safety manual for site workers

7/29/2019 safety manual for site workers

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Saety Manual or Construction


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Table o Contents

Chapter Subject PageNo.

1 Saetyandhealthrulesandregulations 5

2 Employeesaetyandhealtheducation 7

3 Supervisorysaetyperormanceevaluation 8

4 Firepreventionandprotection 9

5 Accidentandincidentinvestigation 11

6 Jobsaetyanalysis 12

7 Hazardcommunicationstandard 15

8 Confnedspaceentry 17

9 Hearingconservation 20

10 Mobileequipment 21

11 Poweredindustrialtrucksorklits 22

12 Craneoperations 23

13 Handtools 24

14 Powertools 26

15 Ladders 28

16 Slings 30

17 Scaolds 31

18 Aeriallits 33

19 Respiratoryprotection 35

20 Personalprotectiveequipment 37

21 Fallprotection 38

22 Weldingandcutting 43

23 Electricalsaety 46

24 Lockout/tagoutprocedures 48

25 Excavation 50

26 Ergonomicsinconstruction 52

27 Lead 55

28 Silica 56

29 Firstaidandmedicalattention 57


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Introduction

The most valuable asset your organization has is

its employees. By improving saety and prevent-ing accidents, you can protect your work orce

while also reducing your workers compensationcosts. And the BWCs Division o Saety and

Hygiene is here to help.

This basic saety and health manual or the

Ohio construction industry summarizes suc-cessul accident-prevention principles and tech-

niques. While application o these techniquesmay vary according to the size and nature o

your companys operations, the basic principlesremain the same.

Please note, this manual is not all-encompassing,nor is it a document or compliance. Its always

important to customize saety and health programsto meet the particular needs o the workplace.

However, saety isnt the only thing you can do

to reduce your workers compensation costs. Youcan also lower your costs by proactively manag-ing your workers compensation claims. Thisincludes incident investigation, early reporting o

injuries and working with your BWC employerservices specialist and claims service specialist.

This manual can also provide your companys

saety teams with inormation to meet its goalsand obligations. It contains inormation onincident prevention, together with a complete

explanation o its use, and benets and methodso application.

Please join BWC and the Ohio construction indus-

try in making occupational saety and health away o lie.


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Chapter1

Companycommitment

Saety is more than just compli-ance with Occupational Saetyand Health Administration

(OSHA) regulations andother government rules.

Its a state o mind thatmust permeate the entire

company, including o-ce and eld personnel,management and hourly

employees.

No business can expect to

have good saety perormanceunless the president, chie execu-tive ocer or owner demonstratesthrough personal conduct and concrete

actions that saety is expected and required o allemployees.

However, because managers are conronted

each day with non-saety-related problems thatrequire immediate handling, they oten are

tempted to overlook saety and health activi-ties. Thats why a company must establish andenorce saety rules to communicate its com-

mitment to saety, and ultimately, to preventincidents and injuries.

Companyrules

Company saety rules are designed primarily as

training aids to amiliarize employees with poten-tially hazardous situations and operational errors

that can result in injuries. Rules can be readilydeveloped by observing existing conditions andreviewing previous accidents.

Rather than having top management develop

and implement rules, its better to have all par-ties help develop the company rules. Involve-

ment rom supervisors, saety coordinators andemployees leads to cooperation and an under-standing o why the rules exist and what hazards

they are designed to control.

Involving all parties also helps ensure

the rules are presented in termsthe workers understand.

Whenever possible, rulesshould state what is to be

done, rather than what isprohibited. Positive state-

ments are more eectivethan negative declarations.

Rules also should be logical,enorceable and applicable

to the specic company or

department operations.

Rules, such as be careul aroundelectricity, are too general, and thereore,

not enorceable. And i rules are not or cannot beenorced, it impairs the eectiveness o other rulesand dilutes managements commitment.

In addition to general company rules, develop

special-purpose saety rules or non-routine tasks,the operation o dangerous equipment and other

hazardous jobs.

Review and revise rules on an ongoing basisand communicate them regularly to employeesduring new-employee orientation and at weekly

toolbox talks.

Governmentrules

In addition to company rules, employers mustbecome amiliar with the various government

laws that dene the minimum duties, actions andprecautions all employers must take to ensurethe saety and health o their employees. Federal

rules include OSHAs regulations or construction(9 CFR 190 and 196) and or general industry

(9 CFR 190 and 1910).

Saety and health rules and regulations


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6

Other saety regulations include the Ohio Ad-

ministrative Code, Specic Saety Requirementso the BWC Relating to Construction and to All

Workshops and Factories, as well as those o theEnvironmental Protection Agency and state reand building codes.

Writtensaetyandhealthprograms

OSHA requires all construction companies to

develop and implement a written saety andhealth program. A program should describe the

whole o the companys saety-and-health activi-ties. Think o it as an ongoing process. Organized

leadership with proper application o the programis essential to attaining good saety and healthperormance, which pays o through:

Fewer accidents; Improved production;

Increased employee eciency; Enhanced employee morale;

Lower workers compensation costs; Decreased OSHA citations and nes.

Programs should address at least: Management commitment and leadership

Managements visible support is critical to

the program. Issue clearly stated policies thatoutline the commitment and set the standardby which management will judge saety and

health behavior; Assignment o responsibility From top

management to the ront-line workers, all em-

ployees must understand what is expected othem and must be involved in the saety and

health process. Specically identiy saety andhealth responsibilities and expectations or all

company employees; Identication and control o hazards Ad-

dress how to identiy hazards, and how to

abate hazardous situations and behavior. Com-pany audits or inspections are a crucial part o

the program;

Training and education A training program

or all supervisors and employees must beongoing and eective. It must also includegeneral saety and health issues with site-spe-

cic hazards and non-routine tasks; Record keeping and hazard analysis Include

evaluation o all incidents, including near-miss-es, so management can determine trends andcauses, and initiate corrective action;

First aid and medical assistance Evaluateemergency procedures and rst-aid supplies

available at each job site; Site-specic issues In addition to general

saety and health provisions, address hazards

that are unique to each individual construc-tion site. Beore perorming work, conduct an

inspection to determine the unique hazards.Inorm all employees o how to eliminate or

avoid the hazards.

Elements o a site-specic plan can include: Emergency procedures; Contact with utilities;

Interaction with other contractors; Weather conditions;

Environmental conditions; Unique activities known to be hazardous, such

as conned space entry or demolition; Material-storage areas; Access routes;

Specic training requirements.


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Generaltraining

Employee training is key to the eectiveness o acompanys saety and health program, and to theprevention o injuries and illnesses.

The purpose o employee training is to provideinstruction in sae work practices and rules, and

to provide the skills and knowledge necessary toidentiy and control work-place hazards. Aware-

ness o the physical or administrative conse-quences o ignoring sae practices will oster a

healthy respect or company policy and proce-dures, as well as the hazards themselves.

Training should be an ongoing process or allemployees, including oce workers and eld

personnel. It should address general saety andhealth issues, as well as specic procedures or

working saely.

You can conduct training in a group setting or on

an individual basis. It can come in many orms,such as:

New-employee orientation; Supervisor training;

Communication o company saety rules; Site-specic training; Training or non-routine tasks;

Equipment and machinery training; Hazard-communication training;

Weekly toolbox talks.

Document all training, including meeting minutesor a synopsis o the items discussed, with thesignatures or names o employees who partici-

pated in the training.

Use the ollowing steps to conduct training: Explain the purpose o training and the reason

why it is so important to the employee; Break down training into understandable partsand identiy key points. Be concise and clear

with the training issues; Conduct demonstrations to emphasize key

areas or points. Remember the adage, Apicture is worth a thousand words;

Encourage employees to ask questions; Conduct testing to ensure employees under-

stand the covered inormation.

Toolboxtalks

Toolbox talks are a useul tool in the maintenanceo a viable saety and health education program in

the construction industry. For best results, ollowthese guidelines:

Schedule regular weekly meetings, and neverskip a meeting;

Limit topic discussion to about 10 to 1 min-utes;

Review the talk in advance and deliver the

inormation in your own words; Encourage group participation. Receive and

act upon questions, ideas and suggestions; Avoid holding meetings in noisy areas. Use an

atmosphere conducive to learning; Devote meetings exclusively to health and

saety matters that apply to the particular

group o workers; Use visual aids where available or appropriate;

Document the meeting with a synopsis andsignatures o attendees;

I the talk involves an incident, discuss it withinjury actors, causes and recurrence preven-tion, rather than the individual involved in the

accident; I the meeting involves work being planned,

discuss potential hazards, saety equipment tobe used and basic procedures to be ollowed.

Competentpersons

According to OSHA, a competent person is

someone designated by the company who canidentiy potential and existing hazards, and whohas the authority to correct the hazards. There is

no specic class, degree or years o experiencethat can make someone a competent person.

However training can assist in the task.

The company typically designates a job oreman,

supervisor or superintendent as a competentperson. Upper management relies upon thisindividual to address hazards and train others insaety and health issues.

Many rules and regulations require very specic

saety training and can be reerenced in theOSHA regulations and the Ohio Administrative

Code (OAC).

Chapter2

Employee saety and health education


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Beore any organiza-

tion can expect goodsaety peror-

mance, top man-

agement mustestablish goalsand commit

to a sae andhealthul work

environment.This commit-

ment mustcontinue in an

unbroken chain to

the line supervisor.

Supervisory saety peror-mance evaluations (SSPE) provide a complete

method or determining the saety capabilitieso each rst-line supervisor. Including the SSPE

on perormance appraisals will help to determinewhich supervisors have a good and consistentsaety perormance, and which ones need ad-

ditional training. Make saety training available toall supervisors to ensure the company achieves

its goals and objectives.

Ideally, the supervisors immediate managershould serve as the saety auditor. Forward thecompleted SSPEs to the next level o manage-

ment or review and comments. Continue thisprogression upward through the chain o com-

mand until it reaches the top-management level.Note corrective action taken on specic items on

the SSPEs as they pass through managementreview. The rst-line supervisors immediate man-ager should be responsible or inorming him or

her o comments and corrective actions required.

Conduct these SSPEs periodically throughout theyear. The supervisor and his or her immediate

manager should set the goals and objectives priorto the beginning o each evaluation period.

SSPEs are not just based upon numbers alone,but also on the quality o all saety unctions.

These unctions may require a supervisor to: Be accountable or the saety o employees.

This includes the prompt correction o unsaeconditions or work practices, enorcement o

Chapter3

Supervisory saety perormance evaluation

established saety rules, laws and procedures,

and high housekeeping standards; Ensure each employee is provided with,

wears or uses any prescribed personal protec-tive equipment deemed necessary, accordingto the company saety and health program or

appropriate saety regulations; Enorce all saety rules and regulations on a

air and equitable basis; Set a good example by ollowing saety and

health rules, and sae practices; Instruct each employee on the hazards o his

or her job and how to avoid and/or control

them. Take proper corrective action whenever

unsae behaviors or unsae conditions areobserved or reported;

Ensure employees ollow the preventive-

maintenance program, and that any repair andreplacement needs ound during those activi-ties are tracked to completion;

Require all vendors, customers, subcontrac-tors and visitors to comply with the compa-

nys saety and health program; Ensure that all employees are physically able

to perorm their work saely; Conduct regular saety inspections, and

submit written reports to management upon

completion. Determine what corrective ac-tion is needed when saety discrepancies are

ound, and establish a time rame to correctthem;

Personally investigate all accidents and inci-dents, determine the source o the accidentand correct any unsae practices or conditions

that might cause recurrence. Promptly com-plete and orward all accident-report orms;

Maintain the companys job-site medical kit asOSHA regulations require;

Conduct regular employee saety meetings or

toolbox talks; Maintain all postings and written saety poli-cies and programs as required. Ensure thatthe HazCom Program and material saety data

sheet (MSDS) book are current.

While this chapter deals solely with supervisors,it is equally important to evaluate employee

saety perormance.


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9

Fires require three elements to burn

uel, oxygen and heat. A con-struction site contains all three

elements, although their quan-tities and locations change

constantly.

Examplesinclude:

Fuel sources, such asgasoline, diesel uel,

paint thinner, piles owood scraps, card-

board, straw, paper andother trash;

Heat sources, such aselectricity, cutting, welding,cigarettes, rooers tar kettles

and temporary heaters; Oxygen, present in the atmosphere and as a

compressed gas.

Fuel sources are the easiest element to remove.

Thereore, concentrate on cleanup by disposingo scrap beore it accumulates, storing fam-

mable liquids in approved sel-closing containers,keeping all fammable and combustible material

away rom all heating devices or heat sources.Shut engines o to allow hot parts to cool beore

reueling.

Every worker on a construction site should

know: Locations o re extinguishers;

How to operate re extinguishers and thehazards involved with the beginning stage o

reghting; Classications o re extinguishers and

classes o res;

Location o telephone and how to call the

re department; How to make sure that a used re extin-guisher has been recharged beore it is

returned to its holder; Who to notiy that the extinguisher has been

used and needs recharging.

Fireandfreextinguisherclassifcation

There are our types o res Class A, Class B,

Class C and Class D.

Chapter4

Fire prevention and protection

Class A res occur in wood, rub-

ber, paper, cloth and most plastics.The most eective type o

extinguishing agent is wateror a solution containing largeconcentrations o water

because the quenching-cooling eect reduces the

temperature o the burningmaterial to below its igni-

tion temperature. Class B res occur in

fammable or combustible

liquids, such as petroleum

products and greases. Ablanketing-smothering eect o

an agent that excludes oxygen or

inhibits the chemical chain reaction, suchas carbon dioxide, dry chemical, halon oroam are most eective.

Class C res involve electrical equipment.Carbon dioxide, dry chemical and halon are

examples o nonconductive extinguishingagents used to snu out electrical res.

Class D res involve combustible metals,such as aluminum, magnesium, zirconiumand titanium. The use o water and other

conventional types o extinguishing agentsis ineective and may even cause a violent

reaction. Extinguish these res with special-ly-prepared agents.

Fireextinguishers

The ABC dry-chemical re extinguisher is the

most commonly used extinguisher on construc-tion job sites. Maintain in good operating condi-tion and periodically inspect reghting equip-

ment. Immediately replace deective equipment.Conduct an annual maintenance check o the re

extinguisher and record the maintenance date.Retain this date or one year ater the last entry

or the lie o the shell, whichever is less.

Provide a re extinguisher rated not less than

A or each ,000 square eet o the protectedbuilding area or major raction thereo. Mount

each re extinguisher on the wall, and mark itslocation. The travel distance rom any point o the

protected area to the nearest re extinguishercannot exceed 100 eet.


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10

Provide one or more re extinguishers rated not

less than A on each foor o a multistory buildingwith at least one re extinguisher located near

a stairway. Provide a re extinguisher, rated notless than 10B, wherever more than ve gallons o

fammable or combustible liquids or ve poundso fammable gas are being used on the job site.

GeneralrulesorfreextinguishersUse re extinguishers in the upright position. Dis-charge the re extinguisher about eight eet rom

the re with the wind at your back, i possible.Attack the re as you advance.

Quick work is important because most extin-guishers empty in about one minute. I you areout in the open, be prepared to retreat in case o

a sudden change in wind direction. In enclosedareas, you may be on your knees with your headno higher than the upright extinguisher you are

using; the best air to breathe will be betweenknee level and the foor.

With water-type extinguishers, direct the stream

at the base o the re and move orward. Whenusing dry-chemical extinguishers, attack the

nearest edge o the re and go orward, movingthe nozzle rapidly with a side-to-side sweepingmotion. When ghting fammable-liquid res

with carbon dioxide (CO) extinguishers, use thecarbon-dioxide in a sweeping ormation to clear

the fames o the burning surace. Begin ghtingat the near edge o the re and gradually moveorward, waving the discharge slowly rom side to

side. When using this extinguisher in an enclosedarea, be careul because carbon dioxide may pro-

duce an oxygen decit within the area.

When two or more persons are using re extin-

guishers on a fammable liquid re, they mustact as a team, working rom the same side o the

re and making sure the re does not re-ignitebetween them.

Emergencyactionplans

The employer is responsible or preparing andimplementing plans covering the actions thatemployers and employees must take to ensure

employee saety in the event o re or otheremergencies, such as tornadoes, foods, or other

natural or manmade disasters. The elements othis plan include:

Emergency-escape procedures and emergen-cy escape-route assignments;

Procedures or employees who remain to op-

erate critical equipment beore they evacuate; Procedures to account or all employees ater

an emergency evacuation;

Rescue and medical duties or employeeswho perorm them;

The preerred means o reporting res andother emergencies;

Names and job titles o persons who can becontacted or urther inormation or explana-

tion o duties under this plan.

Firealarms

In the event o a re, means should be availableor calling the re department quickly. Post signs

instructing personnel how and where to turn on

an alarm, whether it is by telephone, siren orhorn. Finally, always make sure reghters have

easy access to all parts o the project.

Training

Prior to implementing the emergency actionplan, the employer will designate and train su-

cient personnel to assist in the sae and orderlyevacuation o employees. The employer also will

review the plan with each employee when theplan is developed and whenever an employeesduties under the plan are changed.

For urther detailed inormation on fre preven-tion and protection, consult the OSHA Construc-

tion Standards, 29 CFR Subpart F, 1926.150 and

1926.151.


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Accident and incident investigation is primarily a act-nding procedure; use the acts revealed to prevent

similar accidents. Properly handled, these investiga-tions also can increase saety and health awarenessin all employees.

Obviously, you can reduce injuries and illnesses by

eliminating unsae or hazardous situations. Althoughyou can never prevent all accidents, it is easier and

more eective to make physical and cultural changesto eliminate and to reduce hazards than it is to teachemployees to work around these hazards.

Reduce all hazards to the practical minimum. You can

accomplish this by changing equipment, installing

guards, changing work and material-handling proce-dures, and substituting less-hazardous processesand chemicals. When investigating accidents,identiy the unsae or hazardous conditions and other

pertinent acts. Make eorts to reduce the hazards.

Once an accident does occur, the severity can be amatter o chance. Assume, or example, that two

employees are working in an area where carbonmonoxide is escaping into the atmosphere rom apropane heater. One worker, a laborer, slumps to the

foor, is removed rom the area and quickly revived.The other, a carpenter, is on a ladder replacing acous-

tical tile. He alls to the foor, strikes his head and iskilled. Both accidents had the same basic causes,

but one resulted in a minor non-disabling injury andthe other a atality.

You can even use minor injuries and incidents thatdo not involve property damage or personal injury

to reveal hazards. I corrected, you can use them toprevent serious injuries. Investigate these incidents

with the same thoroughness as serious injuries andatalities.

You may dene the principal purpose o accident in-vestigation as primarily a act-nding procedure that

attempts to identiy unsae or hazardous conditionsor procedures. Once you identiy these actors, take

immediate action to eliminate or reduce the hazardas much as possible.

With those objectives in mind, the procedure youshould ollow immediately ater an accident includes:

Ensuring any injured person receives propermedical care;

Chapter5

Accident and incident investigation

Starting the accident investigation promptly. Main-

tain all o the conditions that existed at the time othe accident until the investigation is conducted.

Allow no one to perorm the job unction thatresulted in the accident or injury until the matter is

cleared up; Having the supervisor under whose direction the

employee worked or the supervisor in whose areathe accident occurred conduct the investigation.

Persons involved should submit their ndings inwriting in an accident investigation report. Use aorm similar to OSHA s Form 301 (Injury and Ill-

ness Incident Report) or BWCs First Report o an

Injury, Occupational Illness or Death (FROI-1).

Have a responsible member o management review

reports and take corrective action. The organizationshould review accident-investigation reports. Directreports to anyone who is directly involved in making

changes. In the case o very serious accidents, youalso may appoint a act-nding committee to thorough

ly investigate the accident and submit a report.

Include photographs, sketches or other exhibits inthe investigation report to help clariy the accidentsacts. Include detailed statements rom all witnesses

to the accident as well as others who can contributeinormation.

The past has shown that the largest ault in accident

investigations is the lack o ollow-up action to correctthe conditions and/or behaviors that led to the acci-dent. Note in the report the specic actions that you

will take, the name o the management representativeresponsible or completing each item and the deadline

or completion. Later, the responsible member o management should ollow up to ensure that the action

is taken. Unless this procedure is ollowed the entireinvestigation has little value.

Ater you complete the investigation and take correc-tive action, bring the ndings to the attention o all

employees in the accident area and those working insimilar areas. Use these ndings to provide additional

saety training, make operational changes based onthe acts involved in the accident, and inorm employ-ees about actions taken to protect their saety and

health and prevent similar occurrences.


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1

The technique called job saety analysis (JSA) is

a simple but comprehensive means to determinethe hazards involved as well as potentially unsae

procedures most likely to occur in a given taskor job. Use this analysis to reduce hazards and

to train workers in sae procedures. A JSA is es-sential to any eective saety program. It shouldbe one o the rst steps you take when there is

a possibility o worker injury. The best way to e-ciently and saely perorm a job can be deter-

mined only by careully studying each elementinvolved in its perormance.

When considering a JSA, rst analyze the tasks

with the worst accident experience or the great-est potential to cause injury to the worker andthen the tasks with lesser risks. By establishing

priorities, you can use the JSA as a ocal point othe accident-prevention program.

A JSA serves two valuable purposes. It providesa systematic means o reviewing a workers

previous experience and knowledge to establishsae work procedures, and it promotes employee

involvement in establishing saety awarenesswhile developing sae work practices.

To accomplish these objectives management

should: Understand the objectives and means o ana-

lyzing jobs element by element;

Establish a plan or analyzing job elements ona regular basis;

Analyze statistical data, accident experience,and management and employee experience

to develop the sequence o job elements; Devise an action plan to control hazards identi-

ed with a timetable or implementing the

plan;

Have supervisors review the results o allJSAs covering job elements or which theyhave supervision;

Provide supervisors with a copy o all ap-proved sae job procedures developed as aresult o a JSA;

Train workers in accordance with the conclu-sions o the JSA both initially and each time

the task is analyzed;

Chapter6

Job saety analysis

Have supervisors regularly observe the work-ers and ensure they ollow sae work prac-

tices; Give supervisors the authority and responsibil-

ity to enorce adherence to sae work habits.

In practice, the person conducting the JSA must

be competent, qualied and practical in assessingeach job element, and ollow a management-ap-proved breakdown o each job to be analyzed

As you conduct the JSA, it is important to search

or the hazards o each element whetherproduced by the environment or connected with

the job procedure. When properly and thoroughly

done, this will assist in making the entire jobsaer and more ecient.

To assist in gathering the necessary inormation,

we have included a orm at the end o this chap-ter, which will ensure consistent and acceptable

procedures are used.

Saetyobservations

The principal purpose or saety observations is todetermine i employees are at risk. This sectionwill help you determine the eectiveness o your

employee training program.

Many construction injuries result rom operationalerrors. Good saety observations can reveal and

correct these deviations beore they lead to ac-cidents. The ollowing are key elements requiredor good saety observations:

Make saety observations when you can con-centrate all o your attention on saety;

Observe the work area, making mental andwritten notes o any potentially dangerous

situations or conditions; Whenever possible, take immediate correc-

tive action to prevent reoccurrence.It is always good practice to observe the wayemployees perorm their jobs. However, planned

saety observations are much more eectivebecause they ocus your attention on the saety

aspects o the job, thus pointing to those condi-tions requiring immediate correction. In addition,


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1

the observations may indicate the need or more

extensive training. They also provide a recordo unsae procedures or conditions or urtherreerence.

Non-routinetasksA non-routine task is one not normally perormedas part o a job assignment.

Tackling a non-routine task takes preparation

the less amiliar the task, the more planningrequired to do it saely. Prior to starting work

on such a task, give each aected employeeinormation concerning the hazards they will

be exposed to. The immediate supervisor willbe responsible or determining what hazardsmay be present and/or created. In addition, the

supervisor will be responsible or communicatingthis inormation to appropriate employees. This

inormation will include, but is not limited to: Specic hazardous conditions; Protective/saety measures the employee

must take, including special equipment;

Measures the company has taken to lessenthe hazards.

Upon the completion o each non-routine task,

document and distribute to all supervisors allinormation concerning the hazards encountered

during the task. This will ensure that the properinormation concerning this task will be properlycommunicated to the aected employees. Keep

this documentation on le or uture reerences.

SampleForm

When implemented correctly, the ollowingsample orm will assist supervisors in dening

the hazards in a non-routine task.

Non-routine task

Nameotask__________________________________________________________________________

Locationwheretaskisperormed_______________________________________________________

Specialconditions_____________________________________________________________________

Permitsrequired

_____Confnedspaceentry _____Welding/hot/burning

_____Pressure/chemicalpipeopening _____Electricalonly

_____Lockout/tagout(orzero-stageenergy)

Trainingrequired

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Jobmaterialsneeded_______________________________________________________________________________________

Saetyequipmentneeded(airmonitors,rigging,allprotection,disposalcontainers,PPE,etc.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Saetyprocedures(back-upprocedures,standbyhelp,chemicalhazards,physicalhazards,

environmentalconditions,whattowatchor,etc.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Completedby____________________________Reviewedby_______________________________

Issuedate________________________________Revisedondate____________________________


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1

Job Saety Job: Date:

Analysis

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Titleoworkerwhoperormsjob Foreman/Supervisor Analysisby

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Specifcworklocation Section Reviewedby

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Requiredand/orrecommendedpersonalprotectiveequipment

Sequenceobasicjobsteps Potentialaccidentorhazards Recommendedsaejobprocedures

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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1

The purpose o OSHAs Hazard Communica-

tion Standard (196.9) or construction is toensure employees are aware o and protectedrom hazardous substances in the workplace. Itrequires employers to evaluate the presence and

potential hazards o chemicals and other sub-stances employees may be exposed to in their

workplaces.

Employers must pass on this inormation toemployees through training, MSDSs, labels andother identiying means.

Inventory

To meet the requirements o this standard, em-

ployers should compile a master list o substanc-es used in the acility and on the job sites. At this

point, do not make judgments as to whether asubstance is hazardous list everything. You

must obtain inormation or this list rom severalsources: A complete inventory o the oce, ware-

house, job sites and any other ar-eas where the company may

have materials stored; Materials the company

may use regularlythat are not on hand

at this time; checkwith other com-pany oces, such

as purchasing orreceiving or inor-

mation; Janitorial and oce

supplies used bycompany personnel.

MSDS

Use the inventory to contactmanuacturers and/or suppliers to obtain

MSDSs or all the identied substances. I amanuacturer or supplier says the material is

nonhazardous, ask or a letter or other documen-tation, and keep this on le in the oce.

An MSDS orm describes a single substance,such as gasoline, or a mixture o substances,

Chapter7

Hazard communication standard

like concrete. An MSDS must give the ollowing

inormation: Substance name, both chemical and common;

Chemical and physical characteristics, includ-ing appearance and odor;

Physical and health hazards; Primary routes o entry into the body;

Recommended and required exposure limits; Known control measures;

Measures to protect workers during use orcleanup o the substance;

First-aid measures to be used in case o ac-

cidental exposure; Name, address and telephone number o the

responsible MSDS preparer or distributor, andthe date prepared.

An MSDS or a substance containing a mixture oingredients also must include the chemical and

common name(s) o ingredients amounting to 1percent or more when it constitutes a health haz-

ard, or 0.1 percent i the ingredient is a carcino-gen. New inormation about hazards or protective

measures must be disseminated by themanuacturer or distributor within three

months o its appearance.

Maintain copies o MSDSs in a

central le and also in the areawhere workers use the sub-

stance. Have MSDS les easilyaccessible to employees at alltimes while they work with the

substances. Use the MSDS todetermine whether the sub-

stance is hazardous. Guidanceor this determination is contained

in OSHA Hazard CommunicationStandard 196.9.

Labeling

The Hazard Communication Standard requiresthat all containers be labeled with the ollowing

inormation: The substances chemical and common

names; Physical and health hazards, including target

organs; Manuacturers or distributors name and ad-

dress.


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16

Maintain these labels in a legible manner un-

derstood by the employee. Cover this in yourtraining program.

Training

Employee training is the key to a companys suc-cessul implementation o the Hazard Communi-cation Standard. You can divide this training into

two categories, general and specic.

Give general training to all company employees,whether or not they will be exposed to hazard-

ous substances in their work place. Any qualiedtrainer may conduct general training during orien-

tation by any qualied trainer. It includes: Awareness o the Hazard Communication

Standard and its provisions;

Training on the companys Hazard Communi-cation Program;

How to read MSDSs and labels.

Specic training is given to employees who willor may be exposed to hazardous substances intheir work place. A oreman or supervisor who

is amiliar with the hazardous substances inthe work place should conduct this training. It

includes: Identication o hazardous substances in their

work place; Measures to take to protect themselves rom

the hazardous substances;

How to read the labels in their work place; Location o MSDSs or hazardous substances

in their area.

The employer should document all training. Retainsign-in sheets or training sessions, to include thedate, subject covered and instructors name.

Hazardousnon-routinetasksConstruction companies are generally not aware

o the types o hazardous nonroutine tasks whenwriting and implementing their plan. You should

include a statement that you did not know thesetasks when you wrote the plan. However, when

they arise you will develop a procedure to ac-complish these tasks.

Inormingoutsidecontractors

(multi-employerworksites)Employers in the construction industry generally

share a work site with a number o other employ-ers. The standard requires the exchange o inor-

mation among employers concerning hazardoussubstances brought onto the work site that may

pose a hazard to on-site personal other than theirown employees. This exchange should include:

Substances to be stored or used on site; Hazards to which other employers workers

may be exposed;

Methods that other employers can use toprotect their workers;

Other employers assessibility to the appropri-ate MSDS or the hazardous substances.

Outline this procedure in the companys hazard-communication plan.

Writtenhazard-communicationplan

The hazard-communication standard requires

employers prepare and implement a writtenprocedure detailing how they will accomplish the

standards requirements. This plan should in-clude company-specic means to accomplish the

objectives set out by the topics included in thischapter. Once completed, this plan must be avail-able to all employees, employees designated

representatives and OSHAs assistant secretaryo labor or designated representative.

Reerence:

Standard Number Title9 CFR 196.9 Hazard communication


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1

This chapter describes the procedures and

responsibilities or employees to saely enter con-ned spaces and be able to distinguish between

permit-required and non-permit-required connedspaces.

OSHAs Conned-Space Standard or Generalindustry(9 CFR 1910.1) contains any require-

ments mentioned in this chapter. A separateconned-space rule has not yet been issued or

construction, but the regulations in the respiratorstandard (9 CFR 1910.1) regarding entry intoimmediately dangerous to lie and health (IDLH)

atmospheres apply to construction.

Responsibility

The employer will identiy and evaluate allconned spaces and whether entry requires a

permit. It is the employers responsibility to takeall precautionary measures necessary or sae

conned-space entry and to instruct employeesin the nature o hazards involved, precautions

to take, the proper use o personal protectiveequipment (PPE) and any emergency equipmentrequired. The entry supervisor in charge will have

the responsibility o initiating the conned-spaceentry permit beore allowing anyone into the

conned space.

Chapter8

Confned space entry

Employees are responsible or ollowing the

guidelines set by management.

Defnitions

Conned space means a space that: Is large enough and so congured that an em-

ployee can bodily enter and perorm assignedwork;

Has limited or restricted means or entry or

exit; Is not designed or continuous employee oc-

cupancy.

Permit conned space means a conned spacethat has one or more o the ollowing character-istics:

Contains or has the potential to contain ahazardous atmosphere;

Contains a material that has the potential orengulng an entrant;

Has an internal conguration, such that anentrant could be trapped or asphyxiated byinwardly converging walls or by a foor that

slopes downward and tapers to a smallercross-section;

Contains any other recognized serious saety

or health hazard.A hazardous atmosphere is an atmosphere thatmay expose employees to the risk o death,

incapacitation, impairment o ability to escape un-aided rom a permit space, injury or acute illness

rom one or more o the ollowing causes: Flammable gas, vapor or mist in excess o 10

percent o its lower fammable limit (LFL); Airborne combustible dust at a concentration

that meets or exceeds its LFL;

Atmospheric oxygen concentration below19. percent or above . percent;

Atmospheric concentration o any substanceor which a dose or a permissible exposure

limit (PEL) is published in OSHAs SubpartZ and could result in employee exposure inexcess o its dose;

Any other atmospheric condition that is IDLH.


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1

Examples o conned spaces may include, but

are not limited to: Excavations;

Sewers; Pipelines;

Storage tanks; Underground utility vaults;

Pits; Ventilation and exhaust ducts;

Tunnels; Boilers; Bins;

Vessels.

Hazards

Examples o commonly encountered hazards are: Toxic air contaminants;

Flammable gas; Insucient oxygen;

Electric shock rom portable lights, tools orassorted electrical equipment;

Physical hazards, such as slipping, alling and

alling objects; Physical deciencies causing collapse be-

cause o atigue, low resistance to tempera-ture extremes and general poor health;

Mechanical equipment inadvertently activat-ed, such as agitators and mixers; Inadvertent starting o pump and/or opening

o valves leading in or out o tanks or vessels.

Training

The employer will provide adequate training inpre-entry practices and entry practices to all a-

ected employees. He or she will document thetraining has been accomplished.

Permit-requiredconfned-spaceprocedure

Pre-entry Speciy acceptable entry conditions. Identiy and evaluate the hazards o permit

spaces beore employees enter. You must do periodic or continuous testing

must be done the entire time the connedspace is occupied. When testing or atmo-

spheric hazards, test rst or oxygen, thencombustible gases and vapors, and then ortoxic air contaminants

Isolate the permit space. Purge, inert, fush or ventilate as needed.

Implement the measures necessary to pre-vent unauthorized entry.

Provide entry permit identiying the space tobe entered, purpose o entry, date(s), autho-rized entrants and other pertinent inormation.

Provide barriers to protect entrants rom ex-ternal hazards.

Provide trained attendants capable o rescuingor summoning rescuers outside the space.

Provide the ollowing equipment at no cost toemployees, maintain that equipment properlyand ensure that employees use it properly:

Testing and monitoring equipment;

Ventilating equipment; Communications equipment; PPE;

Lighting equipment; Barriers and shields;

Equipment or sae entrance and exit; Rescue and emergency equipment; Any other equipment necessary or sae

entry into and rescue rom permit spaces.

Entry

I employees detect a hazardous atmosphereduring entry, each employee will leave the space

immediately. You will then evaluate the space


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19

to determine how the hazardous atmosphere

developed. You must implement measures toprotect employees rom the hazardous atmo-

sphere beore any subsequent entry takes place.Continuous orced-air ventilation is required whenalternative entry is permitted under 1910.16 (c)

(). Test the atmosphere within the space at vari-ous levels to ensure that the continuous orced-

air ventilation is preventing the accumulation o ahazardous atmosphere.

Permit-requiredconfnedspace

entrypractices

(Review Section (g) () o 1910.1 or completerequirements.) Station one or more attendants at the access

opening at all times when employees areworking inside; the attendant(s) must be in

constant communication with the entrant(s). No one will enter a conned space under any

condition without an outside attendant who istrained and capable o rescuing the entrant.

The attendant(s) must never enter the con-

ned space without sel-contained breathingapparatus (SCBAs) or equivalent protection.

(This is the cause o most conned-space

entrant deaths.) Use only nonspark-producing tools in a poten-tially explosive atmosphere.

To reduce the risk o electrical shock, consider

using low-voltage (1 volts or less) electricallighting and equipment, or portable battery

lights. Use only approved, grounded electrical

equipment. Consider using air-operated tools where

possible.

Do not take cylinders o oxygen and othergases, except SCBAs, into tanks or vessels;

Standard 1910.16 requires retrieval systems

or methods, such as a saety harness withlieline, except where it creates a hazard.

Complete and post a conned-space entrypermit at the entry point.

Use the ollowing personal protective clothing

and equipment or employee protection whenapplicable:

Saety harness with lieline (except where itcreates a hazard itsel);

Air-line respirator (with escape bottle in IDLH

atmospheres) or SCBA equipment; Protective suit;

Saety glasses, hard hat, rubber gloves orother equipment appropriate or the environ-

ment.The procedures outlined are intended as a

minimum precaution; consider careully eachentry. Entering conned spaces, whether permit

required or not, may result in injury or death. Cir-cumstances may change; a non-permit required

conned space might become permit requiredand vice versa.

Reerence:Standard Number Title

1910.16 Conned space (industry)1910.1 Respiratory protection

(industry)196.1 (b) (6) (i) (ii) Training196. Limit values o airborne

contaminants196.10 Respiratory protection

(construction)196. (b), (c) Ventilation

196.61 (g), (h) Excavation196.00 Underground construction

196.96 Electric vaults/manholes


19/56

0

Employers in the construction

industry are required to use ea-sible engineering and adminis-trative controls as the primarymeans o reducing excessive

sound levels. Where thosecontrols are not easible,

employers should providetheir employees with ear-pro-

tective devices. Make sureemployees wear the protec-tive devices.

Noise can be more than a nuisance.

It may cause you to lose your hearing either temporarily or permanently. The

severity o hearing loss depends on: How loud the noise is (intensity);

How high-pitched the noise is (requency); How long you are exposed to the noise

hourly, daily, weekly, monthly;

The age o the person exposed to the noise; Whether the noise is continuous (impact

every second or less) or intermittent; Individual susceptibility o the person exposed

to the noise.Permissible noise exposure is based on two

actors intensity o sound and the length o ex-posure. Noise-related hearing loss results when

small hair cells in the inner ear are damaged byrepeated exposure to noise. These hair cells bend

in response to the amount and intensity o thenoise. Too much noise, too oten, stresses thehair cells to the point where they no longer spring

back to their original position. Over time, thehearing loss becomes more noticeable.

Wearing hearing protection, even when not

legally required, can prevent this irreversible losso hearing.

Hearing protection is generally available in threestyles: earmus, ear plugs and canal caps. Ear-

mus, which consist o two acoustically insulatedcups connected with a metal or plastic band, are

placed over the outside o the ears.

There are three categories o ear plugs: molded

plugs, custom plugs and ormable plugs.

Chapter9

Hearing conservation

Custom-molded plugs are man-

uactured rom silicone rubberor plastic and are usually

available in small, mediumand large sizes. Formableplugs are made rom re-

silient materials, such asexpandable plastic oam

and wax-impregnatedcotton. The plug material

is compressed and insertedinto the ear. Ater a ew mo-

ments, the material expands,

sealing o the ear canal. Canal

caps provide protection by sealingo the opening in the outer ear. They

consist o two small rubber caps connected to-

gether by a semicircular band. The band is ttedbehind the neck or under the chin, and the capsare positioned over the canal openings.

Employee training in the proper selection and use

o hearing protection is an important part o aneective hearing-conservation program.

The level o noise reduction aorded by a specictype o ear protector is indicated by the Environ-

mental Protection Agency noise reduction rating(NRR). NRRs are established on the basis o

laboratory tests. Attenuation levels during actualuse are usually less than those achieved in the

laboratory.

The OSHA Industrial Hygiene Technical Manual

provides some guidance or determining theacceptability o ear protection in the eld. Using

OSHAs method, decibels (dB) is subtractedrom the published NRR to compensate or

spectral uncertainty, and the result is divided by

two to provide a saety actor. The ear protectorswith a published NRR o dB would have a eldrating o 10 dB ([-] divided by =10).

Employers should do audiometric testing annuallyon workers exposed to excessive noise levels.

Reerence:

Standard Number Title196. Occupational noise exposure196.101 Hearing protection


20/56

The general principles or sae, productive mo-tor-vehicle operation are applicable to all motor-

vehicle operations, including vehicles that operatewithin an o-highway job site, not open to publictrac.

Sae, productive motor-vehicle operation requires:

A qualied operator a person trained andexperienced in the operation o the vehicle

to which he or she is assigned. This personshould be in good physical condition with hisor her judgment unimpaired by drugs, alcohol

or atigue; An operable, well-maintained motor vehicle

a vehicle in good mechanical condition with

all controls identied and ully unctional; A daily, pre-operation inspection system to

veriy the vehicles condition using a check list

specic to the vehicle or using a general, logi-cal system. The operator should:1. Check fuid levels (cooling, oil, hydraulic,

uel, etc.);. Check that the emergency brake and

parking brake are set and transmission isnot in gear;

. Start engine and allow the various sys-tems to warm up to operating tempera-tures;

. Check the vehicle to be sure that all glass,mirrors, lights and refectors are clean and

intact;. Check tires to ensure that treads and

sidewalls are in good condition, and thatthey are properly infated (i pneumatic).Check grousers, idlers and drive sprock-

ets o tracked vehicles;6. Check the vehicles controls or their

proper unction, i.e., horn, windshield wip-ers, steering, transmission, etc. I all is in

order, proceed;

Chapter10

Mobile equipment

An operators guide to give the operator

an idea o what is expected, such as smoothoperation with speeds consistent with the ex-isting job site. Always ollow the established

trac patterns and haul routes or the job site; A parking/shutdown procedure to secure

the vehicle. Park on as level a surace aspossible and as applicable: parking brake set;wheels cramped up-slope and/or blocked;

bowl, bucket or blade on the ground and withthe tampering or vandalism potential mini-

mized.

Reerence:

Standard Number Title9 CFR, Subpart N, 1910.16 OSHA General

Industry Standards9 CFR, Subpart O, 196.600 OSHA Construction

Standards


21/56

Powered industrial trucks (PITs), commonlyreerred to as orklits, are a vehicle o necessity

or many companies on construction job sites.However, they also are involved in many injuries

resulting in sprains and strains, amputations,bone ractures, burns, contusions and atalities.

Because o the recent increase in injuries, theconstruction industry is mandated to provide

adequate, organized and documented training orall employees using PITs. Base the training on the

operators prior knowledge and skill, the type oPIT thathe or she will use, the potential hazardspresent and the operators demonstrated ability

to operate the PIT.

Chapter11

Powered industrial trucks

Employers should require reresher training ater

an accident, a near-miss incident or observationo the operator using the PIT in an unsae man-

ner. You also should hold reresher training whenthere are changes in the work place, new hazards

present or when the operator is assigned to a di-erent type o PIT.

Complete an evaluation o each operator at leastonce every three years, and document and keep

on le all initial and reresher training. A basicoutline o elements you should incorporate into a

training program or PITs ollows:1. A site-specic written training program;

. Training to cover the minimum required ele-ments, including; Review o the written saety policy related

to PITs; Who, when and how initial and reresher

training will be conducted; Tests or examinations documentation;

Attendance records and results;. Written program describing the hands-on test-

ing procedure, including;

Who perorms the evaluations; Specic training the evaluator received;

Hands-on driving exam representative othe actual work environment;

Pre-operational saety check o theequipment incorporated into the drivingevaluation;

. The type o physical examination or operatorsbeing perormed and retention o the records;

. The company issuance o authorization cardsor IDs ater completion o training;

6. The specic measures the company has incor-porated to handle novice operators.


22/56

The essence o sae, ecient crane operation is

keeping the crane and its load under control at alltimes. Certain basics apply to every crane operation.

Jobplanning

During the initial job-planning stage o the con-struction operation, the company should decide

what its crane requirements will be. Then plan ora crane or cranes adequate to accomplish the job.

When selecting a crane, consider a variety o ac-tors other than crane capacity. These may include

terrain, ground conditions, weather conditions,crane mobility and/or overhead utilities.

Thecrane

The crane should be in good mechanical condi-tion with sucient liting capacity to perorm

the work required. The crane also should havedocumented periodic (usually annual) inspec-

tions and documented requent (daily to monthly)inspections. Make sure liting charts and operator

manuals are available onsite.

Theoperator

A qualied operator is experienced in operatingthe crane; knowledgeable in methods, means

and limitations o crane use; able to conduct re-quent inspections o the crane; and able to readand interpret crane load charts and operators

manuals. This operator should be in good physi-cal condition with judgment unimpaired by drugs,

alcohol or atigue.

Thesignaler

The person giving signals must be amiliar withthe signals contained in the American NationalStandards Institute (ANSI) standard B0.. You

may use a telephone or radio or signaling. What-ever system you use, signals must be clearly

visible or audible at all times, and the operatorshould make no response unless signals are

clearly understood. The operator and signaler willagree upon in advance to any special signals to

be used during the crane operation. Special sig-nals should not confict with standard signals.

Theload

To properly plan the lit, the weight o the load,including rigging, headache ball, load line, etc.,

Chapter12

Crane operations

should be known. I the weight is unknown, a

knowledgeable person should calculate it. Otheractors you may need to consider are center o

gravity and attachment points or rigging.

Therigging

Rigging consists o the slings, shackles andspreaders that attach the load to the crane andare designed or the load. Like the operator, the

rigger should be qualied through training orexperience to determine the best method and

equipment to secure the load to the crane. Thisis one area o crane operations that is oten

overlooked.

Thelit

Begin the lit by ensuring that the crane is leveland on a base with sucient strength to support

the load and pressures generated during the lit.Be sure the swing radius or the boom and coun-

terweight is clear o personnel and equipment.Check or any overhead obstructions, and makesure that the clearance or electrical utilities can

be maintained throughout the lit.

Perorm a trial lit. This lit is one where the load

is picked up only a ew inches rom the ground orthe staging surace and held. This lets the opera-tor and rigger observe i the choices o craneconguration, line parts, rigging and rigging equip-

ment are correct. I the load shits or somethinghas been overlooked, land the load and stop the

operation until adjustments are made.

Accomplish the lit in a conservative manner.This means making smooth, steady motions, nottoo ast, with the load under control at all times.

Make no sudden changes o direction or speed.During the lit, never allow the load to swing over

personnel. Use taglines to control the load.

Reerence:Standard Number Title9 CFR 196.0 Cranes & Derricks

9 CFR 196.9 Material Handling - GeneralOAC 11:1--0 Cranes, Hoists and Derricks

ANSI/ASME B0. Crawler, Locomotive andTruck Cranes

Bobs Rigging andCrane Handbook


23/56

Construction workers are

considered experts in theselection and use o

hand tools, yet every

year workers areinjured on the job as

a result o hand-toolaccidents. Hand toolsare designed to make

jobs easier and moreecient. The worker

must choose thecorrect tool or the job

being perormed, ensure

that the tool is in good con-dition and use the tool properly.

Common types o hand tools includestriking tools, turning tools, metal-cutting tools,

woodcutting tools, screwdrivers, pliers, knivesand crowbars.

Generalrequirements

A tool-maintenance procedure is one o the most

important actors in any hand-tool saety pro-gram. Extensively used hand tools require careuland requent inspection to maintain them or sae

use. When hand tools are not sharpened anddressed, inecient cutting and glancing o mate-

rial oten cause injuries. Straighten bent shats,replace broken handles and discard tools you

cannot repair. Remove hand tools with deectivehandles rom service immediately.

PPE must protect a person using hand tools whois exposed to hazards, such as alling, fying, abra-

sive and splashing objects, or exposed to harm-ul dust, umes, mists, vapors or gases. Follow

guidelines described or PPE in Chapter 0.

StrikingtoolsStriking tools include carpenter hammers, sledge-hammers, riveting hammers and rubber or raw-hide mallets. To guarantee saety, ollow these

guidelines: Choose the most appropriate striking tool or

the task. Use carpenter hammers or drivingand drawing nails, sledge hammers or driving

stakes and pins, riveting hammers or sheetmetal and mallets or driving other hand tools,such as a chisel;

Chapter13

Hand tools

Beore using any kind o striking tool, make

sure the ace o the tool is ree o oil or othermaterial that can cause it to glance o the

object being struck; Check wooden handles to assure they are

ree o cracks and splits. Replace cracked orsplit handles;

Check hammer heads to make sure they arenot loose or chipped.

Turningtools

Turning tools, better known as wrenches, areused to exert a twisting orce on bolt heads,

nuts and pipes. Wrenches include open-end,box, socket, torque, lockjaw and pipe wrenches.

Saety principles or use o turning tools include: Place the jaws on the nut and pull the wrench

toward your body.This method will help maintain leverage;

Use socket wrenches or hard-to-reach placesand to loosen and tighten nuts and other as-teners with the aid o a ratchet apparatus;

Box wrenches have box openings at bothends. Each opening is a dierent size and is

used to ree rozen nuts; Open-end wrenches, used or a variety o

purposes, are made with a 1-degree opening.Never use these wrenches to ree rozen nuts; When using wrenches, never use hammers or

extension pipes to gain leverage on a wrench; When using a wrench, always ensure that

the gripping suraces are clean and oil ree toprevent slipping;

It is essential to use the wrench that ts thenut or pipe properly. Be careul when usingadjustable wrenches, oten called knuckle-

busters, because this wrench can slip i notadjusted to t the nut snugly.

Metal-cuttingtoolsSnips and shears, bolt-cutters, hacksaws, chisels,

and les are metal-cutting tools. Guidelines orthe proper use o metal-cutting tools include:

Oil and adjust snips and shears to make cuttingeasier and to produce suraces that are ree oburrs;

When using bolt-cutters, make sure ngers areclear o the jaws and hinges;


24/56

Never use cutters near live electrical circuits;

Use hacksaws to cut metal that is too heavyor snips or bolt-cutters. Install hacksaw blades

so that the teeth point away rom the handle othe saw. The main danger in using hacksawsis injury to the hands i the blades break. To

operate a hacksaw properly, apply pressure onthe downward stroke. Ater the orward pres-

sure stroke, slightly lit the saw and lightly pull itback in the cut to protect the teeth. Twisting the

blade or applying too much pressure may breakthe blade and result in hand or arm injuries;

In most cases, you can determine the saety o

a hand tool by the condition o its cutting and

striking ends, particularly in the case o sharp-edged and pointed tools, such as cold chisels.A cold chisel with a mushroomed or cracked

head is a common cause o injury. When a mush-roomed head is struck, chips may be knocked othe chisel. You can redress a mushroomed head

to its original shape; Keep les sharp when not in use by wrapping

them in paper or cloth to protect the teeth. A lewith a tongue should have a handle attached;

make sure that it ts tightly with the le.

WoodcuttinghandtoolsExamples o woodcutting hand tools are hand-saws, planes and wood chisels. Saety tips orthese tools include:

Keep handsaws sharp and ree o rust toprevent them rom binding or jumping and

causing injuries. Always make saw cutsdirectly across the material, with a slow, careul

downward stroke. Crowding or orcing the sawthrough the cut may cause the saw to buckle orfy out and result in injury to the user;

Keep the cutting edge on wood planes sharp.Store planes in a rack designed to protect the

cutting edges rom damage and workers rominjury. Hold material being planed securely in a

vise, clamp, or other holding device; When using a chisel, never cut toward your-

sel. Always keep the cutting edge sharp.

Screwdrivers

Screwdrivers are designed to drive and removescrews. Never use screwdrivers as pry bars,scrapers or punches. Guidelines or the sae use

o screwdrivers include: Use the proper size screwdriver so the blade ts

the screw properly. This prevents the screw slot

rom burring, which can cause injury; Keep screwdriver tips away rom live electri-

cal circuits, and never put any part o yourbody in ront o the screwdriver blade tips

while working.

Pliers

Pliers are used or cutting as well as holding andgripping small articles. Guidelines or sae use opliers include:

Do not use pliers to cut hard wire unless theyare specically manuactured or this purpose;

When using pliers, always cut at a right angle; Never use pliers as hammers or to remove

nuts and bolts.

Knives

Saely use knives by ollowing these guidelines: Cut away rom the body, or keep the body

clear and wear protective clothing. Avoid jerkymotions, sudden strains or other movementsthat might cause loss o balance;

Keep a knie in a sheath or holder when carry-ing it on the job. Never leave knives lying on

benches or shelves; Keep knives suciently sharp to do the work

or which they are intended.

Crowbars/prybars

Maximize the sae use o crowbars by ollowing

these guidelines: It is essential to use the correct size crowbar

or each job; Do not use makeshit tools (cheaters), such as

pipe lengths, iron bars or extensions or lever-age. To prevent slips, place a block o woodunder the head o the crowbar;

When using spud bars, ensure a rm grip onthe handle and stand at the side o the bar to

prevent injury caused by recoil.


25/56

6

Portable power tools present greater hazards

than hand tools. Nearly all power-tool accidentsare caused by improper handling and poor main-tenance. Use power tools only ater becoming

thoroughly amiliar with their controls, saetyrequirements and operating procedures. The

categories that most power tools all under areelectric power tools, uel-powered hand tools,uel-cell tools, pneumatic power tools and hy-

draulic power tools.

Generalsaetyprecautions

Employers must provide employees who usehand and power tools, and who are exposed to

the hazards o alling, fying, abrasive and splash-ing objects, or exposed to harmul dusts, umes,

mists, vapors, or gases with the proper personalprotective equipment (See Chapter 0).

You can prevent hazards involved in the use opower tools by ollowing ve basic saety rules:

Keep all tools in good condition with regularmaintenance;

Use the right tool or the job; Examine each tool or damage beore use; Operate according to the manuacturers

instructions; Provide and use the proper protective equip-

ment.

Employees and employers have a responsibilityto work together to establish sae working pro-cedures. I a hazardous situation is encountered,

correct it immediately.

Guards

You need to saeguard the hazardous movingparts o a power tool. For example, you must

guard belts, gears, shats, pulleys, sprockets,

spindles, drums, fy wheels, chains, or otherreciprocating, rotating or moving parts o equip-ment i such parts are exposed to contact byemployees.

Provide guards, as necessary, to protect the

operator and others rom the ollowing: Point o operation;

In-running nip points; Rotating parts;

Flying chips and sparks.

Chapter14

Power tools

Never remove saety guards when using a tool. For

example, you must equip portable circular sawswith guards. An upper guard must cover the entire

blade o the saw. A retractable lower guard mustcover the teeth o the saw, except when it makes

contact with the work material. The lower guardmust automatically return to the covering position

when the tool is withdrawn rom the work.

Saetyswitches

Equip the ollowing hand-held powered tools witha momentary contact on-o control switch: drills,tappers, astener drivers, horizontal, vertical and

angle grinders with wheels larger than two inch-es in diameter, disc and belt sanders, reciprocat-

ing saws, saber saws, and other similar tools. Youalso may equip these tools with a lock-on control

provided that turn-o can be accomplished by asingle motion o the same nger or ngers thatturn it on.

ElectrictoolsEmployees using electric tools must be aware o

several dangers; the most serious is the possibil-ity o electrocution. Examples o electric power

tools are portable drills, grinders and saws.

Among the chie hazards o electric-poweredtools are burns and shocks that can lead toinjuries or even heart ailure. Under certain condi-

tions, even a small amount o current can resultin brillation o the heart and eventual death. A

shock also can cause the user to all o a ladderor other elevated work surace. To protect the

user rom shock, tools must either have a three-wire cord with ground and be grounded, or bedouble insulated.

Follow these general practices when using elec-

tric tools: Protect tools with a ground ault circuit inter-

rupter (GFCI); Operate electric tools within their design limi-

tations;

Wear gloves and saety ootwear when usingelectric tools;

When not in use, store tools in a dry place; Do not use electric tools in damp locations;

Work areas should be well lighted; Never remove the third prong rom the plug.


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Fuel-cellpoweredtools

Cut-o saws and chain saws are examples ouel-powered tools. Guidelines or the sae use

o these tools include: Ensuring that the tool has stopped and is cool

beore reueling, servicing or adjusting; Using caution when handling uel by mov-

ing the uel at least 10 eet rom the cutting

machine beore starting the engine; Keeping the handles dry, clean and ree o oil

or uel; Making sure all guards are on and in good

working order; Operating the machines only in well-venti-

lated areas; ailure to work in a well-ventilatedarea can lead to serious injury or death.

Powder-actuatedtools

Exercise caution when using powder-actuatedtools. Proper use o powder-actuated tools

includes: Ensuring employees are trained or the spe-

cic tool they will use; Inspecting and testing each powder-actuated

tool in accordance with its manuacturersrecommended procedure beore every work

shit to ensure that no deects exist and thatall saety devices are in proper working order; Loading the powder-actuated tool with the

correct charge just prior to ring; insert theastener beore inserting the cartridge;

Never storing a loaded tool and never leavinga loaded tool unattended;

Treating the powder-actuated tool as a

rearm; keep hands and other body partsaway rom the open barrel end and the tool,

whether loaded or unloaded, and never aimat anyone;

Following the manuacturers recommended

procedures in the event the load ails toignite;

Never attempting to asten at an angle to thework surace or asten through a pre-drilled

hole unless adequate guidance is provided; Not astening into a spalled area on concrete;

Never using the tool in an explosive or fam-mable atmosphere;

Not attempting to asten into very hard or

brittle material, such as cast iron, glazedtile, surace-hardened or high-tensile-

strength steel, glass block, rock, acebrick or hollow tile;

Inspecting the area beore using the tool; Wearing appropriate personal protective

equipment in accordance with manuacturersrecommendations.

Pneumaticpowertools

These guidelines apply to the sae use o pneu-matic power tools:

Ensure the supply pressure meets rated pres-sure; i not, use pressure regulators;

Relieve air hoses and lines o compressed airbeore being disconnected or disjointed;

Do not use synthetic lubricants, which cancause deterioration o elastomer seals, in air

systems or tools; Secure pneumatic power tools to the hose by

a positive locking clamp or other means;

Install saety clips or retainers on pneumaticimpact tools to prevent attachments rom be-

ing orced out; Ensure all pneumatically driven nailers, sta-

plers and other tools, which operate at morethan 100 psi o pressure, have a muzzle de-vice to prevent the tool rom ejecting asten-

ers, unless the muzzle is in contact with thework surace;

Inspect, lubricate and maintain the equipmentin accordance with manuacturers recom-

mendations.

Hydraulicpowertools

The fuid used in hydraulic-powered tools mustbe re-resistant fuid and retained in the tool.The operating characteristics o the hydraulic-

powered tool must withstand the most extremetemperatures at which the tool will be exposed.

Follow the manuacturers directions, especiallyto ensure that sae operating pressures o hoses,

valves, pipes, lters and other ttings are notexceeded.


27/56

The requent use o ladders at home and on

construction sites tends to dull awareness o thedangers involved in their use. Although there arevarieties o ladders, many o the same require-

ments and sae work practices apply.

The ollowing inormation applies to all portableladders used in construction, alteration, repair (in-

cluding painting and decorating), and demolition

o work sites covered by OSHAs constructionsaety and health standards. When using laddersor such use, make sure they are a minimumType I (0 lb. rating) or greater.

The ollowing general requirements apply to all

portable ladders and job-made ladders: You must provide a double-cleated ladder or

two or more ladders when ladders are theonly way to enter or exit a work area or or more employees, or when a ladder serves

simultaneous two-way trac; Ladder rungs, cleats and steps must be

parallel, level and uniormly spaced when theladder is in position or use;

Chapter15

Ladders

Space rungs, cleats and steps o portable lad-

ders not less than 10 inches apart, nor morethan 1 inches apart, along the side rails;

Provide a metal spreader or locking deviceon each stepladder to hold the ront and backsections in an open position when the ladder

is being used; Ladder components must be suraced to pre-

vent injury rom punctures or lacerations, andprevent snagging o clothing;

Do not coat ladders with an opaque cover-ing (such as paint) except or identication orwarning labels, which you my place only on

one ace o a side rail;

Do not tie or asten ladders together to createlonger sections unless they are specicallydesigned or such use;

Prior to each use, inspect the ladder or: Cracks, splits or deterioration o the side rails; Broken or missing rungs, cleats, or steps;

Loose rivets, screws, bolts or hardware; Corroded components;

Damaged or non-unctioning saety shoes; Oil, grease or other slipping hazards;

Other aulty or deective components.

I you note deects, immediately mark or tag the

ladder with Do Not Use or similar language andwithdraw the ladder rom service until repaired.

When repairing a ladder, you must restore it toa condition meeting its original design criteria.

I you cannot repair a ladder, destroy it beorediscarding it.

The ollowing are suggested sae work practiceswhen using portable ladders:

When using portable ladders to access an up-per landing surace, the side rails must extend

at least three eet above the upper landing

surace. I this is not possible, you must placea grabrail to assist mounting and dismountingthe ladder;


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9

Ladders must have nonconductive side rails

i they are used where they could contactexposed energized electrical conductors or

equipment; Support, protect rom damage and keep out

o trac areas ladders that are in storage.

Store berglass ladders out o direct sunlightwhen possible.

Training

Train each employee to recognize hazards in the

use o ladders, such as: Fall hazards in the work area;

The procedures or erecting, maintaining anddisassembling all-protection systems;

Their proper use and placement;

Their maximum intended loads; Any appropriate standards, OSHA standards

or Ohio administrative codes.

Retrain employees as necessary to maintain theirunderstanding and knowledge o sae ladder use.

Reerence:Standard Number Title

196.91(c) Tools and protective

equipment196.10 LaddersOAC 11:1--11 LaddersANSI A1. Ladders-xed, saety

requirementsANSI A1. Ladders-portable metal,

saety requirementsANSI A1. Ladders-portable reinorced

plastic, saety requirementsANSI A1.1 Ladders-portable wood,

saety requirements

ANSI A1. Ladders-job-made, saetyrequirements

Keep ladders ree o oil, grease and other slip-

ping hazards; Use ladders only or the purpose or which

they were designed;

Do not load ladders beyond the maximumintended load or which they were built;

Use straight ladders at an angle where thehorizontal distance rom the top support to

the oot o the ladder is approximately one-quarter o the working length o the ladder;

Use ladders only on stable and level suraces

unless secured to prevent accidental move-ment;

Never use ladders on slippery suraces unless

secured or provided with slip-resistant eet toprevent accidental movement;

Secure or barricade ladders when using themin passageways, doorways or driveways

where they can be displaced by work-placeactivities or trac;

Keep the area around the top and bottom othe ladder clear;

Do not move, shit or extend ladders whileoccupied;

Do not use the top or top step o a stepladder

as a step; Do not climb the cross bracing on the rear

section o stepladders unless the ladder isdesigned and provided with steps or climbing

on both sections; When ascending or descending a ladder, ace

the ladder;

Use at least one hand to grasp the ladderwhen moving up or down it;

A worker on the ladder must not carry anyobject or load that could cause him or her to

lose balance and all;


29/56

0

To ensure saety when

using slings made withwire rope (chokers),

alloy steel chain and

synthetic web, inconjunction withother material

handling equipment,such as cranes and

hoists, ollow thesetips:

Use only slingsthat are not damaged or

deective;

Never shorten slingswith knots, bolts or other make-

shit devices; Never load slings in excess o their rated

capacities; Always pad or protect the slings rom the

sharp edges o their load;

Always keep suspended loads clear o allobstructions;

Always keep employees clear o loads to belited and suspended loads;

Always keep hands and ngers clear o theload while tightening the sling around theload;

Never pull a sling rom under a load that isresting on the sling.

Inspectionproceduresorwireropeslings Remove slings rom service i any o the ollow-

ing conditions are present: 10 randomly distributed broken wires in one lay

or ve broken wires in one strand in one lay; Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other

damage;

Evidence o heat damage;

Cracked, deormed or worn end attachments; Stretched or twisted hooks.

Chapter16

Slings

Inspectionproceduresoralloysteelchain

slingsRemove slings rom service i any o the ollow-

ing conditions are present: Deective welds;

Bending or elongation o chain links; Cracked or deormed master and coupling

links;

Removal o the identication tag.

Inspectionproceduresorsyntheticweb

slingsRemove slings rom service i any o the ollow-

ing conditions are present: Acid or caustic burns;

Melted or charred sling surace; Broken stitches; Snags, tears or cuts to the point o exposure

o the colored threads; Removal o the identication tag.

Slingstorage

Store slings in a dry environment out o the

sun, o the foor or ground to prevent damagedue to corrosion.

Hang slings rom hooks to prevent tangling

and allow or easy access when needed. A good sling inspection program is not only re-

quired, it is cost eective; this prevents slingdeterioration and serious accidents caused by

sling ailure.

Rigging

Improper rigging can lead to accidents involv-ing personal injury or damage to equipment or

material. Slings are like any other tool and onlytrained workers should be allowed to rig loads.The employer should designate who is qualied

to use slings to rig loads.


30/56

Scaolds vary in design and are used or a variety

o purposes in the construction industry. You canobtain urther inormation rom the OAC11:1--10 or OSHA 196, Subpart L.

Scaolderection

While scaolding var-

ies greatly in design andconstruction, there are

many similarities regardingrequirements or erection

and dismantling. Erectionand dismantling o sca-olding must be done under

the direct supervision o acompetent person. Specic

requirements or diering sca-olds are addressed later in the

chapter. The ollowing items arerequired o all scaolding:All components must be ree o damage;

Planking must be scaold grade; Unless planking is secured, it must extend

a minimum o 6 inches over bearer but notexceed 1 inches;

You must provide sae access;

Keep scaold ree o debris or slippery sub-stances;

All x-braces must be in place; An 1-inch minimum platorm width is recom-

mended; Erect scafod away rom energized or un-

guarded power lines; I erected over walkways or trac areas,

place 1-gauge screen or equivalent in placeto prevent items rom alling o;

All scaold components, including casters,

must be capable o supporting, without ail-ure, their own weight and at least our times

the maximum intended load.

Supportedscaolds

When erecting a scaold rom the ground up,give special attention to ooting. It must be solid

and stable; mudsills are suggested, but youshould not use block, brick and similar items. Thescaold must be erected plumb and level. The

installation o all x-braces will assist in this goal.

Chapter17

Scaolds

Fall protection, such as guardrails and toeboards,

is not required at a height o 10 eet. Lockpinsshould be in place to prevent rame

separation. Secure the scaold tothe building or structure i it will

exceed 6 eet in height or ahorizontal length greater than

0 eet.

Manuallypropelled

mobilescaoldsDo not build manuallypropelled mobile scaolds

higher than three times theirminimum base dimension.

Use horizontal or diagonalbracing to prevent racking. The

supporting casters are required tohave operating locks on them and to

be engaged while the scaold is occu-pied. Fully plank mobile scaold work platorms.Take special care to avoid striking piping, electric

lines or other obstructions when moving sca-olds. Secure or remove t

safety manual for site workers

Documents