safety in the laboratory and waste disposal

8/12/2019 Safety in the Laboratory and Waste Disposal

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SAFETY IN THELABORATORY and WASTE

DISPOSALMs. Suzzeth M. Untalan

November 27, 2013

Health and Safety Committee


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To emphasize on the safety guidelines in the

laboratory; To know the proper waste disposal in a university

setting.

Objectives

7/31/2014UNTALAN: Health and Safety Committee


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Hazards

Health Hazards

Biohazards

Irritants

Corrosive chemicals

Sensitizers

Carcinogens

Toxic materials

Physical Hazards

Combustible

Flammables

Explosive Oxidizers



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Biohazards

Anything that can causedisease in humansregardless if its source.



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Irritants

Cause reversible

inflammatory effects atthe site of contact withliving tissue esp. the skin,eyes, and respiratory

passages.



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Corrosive Chemicals

Cause destruction or

irreversible alterationswhen exposed to livingtissue, or destroy certaininanimate surfaces;

Corrosive to tissue butnot to steel, few are toboth.



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Carcinogens

Induce tumors

Chloroform, chromic acid,formaldehyde, nickelchloride, and potassiumdichromate

Carcinogenic dyes :auramine, basic fuschsin,benzidine dyes



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Toxic Materials

Capable of causing death

by ingestion, skin contactor inhalation at certainspecified cocentrations.

Methanol, chromic acid,

osmium tetroxide, uranylnitrate



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Combustibles

Substance that ignite at

or above a certaintemperature at whichvapors will ignite in thepresence of an ignitionsource

Flash point: 100deg F(OSHA) and 141 deg F(DOT)



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Flammables

Have flash points below

the combustibles Ignite even with electrical

devices that spark



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Explosive

Picric acid

Should never be storedafter use because itexplodes upon aging



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Oxidizer

Harmless but may initiate

or promote combustionand may cause seriousfire

Sodium iodate, mercuric

oxide, chromic acid



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Personal Safety

1. Wear suitable clothingpreferably made ofchemically inert

materials.

2. Wear goggles, faceshields when theexperiment involves

corrosive materials.3. Tie your long hair at the

back or wear a hair net.



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Personal Safety

8. Follow all safety

instructions carefully.9. Do not wear contactlenses even under safetyglasses.

10. Do not performunauthorized experiments.

11. Do not indulge inhorseplay or practical jokes



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Personal Safety

12. Do not work while underthe influence of drugs oralcohols.

13. Do not work alone.

14. Do not wear jewelry toprevent accidents or contactswith chemicals.

15. Do not eat, drink, andsmoke in the lab.



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Personal Safety

16. While performing the

experiment:a. do not hurry

unnecessarily;

b. do not compromiseon safety;

c. take time to dothings properly.

17. Be aware of what yourneighbors are doing.

18. Follow the procedure of

the experiment correctly;19. Dry run proceduresbefore actually using thedangerous materials.

20. Know what to do beforeleaving the lab



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Wash hands, face, arms;

Turn off all services;

Check the cleanliness of the lab;

Leave a note if someone is expected to take over thelab;

Lock the door.

Before leaving the lab



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Special Safety Practices

8. Each floor level of the lab

bldg should have self-contained breathing maskfor emergency rescueoperations.

9. Maintenance check ofthe apparatus andequipment.



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1. Read carefully the labels before using the content

of the bottle.2. Use carrying device for chemicals in transit.

3. Avoid prolonged contact with chemicals. You maydo the transferring in a fume hood.

4. If possible, substitute a non-toxic substance for adangerous chemical.

5. Close the containers after used and should bereturned to the storage.

Handling of Chemicals (General)



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6. Wipe or rinse the residual material from the external

surface of the container.7. Use aspirator, not your mouth, in suctioning liquidsusing pipette.

8. Use clean, dry spatulas for solid reagents.

9. Do not interchange the spatulas of differentreagents.

10. Stoppers should be positioned upside down to avoidcontamination.




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11. Do not taste chemicals and even inhale organic

vapors.12. Do not work with flammable reagents such asmethanol.




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1. Acids should always be diluted by stirring slowly and

carefully the concentrated acid into the water. Ifwater is added into the acid, the heat generatedmight cause the mixture to splatter.

2. When using either strong acids or strong base,

prepare suitable neutralizing agents for use in eventof spills.

Handling of Acids and Bases



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3. Do not inhale fumes of acids/bases. Keep the

containers covered.4. When opening reagent bottles which may be underpressure, cover the reagent bottle with a towel todivert any chemical spray.

Handling of Acids and Bases



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Water

Acid



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1. All work involving ethers must be done behind

safety shields.2. Do not stopper glass flasks containing hot,

condensable vapors.

3. All efforts to prevent mercury spills should be made

and such spills should be promptly cleaned up.

Handling of Other Reagents



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5. Mercury should never be heated in an open vessel.

6. Never hold solid reagents with bare hands. (arsenicoxide, sodium metal)

Handling of Other Reagents



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1. Hold long tubing vertically when walking through the labroom.

2. If you stumble or fall while carrying glassware or chemicals, doyour best to project them away from yourself and others.

3. Use a sharp triangular file when cutting glass tubings.

4. Protect your hands from possible cuts and burns by using apiece of towel/cloth when holding manipulating glassware.

5. Check the condition of the glassware. Do not catch fallingglassware. Do not pick up broken glass with bare hands.

Handling of Glassware



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1. Shelves should be steady enough to bear the

weight of the containers and contents;2. Should be high enough that it would be unlikely for

the materials to be knocked off during the normalcourse of activities in the lab room;

3. Not be overcrowded;4. Should not be low enough but not too high to be

reached.

Chemical Storage



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COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2

AcidsAlkali and alkaline earth metals(carbides, hydrides, hydroxides,

oxides, peroxides)

BaseWaterHalogenated organic compounds

Oxidizing agents (chromates,dichromates)HalogensHalogenating agentsH2O2 and peroxidesNitric acid, nitrates

Perchlorates and chloratesPermanganatespersulfates

Inorganic azides Heavy metals and their salts

Table of Incompatibilities



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COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2

Inorganic cyanides Acid, strong basesInorganic nitrates Acids, nitrites, metals, sulfur

Inorganic sulfides Acids

Organic compounds Oxidizing agents

Organic acyl halides Bases

Organic anhydrides Organic hydroxyl compounds

Organic halogen compounds Aluminum metal

Organic nitro compounds Strong bases

Powdered metals Acids, oxidizing agents

Table of Incompatibilities



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Name of the chemical

chemical formula A signal word indicating the severity of hazard

Statement of hazards with most serious first

Precautionary measures to be taken to avoid injury ordamage from hazard stated

Instruction in case of contact or exposure if resultsare severe and immediate action maybe necessary.

Labeling of chemicals



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C = Corrosive

E = Explosive F+ = Extremely flammable F = highly flammable XH = Harmful XI = Irritating

N = Dangerous for the Environment O = Oxidizing T = Toxic T+ = Very Toxic

Chemical Signal indicating hazards



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Any waste that directly or indirectly

represents a threat to human healthor to the environment byintroducing one or more of thefollowing risks:

Explosion or fire

Infections, pathogens, parasitesor their vectors

Chemical instability, reactions orcorrosion

Acute or chronic toxicity

Cancer, mutations or birthdefects

Toxicity or damage to theecosystems or natural resources

Accumulation in the biologicalfood chain, persistence in the

environment or multiple effects

Hazardous Waste



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Responsibility of anyone discardingany items to ensure that it:

It is stored and disposed ofresponsibly;

It is only handled or dealtwith by authorised /registered individuals orbusinesses; and

A record is keptof all waste

received or transferredthrough a system

Hazardous Waste



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General waste

Recyclable waste Sharps/broken glass

Biological/medical waste

Chemical waste

Radioactive material waste

Electronic and computer waste

Types of Waste



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Biological, but no legal definition so: Clinical

Animal By-Product

Special Waste

So, what exactly is Biological Waste?

Biological waste is often used to encompass clinical (orHealthcare) waste, animal by-product waste and otherwastes arising from biological laboratories;

Biological Waste



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The term Animal By-Product is used to define waste

that is specifically composed of animal by-productsnot intended for human consumption.

Biological Waste



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Clinical Waste is any waste which consists wholly

or partly of:

human or animal tissue;blood / body fluids,

excretions;drugs or other

pharmaceuticalproducts;

swabs or dressings; syringes, needles or

other sharp instruments;which,unless rendered safe, may

prove hazardous;

Clinical Waste



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Waste arising from medical, nursing, dental,

veterinary, pharmaceutical or similar practice,investigation, treatment, care, teaching or research orthe collection of blood for transfusion, which maycause infection to any person coming into contact

with it is also defined as Clinical.

Clinical Waste



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Special Waste

Controlled waste that, because of its properties,requires special treatment and control

Includes:

Infectious or potentially infectious material

Cytotoxic and cytostatic drugs (and clinical material treatedwith them)

Many drugs / chemicals, otherwise hazardous

Special Waste



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Infectious is defined in the Hazardous Waste Directive

as: Substances containing viable micro-organisms ortheir toxins which are known or reliably believed tocause disease in man or other living organisms.

Normal practice should always be to ensure that

waste leaving the laboratory or practice has beenrendered NON-INFECTIOUS. If you cannot do this forsome reason, then it must be classified as SpecialWaste.

Special Waste



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Containers must: be appropriate for the contents; not

leak; be properly labeled; and maintain their integrityif chemical or thermal treatment is used.

Containers of biohazardous material should be keptclosed.

CONTAINERS



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Place in a rigid, puncture resistant container (heavy

walled plastic is recommended). Label the container"ENCAPSULATED SHARPS".

Container and encapsulated contents must withstandan applied pressure of 40 psi without rupture.

Never attempt to retrieve items from a sharps

container. Do not place sharps in plastic bags or other thin-

walled containers.

METAL SHARPS



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Place in a rigid, puncture resistant container

(plastic, heavy cardboard or metal), seal securelyand clearly label "BROKEN GLASS".

BROKEN GLASSWARE



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Use heavy duty plastic"BIOHAZARD BAGS"(autoclave bags) or containersfor solid biohazardous waste

(including contaminateddisposable plastic labware,paper, bedding, etc [NOTSHARPS].

SOLID BIOHAZARDOUS WASTE



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Heavy duty plastic bags or other appropriate

container without a Biohazard label are preferred.

NONHAZARDOUS BIOLOGICALWASTE



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should be placed in leak-proof containers ableto withstand thermal or chemical treatment.DO NOT USE PLASTIC BAGS TO CONTAIN

LIQUIDS.

LIQUIDS



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ANIMAL CARCASSES AND BODY PARTS must be

incinerated or sent to a commercial rendering plantfor disposal. The Landfill should not acceptcarcasses or recognizable body parts.

DISPOSAL METHODS



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SOLID ANIMAL WASTE: All animal waste,

including bedding, that is infectious or harmful toanimals, humans or the environment, should beappropriately treated prior to disposal,regardless of the origin of contamination. Thefollowing disposal methods are acceptable: 1. Preferred Method: incineration followed by deposition of the

residual ash in the Landfill.

2. Thermal or chemical disinfection followed by deposition in theLandfill.

DISPOSAL METHODS



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LIQUID WASTE including bulk blood and blood

products, cultures and stocks of etiologic agents andviruses, cell culture material and products ofrecombinant DNA technology should be disinfectedby thermal or chemical treatment then dischargedinto the Sewer System.

DISPOSAL METHODS



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Discarded sharps (contaminated or not) that may

cause puncture or cuts, MUST be contained,encapsulated and disposed of in a manner thatprevents injury to laboratory, custodial and Landfillworkers. Needles, blades, etc., are consideredBIOHAZARDOUS even if they are sterile, capped andin the original container.

METAL SHARPS



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1. SOLID: Place in a properly labeled, leak proof

container; disinfect by thermal or chemicaltreatment;

2. LIQUID waste should be disinfected by thermal orchemical treatment then discharged into the Sewer

System.

MICROBIOLOGICAL WASTE



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1. Human cadavers, recognizable body parts: must be

cremated or buried 2. Other pathological waste from human and higher

primates must be incinerated

HUMAN PATHOLOGICAL WASTE



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Adapted from:

- Laboratory Management and WasteDisposal Manual by Mallari, 2008

- Histopathological Techniques by Gregorios2006

- Lecture notes in Microtechniques by Untalan

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