Saint Sebastian

This article is about the Christian saint and martyr. Forthe United States Navy ship, see USS St. Sebastian(SP-470).“Saint Sebastien” redirects here. For other uses, seeSaint-Sébastien (disambiguation).

Saint Sebastian (died c. 288) was an early Christiansaint and martyr. He was killed during the Roman em-peror Diocletian's persecution of Christians. He is com-monly depicted in art and literature tied to a post or treeand shot with arrows. Despite this being the most com-mon artistic depiction of Sebastian, he was, according tolegend, rescued and healed by Irene of Rome. Shortly af-terwards he criticized Diocletian in person and as a resultwas clubbed to death.[1] He is venerated in the Catholicand Orthodox Churches.The details of Saint Sebastian’s martyrdom were firstspoken of by 4th-century bishop Ambrose of Milan(Saint Ambrose), in his sermon (number 22) on Psalm118. Ambrose stated that Sebastian came from Milanand that he was already venerated there at that time.Saint Sebastian is a popular male saint, especially amongsoldiers.[2][3]

1 Life

According to Sebastian’s 18th century entry inActa Sanc-torum,[5] still attributed to Ambrose by the 17th centuryhagiographer Jean Bolland, and the briefer account in the14th century Legenda Aurea, he was a man of Gallia Nar-bonensis who was taught inMilan and appointed a captainof the Praetorian Guard under Diocletian and Maximian,who were unaware that he was a Christian.According to tradition, Marcus and Marcellian were twinbrothers from a distinguished family and were deacons.Both brothers married, and they resided in Rome withtheir wives and children. The brothers refused to sacrificeto the Roman gods and were arrested. They were visitedby their parents Tranquillinus and Martia in prison, whoattempted to persuade them to renounce Christianity.Sebastian succeeded in converting Tranquillinus andMartia, as well as Saint Tiburtius, the son of Chromatius,the local prefect. Another official, Nicostratus, and hiswife Zoe were also converted. It has been said that Zoehad been a mute for six years; however, she made knownto Sebastian her desire to be converted to Christianity. Assoon as she had, her speech returned to her. Nicostratus

Saint Sebastian Interceding for the Plague Stricken,[4] JosseLieferinxe, 1497–1499, The Walters Art Museum

then brought the rest of the prisoners; these 16 personswere also converted by Sebastian.[6]

Chromatius and Tiburtius converted; Chromatius set allof his prisoners free from jail, resigned his position,and retired to the country in Campania. Marcus andMarcellian, after being concealed by a Christian namedCastulus, were later martyred, as were Nicostratus, Zoe,and Tiburtius.

1.1 Martyrdom

Diocletian reproached Sebastian for his supposed be-trayal, and he commanded him to be led to a field andthere to be bound to a stake so that archers would shootarrows at him. “And the archers shot at him till he was asfull of arrows as an urchin,”[8] leaving him there for dead.Miraculously, the arrows did not kill him. The widow ofCastulus, Irene of Rome, went to retrieve his body to bury

1

2 1 LIFE

Reliquary of St Sebastian, around 1497[7] (Victoria and AlbertMuseum, London)

it, and she discovered he was still alive. She brought himback to her house and nursed him back to health. Theother residents of the house doubted he was a Christian.One of those was a girl who was blind. Sebastian askedher “Do you wish to be with God?", and made the sign ofthe Cross on her head. “Yes”, she replied, and immedi-ately regained her sight.Sebastian later stood on a step and harangued Diocle-tian as he passed by; the emperor had Sebastian beatento death, and his body was thrown into a privy. But inan apparition, Sebastian told a Christian widow wherethey might find his body undefiled and bury it “at thecatacombs by the apostles.” Because of this, Sebastian issometimes known as the saint who was martyred twice.Of the miraculous effect of the example of Sebastian, theGolden Legend reports,

... Saint Gregory telleth in the first book ofhis Dialogues that a woman of Tuscany whichwas new wedded was prayed for to go withother women to the dedication of the churchof Sebastian, and the night tofore she was somoved in her flesh that she might not abstainfrom her husband, and on the morn, she hav-ing greater shame of men than of God, wentthither, and anon as she was entered into the or-atory where the relics of Saint Sebastian were,the fiend took her and tormented her before all

the people.

Sebastian was also said to be a defense against the plague.The Golden Legend transmits the episode of a greatplague that afflicted the Lombards in the time of KingGumburt, which was stopped by the erection of an altarin honor of Sebastian in the Church of Saint Peter in theProvince of Pavia.

1.2 Location of remains

St. Sebastian (detail), Andrea Mantegna, 1480, Musée du Lou-vre, Paris

Remains reputed to be those of Sebastian are housed inRome in the Basilica Apostolorum, built by Pope Dama-sus I in 367 on the site of the provisional tomb of SaintsPeter and Paul. The church, today called San Sebastianofuori le mura, was rebuilt in the 1610s under the pa-tronage of Scipione Borghese. Others sources assert thathis body would have been carried from Rome to SaintMedard Abbey in Soissons, France.Sebastian’s craniumwas brought to the town of Ebersberg(Germany) in 934. A Benedictine abbey was foundedthere and became one of the most important pilgrimagesites in southern Germany.[9] It is said the silver-encasedcranium was used as a cup in which to present wine to thefaithful during the feast of Saint Sebastian.[10]

• Reliquary of Saint Sebastian in Ebersberg

• Silver sculpture from 1450

3

•

•

• The cranium

2 In art and literature

St. Sebastian tended by Saint Irene, Georges de La Tour c 1645

The earliest representation of Sebastian is a mosaic in theBasilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna, Italy) datedbetween 527 and 565. The right lateral wall of the basil-ica contains large mosaics representing a procession of26 martyrs, led by Saint Martin and including Sebastian.The martyrs are represented in Byzantine style, lackingany individuality, and all have identical expressions.Another early representation is in a mosaic[11] in theChurch of San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome, Italy), proba-bly made in the year 682. It shows a grown, beardedman in court dress but contains no trace of an arrow.[12]The archers and arrows begin to appear by 1000, and eversince have been far more commonly shown than the ac-tual moment of his death by clubbing, so that there is apopular misperception that this is how he died.[13]

As protector of potential plague victims (a connectionpopularized by the Golden Legend[14]) and soldiers, Se-bastian occupied an important place in the popular me-dieval mind. He was among the most frequently depictedof all saints by Late Gothic and Renaissance artists, inthe period after the Black Death.[15] The opportunity toshow a semi-nude male, often in a contorted pose, alsomade Sebastian a favourite subject.[16] His shooting with

arrows was the subject of the largest engraving by theMaster of the Playing Cards in the 1430s, when there werefew other current subjects with male nudes other thanChrist. Sebastian appears in many other prints and paint-ings, although this was also due to his popularity withthe faithful. Among many others, Botticelli, Perugino,Titian, Pollaiuolo, Giovanni Bellini, Guido Reni (whopainted the subject seven times), Mantegna (three times),Hans Memling, Gerrit van Honthorst, Luca Signorelli, ElGreco, Honoré Daumier, John Singer Sargent and LouiseBourgeois all painted Saint Sebastians. An early work bythe sculptor Gianlorenzo Bernini is also of Saint Sebas-tian.The saint is ordinarily depicted as a handsome youthpierced by arrows. Predella scenes when required, of-ten depicted his arrest, confrontation with the Emperor,and final beheading. The illustration in the infobox is theSaint Sebastian of Il Sodoma, at the Pitti Palace, Florence.

Woodblock of St Sebastian from South Germany, circa 1470–1475

A mainly 17th-century subject, though found in predellascenes as early as the 15th century,[17] was St Sebas-tian tended by St Irene, painted by Georges de LaTour, Trophime Bigot (four times), Jusepe de Ribera,[18]Hendrick ter Brugghen and others. This may have beena deliberate attempt by the Church to get away from thesingle nude subject, which is already recorded in Vasarias sometimes arousing inappropriate thoughts among fe-male churchgoers.[19] The Baroque artists usually treatedit as a nocturnal chiaroscuro scene, illuminated by a sin-gle candle, torch or lantern, in the style fashionable in the

4 3 PATRONAGE

first half of the 17th century. There exist several cyclesdepicting the life of Saint Sebastian. Among them arethe frescos in the “Basilica di San Sebastiano” of Acireale(Italy) with paintings by Pietro Paolo Vasta.Egon Schiele, an Austrian Expressionist artist, painteda self-portrait as Saint Sebastian in 1915.[20] DuringSalvador Dalí's “Lorca (Federico García Lorca) Period”,he painted Sebastian several times, most notably in his“Neo-Cubist Academy”. For reasons unknown, the leftvein of Sebastian is always exposed.In 1911, the Italian playwright Gabriele d'Annunzio inconjunction with Claude Debussy produced a mysteryplay on the subject. The American composer Gian CarloMenotti composed a ballet score for a Ballets Russes pro-duction which was first given in 1944. In his novellaDeath in Venice, Thomas Mann hails the “Sebastian-Figure” as the supreme emblem of Apollonian beauty,that is, the artistry of differentiated forms; beauty as mea-sured by discipline, proportion, and luminous distinc-tions. This allusion to Saint Sebastian’s suffering, asso-ciated with the writerly professionalism of the novella’sprotagonist, Gustav Aschenbach, provides amodel for the“heroism born of weakness”, which characterizes poiseamidst agonizing torment and plain acceptance of one’sfate as, beyond mere patience and passivity, a stylizedachievement and artistic triumph.Sebastian’s death was depicted in the 1949 film Fabiola,in which he was played by Massimo Girotti. In 1976, theBritish director Derek Jarman made a film, Sebastiane,which caused controversy in its treatment of the martyras a homosexual icon. However, as several critics havenoted, this has been a subtext of the imagery since theRenaissance.[21] Also in 1976, a figure of Saint Sebastianappeared throughout the American horror film Carrie.[22]

Pietro Vannucci Perugino’s painting (c. 1495) of SaintSebastian is featured in the 2001 movie Wit starringEmma Thompson. Thompson’s character, as a collegestudent, visits her professor’s office, where an almost life-size painting of Saint Sebastian hangs on the wall. Later,when the main character is a professor herself, diagnosedwith cancer, she keeps a small print of this same paintingof Saint Sebastian next to her hospital bed. The allusionappears to be to Sebastian’s stoic martyrdom - a role theThompson character has willingly accepted for the better-ment of all mankind. There may be a touch of authorial(or directorial) cynicism in making this “saintly” connec-tion.In 2007, artist Damien Hirst presented Saint Sebastian,Exquisite Pain from his Natural History series. The piecedepicts a cow in formaldehyde, bound in metal cable andshot with arrows.[23]

British pop bandAlt-J's video for Hunger of the Pine con-tains references to the story of Saint Sebastian’s death,adapted to fit the lyrics of the song.

3 Patronage

Lodovico Carracci's rare treatment of the subject of St. SebastianThrown into the Cloaca Maxima (1612)

In the Roman Catholic Church, Sebastian is commem-orated by an optional memorial on 20 January. In theChurch of Greece, Sebastian’s feast day is on 18 Decem-ber.As a protector from the bubonic plague, Sebastian wasformerly one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The con-nection of the martyr shot with arrows with the plagueis not an intuitive one, however. In Greco-Roman myth,Apollo, the archer god, is the deliverer of pestilence; thefigure of Sebastian Christianizes this folkloric associa-tion. The chronicler Paul the Deacon relates that, in 680,Rome was freed from a raging pestilence by him.Sebastian, like Saint George, was one of a class ofmilitary martyrs and soldier saints of the Early ChristianChurch whose cults originated in the 4th century and cul-minated at the end of the Middle Ages, in the 14th and15th centuries both in the East and the West. Details oftheir martyrologies may provoke some skepticism amongmodern readers, but certain consistent patterns emergethat are revealing of Christian attitudes. In Catholicism,Sebastian is the patron saint of archers and of a holydeath.Sebastian is one of the patron saints of the city of Qormiin Malta along with Saint George.[24] Sebastian is also thepatron saint of Acireale, Caserta and Petilia Policastro inItaly, Melilli in Sicily, and San Sebastián as well as PalmadeMallorca in Spain. He also is the patron saint of Rio deJaneiro, Brazil. Informally, in the tradition of the Afro-Brazilian syncretic religion Umbanda, Sebastian is oftenassociated with Oxossi, especially in the state of Rio deJaneiro itself.He is also the patron of a college named for him inManila, Philippines which is adjacent to the Parish of SanSebastian.Sebastian is the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Dio-cese of Bacolod, in Negros Occidental, Philippines.Saint Sebastian is the patron of Knights of Columbus

5

Saint Sebastian by Peter Paul Rubens (1604), oil on canvas, 120x 100 cm, Antwerp

Saint Sebastian by El Greco (1578) in Cathedral of San Antolín,Palencia

Council #4926 in the Roman Catholic Diocese of SanJose in California, serving the cities of Mountain Viewand Los Altos.In his 1906 Reminiscences, Carl Schurz recalls the annual

“bird shoot” pageant of the Rhenish town of Liblar whichwas sponsored by the Saint Sebastian Society, a club ofsharpshooters and their sponsors to which nearly everyadult member of town belonged.[25]

The St. Sebastian River is named for Saint Sebastian.It is a tributary of the Indian River Lagoon and com-prises part of the boundary between Indian River Countyand Brevard County in Florida. The adjacent city ofSebastian, Florida and St. Sebastian River Preserve StatePark are also named for Saint Sebastian.[26]

4 See also

• The 3 paintings by Mantegna

• Le martyre de Saint Sébastien, Claude Debussy

• Saint Sebastian at the Column

• Military saint

• Gay icon

5 References[1] “Arrows of desire: How did St Sebastian become an en-

during, homo-erotic icon?". The Independent. 10 Febru-ary 2008.

[2] http://dcfaithinaction.org/uncategorized/2012/01/22/the-patron-saint-of-sports/

[3] http://www.accsport.asn.au/acc-information/spirit-service-awards/st-sebastian-fellowship-award/about-st-sebastian

[4] “Saint Sebastian Interceding for the Plague Stricken”. TheWalters Art Museum.

[5] Acta S. Sebastiani Martyris, in J.-P. Migne, PatrologiaeCursus Completus Accurante (Paris 1845), XVII, 1021–581221; abbreviated in Jacob de Voragine, Legenda Au-rea.

[6] Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. A Dictionary of Miracles:Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic (Chatto and Windus,1901), p.11.

[7] “Reliquary of St Sebastian”. Metalwork. Victoria and Al-bert Museum. Retrieved 2007-08-17.

[8] Legenda Aurea

[9] City of Ebersberg website: Kloster Ebersberg (German)]

[10] Thomas Foster Earle,K. J. P. Lowe: Black Africans in Re-naissance Europe, p. 191, Cambridge University Press,2005.

[11] “Vincoli” (JPEG). IT: Unica..

[12] “Catholic Encyclopedia”. 1908..

6 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

[13] Barker, 94–95

[14] Barker, 96–97

[15] Boeckl, Christine M (2000). Images of Plague and Pesti-lence: Iconography and Iconology. Truman State Univer-sity. pp. 76–80. ISBN 978-0-943549-85-9..

[16] Barker, Sheila, The Making of a Plague Saint, ch. 4 (pp.114–7 especially) in Piety and Plague: from Byzantiumto the Baroque, Ed. Franco Mormando, Thomas Worces-ter Truman State University, 2007,ISBN 1-931112-73-8,ISBN 978-1-931112-73-4, Google books.

[17] Boeckl, p. 77

[18] Williamson, Mark A (2000). “The Martyrdom Paintingsof Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation” (PhDdissertation). NY, USA: Binghamton University..

[19] Barker, 117

[20] Zwingenberger, Jeanette (2011). Schiele. New York:Parkstone International. p. 154. ISBN 9781780421957.

[21] “How did St Sebastian become an enduring, homo-eroticicon?". UK: makayla Independent. 10 February 2008..

[22] “Carrie”. IMDb. 1976. Retrieved 2009-10-31. |chapter=ignored (help)

[23] “Damien Hirst”. MCA Denver..

[24] http://www.qormisbparish.org

[25] Carl Schurz, Reminiscences (3 vols.), NewYork: McClurePubl., 1907, vol. 1, chap. 2, pp. 46–8; chap. 3, pp. 81–3.

[26] Sebastian Tales

6 External links• The Life & Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, Saint &Martyr of the Catholic Church

• Legenda Aurea: Life of Saint Sebastian

• Saint Sebastian

• Butler, The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and OtherPrincipal Saints, St Sebastian

• “St. Sebastian”. Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913.

Media related to Saint Sebastian atWikimedia Commons

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sebastian, St".Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). CambridgeUniversity Press.

• Representations of Saint Sebastian

• St.Sebastian’s Church, Udayamperoor

7

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text• Saint Sebastian Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Sebastian?oldid=642972846 Contributors: Derek Ross, William Avery,

Panairjdde, Leandrod, Patrick, Paul Barlow, Gabbe, Shoaler, Ihcoyc, Ahoerstemeier, Darkwind, DropDeadGorgias, Error, BRG, RodC,Charles Matthews, Nv8200p, Wetman, Slawojarek, Jni, Chuunen Baka, Robbot, Jredmond, Mirv, Mushroom, Tobias Bergemann, Do-minick, Andries, Fennec, Zigger, Everyking, BalthCat, Varlaam, Gugganij, OldakQuill, Oneiros, Bepp, Sam, TJSwoboda, Hugh7, Kle-men Kocjancic, Mike Rosoft, Discospinster, Guanabot, Pjrich, FyreFiend, Man vyi, Polylerus, Caeruleancentaur, Patsw, Alansohn, Wal-ter Görlitz, Druid816, Arthena, Hydriotaphia, Carbon Caryatid, Flyspeck, Wtmitchell, Paul From Ottawa, SidP, Ghirlandajo, KillingVector, Zntrip, Velho, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Before My Ken, GeorgeTSLC, Jeff3000, Hailey C. Shannon, Cuchullain, Ketiltrout,Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Eoghanacht, BlueMoonlet, Tangotango, SMC, FlaBot, Kerowyn, RexNL, Ewlyahoocom, Gurch, Xcia0069, TheDJ,DTOx, YurikBot, RobotE, NTBot, RussBot, Manicsleeper, IanManka, Lord Voldemort, Aljodasch, Shreshth91, MeTV, Radiowar, Rat-tleMan, BlackAndy, Multichill, Raven4x4x, Mlouns, Tony1, Gadget850, JacksonLeonard, Sebastian Prospero, Evrik, CLW, Alpha 4615,FF2010, Closedmouth, KGasso, Shyam, ArielGold, Jcub, Stevouk, Junglecat, Nodoubt9203, Luk, SpLoT, Attilios, Amalthea, Smack-Bot, KnowledgeOfSelf, Patrickneil, Eskimbot, Jab843, Edgar181, HeartofaDog, HalfShadow, Alana Smithy, Slj, Pacholeknbnj, Gilliam,Hmains, Carl.bunderson, Cabe6403, Keegan, CKA3KA, Persian Poet Gal, Jprg1966, Roscelese, Baronnet, Nedlum, Zephyrad, ColoniesChris, Darth Panda, Mladifilozof, TheKMan, Stevenmitchell, John.McDougall, Akriasas, Springnuts, ChaChaFut, SumDude, SashatoBot,Stubbsy67, Vanished user 9i39j3, Disavian, MarkSutton, Noah Salzman, Erwin, Avant Guard, Bwpach, Hu12, SimonD, Izau, Uncle-Douggie, Ewulp, Adam sk, Tawkerbot2, SkyWalker, JForget, Fetofsbot2, Giua, Eric, Drinibot, Basawala, JFMATLOCK, Dagunslinger,MAlanH, Gregbard, Nilfanion, Cydebot, Mato, Travelbird, TicketMan, Frosty0814snowman, Agne27, Nasugbu batangas, FastLizard4,Jguard18, Algabal, CieloEstrellado, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Mojo Hand, Alvincura, Marek69, James086, Iulius, Lunamaria, Es-carbot, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto, SummerPhD, Elfbadger, Jj137, Fayenatic london, Nipisiquit, J. Patrick Fischer, AubreyEllenShomo,Res2216firestar, Aibara, Barek, Bhamv, Acroterion, I80and, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, JNW, JamesBWatson, Waacstats,Catgut, WhatamIdoing, Gabriel Kielland, Allstarecho, Arweissman, DerHexer, FisherQueen, MartinBot, STBot, G-my, Rettetast, Alex-iusHoratius, BONGU SEAN, Kguirnela, Bgold4, Bcballard, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Trusilver, Chayama, JoDonHo,Ginsengbomb, AgainErick, Merlot70, LoserTalent, Johnbod, Phated, Sub999, Twelvesongs, Uncompetence, James miuccio, MichaelPatrick Wilson, Lumendelumine, Gregfitzy, Macarrones, Student7, Vanished user 39948282, IceDragon64, Useight, Signalhead, Lights,Meiskam, WillHarper, Jeff G., Aesopos, Philip Trueman, Johnred32, John Carter, Vanityjunkie, JhsBot, Aspire3623WXCi, Watchdogb,Tancrede, Dirkbb, Falcon8765, Thomsonsr, Mark13732, Deconstructhis, Smboyan, SieBot, WereSpielChequers, Dialx003, BotMultichill,Ori, Jauerback, Krawi, Pailott, Winchelsea, Dawn Bard, Caltas, Digwuren, Toddst1, Flyer22, VAwebteam, Yerpo, Lagrange613, Liana28,Sickandwasted, Lauracs, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Thelmadatter, Jordi Roqué, Pinkadelica, Denisarona,Escape Orbit, ImageRemovalBot, Benkenobi18, Church, ClueBot, PipepBot, Dracian56, Wysprgr2005, TIY, Foofbun, Louis-garden,Fenwayguy, CounterVandalismBot, Beth S T, SSebastianus, Richerman, Piledhigheranddeeper, Lollipopo, Auntof6, Omcd, Jusdafax,Dantefc, TheRedPenOfDoom, Matthew Dillenburg, Ecmcpike, Stepheng3, AMC0712, Aitias, Mattissa, Red shirt guy, Masterofknowl-edge5, XLinkBot, AgnosticPreachersKid, Travisandkara, Jijo009, Nepenthes, Frood, Minicoop58, MystBot, North RB2313, Bradley0110,Otisjimmy1, Lowk, Maricon remix, Yobmod, Totakeke423, Laurinavicius, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jańczuk, BabelStone, Ka FaraqGatri, Jim10701, ShepBot, HoboJones, FCSundae, Favonian, Organic Cabbage, Mdnavman, Azullang813, Jc121383, Tide rolls, Lightbot,QuadrivialMind, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Anthonygrig, THENWHOWASPHONE?, AnakngAraw, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, An-drewrp, DemocraticLuntz, Ciphers, Marauder40, BlazerKnight, Piano non troppo, Ambrosiaster, Aff123a, Citation bot, Bob Burkhardt,Xqbot, Jayarathina, Addihockey10, Pgh librarian, 4twenty42o, Jsharpminor, Ruy Pugliesi, GrouchoBot, WilliamTheaker, Fernandoespañol,Joaquin008, Erik9, Spongefrog, Lionelt, FrescoBot, Blackguard SF, LucienBOT, VI, HamburgerRadio, Mainzer1992, Biker Biker, Tom-cat7, RedBot, ActivExpression, Tim1357, Orangesodakid, Dinamik-bot, Rush176, Maynilad, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, EmausBot, Racerx11,Skyy Train, Scaryparanormaltruth, Wikipelli, PBS-AWB, MithrandirAgain, Farmount1989, Erinmichellebyrnes, Jimmy3670, WayneSlam, RaptureBot, L Kensington, Senjuto, MonoAV, Willthacheerleader18, Carmichael, Stephenrumson, ChuispastonBot, DASHBo-tAV, Roypeter347, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Tideflat, Widr, Ryan Vesey, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Jean-Pol GRANDMONT, WNYY98,Greengrounds, Rijinatwiki, ElphiBot, Artwork Only, MusikAnimal, Mark Arsten, Dainomite, Elspetha456, Smeat75, CitationCleaner-Bot, Superipkurwo, Banana014, Greenknight dv, Funny bunny1239, Minecraftnerd, Pratyya Ghosh, ChrisGualtieri, GoShow, EuroCarGT,Djinx.esq, Webclient101, Jeccabreen, MonteGargano, Lugia2453, QvisDevs, Xyphoid, The Anonymouse, LimosaCorel, Vincent13579,Daniel992011, RyanChamberlyn, BadKittieKat76, Nyflod, LahmacunKebab, Konveyor Belt, Barkersc, Tocoolforschool0921, CogitoEr-goSum14, Mugsalot, Elnino78, BrightonC, Bjude64, TerryAlex, JudeccaXIII and Anonymous: 719

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8 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/40px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='128'data-file-height='128' /></a> Home page <a href='http://art.thewalters.org/detail/6193' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Informationicon.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png'width='20' height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x'data-file-width='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Josse Lieferinxe

• File:Lodovico_Carracci_(Italian_-_St._Sebastian_Thrown_into_the_Cloaca_Maxima_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Lodovico_Carracci_%28Italian_-_St._Sebastian_Thrown_into_the_Cloaca_Maxima_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: swHrqozopNFZnQ at Google Cultural Institute, zoom levelmaximum Original artist: Ludovico Carracci

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• File:San_Sebastian_El_Greco.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/San_Sebastian_El_Greco.jpgLicense: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/g/greco_el/06/0605grec.jpg' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Inkscape.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='60' data-file-height='60' /></a> Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/g/greco_el/06/0605grec.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Informationicon.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png'width='20' height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x'data-file-width='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: El Greco

• File:Sebastia.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Sebastia.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Sodoma_003.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Sodoma_003.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. (was corrupt, new version from [1]) Original artist: Il Sodoma

• File:Stsebastian.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Stsebastian.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/art-and-design-in-renaissance-europe-1400-1500/ Original artist: VAwebteam at EnglishWikipedia

• File:Woodblock_of_St_Sebastian.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Woodblock_of_St_Sebastian.jpgLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: BabelStone

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