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SALMONELLA CONTROL PROGRAMMES IN POULTRY: PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES IN KENYA. Dr Moses Gathura Gichia. Department Of Veterinary Services Kenya.

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Page 1: SALMONELLA CONTROL PROGRAMMES IN POULTRY …. GICHIA.pdf · Animal Diseases Act (CAP 364): ... (CAP 254) The Standards Act (CAP 496) ... SALMONELLA CONTROL PROGRAMMES IN POULTRY-PRACTICAL

SALMONELLA CONTROL  PROGRAMMES IN POULTRY: PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES IN 

KENYA.

Dr Moses Gathura Gichia.  Department Of Veterinary Services

Kenya.

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•Salmonellosis is the most frequently reported food borne disease in the world and chicken products are considered to be

one of the most important food vehicles.

•The burden of the disease and the cost of control measures are high while both the zoonotic nature and the potential to disrupt

international trade is significant

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Bird Population

Kenya has a population of 32 million chicken (gallus gallus) 

Indigenous chicken (free range)

79%

Commercial  ‐ 19%

Others(turkeys, ducks etc)              ‐

2%

This is against a human population of 38,610,097

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The Poultry production system

vary:

Commercial Poultry ‐

broilers and layers.The commercial set up confines their birds.  

The indigenous birds are dual purpose for eggs and  meat.  

The birds are not confined and are only housed at  night in close proximity to their owners.

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Disease control system

The control, prevention and monitoring of Salmonella  in Poultry is under the pervue

of Department of 

Veterinary Services (DVS)‐

as the competent  authority

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Structure of The Department of Veterinary Services

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Codes and Protocols

International Standards, Guidelines and  Codes

o World Trade Organization Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

o OIE Animal Health Code :Chapter 6.4: Hygienic and Disease Security Procedures in

Poultry       

Breeding Flocks and Hatcheries .:Chapter 6.5: Prevention, Detection and Control of Salmonella in 

Poultry.o Codex Alimentarious

Commission

:CAC/RCP 15‐1976   Code of Hygienic Practice for Eggs and Egg Products:CAC /RCP 58‐2005  Hygienic Practice for Meat:Alinorn

Rept

11/FH Proposed Draft Guidelines for the Control of 

Campylobacter and   Salmonella in Chicken Meat

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The National Legislations and  Regulations

The DVS Implements the following:

Animal Diseases Act (CAP 364): generally for control 

of all animal diseases and animal inputs.

Hatchery Rules:  Legal Notice 47 of 1985.

Meat Control Act (CAP 356) – on Meat Hygiene hence  food safety 

Poultry Meat Regulations are made under the Act.

Fertilizer and Animal Feedstuffs Act (CAP 345)

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The National Legislations and  Regulations The DVS Collaborates in implementation of the 

following

Public Health Act (CAP 242)

Food, Drugs And Chemical Substances Act (CAP 254)

The Standards Act (CAP 496)

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Private Sector

The Commercial Poultry Industry Develop their individual internal control measures.

This includes

All‐in all out production

Logistic slaughter planning.

The control measures are generally founded on:–

Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) that includes appropriate biosecurity

and personnel hygiene.–

Hazard Control Measures

Free range production 

The control measures are near lacking in small scale and free range  production

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Existing Control MeasuresAnimal Feeds

Are regulated by Fertilizer and Animal Feedstuffs Act (CAP 

345).

The Director of Veterinary Services regulates:  Importation of animal feeds,:  Manufacture of animal feeds.

The animal feeds mills are required to regularly sample and  analyze feeds for Salmonella in meat, bone and blood meals.

Any positive batch should be reprocessed. 

In 2010:  162 samples were analyzed in Kenya Meat Commission 

with nil confirmed case.

It’s noteworthy that feeds of animal origin are used for non‐

ruminants only.

DVS in collaboration with Kenya Bureau of Standards samples 

and analyze feed samples

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Existing Control Measures

Importation of Breeding Stock–

Importation  authorized by the DVS after 

establishing that the stock will not likely introduce  Salmonellosis

.

All the imported birds are inspected at the port of  entry by Veterinary Officers

Breeding Farm/Hatchery–

Breeding farms/hatchery are inspected and 

licensed by the DVS.  The license is valid for a  year.7 Hatcheries licensed.

Inspection  assures that the sitting, equipment ,  practices and operations are conducive to 

production of a healthy flock.–

The establishments use the Salmonella typhi

vaccine due to cross‐protection

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Existing Control Measures The Hatchery Rules 

Prohibit selling, and/or breeding Day Old Chicks from  parent stock that has not passed blood test    for Pollurum

Disease.

Requires where practicable vaccination against notifiable

diseases –Salmonellosis

is.

Breeding flock between 18 – 22 weeks to be screened for 

Pollurum

disease.

Any breeding/hatchery establishment suspected with 

notifiable

disease must destroy the birds, clean, disinfect  and fumigate the plant.

The private players observe biosecurity

measures and  personnel hygiene

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Existing Control Measures(cont)

Commercial Farms

Good Hygiene PracticesAchieved by extension by Para‐vets and processors workers

The birds are confined. 

Farmers practice

all‐in all‐out

Biosecurity

though not as strict as in breeding farms.

Vaccination with fowl typhoid vaccine .‐5,349,800  doses were used in 2010(Thika District uses 200,000 

doses/month)

Farmers enthusiastically report deaths to the area Veterinary Officers.

In free range:

Vaccinations against New Castle disease assists in boosting immunity.

Farmers keep few birds (<

20) hence risk of disease spread low compared to a 

commercial set up.

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SlaughterhousesExport Slaughterhouses

Sitting, operations and practices are regulated by the Meat Control Act 

(CAP 356).–

Ante‐mortem (AM) inspection on arrival.

Good hygienic practice.

Hazard based control in one slaughterhouse.

Post –

mortem (PM) inspection by DVS.

Water immersion/chilling with chlorine as a decontaminant.

Sampling for total plate count done in Export Slaughterhouses.

In local Slaughterhouses–

Workers are being trained on GHP

A.M. and P.M.

Washing of carcasses.

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Consumer LevelEating habits

The threat of HsN1 assisted in creating awareness in Poultry health in 

Kenya.

For Indigenous birds:

The local consumers cook meat for more than 1 hour at about 70C.

This lessens the risk of Salmonellosis.

For Commercial birds:

proper cooking

In‐built mechanisms for disease prevention.  

However, International angle of the travel and trade in Poultry is a 

potential threat.

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Challenges

Looping in 79% indigenous flock in formal control  prevention and monitoring for Salmonella.

Developing the Risk profile and the disease burden in  order to influence policy changes‐Underway now.

Funding in Poultry health not commensurate with the  risk of Zoonotic

Salmonellosis.

Capacity:  Both human and infrastructures  (Laboratories).

Integrated farming system has not caught up.

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THANK

YOU