salt marsh outline of this talk
TRANSCRIPT
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Salt marshSalt marshSalt marshSalt marsh
Ecosystem engineering by coastal vegetations:Ecosystem engineering by coastal vegetations:Ecosystem engineering by coastal vegetations:Ecosystem engineering by coastal vegetations:
BioBioBioBio----Physical interactions & BioPhysical interactions & BioPhysical interactions & BioPhysical interactions & Bio----GeoGeoGeoGeo----morphology morphology morphology morphology
Tjeerd J Bouma, Stijn Temmerman, Tjeerd J Bouma, Stijn Temmerman, Tjeerd J Bouma, Stijn Temmerman, Tjeerd J Bouma, Stijn Temmerman, et al.et al.et al.et al.
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
Spatial ecology
• Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes –––– some basicssome basicssome basicssome basics
• Principle of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineering
• Modelling bioModelling bioModelling bioModelling bio----geomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loop
• shortshortshortshort----term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)
• longlonglonglong----term development & selfterm development & selfterm development & selfterm development & self----organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation
• effects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traits
• Underlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanisms
• SmallSmallSmallSmall----scale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studies
• LargeLargeLargeLarge----scale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experiments
• Management applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applications
Outline of this talk
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
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• Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes –––– some basicssome basicssome basicssome basics
• Principle of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineering
• Modelling bioModelling bioModelling bioModelling bio----geomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loop
• shortshortshortshort----term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)
• longlonglonglong----term development & selfterm development & selfterm development & selfterm development & self----organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation
• effects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traits
• Underlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanisms
• SmallSmallSmallSmall----scale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studies
• LargeLargeLargeLarge----scale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experiments
• Management applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applications
Outline of this talk
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
Global distribution of salt marshesGlobal distribution of salt marshesGlobal distribution of salt marshesGlobal distribution of salt marshes
after Long & Mason (1983)after Long & Mason (1983)after Long & Mason (1983)after Long & Mason (1983)
WaddenseaWaddenseaWaddenseaWaddensea
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Why do marsh plants live where they do ?Why do marsh plants live where they do ?Why do marsh plants live where they do ?Why do marsh plants live where they do ?
ColdeweyColdeweyColdeweyColdewey & & & & ErchingerErchingerErchingerErchinger (1992)(1992)(1992)(1992)
Elevation gradient
Inundation gradientHalimione ElymusSalicornia
Vegetation zonation
Stress gradient structures marsh communityStress gradient structures marsh communityStress gradient structures marsh communityStress gradient structures marsh community
HIGH marsh
LOW marsh
mud flat
---- above groundabove groundabove groundabove ground---- hydrodynamicshydrodynamicshydrodynamicshydrodynamics
---- below groundbelow groundbelow groundbelow ground---- anoxic sedimentanoxic sedimentanoxic sedimentanoxic sediment
Bouma et al. RCEM 2008Bouma et al. RCEM 2008Bouma et al. RCEM 2008Bouma et al. RCEM 2008
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• Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes –––– some basicssome basicssome basicssome basics
• Principle of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineering
• Modelling bioModelling bioModelling bioModelling bio----geomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loop
• shortshortshortshort----term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)
• longlonglonglong----term development & selfterm development & selfterm development & selfterm development & self----organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation
• effects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traits
• Underlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanisms
• SmallSmallSmallSmall----scale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studies
• LargeLargeLargeLarge----scale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experiments
• Management applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applications
Outline of this talk
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
Ecosystem engineering:Ecosystem engineering:Ecosystem engineering:Ecosystem engineering:
modification of the abiotic environment by biological activity (Jones 1994)
STRONGSTRONGhydrodynamicshydrodynamics
REDUCEDREDUCEDhydrodynamicshydrodynamics
enhanced elevation = reduction inundation stress
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Example: Example: Example: Example: SpartinaSpartinaSpartinaSpartina anglicaanglicaanglicaanglica tussockstussockstussockstussocks
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
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100
150
200
250
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350
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tussock13
Bouma et al. RCEM 2008Bouma et al. RCEM 2008Bouma et al. RCEM 2008Bouma et al. RCEM 2008
Salt marshSalt marshSalt marshSalt marsh
can ecosystem engineering lead to
landscape development?
SpartinaSpartinaSpartinaSpartina tussockstussockstussockstussocks
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• Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes –––– some basicssome basicssome basicssome basics
• Principle of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineering
• Modelling bioModelling bioModelling bioModelling bio----geomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loop
• shortshortshortshort----term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)
• longlonglonglong----term developmentterm developmentterm developmentterm development
• effects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traits
• Underlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanisms
• SmallSmallSmallSmall----scale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studies
• LargeLargeLargeLarge----scale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experiments
• Management applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applications
Outline of this talk
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
Spatial ecology
Modeling shortModeling shortModeling shortModeling short----term interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tide
Vegetation
FlowGeomorphology
Temmerman et al. JGR 2005Temmerman et al. JGR 2005Temmerman et al. JGR 2005Temmerman et al. JGR 2005
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Modeling shortModeling shortModeling shortModeling short----term interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tide
Temmerman et al. JGR 2005Temmerman et al. JGR 2005Temmerman et al. JGR 2005Temmerman et al. JGR 2005
vegetation (marsh)
no vegetation(mudflat)
Simulations: plants have crucial impact on flow and sedimentation
Example 1
elevationmap
Detail of marsh-mudflat edge
10 m
Modeling shortModeling shortModeling shortModeling short----term interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tide
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0.1
0.15
0.05
0
vegetation (marsh)
no vegetation(mudflat)
simulated flow patternwith vegetation
Simulations: plants have crucial impact on flow and sedimentation
Example 1 flow velocity (m/s) at beginning flood
elevationmap
Flowreduction
Flowconcentration
10 m
Modeling shortModeling shortModeling shortModeling short----term interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tide
0.1
0.15
0.05
0
No vegetation
Simulations: plants have crucial impact on flow and sedimentation
Example 1 flow velocity (m/s) at beginning flood
elevationmap
simulated flow patternwithout vegetation
no vegetation
Uniform flow
10 m
Modeling shortModeling shortModeling shortModeling short----term interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tide
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vegetation
no vegetation
Sedimentation (g/m²) after 1 tide
Simulations: plants have crucial impact on flow and sedimentation
Example 1
elevationmap
simulated sedimentationpattern with vegetation
sedimentation
channel formation
10 m
Modeling shortModeling shortModeling shortModeling short----term interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tide
No vegetation
no vegetation
Simulations: plants have crucial impact on flow and sedimentation
Example 1 Sedimentation (g/m²) after 1 tide
simulated sedimentationpattern without vegetation
elevationmap
Uniform sedimentation
10 m
Modeling shortModeling shortModeling shortModeling short----term interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tideterm interactions: 1 tide
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• Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes –––– some basicssome basicssome basicssome basics
• Principle of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineering
• Modelling bioModelling bioModelling bioModelling bio----geomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loop
• shortshortshortshort----term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)
• longlonglonglong----term development & selfterm development & selfterm development & selfterm development & self----organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation
• effects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traits
• Underlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanisms
• SmallSmallSmallSmall----scale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studies
• LargeLargeLargeLarge----scale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experiments
• Management applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applications
Outline of this talk
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
Spatial ecology
Modeling longModeling longModeling longModeling long----term self term self term self term self organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation ((((~100 yr)100 yr)100 yr)100 yr)
Vegetation
FlowGeomorphology
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
dynamic changes in plant cover
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Model descriptionModel descriptionModel descriptionModel description
Delft-3D flow + sediment on line + vegetation module
Matlab plant-growth model
1 tide flow => ∆ bed-level x 1 yr
1 year vegetation growth
Plant growth module Plant growth module Plant growth module Plant growth module –––– S. TemmermanS. TemmermanS. TemmermanS. Temmerman
Vegetation development:
• Random seeding
• Veg. density = logistic growth
• Lateral growth = diffusion function
• Mortality = f (elevation+ bed shear stress)
Spatial ecology
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Vegetation module Vegetation module Vegetation module Vegetation module –––– R. UittenbogaardR. UittenbogaardR. UittenbogaardR. Uittenbogaard
Effect of rigid cylindrical structures on
• drag
• turbulence generation, transport & dissipation
• vertical momentum transfer
Preliminary model results: plant colonization initiates channel formation
Idealisedmudflat
Flo
oddi
rect
ion1 year time
step forveg. & morph.
Hydrodynamics: 1 tide
600m
Modeling longModeling longModeling longModeling long----term self term self term self term self organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation ((((~100 yr)100 yr)100 yr)100 yr)
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Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
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Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
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Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
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Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
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Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
18
Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
Plant density (stems.m-2)
Depth-averaged flow velocity during flood (m.s-1)
Elevation (m)
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600
100 200 300 400 500 600Distance (m)
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
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Field observations
Temmerman et al. Geology 2007
• Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes –––– some basicssome basicssome basicssome basics
• Principle of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineering
• Modelling bioModelling bioModelling bioModelling bio----geomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loop
• shortshortshortshort----term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)
• longlonglonglong----term development & selfterm development & selfterm development & selfterm development & self----organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation
• effects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traits
• Underlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanisms
• SmallSmallSmallSmall----scale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studies
• LargeLargeLargeLarge----scale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experiments
• Management applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applications
Outline of this talk
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
Spatial ecologySpatial ecology
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• Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes –––– some basicssome basicssome basicssome basics
• Principle of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineering
• Modelling bioModelling bioModelling bioModelling bio----geomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loop
• shortshortshortshort----term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)
• longlonglonglong----term development & selfterm development & selfterm development & selfterm development & self----organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation
• effects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traits
• Underlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanisms
• SmallSmallSmallSmall----scale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studies
• LargeLargeLargeLarge----scale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experiments
• Management applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applications
Outline of this talk
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
erosion
sedimentation
shoot density
erosion
sedimentation
shoot density
Bouma et al. OIKOS 2009Bouma et al. OIKOS 2009Bouma et al. OIKOS 2009Bouma et al. OIKOS 2009
Spatial ecology
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• Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes –––– some basicssome basicssome basicssome basics
• Principle of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineering
• Modelling bioModelling bioModelling bioModelling bio----geomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loop
• shortshortshortshort----term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)
• longlonglonglong----term development & selfterm development & selfterm development & selfterm development & self----organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation
• effects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traits
• Underlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanisms
• SmallSmallSmallSmall----scale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studies
• LargeLargeLargeLarge----scale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experiments
• Management applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applications
Outline of this talk
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
Conclusions:Conclusions:Conclusions:Conclusions:
� Bio-physical interactions & bio-geomorphology can be modeled well
• short-term => hydrodyn. & sedimentary processes• long-term => self organized landscapes
� Plant traits => directly affect landscape development:• lower stiffness => less/no creeks
less sed. accum.higher density => more creeks
=> FITS GROWTH STRATEGIES !!!
� Flume exps. => basic principles• plant traits => scale dependent feedbacks
� Modeling => needed for up-scaling in space & time
Tjeerd J. Bouma (Tjeerd J. Bouma (Tjeerd J. Bouma (Tjeerd J. Bouma ([email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl ))))
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• Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes Salt marshes –––– some basicssome basicssome basicssome basics
• Principle of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineeringPrinciple of ecosystem engineering
• Modelling bioModelling bioModelling bioModelling bio----geomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loopgeomorfological feedback loop
• shortshortshortshort----term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)term interactions (1 tide)
• longlonglonglong----term development & selfterm development & selfterm development & selfterm development & self----organisationorganisationorganisationorganisation
• effects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traitseffects of species traits
• Underlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanismsUnderlaying mechanisms
• SmallSmallSmallSmall----scale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studiesscale flume studies
• LargeLargeLargeLarge----scale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experimentsscale basin experiments
• Management applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applicationsManagement applications
Outline of this talk
[email protected]@[email protected]@nioo.knaw.nl
Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention ☺☺☺☺
Questions ?
Spatial ecology
T.J. BoumaP.M.J. Hermanet al.
M. FriedrichsG. Graf
B.K. van WesenbeeckM.B de VriesL.A. Van DurenE. Martini
et al.
J.T. Dijkstra
S. TemmermanW. Vandenbruwaene