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SALMONELLA CONTROL PROGRAMMES IN POULTRY: PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES IN
KENYA.
Dr Moses Gathura Gichia. Department Of Veterinary Services
Kenya.
•Salmonellosis is the most frequently reported food borne disease in the world and chicken products are considered to be
one of the most important food vehicles.
•The burden of the disease and the cost of control measures are high while both the zoonotic nature and the potential to disrupt
international trade is significant
Bird Population
Kenya has a population of 32 million chicken (gallus gallus)
Indigenous chicken (free range)
‐
79%
Commercial ‐ 19%
Others(turkeys, ducks etc) ‐
2%
This is against a human population of 38,610,097
The Poultry production system
vary:
Commercial Poultry ‐
broilers and layers.The commercial set up confines their birds.
The indigenous birds are dual purpose for eggs and meat.
The birds are not confined and are only housed at night in close proximity to their owners.
Disease control system
The control, prevention and monitoring of Salmonella in Poultry is under the pervue
of Department of
Veterinary Services (DVS)‐
as the competent authority
Structure of The Department of Veterinary Services
Codes and Protocols
International Standards, Guidelines and Codes
o World Trade Organization Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
o OIE Animal Health Code :Chapter 6.4: Hygienic and Disease Security Procedures in
Poultry
Breeding Flocks and Hatcheries .:Chapter 6.5: Prevention, Detection and Control of Salmonella in
Poultry.o Codex Alimentarious
Commission
:CAC/RCP 15‐1976 Code of Hygienic Practice for Eggs and Egg Products:CAC /RCP 58‐2005 Hygienic Practice for Meat:Alinorn
Rept
11/FH Proposed Draft Guidelines for the Control of
Campylobacter and Salmonella in Chicken Meat
The National Legislations and Regulations
The DVS Implements the following:
Animal Diseases Act (CAP 364): generally for control
of all animal diseases and animal inputs.
Hatchery Rules: Legal Notice 47 of 1985.
Meat Control Act (CAP 356) – on Meat Hygiene hence food safety
Poultry Meat Regulations are made under the Act.
Fertilizer and Animal Feedstuffs Act (CAP 345)
The National Legislations and Regulations The DVS Collaborates in implementation of the
following
Public Health Act (CAP 242)
Food, Drugs And Chemical Substances Act (CAP 254)
The Standards Act (CAP 496)
Private Sector
The Commercial Poultry Industry Develop their individual internal control measures.
This includes
All‐in all out production
Logistic slaughter planning.
The control measures are generally founded on:–
Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) that includes appropriate biosecurity
and personnel hygiene.–
Hazard Control Measures
Free range production
The control measures are near lacking in small scale and free range production
Existing Control MeasuresAnimal Feeds
Are regulated by Fertilizer and Animal Feedstuffs Act (CAP
345).
The Director of Veterinary Services regulates: Importation of animal feeds,: Manufacture of animal feeds.
The animal feeds mills are required to regularly sample and analyze feeds for Salmonella in meat, bone and blood meals.
Any positive batch should be reprocessed.
In 2010: 162 samples were analyzed in Kenya Meat Commission
with nil confirmed case.
It’s noteworthy that feeds of animal origin are used for non‐
ruminants only.
DVS in collaboration with Kenya Bureau of Standards samples
and analyze feed samples
Existing Control Measures
Importation of Breeding Stock–
Importation authorized by the DVS after
establishing that the stock will not likely introduce Salmonellosis
.
–
All the imported birds are inspected at the port of entry by Veterinary Officers
Breeding Farm/Hatchery–
Breeding farms/hatchery are inspected and
licensed by the DVS. The license is valid for a year.7 Hatcheries licensed.
–
Inspection assures that the sitting, equipment , practices and operations are conducive to
production of a healthy flock.–
The establishments use the Salmonella typhi
vaccine due to cross‐protection
Existing Control Measures The Hatchery Rules
Prohibit selling, and/or breeding Day Old Chicks from parent stock that has not passed blood test for Pollurum
Disease.
Requires where practicable vaccination against notifiable
diseases –Salmonellosis
is.
Breeding flock between 18 – 22 weeks to be screened for
Pollurum
disease.
Any breeding/hatchery establishment suspected with
notifiable
disease must destroy the birds, clean, disinfect and fumigate the plant.
The private players observe biosecurity
measures and personnel hygiene
Existing Control Measures(cont)
Commercial Farms
Good Hygiene PracticesAchieved by extension by Para‐vets and processors workers
The birds are confined.
Farmers practice
–
all‐in all‐out
–
Biosecurity
though not as strict as in breeding farms.
Vaccination with fowl typhoid vaccine .‐5,349,800 doses were used in 2010(Thika District uses 200,000
doses/month)
Farmers enthusiastically report deaths to the area Veterinary Officers.
In free range:
Vaccinations against New Castle disease assists in boosting immunity.
Farmers keep few birds (<
20) hence risk of disease spread low compared to a
commercial set up.
SlaughterhousesExport Slaughterhouses
Sitting, operations and practices are regulated by the Meat Control Act
(CAP 356).–
Ante‐mortem (AM) inspection on arrival.
–
Good hygienic practice.
–
Hazard based control in one slaughterhouse.
–
Post –
mortem (PM) inspection by DVS.
–
Water immersion/chilling with chlorine as a decontaminant.
–
Sampling for total plate count done in Export Slaughterhouses.
In local Slaughterhouses–
Workers are being trained on GHP
–
A.M. and P.M.
–
Washing of carcasses.
Consumer LevelEating habits
The threat of HsN1 assisted in creating awareness in Poultry health in
Kenya.
For Indigenous birds:
The local consumers cook meat for more than 1 hour at about 70C.
This lessens the risk of Salmonellosis.
For Commercial birds:
proper cooking
In‐built mechanisms for disease prevention.
However, International angle of the travel and trade in Poultry is a
potential threat.
Challenges
Looping in 79% indigenous flock in formal control prevention and monitoring for Salmonella.
Developing the Risk profile and the disease burden in order to influence policy changes‐Underway now.
Funding in Poultry health not commensurate with the risk of Zoonotic
Salmonellosis.
Capacity: Both human and infrastructures (Laboratories).
Integrated farming system has not caught up.
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