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ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES,
RİSK FACTORS AND PREVENTİON
KOÇ UNIVERSİTY SCHOOL OF NURSING
SERPİL TOPÇU R.N., M.S.N.
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
• Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of
conditions due to decreased blood flow in the coronary
arteries such that part of the heart muscle is unable to
function properly.
Coronary Artery DiseaseClinical Signs;
• Sudden death
• Heart failure
• Stable angina pectoris,
• Unstable angina pectoris,
• Myocardial infarction (MI)
Global Atlas On Cardiovascular Disease
Prevention And Control- 2011
Global Atlas On Cardiovascular Disease
Prevention And Control- 2011
Cardiovascular DiseaseProfile Around the World
COUNTRIES CVD MORTALITY RATE
European Union members %40
China (1/5 of the world's population)
%36
Latin America %31
Middle East %25-45
India (1/6 of the world population )
%24
Africa %10 (primary stroke)
Türkiye Kalp Ve Damar Hastalıklarını Önleme ve Kontrol Programı 2010-2014
Cardiovascular DiseaseProfile in Turkey
• Primary cause of the disability-adjusted life
year (DALY) in Turkey is cardiovascular diseases -
%19.32
• DALY results on cardiovascular disease;o Males -%20,5
o Females -%18
Türkiye Hastalık Yükü Çalışması- UHY (DALY- 2004)
RISK FACTORS AND
PREVENTION
Türkmen E, Badır A, Ergün A ( 2012). Koroner Arter Hastalıkları Risk Faktörleri: Primer ve Sekonder Korunmada Hemşirelerin Rolü. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. Cilt: 3 • Sayı: 4 • Ekim
1- Tobacco Smoking
- Turkey is 3rd in Europe and 7th around the world about
smoking
- Smoking rate in;
Men % 47,9
Women % 15,2
Prevention of SmokingIn Turkey
• November 25 2004 “Tütün Kontrol Çerçeve
Sözleşmesi-WHO-FCTC Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control” is accepted;
- Raise awareness of the public
- Quit smoking
- Price and taxes
- Passive smoking control
- Advertising and sponsorship
- Product control and consumer education.
2- Overweight and Obesity
• Every year 2.6 million people dies due to overweight and
obesity. It is related to CVD.
• In Turkey according to TURDEP- I (2002)results obesity
rate;
- Men - %25.3
- Women - %46.2
• TURDEP- II (2010)
• Obesity - %44 ↑
- Waist circumference - women 6cm↑,
-men 7cm↑
Definition of Overweight andObesity
Target 1: Waist circumference
Men ≥ 94 cm, w𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏 ≥ 80 cm (do not gain weight)
Target 2: Waist circumference
Men ≥ 102 cm, women ≥ 88 cm ( advice losing weight)
Prevention of Overweight and Obesity
• Diet, exercise, and behaviour modifications
• Medical therapy with orlistat and/or bariatric surgery for
patients with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 or a BMI ≥35 kg/m2 in the
presence of high-risk comorbid conditions are the only
options.
• Saturated fatty acids to account for <10% of total energy
intake, through replacement by polyunsaturated fatty acids
• Avoid processed food,
• <5 g of salt per day
• 30–45 g of fibre per day, from wholegrain products, fruits
and vegetables
• fruits and vegetables per day 2-3 servings
• Fish at least twice a week, one of which to be oily fish.
3- Physical Inactivity
Physical Inactivity
With 150 minutes of regular exercise per week.
- Reducing ischemic heart diseases %30
- Reducing Diabetes rate %27
Physical InactivityIn Turkey;
According to the results of : “Sağlıklı Beslenelim, Kalbimizi
Koruyalım (2004)” (N:15.468) ;
Only 3,5% of people are doing regular exercise at least 3
times a week 30 minute.
Physical Inactivity and Obesity
Prevention- In Turkey
• Educating children about healthy food by family, teacher
and public health nursing.
• Advertisement control about fast food.
• Regulating menus of branch restaurants which are suitable
for preventing CVD
• Organizing exercise programs.
• The main responsibility belongs to health care providers.
TKD Ulusal Kalp Sağlığı Politikası Raporu
4- Hypertension
Hypertension
• HT is the major risk factor MI, stroke, hearth and kidney
failure, vascular dieseases and blindness
• High blood pressure is responsible of the total deaths of
%13around the world.
• According to Turkish Hypertension Prevalence Study;
• Nearly 15 milion people have hypertension however
%40 of them are aware of high blood pressure
• Only %31of them are taking antihypertensive therapy.
Reduce; Systolic blood pressure 20 mmHg
Diastolic blood pressure 11 mmHg ;
• Decrease Stroke risk % 63
• CVD risk % 46
TKD Ulusal Kalp Sağlığı Politikası Raporu
Prevention of Hypertension
• Weight control, increase pyhsical activity level
• Reduce alcohol intake
• Limiting salt intake
• More Vegetable and fruit
• Prefering saturated dairy products
• It is suggested to all hypertensive and high normal blood
pressure patient ( Class I, Level B).
Prevention of Hypertension1. Social Practice
• Starting prenventive life style changes in childhood.
• Family and school education programs.
• Ministery of Health, Education, Sports, Agriculture and
Religion etc. Should support this cause using media.
• Writing the salt level and calorie in food ingridients.
• Decreasing salt level in all food products.
Prevention of Hypertension
• People should be encourage to exercise and it should be
accessible.
• Necessary prevention should be applied to quit smoking
2- Personal Practice
• Healthy life style
• This is the main responsibiliyt of health care provider.
5- Alcohol
• The relationship between alcohol and CVD is not
clarified yet.
• If moderate alcohol use is peep
- CVD risk factors
- Hard to control blood pressure
- Synergetic effect of cigarates.
- Obesity
Prevention of CVD
• Moderate alcohol use is suggested.
Women 1 cup per day (10 g alcohol),
Men 2 cups per day (20 g alcohol)
6- Diabetes
• Diabetes was accepted by United Nations for the first time a
non-infected diesea is considered as a global health threat
(Dec, 20 2006). They also called the countries in action to
fight againts diabetes.
Prevention of CVD with Diabetes;
Target HbA1c <%7.0
• Statines use
• Prevent gaining execisive weigth and hypoglisemi
• BP <140/80 mmHg
Prevention of DiabetesT.C. Ministry of Health Action Plan (2011-2014)
• Prevention of diabetes, to increase quality of care in
patients with diabetes and decrease complications of
diabetes and deaths.
http://www.saglik.gov.tr/HM/dosya/1-71375/h/turkiye-diyabet-onleme-ve-kontrol-
programi.pdf
7- Hyperlipidemia
Prevention of Hyperlipidemia
• Life style changes.
• Drug treatment.
8- Social Factors
• Poverty, lack of education and unplanned urbanization
have a negative impact on cardiovascular health.
• Unfair distribution of power, money and resources
increases exposure to cardiovascular risk factors.
9-Risk Factors Take Root In The Womb,Childhood And Youth
• Undernutrition in fetal life and infancy increases an
individual’s vulnerability to CVD.
• Low birth weight is related to CVD and DM
• Healthy behaviours are learned in childhood and
continue into adulthood.
• Passive smoking exposure in childhood.
TÜRKİYE HASTALIK YÜKÜ ÇALIŞMASI 2004
RİSK FAKTÖRLERİ ÖNLENEBİLİR ÖLÜM ORANLARI
Hipertansiyon %25,2
Beden Kitle İndeksi ( BKİ) %13,3
Tütün kullanımı %12,7
Hiperlipidemi %11,4
Fiziksel aktivite %10,5
Sebze meyve tüketimi %9
Ilımlı alkol %4,3
Nursing Roles in PreventionPrimary prevention;
Primary prevention in providing of CAD is worse than
secondary;
Because of
• Risk calculators focus on short-term risk
• Prediction difficulties (people who are at risk)
Nursing Roles in Prevention
Results of the study;
• Students were knowledgeable about cardiovascular
disease and associated risk factors,
• There were significant gaps in their knowledge; these
should be addressed through improved nursing curricula.
• While students were generally healthy, they could
improve their practice of health-promoting behaviors.
According to nursing case manager models in secondary
prevention;
• Proper medication use results in improvements in risk
factors, exercise toleration, blood glucose level
• CVD
• Mortality
• Coronary atherosclerosis
• Perception of healht improves
The EUROACTION trial studying patients with
CHD and those at high risk of CVD in 8 countries;
The approach was;
• Family centred and led to healthier lifestyle changes in
terms of diet and physical activity, improvements in
lifestyle e (diet and physical activity)
• More effective control of risk factors such as blood
pressure in both patients and their partners in the
intervention arm compared with usual care
CCNAP: Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied
Professions
and
AHA CVD Nursing Comitte prepare a settelement about
nurses to have an active role in prevention of CVD.