Restricting the plying of goods vehicles during the day Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25%

2000: Transport, Industry & Urban Diesel and gasoline sulphur reduced to 0.05% in selected outlets Replacement of all pre-1990 3-wheelers and taxis with new

vehicles on clean fuels All private 4-wheeled vehicles to conform to Euro II Buses more than 8 Yrs phased out or to ply on CNG The three coal based power plants to switch over to beneficiated

coal Piped NG by March 2000 to 1311 domestic, 9 small, and 3 large

commercial establishments


11

2001: Transport, Industry & Urban Replacement of all post-1990 3-wheelers and taxis with

new vehicles on clean fuels Sulphur content in diesel further reduced to 0.05% in

select outlets Number of CNG vehicles as follows: 14000 3-w; 2200 taxis;

400 buses; 250 RTVs; 9500 private (26350 total) Piped NG by March to 2821 domestic, 15 small , and 5

large commercial establishments Hazardous Industry closure continues: total of 3538 closed

2002: Transport & Urban 94 CNG stations setup up to March All diesel buses phased-out / converted to CNG. Number of CNG vehicles as follows: 35678 3-w; 4816 taxis;

4231 buses; 2165 RTVs; 10350 private (57240 total) Piped NG by March to 4111 domestic, 37 small , and 5

large commercial establishments 16340 non-destined good vehicles turned away from

entering Delhi between July and November


12

Kolkata: Chronology of Key Actions

1995: Industry Air polluting industries directed to install air pollution control

devices

1996: Transport Fuel Quality: 0.5% S diesel mandated

1997: Industry Siting policy for red category (hazardous) industry was

implemented

1998: Transport Low smoke 2T oil for two-stroke engine vehicles mandated 0.25% S diesel mandated in Kolkata Metropolitan Area

1999: Transport Pre-mixed 2T oil for two-wheelers mandated

2000: Transport Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25% for all of Kolkata

2001: Transport & Industry Low sulphur petrol and diesel (0.05%) mandated The use of cleaner fuels made mandatory in industrial boilers


13

Mumbai: Chronology of Key Actions 1996: Transport & Industry

Fuel Quality: 0.5% S diesel mandated Textile industries decline started after the strikes of textile workers

1997: Transport & Urban CNG conversion of taxis started Construction of large number of flyovers started

1998: Transport Low smoke 2T oil for two-stroke engine vehicles mandated CNG conversion of taxis on a large scale


2000: Transport & Industry Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25% Conversion of a number of industries to natural gas

2001: Transport & Industry Low sulphur petrol and diesel (0.05%) mandated

2002: Transport Age-based phase out of taxis and 3-wheelers unless converted to

LPG/CNG


14

Hyderabad: Chronology of Key Actions


1998: Transport Low smoke 2T oil for two-stroke engine vehicles

mandated


2000: Transport & Urban Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25% Construction of flyovers started

2001: Transport & Urban Construction of by-pass roads for heavy vehicles started Widening of roads undertaken

2002: Transport Stopping of permit to new autorickshaws


15

Chennai: Chronology of Key Actions


1998: Transport Low smoke 2T oil for two-stroke engine vehicles mandated


2000: Transport Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25%

2001: Transport Low sulphur diesel & petrol (0.05%) mandated

2002: Transport & Urban Entry of old buses into the center of the city prohibited,

and old buses diverted to new bus terminal in the outskirts


16

What were the effects of those efforts on air quality ?


17

Annual Average RSPM Concentration

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

ug/m

3

Delhi Kolkata Mumbai Hyderabad Chennai


18

Delhi: RSPM by Area (Ann. Avgs.)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

ug/M

3

Industrial Commercial Residential


19

What are the health impacts of changes in air quality ?


20

Changes in RSPM levels

Delhi(ug/m3)

Kolkata (ug/m3)

Mumbai (ug/m3)

Hyderabad(ug/m3)

Chennai (ug/m3)

1993-95Average

255 196 142 69 73

2000-02Average

180 130 83 66 63

Reduction

75(29%)

66(34%)

59(42%)

3(4%)

10(14%)


21

Health benefits of changes in RSPM

Cities Population (mil.)

No. of lives saved/yr

Economic value (mil. $/yr)

Delhi 12.8 3629 432

Kolkata 13.2 3293 392

Mumbai 11.9 5308 409

Hyderabad

5.5 125 10

Chennai 6.4 484 37

TOTAL 49.8 12,838 1279


22

What are the key factors that affect air quality and need to be considered in strategies and action plans ?


23

Relative Contribution of Sources to PM2.5 in 2001

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350D

elhi

Mar

.

Del

hi J

une

Del

hi O

ct.

Del

hi D

ec.

Kol

kata

Mar

.

Kol

kata

Jun

e

Kol

kata

Oct

.

Kol

kata

Dec

.

Mum

bai M

ar.

Mum

bai O

ct.

Mum

bai D

ec.

Mic

rogr

ams

per c

ubic

met

er

Unidentified

Secondary ammonium

Secondary nitrates

Secondary sulfates

Biomass

Coal

Road dust

Gasoline

Diesel

Source: ESMAP 2004


24

Relative Contribution of Sources

The results indicated that there was no single dominant source in Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai, but rather three principal sources of particulate air pollution: vehicle exhaust, re-suspended road dust, and solid fuels. The use of solid fuels in more pronounced in cities with colder winters.


25

Delhi: Role of Meteorological Parameters

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

monsoon monsoon monsoon summer summer summer summer winter winter winter

ug/m

3

101 ug/m3

188 ug/m3

283 ug/m3


26

Chennai: Role of Meteorological Parameters

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

monsoon monsoon monsoon summer summer summer summer summer summer w inter w inter

ug/m

3


27

6. What do the findings of this study tell ?


28

Concluding RemarksRSPM, the main pollutant of public health concern, fell between 1993 and 2002. Clearly, the interventions undertaken had some effect !This decline in RSPM levels might have led to nearly 13,000 fewer cases of premature deaths and much greater reductions in the number of cases of respiratory illness annually in the five cities by 2002, than in the early 1990s.Despite substantial past progress the levels of RSPM are the highest and dangerously above the national standards in the northern cities of Delhi and Kolkata, especially in winter. Given that there is no established threshold for health impacts from exposure to RSPM, all cities will gain substantial health benefits from further reductions.Reductions in RSPM concentrations have been achieved through a combination of measures targeting industry, transport, and better urban planning / development. This is an important lesson for developing “action plans”.


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Sector-wise summary of key actions across the cities

Intervention Industry Urban Transport

Clean fuels Switching to cleaner fuels (reduction in sulphur, gaseous alternatives)

Increasing share of domestic and commercial users of cleaner fuels (gas and kerosene for cooking, electricity for heating)

Use of cleaner fuels (gasoline lead elimination, sulfur reduction in liquid fuels, use of gaseous fuels)

Better lubricant quality and only pre-mixed 2T oil for two- and three-wheelers

Improved technology

More efficient and cleaner combustion technology

Better road infrastructure (road widening, traffic management, new flyovers)

Scrappage of old commercial vehicles and their replacement with a new fleet

Stronger and better enforced regulation

Tightened and better enforced emissions norms leading to installation of pollution control devices

Enforcement of land-use zoning regulations (closure and relocation of industry from non-conforming areas, development of green belts/areas)

Introduction and enforcement of new and more stringent emission norms for new and in-use vehicles


30

Thank You All!

The full report entitledFor a Breath of Fresh Air: Ten Years of Progress and Challenges in Urban Air Quality Management in India 1993-2002 can be accessed at http://www.worldbank.org/sarurbanair

sameer akbar, the world bank1 ten years of urban air quality management in india: findings of a...

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