Contents

PART ONEOrganization of the Body

Chapter 1Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology 1

1.1 The Scope of Anatomy and Physiology 2

1.2 The Origins of Biomedical Science 3

1.3 Scientific Method 71.4 Human Origins and Adaptations 91.5 Human Structure 121.6 Human Function 141.7 The Language of Medicine 201.8 Review of Major Themes 22Study Guide 25

Atlas AGeneral Orientation to Human Anatomy 28

A.1 General Anatomical Terminology 29A.2 Major Body Regions 31A.3 Body Cavities and Membranes 34A.4 Organ Systems 37Atlas Review 40

Chapter 2The Chemistry of Life 42

2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 432.2 Water and Mixtures 502.3 Energy and Chemical Reactions 562.4 Organic Compounds 59Study Guide 75

Chapter 3Cellular Form and Function 7 8

3.1 Concepts of Cellular Structure 793.2 The Cell Surface 823.3 Membrane Transport 913.4 The Cell Interior 101Study Guide 111

Chapter 4Genetics and Cellular Function 114

4.1 DNA and RNA—The Nucleic Acids 115

4.2 Genes and Their Action 1204.3 DNA Replication and the Cell

Cycle 1294.4 Chromosomes and Heredity 134Study Guide 140

Chapter 5Histology 143

5.1 The Study of Tissues 1445.2 Epithelial Tissue 1465.3 Connective Tissue 1535.4 Nervous and Muscular Tissues—

Excitable Tissues 1625.5 Cell Junctions, Glands, and

Membranes 1645.6 Tissue Growth, Development,

Repair, and Degeneration 171Study Guide 177

PART TWOSupport and Movement

Chapter 6The Integumentary System 180

6.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue 181

6.2 Hair and Nails 1906.3 Cutaneous Glands 1956.4 Skin Disorders 197Connective Issues 202Study Guide 203

Chapter 7Bone Tissue 206

7.1 Tissues and Organs of the Skeletal System 207

7.2 Histology of Osseous Tissue 2097.3 Bone Development 2147.4 Physiology of Osseous Tissue 2207.5 Bone Disorders 225Connective Issues 229Study Guide 230

Chapter 8The Skeletal System 233

8.1 Overview of the Skeleton 2348.2 The Skull 236

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8.3 The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage 250

8.4 The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 259

8.5 The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 265

Study Guide 275

Chapter 9Joints 278

9.1 Joints and Their Classification 2799.2 Synovial Joints 2839.3 Anatomy of Selected

Diarthroses 298Study Guide 309

Chapter 10The Muscular System 312

10.1 The Structural and Functional Organization of Muscles 313

10.2 Muscles of the Head and Neck 322

10.3 Muscles of the Trunk 33310.4 Muscles Acting on the Shoulder and

Upper Limb 34310.5 Muscles Acting on the Hip and

Lower Limb 359Study Guide 375

Atlas BRegional and Surface Anatomy 379

B.1 Regional Anatomy 380B.2 The Importance of Surface

Anatomy 380B.3 Learning Strategy 380

Chapter 11Muscular Tissue 401

11.1 Types and Characteristics of Muscular Tissue 402

11.2 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 403

11.3 The Nerve–Muscle Relationship 40811.4 Behavior of Skeletal Muscle

Fibers 41111.5 Behavior of Whole Muscles 41811.6 Muscle Metabolism 42311.7 Cardiac and Smooth Muscle 428Connective Issues 435Study Guide 436

PART THREEIntegration and Control

Chapter 12Nervous Tissue 439

12.1 Overview of the Nervous System 440

12.2 Properties of Neurons 44112.3 Supportive Cells (Neuroglia) 44612.4 Electrophysiology of Neurons 45112.5 Synapses 46012.6 Neural Integration 466Connective Issues 474Study Guide 475

Chapter 13The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes 478

13.1 The Spinal Cord 47913.2 The Spinal Nerves 48713.3 Somatic Reflexes 500Study Guide 508

Chapter 14The Brain and Cranial Nerves 511

14.1 Overview of the Brain 51214.2 Meninges, Ventricles, Cerebrospinal

Fluid, and Blood Supply 51614.3 The Hindbrain and Midbrain 52114.4 The Forebrain 52814.5 Integrative Functions of the

Brain 53414.6 The Cranial Nerves 546Study Guide 558

Chapter 15The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes 561

15.1 General Properties of the Autonomic Nervous System 562

15.2 Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System 565

15.3 Autonomic Effects on Target Organs 572

15.4 Central Control of Autonomic Function 577

Study Guide 579

Chapter 16Sense Organs 582

16.1 Properties and Types of Sensory Receptors 583

16.2 The General Senses 58516.3 The Chemical Senses 591

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16.4 Hearing and Equilibrium 59616.5 Vision 610

Study Guide 629

Chapter 17The Endocrine System 633

17.1 Overview of the Endocrine System 634

17.2 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 637

17.3 Other Endocrine Glands 64917.4 Hormones and Their Actions 65517.5 Stress and Adaptation 66517.6 Eicosanoids and Paracrine

Signaling 66617.7 Endocrine Disorders 667Connective Issues 674Study Guide 675

PART FOURRegulation and Maintenance

Chapter 18The Circulatory System: Blood 678

18.1 Introduction 67918.2 Erythrocytes 684

18.3 Blood Types 69118.4 Leukocytes 69618.5 Platelets and Hemostasis—The

Control of Bleeding 702

Study Guide 711

Chapter 19The Circulatory System: The Heart 714

19.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System 715

19.2 Gross Anatomy of the Heart 71719.3 Cardiac Muscle and the Cardiac

Conduction System 72519.4 Electrical and Contractile Activity of

the Heart 72819.5 Blood Flow, Heart Sounds, and the

Cardiac Cycle 73419.6 Cardiac Output 740

Study Guide 746

Chapter 20The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation 749

20.1 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels 750

20.2 Blood Pressure, Resistance, and Flow 758

20.3 Capillary Exchange 76520.4 Venous Return and Circulatory

Shock 76920.5 Special Circulatory Routes 77120.6 Anatomy of the Pulmonary

Circuit 77220.7 Systemic Vessels of the Axial

Region 77320.8 Systemic Vessels of the

Appendicular Region 792Connective Issues 803Study Guide 804

Chapter 21The Lymphatic and Immune Systems 808

21.1 The Lymphatic System 80921.2 Nonspecific Resistance 82221.3 General Aspects of Specific

Immunity 83021.4 Cellular Immunity 83421.5 Humoral Immunity 83721.6 Immune System Disorders 843Connective Issues 849Study Guide 850

Chapter 22The Respiratory System 854

22.1 Anatomy of the Respiratory System 855

22.2 Pulmonary Ventilation 86622.3 Gas Exchange and Transport 87722.4 Respiratory Disorders 887Connective Issues 891Study Guide 892

Chapter 23The Urinary System 895

23.1 Functions of the Urinary System 896

23.2 Anatomy of the Kidney 89823.3 Urine Formation I: Glomerular

Filtration 90423.4 Urine Formation II: Tubular

Reabsorption and Secretion 91023.5 Urine Formation III: Water

Conservation 91423.6 Urine and Renal Function Tests 91823.7 Urine Storage and Elimination 920Connective Issues 926Study Guide 927

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Chapter 24Water, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 930

24.1 Water Balance 93124.2 Electrolyte Balance 93724.3 Acid–Base Balance 942

Study Guide 950

Chapter 25The Digestive System 953

25.1 General Anatomy and Digestive Processes 954

25.2 The Mouth Through Esophagus 95825.3 The Stomach 96525.4 The Liver, Gallbladder, and

Pancreas 97425.5 The Small Intestine 98025.6 Chemical Digestion and

Absorption 98425.7 The Large Intestine 990Connective Issues 996Study Guide 997

Chapter 26Nutrition and Metabolism 1000

26.1 Nutrition 100126.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 101226.3 Lipid and Protein Metabolism 102026.4 Metabolic States and Metabolic

Rate 102326.5 Body Heat and

Thermoregulation 1025Study Guide 1030

PART FIVEReproduction and Development

Chapter 27The Male Reproductive System 1034

27.1 Sexual Reproduction and Development 1035

27.2 Male Reproductive Anatomy 104027.3 Puberty and Climacteric 1047 27.4 Sperm and Semen 105027.5 Male Sexual Response 1055

Study Guide 1061

Chapter 28The Female Reproductive System 1064

28.1 Reproductive Anatomy 106528.2 Puberty and Menopause 107528.3 Oogenesis and the Sexual

Cycle 107728.4 Female Sexual Response 108528.5 Pregnancy and Childbirth 108628.6 Lactation 1093Connective Issues 1098Study Guide 1099

Chapter 29Human Development and Aging 1102

29.1 Fertilization and the Preembryonic Stage 1103

29.2 The Embryonic and Fetal Stages 1109

29.3 The Neonate 111929.4 Aging and Senescence 1124Study Guide 1134

Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements A-1

Appendix B: Answer Keys A-2Appendix C: Symbols, Weights, and

Measures A-13Appendix D: Biomedical

Abbreviations A-14Glossary G-1Credits C-1Index I-1

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